12'00 May

EEUG News
European EMTP-ATP Users Group e.V.

February - May 2000 Number 1-2 Volume 6
CONTENTS
Editorial
3 6
Instructions for Authors

EEUG Association
11 13
Review of the EEUG Meeting 99 and One-day Course on Efficient Use of ATP & Modeling of Transformers with Saturation - Gizzeria Lido - Calabria Italy, November 8-10, 1999 EEUG Meeting 2000 - Wroclaw, Poland, September 25-26, 2000 One-day Course on Frequency-dependent Line and Cable Modeling Wroclaw, Poland, September 27, 2000
Program Development
16 19
Whats New in ATP and TPPLOT Development? - W. Scott Meyer -Tsu-huei Liu HYSTERESIS HEVIA: a new routine to generate input data for inductors with hysteresis - Orlando P. Hevia
Program Information
29 36
Electronic EMTP Theory Book in HTML format - Jorge Blanes, Jorge Rodrguez
Technical Notes
Lumped Parameter Transformer Model for EMTP using DATA BASE MODULE H. Ring, B. Stein, K.-H. Weck, T. We
Technical Papers
46 54 61 76
Mutual Impedance between Overhead and Underground Cables - Akihiro Ametani, Shinichi Yamaguchi, Naoto Nagaoka Comparison of Marti Line Simulations with Field Test Results - T. Funabashi, E. Zaima, T. Yamada, A. Ametani Modelling and Simulation of FACTS Devices using the Electromagnetic Transients Program (EMTP) - Nikolas Athanasiadis, James R. McDonald, Campbell Booth Modelling the TCSC Using ATP-MODELS - Ricardo M. Tenrio, Nick Jenkins, Lszl Prikler
EEUG News
published by the European EMTP-ATP Users Group e.V. (EEUG), registered Association.
Editorial Board
Members of the Executive Board of the EEUG.
Editors
Dr. Mustafa Kizilcay, Lszl Prikler
Editorial and administrative assistant

Canan G. Kizilcay
Editors by E-mail
Mustafa Kizilcay Lszl Prikler kizilcay@eeug.de prikler@vmt.bme.hu
Mailing address Subscription:

EEUG e.V. c/o Prof. Dr. Mustafa Kizilcay University of Applied Sciences Osnabrck, FB Elektrotechnik Albrechtstr. 30 D-49076 Osnabrck, Germany Phone +49 541 969-3065 Fax +49 541 969-3070
Paper submission:
Mr. Lszl Prikler Budapest University of Technology and Economics Dept. of Electric Power Systems Egry J. u. 18 H-1111 Budapest, Hungary Phone +36 1 463-3015 Fax +36 1 463-3013
EEUG News is published quarterly by the European EMTP-ATP Users Group e.V., registered association in Offenbach am Main, Germany. All rights reserved. Copyright 2000 by the European EMTP-ATP Users Group e.V. SUBSCRIPTIONS: free for EEUG members (included in the membership dues); Nonmembers: annual subscription: DEM 120, single copy: DEM 35 (for Europe).
Editorial
5 Instructions for Authors

5 5 5 First, middle and last name of the author Organization name, Country
Department / Institute Street / P. O. Box Postal code, city, country Voice tel. / fax number (optional) E-mail address (if available)
5 5
Technical contributions
5 The quality of a publication depends to a great extent on the uniformity of presentation. Rules that must be observed by authors of articles for EEUG News are as follow (this article can be considered as an example of a technical paper): 5 paper size DIN A4 format (21x 29.7 cm) or US standard format (8.5 x 11 inch) with left, right, top and bottom margins of 2.5 cm or 1 inch. 5 page layout Single-column and single-spaced format is recommended. The first page should have the title inside the top margin, and left aligned. The title is followed by the name (first, middle and last name) of the author, organization name and country printed left aligned, whereas address, voice tel./fax number (optional) and E-mail address (if available) of author(s) are printed right aligned. 5 Section titles should be bold, with two blank lines above, and one blank line below, each such title. One line should be left blank between paragraphs, and indentation at the start of paragraphs should not be used. 5 The contribution should not be paginated. A erasable pencil can be used to number the pages on the back side, or in the bottom-right corner. 5 fonts Times New Roman, Roman or another proportional font similar to the font used to create "Instructions for authors" is preferred. 5 The title should be bold faced and in capital and small letters with font size of 20 (points) as the title of this text given above. 5 The names of the authors, organization name and country should be bold faced in font size 12. The address, voice tel./fax number and E-mail address of author(s) should be in font size 11 as shown above. 5 The body of the text should use font size 12. Titles of sections and subsections should be bold in font size 14. 5 numbering Arabic numerals should be employed in numbering of sections, figures, tables, equations and references. The subsections are numbered by inserting a full stop
EEUG News Feb-May 2000
Editorial "." between numbers, e.g. 1 1.1 1.1.3. All the figures, tables and equations should be numbered progressively. Equation numbers should be given in parentheses, such as (1) or (2-5), whereas numbers of references should be written between square brackets, such as [1]. 5 structure The structure of a technical paper usually is organized in the following parts, in the given order: title, abstract (100 to 150 words), introduction, body, conclusions, references and annexes, if required. Figures, tables, equations must be inserted at the proper location of its occurrence in the text.
5 figures, tables Figures, tables, equations must be inserted at the proper location of their occurrence in the text. references 5 [1] Karni, S.: Network Theory: Analysis and Synthesis, Boston, Allyn and Bacon, Inc., 1966. A reference of a part of a contribution or to a monograph should contain author(s), title of host, edition, part number, publication (place, publisher), year and location within the host documentation. 5 Serials include periodicals, newsletters, annuals, and series of reports. Articles in serials contain author(s), title, title of host document, location within host and pagination of the part, as shown below: 5 [2] Clerici, A.; Marzio, L.: Coordinated Use of TNA and Digital Computer for Switching-Surge Studies: Transient Equivalent of a Complex Network, IEEE Trans. on Power Appar. and Systems, PAS-89 (1970), no. 8, pp.1717-1726 5 The authors are requested to prepare up to 10 keywords for their contributions. The keywords should reflect the concepts, topics and methods included in the contribution. 5 Technical papers should be submitted primarily in printed form (three copies) ready to be photocopied. Additionally, the text should be delivered on a MS-DOS floppy disk (or electronic mail), if it is created using a word processor such as WordPerfect 5.1, 6, 7, 8, 9 or MS-Word 6, 7, 97, 2000 running under MS-Windows 9x or NT. 5 5 A reference of a monograph should contain author(s), title, edition, publication (place and publisher) and year. Example:
Short articles, calls for help, suggestions, solutions, announcements
5 It is sufficient to provide the contribution by e-mail or on a DOS floppy disk (two copies) addressed each to the Editor(s) and the Chairman of EEUG Association, who are responsible for the edition. 5 The text can be created using a plain text editor such as MS-DOS EDIT, or using a word processor. When a word processor is used, Word Perfect version 5.1, 6, 7, 8, 9 or MS-Word for Win9x version 6, 7, 97, 2000 formats are preferred. Please specify the rubric under which the article should appear.
Editorial
General remarks
5 Selection among contributions is done by the Executive Board of EEUG Association, but responsibility for the content of a contribution rests with its author(s). If important editorial changes seem necessary, the authors will be consulted prior to publication. No honorarium will be paid any author. Technical papers should be submitted primarily in printed form ready to be photocopied. Please mail two copies of your contribution to the Editor(s) and one copy to the Chairman, who act as the supervising editor of EEUG News on behalf of the Executive Board: 5 Additionally, the text should be delivered to the Editor on an MS-DOS floppy disk or e-mail attachment in zipped format, if it was created using word processor such as Word Perfect version 5.1, 6, 7, 8, 9 or MS-Word version 6, 7, 97, 2000 running under MS-Windows 9x or NT. 5 5 Co-editors of EEUG News
Lszl Prikler Budapest University of Technology and Economics Dept. of Electric Power Systems Egry J. u. 18. H-1111 Budapest, Hungary Phone +36 1 463 3015 Fax +36 1 463 3013 E-mail: prikler@vmt.bme.hu Prof. Dr.-Ing. M. Kizilcay University of Applied Science Osnabrck FB Elektrotechnik Albrechtstr. 30 D-49076 Osnabrueck, Germany Phone +49 541 969-3065 Fax +49 541 969-3070/-2936 E-mail: kizilcay@eeug.de
EEUG Association
Review of the EEUG Meeting 99 and One-day Course on Efficient Use of ATP & Modeling of Transformers with Saturation
Gizzeria Lido - Calabria, Italy, November 8 - 10, 1999
he annual meeting of the European EMTP-ATP Users Group e.V. in 1999 was held on November 8-9, at Hotel Caposuvero in Grizzera Lido near to Lamezia Terme Airport, Calabria, Italy. The organizer of this meeting was Prof. Daniele Menniti, Department of Electronic, Computer and System Science, University of Calabria. A total of 18 papers have been presented at the technical sessions attended by 29 persons. Following technical sessions, a discussion on cable modelling with Professor Akihiro Ametani (author of Cable Constans and Cable Parameters supporting routines of ATP and honorary Member of the EEUG) as chairman of the session from Doshisha University in Kyoto, Japan, took place in the afternoon on November 8, 1999. One-day ATP-EMTP course on "Efficient use of ATP & Modelling of transformers with saturation" organised by Prof. Mustafa Kizilcay and Mr. Laszlo Prikler followed the EEUG Meeting on November 10.
Technical Program
Technical sessions were held on November 8 and in the morning of November 9. Total 18 papers were presented in four sessions. Technical session A Program development
< Gabor Furst: Harmonic Frequency Scan (HFS) Brief review < B. R. Oswald : A new method for the fault simulation in Power Systems < Mustafa Kizilcay, D. Celikag: ATP control center- A tool for user-friendly working with ATP
Technical session B Modelling

