Proof for Riemann Hypothesis.

Abstract: Proof of Riemann’s hypothesis that the real part of the solution of Zeta function
is ½ is proved. Historical development of this area of Mathematics from Gauss,
Legrange, Euler, Riemann to Hilbert is discussed. Initially a surrogate for zeta function is
derived and using Cauchy principal number of integration between bounds it is proved
that the real part of Riemann zeta function is ½. Also Riemann’s ξ =∫ 1/Ln(x) gives the
number of Prime numbers between 0 and that number. I choose the original ξ function of
Riemann to prove it. This is given in the book “God created Integers” by Prof. Stephen
Hawkings published by Penguin which is a good reference for this. Many late attempters
use the modified version of 1/x2 instead of 1/Ln(x) to prove. The problem with that it
won’t be accurate. A comprehensive exposition of Riemann Zeta function is given in the
book “Mysteries of Mathematics” Prof. Calvin Clawson.

Subscription of Proof
Subscription: Legrange and Gauss conjured that п(x) the function counting all the primes
less than x asymptotically approaches Li(x) meaning п(x)/Li(x) tend to 1, where,
n
Li(x) = ∫ dx/ln(x)
2

Euler created a time series solution to the function Li(x) and Riemann named it the ξ
function adding his own solution to Euler’s work.

In Riemann’s words “a value x is the root of a function f(x) if f(x)=0. A root of the
function ξ(x) is real if and only if the root of the zeta function is complex number with
real part equal to ½”.

Proving the real part to be ½ was left undone by Riemann. Hilbert later on added, finding
the proof for Riemann hypothesis as one of the problem that remain un resolved in
Mathematics.

I start where Riemann left his hypothesis without the proof.

n
As said earlier Li(x) = ∫ dx/Ln(x)
2

Riemann conjured that the function ξ = ∫ 1/ln(x) has the real part of the root at ½ when
s=2

.
Consider the Log function time series expansion,
Log (x)= (x-1/x-2)+1/3(x-3/x-4)+1/5(x-4/x-5)+……..
It’s differential equation can be written as
a f ”(x)+ b f(x) + c = ln(x)
Applying Taylor series to the time series whose 3rd and 2nd term forms the first two terms
of the differential equation and the rest of the terms forming c we have,
2. f “(x)/2!+ 1. f’(x)+c.
Here we see a = 1 and b =1 making the log function Homogeneous so Eliptical function
per se and so the roots must be Imaginary or Complex roots, which means the Integral of
it’s reciprocal also must be Eliptical and so with complex roots.

System Equations that generate sustained oscillations are of the Eliptical Nature.

Instead of transforming this function to Li(x) or Riemann ξ function, the same differential
equation is equated to Li(x) with the intention of finding a suitable “c” formula so that
there won’t be any contradiction to the new equation. Through this approach we can get
any number of “c” and if and b are made equal to this we have a solution to Riemann
Hypothesis without lose in generality.

So we write the equation as, f”(x)+f’(x)+c = ∫ 1/Ln(x)

Taking f(x)=Ln(x) the above formula simplifies to.

(-1/x)+(1/x)+c = ∫1/Ln(x)

Where c = [x/Ln(x)]e0,25

The Table is the values of Riemann Li(x) calculated from above equation along with
actual values of ξ function found from inspection from numbers selected randomly
between 0.5 and 90.

X Actual Primes Riemann Li(x) calculated

0.5 -2.526
1.1 14.819
2 4.03
5 5 4.14
10 6 5.666
20 9 8.6175
30 10 11.3522
80 22 23.4523
90 27 25.6904

The numbers come very close. To actual numbers 1 is added to include 1 as a Prime
which some may not agree. If that is subtracted too the numbers remain close. The
numbers between .5 and 2 is used to calculate the area between them.
The idea is to get a viable “c” so that “a” and “b” chosen equal to that can prove the
Riemann hypothesis that all roots of Riemann ξ function lie on the real plane of “1/2”.
The Eliptical nature of the equation for it is proved above having equal “a” and “b”.
Now the area between 2 and ½ is found out as,

1.1 2
0.25 0.25
[((x/Ln(x))e )] - [((x/Ln(x))e ] =0
½ 1.1

[14.819+2.926]-[14.819-4.03]=0

In this we see the negative region overlapping into the positive region and this is done
intentionally to avoid division by 0 if 1 is taken as intermediate limit between 2 and ½
where division by ln(1) occurs which lead to indeterminacy. To avoid this a close range
number 1.1 is taken as the intermediate limit and error discounted as due to the particular
nature of number system though the result of the nature of the Riemann Hypothesis is not
surrendered to this error. So the minute error can be attributed to this overlap if corrected
or taken into consideration can lead to exact area being equal to 0. So it is affirmed that
the area between 2 and ½ is 0.

Now the Riemann Hypothesis Proof.

Since a=1 and b =1 the roots will be (b+/-√b2-4ac)/2a.
So it is (1+/-√1-4c)/2= 1/2 +/- √1-4c/2 where we see that the roots are complex and if we
vary c from what is calculated to any number(verified only till 90) and changing ‘a’ and
‘b’ equal to “c” or any equal values less than calculated “c” for any value “x” we get
infinite number of complex roots with real part at ½. ½ is seen to be remaining constant
for all roots only complex part varying. Roots with “-i” is discarded by number
Theorists. So all the roots of Riemann ξ function lie on the complex plane at ½ from 1
through any large number(till 90 already proved above). We already proved with
Homogeneous Differential Equation ½ is a root of Riemann ξ function (area between 2
and ½) and the differential equation compliments it with real part of it’s root at ½ for
many “c” and equal “a” and “b” </= “c” and also proves the Hypothesis with the
Eliptical function.
Unsustainable Oscillations are not used for any practical purpose so delinquent which
proves that Riemann ξ function has to be a particular class of Eliptical function so
“a”and “b” has to be equal which means that all complex roots must lie on ½ plane.
Conclusion
Riemann conjuncture through his Hypothesis that real part of the Riemann ξ function is
½ and all the Complex on non-trivial roots lie on the ½ plane remain proved.

References: “God Created Integers” Prof. Stephen Hawkings PP 618

“Mysteries of Mathematics” Prof. Calvin Clawson

Mathew Cherian B.E, MBA(Western Michigan University)

3-B Tranquil Residency
Kochin 682021
India.
Email:mathewcherian@inbox.com