Lecture 12: Inductors, AC Power, Circuits

AC Power
Transformers Transmission

Generators
Flux is decreasing at moment shown

" v
x

Inductors
RL Circuits LCR Circuits
Impedance Resonance
3/5/07 U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007 1 3/5/07 U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007

Generators and EMF

Two of the sides (width w) do not contribute but two with lengths (L) do

Direct versus Alternating Current

Chemical power Battery Constant voltage drop Constant current Circular motion Generator Sinusoidal time variation t

#1 = B L v sin(!)

v = "r #1 = "r B L sin(!) = #2

" v 2x

# = #1+ #2 = 2"r B L sin(!) # = A B " sin(!) # = A B " sin("t) N loops: # = NAB " sin("t)
$"AB
3/5/07 U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007

r=w/2

"AB

3/5/07

U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007

Sinusoidal Pattern
Circular motion Sinusoidal pattern Frequency, f Period, T = 1 / f Goes through 0 twice in one period

AC Power
Voltage, current and power depend on time

We are interested in averages (f = 60Hz)

3/5/07

U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007

3/5/07

U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007

AC Source
V(t) = V0 sin(2(f t)
V0 = maximum voltage f = frequency (cycles/second)

Power Transmission
A generator produces 1.2 Giga watts of power, which it transmits to a town 7 miles away through power lines with a total resistance 10-5 ohms. How much power is lost in the lines if the energy is transmitted at 120 Volts?

V(t) = 24 sin(8( t)

+24

v t

P = IV Power delivered by generator through lines I = P/V = 1.2x109 W/120 V = 107 Amps in lines! P = I2R Power lost in lines = 1014 10-5 = 1 Giga Watt Lost in Lines! Large current is the problem. Since P=IV, use high voltage and low current to deliver power. If V = 12,000 Volts, only 1 Kilo Watt will be lost!
7 3/5/07 U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007 8

0.25 0.5 2(f t = 8(t -24 f = 4 Hz (1/4) seconds/cycle RMS: Root Mean Square Vrms=Vmax/)2
3/5/07 U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007

Transformers
Key to Modern electrical system Produce from 120 volts AC Arbitrarily small voltages. Arbitrarily large voltages. Nearly 100% efficient

Transformers
Increasing current in primary creates an increase in flux through primary and secondary. # % Vp iron

Vs

Same &'/&t

(primary)

(secondary)

Energy conservation:
3/5/07 U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007 9 3/5/07

I pV p = I s V s
10

U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007

Transformers Question?
iron Transformers depend on a change in flux so they only work for alternating currents!

RL Circuit
Upon turn-on current rise is inhibited by L, but eventually rises to V/R Upon turn-off current fall to zero is slowed down by presence of L
Time constant, * = L/R

Vp

Vs

A 12 Volt battery is connected to a transformer transformer that has a 100 turn primary coil, and 200 turn secondary coil. What is the voltage across the secondary after the battery has been (primary) connected for a long time?

(secondary)

1) Vs = 0
3/5/07

2) Vs = 6

3) Vs = 12
U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007

4) Vs = 24
11 3/5/07 U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007 12

Resistors in AC circuit
Ohms Law
Vmax = ImaxR Voltage across resistor is IN PHASE with current through the resistor.
I Resistance t vr t Frequency
3/5/07 U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007 13 3/5/07

Capacitors in AC circuit
Vc = Q/C
R Impedance
always true.

Vr = I R

always true.