< Friedrich Wilhelm Veuhoff, Johannes Elwardt: Vacuum Circuit Model in EMTP-ATP to the Examination of Multiple Reignitions in Inductive Circuits. < R. Carbone, A. Testa, P. Marino: EMTP Accuracy in representing Electric Power System resonances < Francisco Jurado, Jos Carpio, Higinio Snchez: Load Modelling and Voltage Stability. < A. Barone Barone, A. Cataliotti, A. Sannino, C. Vella: A comparison between ATP-EMTP and Power System Blockset for SIMULINK. < Laszlo Prikler: Transformer Model for inrush transient and control switching studies. < Juan A. Martinez-Velasco, Jacinto Martin-Arnedo: Modular Library for Simulation of Power Quality Disturbances and Custom Power Devices. < M. Kizilcay, S. Demmig, M. Ermel, H. Biewald: Modelling of 400 kV XLPE cable system.
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EEUG Association
Technical session C Modeling and Transients in power systems

< Murari M. Saha, K. Wikstrm, E. Rosolowski, J. Izykowski: ATP-EMTP evaluation of digital algorithms compensating for transient errors of current and voltage instrument transformers. < Mustafa Kizilcay: Remarks on modelling of a three-winding using Saturable Transformer Component. < Ricordo Tenorio: Solving SSR Problems through the TCSC and NGH device- A comparative approach. < M.M. Osborne, Y. K. Tong, D. Boyle: Comparative Analysis of a 400 kV Black Start circuit in the UK using ATP and PSCAD.
Technical session D Fault Analysis

< H. Belka, M. Michalik: Ground fault overvoltages in medium voltage networks-comparative study of ATP simulation and field measurement results. < A. Barone Barone, M. L. Di Silvestre: Characterization of the electrical parameters influencing the protective devices through the Analysis of electrical transients subsquent to fault conditions in MV distribution networks. < S. Quaia, A. Barone Barone, M. Inserillo: Analysis of three-phase voltage sags at LV level caused by faults on HV network: field measurements and simulation results.
Members Meeting
The annual Members Meeting of the EEUG Association was held in the afternoon of November 9, 1999, at 2.00 p.m. at the same place as the EEUG Meeting. The Meeting was chaired by Prof. Mustafa Kizilcay, Chairman of the EEUG Association. A total of 15 members and 1 non-member attended to the Members Meeting' included Professor Akihiro Ametani and Mr. Gabor Furst (both are Honorary Members of the EEUG). Following agenda sent to all members together with business and financial reports for 1998 and intermediate business and financial reports for1999 was approved by the members. No additional item has been proposed on-site.
Agenda of the Members Meeting 1999

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Presentation of the business report of the year 1998 by the Chairman Approval of the business report by members Presentation of the financial report of the year 1998 by the Treasurer Approval of the financial report by members Release of the Executive Board and the Treasurer from responsibility for the year 1998 Presentation of the intermediate business report for 1999 Presentation of the intermediate financial report for 1999 Election of two auditors for the examination of the financial report of 1999 EEUG activities and budget for the year 2000 EEUG Meeting 2000 Miscellaneous. 7
EEUG Association The Chairman, Prof. M. Kizilcay, and the Treasurer, Mr. H. Wehrend, presented the business and financial reports for the year 1998, respectively. The 1998 reports were sent to all members in advance. The EEUG members approved unanimously the business and financial report of the year 1998 and the Executive Board has been released from responsibility for the calendar year 1998. The Auditors assigned by the members to examine the EEUG bank and cash accounts for year 1999 are: Dr.-Ing. Sven Demmig, BEWAG Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin/Germany and Dipl.-Ing. Emmanuel Sissimatos, Institute of Electric Power Supply, University of Hannover. The Chairman gave information about membership according to countries and licensed ATP users in Europe. Up to year 1999, a total of about 340 ATP users have been licensed by EEUG. Total number of members was 128 at the end of 1999 and slightly increasing. Fig. 1 shows the members of the EEUG Association according to countries at the time of writing this report.
Fig. 1 After the presentation of intermediate business and financial reports and their approval by the EEUG members, Executive Board announced the procedure to deal with the non-paying members. Details of this procedure are described in the Minutes of the meeting sent to all members of the association. The new domain name of EEUG in Internet and the new e-mail addresses of EEUG has been announced next: The new World Wide Web address of the EEUG is: www.eeug.de For technical support, the contact e-mail address is: support@eeug.de For membership query, the contact e-mail address is: member@eeug.de For non-members, the contact e-mail address is: ask@eeug.de The Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland will host the EEUG Meeting 2000. The EEUG Meeting 2001 was recommended to be hosted in a university located in either France, England or Switzerland.
8
EEUG Association
One-day ATP Course
One-day ATP-EMTP course on "Efficient use of ATP & Modelling of transformers with saturation" followed the EEUG Meeting on November 10, 1999. In the morning session, the use of ATP on different PC platforms including available tools, EMTP solution methods and traditional application fields was reviewed. The recently developed user-shell ATP Control Centre was introduced and its use with ATP and other supporting programs like ATPDraw, PCPlot, PlotXY has been illustrated using a notebook PC and beamer. In the afternoon session, a comprehensive tutorial was given on the modelling of transformers including saturation effects.
List of Participants
List of participants of the EEUG Meeting99 are listed below.

Name Sven Gabor Francisco Thor Emmanuel Bernd R. Marek Luciano Nouri Jeremy Harald Mustafa Akihiro Christian Laszlo Marta Friedrich Grzegorz Andrea Henry Murari Stefania Alessandro Rosario Roberto Alessandro Alfredo Giuseppe Daniele Surname Demmig Furst Gil Garcia Henriksen Sissimatos Oswald Michalik Tonelli Hassan Caplin Wehrend Kizilcay Ametani Faltin Prikler Val Escudero Veuhoff Maslowski Moratto Yeung M. Saha Conti B. Barone Carbone Langella Lo Schiavo Cali Tina Menniti Affiliation Bewag AG, Berlin G.B. Furst Consultants, Vancouver Schneider Electric, Grenoble Sintef Energy Research, Trondheim University of Hannover University of Hannover Wroclaw University of Technology CESI, Milano University of West-England National Grid Company SEG, Kempen FH Osnabrck Doshisha University EFPZ-Arsenal Technical University of Budapest E.S.B. International, Dublin TFH Berlin University of Technology, Rzeszow ABB Ricerca S.p.a. PB Power, Newcastle ABB Automation Products AB University of Catania University of Palermo University of Naples University of Naples University of Naples University of Catania University of Catania University of Calabria Country Germany Canada France Norway Germany Germany Poland Italy UK UK Germany Germany Japan Austria Hungary Ireland Germany Poland Italy UK Sweden Italy Italy Italy Italy Italy Italy Italy Italy
EEUG Association
Fig. 2 - Group of participants surrounded by the pleasant Mediterrenean vegetation.
Repor about the Meeting in a Local Newspaper
Our meeting has been reported in the local newspaper Gazetta del Sud, too.
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EEUG Association
EEUG Meeting 2000

Wroclaw, Poland, September 25-26, 2000
he next meeting of the European EMTP-ATP Users Group Association will be hosted by the Department of Electrical Engineering of the Wroclaw University of Technology in Poland. The venue of the meeting and the forthcoming course is Building A1 of the Wroclaw University of Technology (Ul. Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland).
Preliminary Program of the Meeting
The EEUG meetings traditionally start with technical sessions on Monday and Tuesday morning. Two types of contributions may be submitted for presentations at the technical sessions: full conference papers (20-minutes presentation) and short discussion contributions (10-minutes presentation). Contributions concerning the simulations of transients in power systems using ATP are expected. Interesting subjects could be comparison of simulation results with measurements, development and implementation of new models, application of ATP to education etc. Member's Meeting makes up the second part of the EEUG Meeting and can be attended only by EEUG members. Interested persons may observe this meeting as guests, without voting rights. The Technical Sessions are opened to all licensed EMTP-ATP users. Preliminary registration will be also accepted for those interested institutions/persons who are not yet licensed users of the EMTP-ATP. Interested users should contact Prof. Kizilcay (email: ask@eeug.de, Fax: +49 5404 957657) to inform how to apply for the license and/or to become EEUG member. This information is also available on the EEUG home page: http://www.eeug.de
Members' Note
EEUG members are asked to submit in writing any important suggestion related to the EEUG businesses to the Chairman before August 25. According to the Charter of the Association, these suggestions will be included in the agenda of the Members' Meeting. A separate invitation will be sent to all members 8 weeks before the meeting.
Registration
Early registration for the meeting is recommended. Electronic registration is possible at http://www.pwr.wroc.pl/~w5elek. The registration desks at the hotels will be open on September 24, from 17:00 to 18:00 and at the meeting place on September 25. Registration fees: EEUG members: Non-members: Accompanying persons:
150 USD 190 USD 30 USD
[175 USD] [210 USD] [ 35 USD] 11
EEUG Association The fee includes meeting proceedings, coffee during breaks, lunches, conference dinner, transportation. The fee for accompanying persons includes conference dinner and access to optional activities. Fees in brackets apply to registration on-site or received after July 15.
Hotel Accommodation
Accommodation is available at the following hotels: Maria Magdalena **** single: 100 USD double: 125 USD Saigon *** Single: 50 USD double: 60 USD The deadline for the hotel bookings in full choice is August 15, 2000. Later bookings will be also accepted, but only up to the capacity of the reserved hotels. Accommodation at Maria Magdalena Hotel cannot be reserved without deposit payment, which amounts to 30% of the accommodation cost. The deposit must accompany the Registration Form and can be done by a check, by a bank transfer or by credit card. The reservation will be confirmed by a hotel voucher upon the receipt of your deposit.
Conference Organizer
For more information please contact the local organizing committee chairman: Dr. Marek Michalik Wroclaw University of Technology Institute of Electrical Power Engineering (I-8) Ul. Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland Phone: +48 71 320-2153 Fax: +48 71 320-3487 E-mail: eeug2000@eeug.de
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EEUG Association
One-day Course on Frequencydependent Line and Cable Modeling