C However, voltage & current are not constant Vmax = ImaxXc Capacitive Impedance: XC = 1/(2(fC) When capacitor is uncharged there is no voltage across it When capacitor is charged, no current flows I Voltage across capacitor Lags current. t vC t Frequency
U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007 14

Inductors in AC circuit
VL = -L(&I)/(&t) always true.
Vmax = ImaxXL Inductive Impedance: XL = 2(f L Voltage across inductor I Leads current.
Impedance L R is independent of f

Impedance

t vL t Frequency R

3/5/07

U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007

15

3/5/07

U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007

16

Impedance
R is independent of f XL increases with f XL increases with f XC increases with 1/f

Impedance
R is independent of f

XL R

XL XC

3/5/07

U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007

17

3/5/07

U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007

18

Impedance
R is independent of f XL increases with f XC increases with 1/f Z Z: XL and XC subtract XL f0 XC R

Impedance Triangle
Voltage across source must equal sum of voltage across all of the elements at all times. VL leads by 90o and VC lags by 90o, and are 180o out of phase and they tend to cancel
I0 XL=VL
tor era V gen
+

Z =I 0

I0(XL-XC)

I0R

19 3/5/07

V0 (t) = VR (t) +VC (t) +VL (t) I0 XC=VC Impedance Z = sqrt(R2 +(XL XC)2) Peak V0 = I0 Z tan(+) = (XL XC)/R
U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007 20

3/5/07

U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007

Generators in AC circuit
VG+VL+VR+VC = 0 always true.
L R

Power
The voltage generator supplies power, and the resistor dissipates it. Capacitor and Inductor store and release energy. P = IV varies with values of R, C, L.
Purely resistive R=Z, only dissipation in R For R! Z, energy stored/extracted from LC

Power

Vmax = Imax Z Total Impedance: Z = (R2+ (XL2- XC2))1/2 C Voltage across generators sometimes leads and sometimes lags current. When impedance is smallest, i.e., XL = XC, power is largest
f0 Frequency
21 3/5/07

Average power, P = Irms Vrms cos(+) where cos(+)=R/Z

U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007 22

3/5/07

U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007

AC Summary
Resistors: VR=IR In phase Capacitors: VC=I XC: Xc = 1/(2(f C) Lags Inductors: VL=I XL: XL = 2(f L Leads 2 Generator V0 = IZ: Z=sqrt(R +(XL-XC)2) Can lead or lag tan(+) = (XL-XC)/R Power is only dissipated in resistor: P=IV0 cos(+)
3/5/07 U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007 23 3/5/07

Preflight 1
A power outlet puts out 60 Hz AC. Which of the following statements is true
Voltage goes to zero only 60 times per second Current goes to zero only 60 times per second Power output goes to zero only 60 times per s Voltage , current and power output stay constant Voltage, current and power go to zero 120 times per second

One period is a complete 2( revolution - sine or cosine go to zero twice, so does sin2.

U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007

24

Preflight 2
Household electric outlet puts out 120 V 60 Hz AC that is used to power a light bulb. The peak voltage difference across the bulb is:
84 V 120 V 170 V Depends on the resistance of the bulb.

Preflight 3
Power is transferred from the power plant to your house through high voltage power lines because:
Generators at power plants operate at high voltages. It will decrease power loss The power company wants to discourage people from climbing on the lines

3/5/07

U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007

25

3/5/07

U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007

26

Preflight: LCR 1
An alternating current circuit consists of a resistor and capacitor and inductor connected in series to a generator. Which of the following statements is true. As the frequency of the generator becomes infinitely large, the capacitor can be ignored As the frequency of the generator is decreased to zero, the capacitor can be ignored. L R C
3/5/07

Preflight: LCR 2
An alternating current circuit consists of a resistor and capacitor and inductor connected in series to a generator. Which of the following statements is true. As the frequency of the generator becomes infinitely large, the inductor can be ignored As the frequency of the generator is decreased to zero, the inductor can be ignored. L R C
27 3/5/07

The current flows through the capacitor as it is being charged and discharged. If the charging and discharging are happening at rapid rate, the current is freely flowing through the capacitor equivalent to a wire!
U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007

The current flow through the inductor is inhibited due to self inductance which is proportional to the rate of change of current. If the current flow is almost constant the inductor simply acts like a wire!
U.W. Physics 104, Spring 2007 28