Wroclaw, Poland, September 27, 2000
n this one-day course, theory and applications of wave propagation on lines and cables will be reviewed, use of supporting routines CP, CC and LC will be illustrated by means of typical simulation examples. Several built-in models for overhead line and cable modeling exists in ATP-EMTP. These are multi-phase B-circuit, constant-parameter distributed line model (CPDL) and frequency-dependent line models created by SEMLYEN, JMARTI and NODA SETUPs. Selecting the appropriate model for slow-front or fast-front studies requires a cautious engineering approach.
Course Description
Representation of transmission lines plays an important role in the transient analysis of power systems. Line energization and re-energization, determination of lightning overvoltages caused by direct strokes to phase conductors or by backflashovers are typical simulation studies related to transmission lines. In most cases it is important to take into account the frequency-dependence of line parameters in the line modeling. This makes necessary to generate model data based on the geometrical configuration of the overhead line or cable. For this purpose, three supporting routines LINE CONSTANTS (LC), CABLE CONSTANTS (CC) and CABLE PARAMETERS (CP) are available in the simulation package ATP-EMTP (Alternative Transients Program ElectroMagnetic Transients Program).
2 3
Objectives
To describe the physical phenomena of wave propagation on lines and cables To review modal theory, frequency-dependent impedance, wave deformation on lines To become familiar with theory and applications of supporting routines CP, CC and LC To illustrate various line modeling possibilities and accuracy problems
Intended Audience
Engineers and research personnel in industry, utilities, universities and consulting companies involved in power system transients with some ATP experience. Prior knowledge of the operating system MS-Windows 95/98/NT would be beneficial. It is obligatory to be licensed for ATP use before participating in this course. Please contact Prof. Kizilcay (E-mail: ask@eeug.de, Fax: +49 5404 957657) for ATP licensing.
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EEUG Association
Instructors
Dr. Yoshihiro Baba Research fellow Department of Electrical Engineering Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
Dr. Akihiro Ametani Professor Department of Electrical Engineering Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
Course Outline
The following topics will be covered by this course. Applications for each topic will be presented in front of the class using a PC and projector. The latest 32-bit Windows version of ATP and aforementioned supporting programs will be used for demonstrations.
Wave propagation characteristics of lines and cables. Modal theory, frequency-dependent impedance, characteristic impedance, wave deformation. ATP-EMTP supporting routines LINE CONSTANTS (LC), CABLE CONSTANTS (CC) and CABLE PARAMETERS (CP). Impedance and admittance formulas, eigenvalue and eigenvectors. Applications of CP to various lines and cables including arbitrary cross-section and distributed admittance. Transient simulations using line and cable models, accuracy problems, limit of frequencydependent line models, comparison with field tests.
The course will begin at 9:00 and will end at 17:00.
Venue and Fee of the Course
The course will be held at the Wroclaw University of Technology (Building A1, Ul. Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland). The course fee includes lectures, course notes with a computer diskette containing input data files of the examples/exercises, a lunch and coffee breaks. EEUG members: 110 USD Nonmembers: 160 USD
Cancellation Policy: The course fee will be refunded with a deduction of 30 % to cover the administrative costs if participation in the course is canceled before September, 2, 2000. No refunds will be possible after this date. A minimum enrollment of 10 participants will be necessary to hold the course. The EEUG e.V. reserves the right to cancel the course, if necessary (a full refund would be made, should this occur).
Registration
Early registration for the course is recommended. Electronic registration is possible at http://www.pwr.wroc.pl/~w5elek. Please return the Registration and Accommodation Form before August 15, 2000 to the secretariat of the conference.
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Program Information
Accommodation
Accommodation is available at the following hotels: Maria Magdalena **** single: 100 USD double: 125 USD Saigon *** Single: 50 USD double: 60 USD The deadline for the hotel bookings in full choice is August 15, 2000. Later bookings will be also accepted, but only up to the capacity of the reserved hotels. Accommodation at Maria Magdalena Hotel cannot be reserved without deposit payment, which amounts to 30% of the accommodation cost. The deposit must accompany the Registration Form and can be done by a check, by a bank transfer or by credit card. The reservation will be confirmed by a hotel voucher upon the receipt of your deposit.
Course Organizers
The course is organized in cooperation between the European EMTP-ATP Users Group e.V. and the Wroclaw University of Technology Institute of Electrical Power Engineering. Course secretariat: "EEUG 2000" Wroclaw University of Technology The Institute of Electrical Power Eng. (I-8) Ul. Wyb. Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland. Contact person: Dr. Marek Michalik Phone: +48 71 320-2153 Fax: +48 71 320-3487 E-mail: eeug2000@eeug.de
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Program Development
Whats New in ATP and TPPLOT Development?

W. Scott Meyer, Tsu-huei Liu Canadian/American EMTP User Group, USA
E-mail: thliu@bpa.gov
AUTO SCALE is the keyboard equivalent of a mouse click on the AUTO button of the Multipliers heading within the CURVE window. The new command will not be found in any of the colored, pull-down menus, but it has been added to the HELP file. Even users with mice should find occasion to use the new command. For example, if one wanted to process a family of 100 .PL4 files, typically one would bury his plot commands within a batch file and then execute this using the @ command. Whereas mouse clicks could not be placed in such a batch file, the new AUTO SCALE command could be.
(Can/Am EMTP News, Jan - 1999, p.2)
RENUMBER WITHOUT COUPLING ( RWC ) is a new request word that was introduced to avoid the burden of transient renumbering. Illustration of usage can be found in the new 5th subcase of DC-5 (see comment cards for further explanation). In case the reader does not understand the need, consider the burden of renumbering in a study for 400 or more coupled coils. The burden is reflected in the second component of time ("Seconds for overlays 6-11"). Using RWC, this time might be reduced without noticeable change to the resulting simulation speed. (Can/Am EMTP News, Jan - 1999, p.5) The Type-10 electrical source card carries an analytical expression to the left of familiar Tstart in columns 61-70. Unfortunately, if the formula was too long and spilled over into Tstart, the result generally would be unreadable, and execution would die. Beginning October 28th, ATP will check for legal T-start and T-stop, and will end the subcase in civilized fashion if an error is found. This is illustrated by a new 2nd subcase of DCNEW-19.
(Can/Am EMTP News, Jan - 1999, p.7)
Age of the program being used finally can be documented precisely and automatically in the header of each .LIS file having width 132 columns. "Source code date is 27 December 1998" is the replacement for the former imprecise "Program is no older than ...". The date now being displayed is the date of translation, not the date of linking. Note use of four digits for the year. The four digits are constructed in FORTRAN from the two digits returned by DBOS TIME8@. Thus Y2K should be handled correctly, but Y2100 will not be. (Can/Am EMTP News, Apr - 1999, p.1) Value -6666 for KTRPL4 became the preferred alternative on February 26th. Meaning of the new value involves two points: 1) there is a minus sign, so any .PL4 file is to be named in parallel with the input data file; and 2) the appropriate absolute value is to be determined internally by Salford EMTP. No longer is it necessary for the user to supply this number, which indicates the disk of interest (e.g., 3 for C:). When using some old DOS version, this automatic recognition might fail and execution might die. On the other hand, nothing is lost. The old values for KTRPL4 should continue to be honored as before.
(Can/Am EMTP News, Apr - 1999, p.2)
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EEUG News Feb - May 2000
Program Development The limit of 20 curves per plot was not observed prior to March 12th , when protection was added that accepts only the first 20 requests. While it seems highly unlikely that a single, realistic, ordinary plot ever would involve 20 curves, window plotting could reach this limit without difficulty. It is important to note, however, that real plots are involved. The limit of 20 should not apply to either the RELAY or the COMTRADE command to produce alternative output files. The limit without a plot is larger by an order of magnitude.
The .PL4 file was being destroyed unnecessarily after an error was detected within the timestep loop. Earlier program versions trashed the .PL4 file if it had not been connected by the user in data (using $OPEN). Now, both this condition and zero value for miscellaneous data parameter ICAT are required for deletion during an error termination.
Superposition of two or more Type-10 analytical sources at a single node was not possible prior to the correction of POCKET on January 29th. The correction allows up to 9 sources at the same node, and it should be fool proof as long as the analytical function of each later Type-10 source is independent of the value of each source that participates in the superposition. Order does matter, however: sources involving superposition are assumed to be contiguous. (Can/Am EMTP News, Apr - 1999, p.10) If a user wants the pocket calculator to change one of the integers, he needs an integer data symbol rather than a floating-point data symbol. An illustration is provided in the 11th subcase of DC-59. On February 24th , the old data was modified by the addition of integer data symbol DCD to replace the previous fixed value. Both $PARAMETER use and the pocket calculator are described in Rule Book section H01-L. (Can/Am EMTP News, Apr - 1999, p.15) TO SUPPORTING PROGRAM is a new request word that allows in-line (as opposed to separate, preceding, off-line) execution of a supporting program to produce needed data. New 2nd, 3rd, and 4th subcases of DC-41 illustrate operation. (Can/Am EMTP News, Apr - 1999, p.16) Foreign MODELS provides another possible way to speed slow MODELS simulation. Foreign code refers to separately compiled subroutines and/or functions that are linked to tpbig. Via subroutines FGNMOD and FGNFUN such foreign code can then be accessed from any MODELS data case. For the illustration provided, execution is 50 times faster.
(Can/Am EMTP News, July - 1999, p. 5)
The compiled TACS cases ran about twice as fast as the foreign MODELS cases, i.e. 100 times faster than the standard MODELS case. (Can/Am EMTP News, July - 1999, p. 5) The case (upper or lower) of file names has been fundamentally altered for the first time in more than a decade. .LIS, .PL4, .BIN, and .PCH files that are created by ATP always will have lower-case names, no matter what the user specifies. ATP always will create lowercase file names, and an attempt to connect one of these files using $OPEN always will involve lower case. This new rule probably will apply to every Unix version and for reasons of uniformity, the new logic also is being applied to djgpp and Mingw32 versions.
(Can/Am EMTP News, July - 1999, p. 8)
Symbol GNUDIR replaced ATPDIR in GNU versions of ATP. The same reasoning that applied to the Watcom version applies to GNU versions. A distinct environment variable allows separation of the different program versions. Two or more program versions then can be used at the same time without confusion as to which is using a common name.
(Can/Am EMTP News, July -1999, p. 10)
17
Program Development Interactive use of DISK or BOTH no longer terminates ATP execution. Batch-mode use (e.g., RUNTP.BAT) continues to terminate execution, but interactive use does not. Just as for use without DISK or BOTH, interactive use now ends back at the opening prompt ("EMTP begins ...") when the processing of one disk file is complete. There now is uniformity of interactive use, with only Esc or STOP ending execution in response to the opening prompt. (Can/Am EMTP News, Oct - 1999, p. 1) KTRPL4 = 0 is a new value about which users should be informed. By definition, this means that date and time will be used, and the .PL4 file will be placed in the current directory, whatever and wherever that might be. The only negative KTRPL4 value that ever should be used is -6666 (for placement in parallel with the .LIS file). In fact, the value -6666 no longer is looked for; only the sign of KTRPL4 is tested. To conclude, values such as -3 for C: have disappeared from instructions. KTRPL4 = +6666 became an alternative to locate a .PL4 file that was named along with the .LIS file. (Can/Am EMTP News, Oct - 1999, p. 18) Lahey Computer has supplied a Fortran 95 (F95) compiler that is being used in Portland to support ATP for MS Windows. Price is a dominant attraction of the Lahey offering, which has product name LF95 Express. For more information, the interested reader is referred to www.lahey.com. Non-optimized ATP compilation using Lahey F95 is pleasantly fast, about 1.5 minutes on a 200-MHz Pentium Pro-based PC running NT4.
(Can/Am EMTP News, Jan - 2000, p. 2)
The Type-13 TACS-controlled switch has been generalized so that switch opening can be delayed until the first current zero. The command DO NOT OPEN UNTIL CURRENT 0 has this effect. Originally, the switch was coded to open if the CLAMP signal is not positive, even if it is carrying substantial current. But for engineering applications, one often wants to wait for the next current zero, so the logic was modified accordingly as illustrated by the new 4th subcase of DC-19. (Can/Am EMTP News, Jan - 2000, p. 9) Uncoupled branches that are short circuited were prohibited by the introduction of a new KILL 239 error termination on June 9th . An uncoupled branch that connects any one node with itself (i.e., the branch is permanently short circuited) has also been prohibited by the new branch input logic. Branches of multi-phase components --- either distributed or lumped --- escape the check. (Can/Am EMTP News, Jan - 2000, p. 18) The name of a $INCLUDE file was limited to 50 bytes prior to a universal reform that began September 20th . The request word $INCLUDE itself requires 9 columns, that leaves about 70 for the file name (minus the prefix and the suffix).
(Can/Am EMTP News, Jan - 2000, p. 20)
18
Program Development
HYSTERESIS HEVIA: a new routine to generate input data for inductors with hysteresis
Orlando P. Hevia Santa Fe - Argentina
Gorostiaga 1483 3000 Santa Fe Argentina heviaop@ssdfe.com.ar
Introduction
It is a common problem to obtain the full magnetization curve for the saturable inductors (Type-98 or Type-93). Most of the cases only some points of the curve are readily available as measurements, or data measured on a similar magnetic material should be used for modelling the core. Measurements are normally given as RMS quantities, that should be converted into peak values of current and flux using the SATURA supporting routine of ATP (ref. ATP Rule Book chapter XIX - G). Saturable inductors can be represented by hysteresis in ATP, as well, using the routine HYSDAT to obtain parameters (ref. ATP Rule Book chapter XIX - H ). There is an important limitation, however: ATP has access to data of only one type of magnetic material (ARMCO M4 oriented silicon steel). The Rule Book just gives a hint that routine SATURA can be used to obtain data of other materials, if it is proceeded with care. The hysteresis loop can be constructed manually by displacing the current values given by SATURA. The aim of development of the new routine HYSTERESIS HEVIA was to accomplish this tasks precisely: a) to displace the current values and b) to produce a hysteresis loop with a power loss equal to a required value. It can also be used to fit the curve to a given residual flux. The routine can generate a .PCH file off-line, like all the other auxiliary routines of ATP. But it can be used to generate hysteresis data for a Type-96 inductor on-line, i.e. when processing the input data file for a time domain simulation.
How the routine works
The routine reads as input the single-valued magnetizing curve of flux versus current, the power loss arising from the hysteresis, the frequency and the value of required residual flux. Initially, the program proposes a null displacement. Then calculates the enclosed area for each segment (the area is approximated by parallelograms, so it can be calculated easily).
19
Program Development This area represents energy. Multiplying it by the frequency results in the power loss for one cycle. The calculated energy then is compared with the required one. If the result is smaller (in the first step it will be always the case), displacement is increased by a given step. The displacement is variable, because the hysteresis loop shows an asymmetry: the displacement toward to the left is greater than toward to the right. The right displacement is practically constant, but the left displacement is increasing slowly with the value of flux until a maximum for the saturation knee. After this point, displacement decreases quickly to be annulled for the saturation flux. The variable displacement produces a loop of hysteresis with setbacks. If the calculated power loss is smaller than required, the process is receded to the value of previous displacement, the step is divided by two and proceeds with that smaller step. As the applied function is simple, the process is very rapid and the error in the power can be made very small. The calculation stops when the relative error is smaller than 10-12 . The last two points are displaced solely if resulted in a segment with negative slope. The penultimate point is displaced solely if necessary, but being maintained these points singlevalued. These two points define thus a rectum in the one which there is no hysteresis. In the routine HYSDAT the penultimate point is defined as saturation point. If this point is displaced, the area is calculated considering now this new saturation point. The last point of the flux-current table is not displaced, unless it will be necessary. In this case, the displacement is effected on the last two points in order to maintain the section saturated with the same slope. This point does not intervene in the calculation of the area. The program estimates the maximum value of power loss that can be enclosed by a cycle: the power loss never will be greater than that of the corresponding extreme flux and current values, and in base to this, extends the curve displacing the two last points. But it is responsibility of the user to accept new table. To obtain a value from equal residual flux to the required, the flux values are multiplied by a factor, that is determined for each iteration. This can give cause for that the flux values are removed from the initial data, and it must be controlled by the user. At the end of the calculation, results are registered in the .DBG file, the auxiliary output of ATP, a plot is presented on the screen and the routine generates a graphic file in one of the customary formats of ATP, according to what is specified in the STARTUP file. Finally, through the $PUNCH command of ATP, a .PCH file is generated that is ready to insert into a simulation via $INCLUDE. In certain cases, the routine can not find a displacement and combination of flux that converge to a solution. In this case, a warning message is added to the ouput file.
3 Off-line data generation

The input data structure of the routine is described as in-line comments in the DCN13.DAT benchmark file:
20
Program Development
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE C C 7th of 8 subcases illustrates batch-mode usage of Orlando C Hevia's supporting program HYSTER. This serves to convert C a Type-98 element into a Type-96 element. For background, C see story in the July, 2000, newsletter. C C The 3 parameters on the preceding request card govern the screen plot C that automatically will document hysteresis of the result: C NOZOOM is a binary switch that indicates whether the entire C curve or just the hysteresis loop itself is to be plotted. C Value 1 will plot everything (no zoom) whereas value zero C will drop the final point, which is outside the loop. C FSCALE is a scaling factor to waste space above and to the right C of the 1st and 2nd-quadrant plot. For example, value 1.1 C will waste 10%, providing this much margin. C DXL2 is the "radius" in screen inches of the squares that mark data C points. Value zero means that there will be no such marking. C C REPLOT to require a new plot with different parameters. C C So much for the special-request card. On to reactor. Everything about C the following is normal Type 98 except for columns 27-74, from which 3 C new floating-point parameters are read. Of course, if currents are in C amperes and voltage is in volts, power will be in watts and residual C flux will be in volt seconds: C C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456 C NOZOOM FSCALE DXL2 HYSTERESIS HEVIA 0 1.1 .04 C <--Losses in W-><--Freq in Hz--><-Residual flux> I 98HEVIA 101519.6 50.0 1370.0 1 C --------------________________ .123028 605.2578 .1488219 781.0518 .1973665 992.4457 .3093331 1088.109 .5095013 1197.105 .8414885 1303.846 1.348816 1388.295 1.965261 1437.115 2.405495 1468.171 2.823462 1485.881 3.30741 1505.801 3.681229 1514.619 3.967086 1521.231 8.539266 1555.819 9999. $PUNCH REPLOT 1 1.1 .04 C C Second subcase: the residual flux is set to 0, indicating that this will be C a swing unknown. C C <--Losses in W-><--Freq in Hz--><-Residual flux> I 98HEVIA 101519.6 50.0 0.0 1 C --------------________________ .123028 605.2578 .1488219 781.0518 .1973665 992.4457 .3093331 1088.109 .5095013 1197.105 .8414885 1303.846 1.348816 1388.295 1.965261 1437.115 2.405495 1468.171 2.823462 1485.881 3.30741 1505.801 3.681229 1514.619 3.967086 1521.231 8.539266 1555.819 9999. EEUG News Feb - May 2000
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Program Development
$PUNCH { Show branch cards for the Type-96 hysteretic inductor (now created) C C Third subcase: the losses are set to 0, indicating that this will be C a swing unknown. C C <--Losses in W-><--Freq in Hz--><-Residual flux> I 98HEVIA 0.0 50.0 1370.0 1 C --------------________________ .123028 605.2578 .1488219 781.0518 .1973665 992.4457 .3093331 1088.109 .5095013 1197.105 .8414885 1303.846 1.348816 1388.295 1.965261 1437.115 2.405495 1468.171 2.823462 1485.881 3.30741 1505.801 3.681229 1514.619 3.967086 1521.231 8.539266 1555.819 9999. $PUNCH { Show branch cards for the Type-96 hysteretic inductor (now created) C C Fourth subcase: both losses and residual flux are set to 0, C indicating that both variables will be swing unknown. C The result is a non hysteretic inductor C <--Losses in W-><--Freq in Hz--><-Residual flux> I 98HEVIA 0.0 50.0 0.0 1 C --------------________________ .123028 605.2578 .1488219 781.0518 .1973665 992.4457 .3093331 1088.109 .5095013 1197.105 .8414885 1303.846 1.348816 1388.295 1.965261 1437.115 2.405495 1468.171 2.823462 1485.881 3.30741 1505.801 3.681229 1514.619 3.967086 1521.231 8.539266 1555.819 9999. $PUNCH { Show branch cards for the Type-96 hysteretic inductor (now created) BLANK card terminates stacked Type-98 elements within HYSTERESIS HEVIA BEGIN NEW DATA CASE BLANK
The above data case corresponds to a generator step-up transformer of 825 MVA, 500/21 kV. Fig. 1 shows the results of of the hysteresis loop measurement. The central curve corresponds to the values without hysteresis, that is taken as base for the example.
22
Program Development
Fig. 1 The measured no-load loss is 475 kW (that includes all losses). This value has been measured at rated voltage and corresponds to three phases. The measured values must be adjusted before using as input to HYSTERESIS HEVIA. For one phase the no load loss equals to: P0single = P0 / 3 = 475000 / 3 = 138300 W The losses caused by the hysteresis was estimated as 57% of the total loss. This 57% was the average of 3 measurements performed by the owner of the transformer at two different frequencies and two different fluxes at rated frequency. Physteresis = 0.57P0single = 78900 W If this value corresponds to rated voltage and flux: Prated = Physteresis . The rated flux is: rated = U rated / ( 3 f 2) = 1299.495 Wb (1)
The saturation flux is 1521.231 Wb (=penultimate value of table, which is the last before the saturation point as specified Chapter XIX-H of the ATP Rule Book). The losses of the maximum loop can be approximated by: Pmaximum = Prated (maximum / rated)a (2)
The exponent a varies between 1.6 (Steinmetz) to more than 2 for modern materials. Applying value a=1.6, will result in Pmaximum = 78900 (1521.231 / 1299.495)1.6 = 101519.6 W The output .lis file contains the results (only the first case is shown):
23
Program Development
EMTP begins. --125 cards of disk file read into card cache cells 1 onward. Alternative Transients Program (ATP), GNU Linux or DOS. All rights reserved by Can/Am user group of Portland, Oregon, USA. Date (dd-mth-yy) and time of day (hh.mm.ss) = 24-Apr-00 11:52:28 Name of disk plot file is hysthev.pl4 Consult the 860-page ATP Rule Book of the Can/Am EMTP User Group in Portland, Oregon, USA. Source code date is 18 March 2000. Total size of LABCOM tables = 4939880 INTEGER words. VARDIM List Sizes follow : 6002 10000 10000 340 20000 5000 13140 120000 1450 1900 360 900 36400 255 64800 384 45 254 400000 100000 3000 12000 40000 120 30000 10000 600 126000 --------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Descriptive interpretation of input data cards. | Input data card images are shown below, all 80 columns, character by character 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 --------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Comment card. NUMDCD = 1. |C data:HYSTHEV.DAT Marker card preceding new EMTP data case. |BEGIN NEW DATA CASE Comment card. NUMDCD = 3. |C Comment card. NUMDCD = 4. |C DATA OBTAINED FROM A MEASUREMENT. Comment card. NUMDCD = 5. |C THE STEEL IS ARMCO M4 Comment card. NUMDCD = 6. |C CHANGE THE CURRENT TO 8888. !!! Comment card. NUMDCD = 7. |C 7th of 8 subcases illustrates batch-mode usage of Orlando Comment card. NUMDCD = 8. |C Hevia's supporting program HYSTER. This serves to convert Comment card. NUMDCD = 9. |C a Type-98 element into a Type-96 element. For background, Comment card. NUMDCD = 10. |C see story in the July, 2000, newsletter. Comment card. NUMDCD = 11. |C Comment card. NUMDCD = 12. |C The 3 parameters on the preceding request card govern the screen plot Comment card. NUMDCD = 13. |C that automatically will document hysteresis of the result: Comment card. NUMDCD = 14. |C NOZOOM is a binary switch that indicates whether the entire Comment card. NUMDCD = 15. |C curve or just the hysteresis loop itself is to be plotted. Comment card. NUMDCD = 16. |C Value 1 will plot everything (no zoom) whereas value zero Comment card. NUMDCD = 17. |C will drop the final point, which is outside the loop. Comment card. NUMDCD = 18. |C FSCALE is a scaling factor to waste space above and to the right Comment card. NUMDCD = 19. |C of the 1st and 2nd-quadrant plot. For example, value 1.1 Comment card. NUMDCD = 20. |C will waste 10%, providing this much margin. Comment card. NUMDCD = 21. |C DXL2 is the "radius" in screen inches of the squares that mark data Comment card. NUMDCD = 22. |C points. Value zero means that there will be no such marking. Comment card. NUMDCD = 23. |C Comment card. NUMDCD = 24. |C REPLOT to require a new plot with different parameters. Comment card. NUMDCD = 25. |C Comment card. NUMDCD = 26. |C So much for the special-request card. On to reactor. Everything about Comment card. NUMDCD = 27. |C the following is normal Type 98 except for columns 27-74, from which 3 Comment card. NUMDCD = 28. |C new floating-point parameters are read. Of course, if currents are in Comment card. NUMDCD = 29. |C amperes and voltage is in volts, power will be in watts and residual Comment card. NUMDCD = 30. |C flux will be in volt seconds: Comment card. NUMDCD = 31. |C Comment card. NUMDCD = 32. |C 345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456 Comment card. NUMDCD = 33. |C NOZOOM FSCALE DXL2 Request to make Type-96 hysteresis branch cards. |HYSTERESIS HEVIA 0 1.1 .04 Comment card. NUMDCD = 35. |C <--Losses in W-><--Freq in Hz--><-Residual flux> I Hevia 98. 1.0152E+05 5.0000E+01 1.3700E+03 1 |98HEVIA 101519.6 50.0 1370.0 1 Comment card. NUMDCD = 37. |C --------------________________ (i, psi) point. 1.23028E-01 6.05258E+02 | .123028 605.2578 (i, psi) point. 1.48822E-01 7.81052E+02 | .1488219 781.0518 (i, psi) point. 1.97367E-01 9.92446E+02 | .1973665 992.4457 (i, psi) point. 3.09333E-01 1.08811E+03 | .3093331 1088.109 (i, psi) point. 5.09501E-01 1.19711E+03 | .5095013 1197.105 (i, psi) point. 8.41488E-01 1.30385E+03 | .8414885 1303.846 (i, psi) point. 1.34882E+00 1.38830E+03 | 1.348816 1388.295 (i, psi) point. 1.96526E+00 1.43712E+03 | 1.965261 1437.115 (i, psi) point. 2.40550E+00 1.46817E+03 | 2.405495 1468.171 (i, psi) point. 2.82346E+00 1.48588E+03 | 2.823462 1485.881 (i, psi) point. 3.30741E+00 1.50580E+03 | 3.30741 1505.801 (i, psi) point. 3.68123E+00 1.51462E+03 | 3.681229 1514.619 (i, psi) point. 3.96709E+00 1.52123E+03 | 3.967086 1521.231 (i, psi) point. 8.53927E+00 1.55582E+03 | 8.539266 1555.819 Special termination-of-points card. | 9999. Request for flushing of punch buffer. |$PUNCH A listing of 80-column card images now being flushed from punch buffer follows. =============================================================================== 1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789 =============================================================================== C <++++++> Cards punched by support routine on 24-Apr-00 11:52:28 <++++++> C HYSTERESIS HEVIA 0 1.1 .04 C C <--Losses in W-><--Freq in Hz--><-Residual flux> C 98HEVIA 101519.6 50.0 1370.0 C C --------------________________ C .123028 605.2578 C .1488219 781.0518 C .1973665 992.4457 C .3093331 1088.109 C .5095013 1197.105 C .8414885 1303.846 C 1.348816 1388.295 C 1.965261 1437.115 C 2.405495 1468.171 C 2.823462 1485.881 C 3.30741 1505.801 C 3.681229 1514.619 C 3.967086 1521.231 C 8.539266 1555.819 C 9999. 96HEVIA HEVIA HYSTER .1488219 790.7990888 1369.999999 1 -3.15626061E+00 -1.53352098E+03 -2.11960930E+00 -1.52459294E+03 -1.44220591E+00 -1.50442434E+03 -9.58897829E-01 -1.48649333E+03 -5.42791755E-01 -1.45504976E+03 -9.20323193E-02 -1.40562050E+03 1.28880636E-01 -1.32011760E+03 1.71138746E-01 -1.21204451E+03 1.73766700E-01 -1.10168827E+03 1.75631950E-01 -1.00483112E+03 1.77072099E-01 -7.90799089E+02 1.78330377E-01 -6.12811233E+02 1.79493923E-01 0.00000000E+00 3.02521923E-01 6.12811233E+02 3.28315823E-01 7.90799089E+02 3.76860423E-01 1.00483112E+03 4.88827023E-01 1.10168827E+03 6.88995223E-01 1.21204451E+03 1.02098242E+00 1.32011760E+03 1.52830992E+00 1.40562050E+03 2.14475492E+00 1.45504976E+03 2.58498892E+00 1.48649333E+03 3.00295592E+00 1.50442434E+03 3.48690392E+00 1.52459294E+03
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Program Development
3.77097596E+00 1.53352098E+03 3.96708600E+00 1.54021550E+03 8.53926600E+00 1.57523515E+03 9999 =========< End of LUNIT7 punched cards as flushed by
$PUNCH
request
>=======
The .dbg file shows the displacement process for the first case (edited):
Results --------------------------------- Current --------------------------------- --------- Flux -------I ORIGINAL CORRECTED LEFT DISP. DISPLACED RIGHT DISP. DISPLACED ORIGINAL CORRECTED 0 0.0000 0.0000 0.1795 0.1795 0.1795 0.1795 0.0000 0.0000 1 0.1230 0.1230 0.3014 0.4244 0.1795 0.3025 605.2578 612.8112 2 0.1488 0.1488 0.3259 0.4747 0.1795 0.3283 781.0518 790.7991 3 0.1974 0.1974 0.3730 0.5704 0.1795 0.3769 992.4457 1004.8311 4 0.3093 0.3093 0.4831 0.7924 0.1795 0.4888 1088.1090 1101.6883 5 0.5095 0.5095 0.6806 1.1901 0.1795 0.6890 1197.1050 1212.0445 6 0.8415 0.8415 0.9704 1.8119 0.1795 1.0210 1303.8460 1320.1176 7 1.3488 1.3488 1.2568 2.6056 0.1795 1.5283 1388.2950 1405.6205 8 1.9653 1.9653 1.4225 3.3877 0.1795 2.1448 1437.1150 1455.0498 9 2.4055 2.4055 1.4466 3.8521 0.1795 2.5850 1468.1710 1486.4933 10 2.8235 2.8235 1.3813 4.2047 0.1795 3.0030 1485.8810 1504.4243 11 3.3074 3.3074 1.1878 4.4952 0.1795 3.4869 1505.8010 1524.5929 12 3.6812 3.6812 0.5250 4.2062 0.0897 3.7710 1514.6190 1533.5210 13 3.9671 3.9671 0.0000 3.9671 0.0000 3.9671 1521.2310 1540.2155 14 8.5393 8.5393 0.0000 8.5393 0.0000 8.5393 1555.8190 1575.2351 Required losses : 101519.6000 W Calculated losses : 101519.6000 W Error : 0.3553E-10 % Saturation current : 3.9671 A Saturation flux : 1540.2155 Wb Required residual flux : 1370.0000 Wb Calculated residual flux : 1370.0000 Wb Air core inductance : 7.5649 H
Fig. 2 and 3 correspond to the first case. Both figure were obtained in HP-GL format. The saturated part of the hysteresis loop was considered only on Fig. 3.
.1694 .1733
.0847 Hevia. 1 24-Apr-00 10:01
u
.0866 Hevia. 2 24-Apr-00 10:01 Peak current = 4.36379E+00 .0424 Peak flux = 1.69424E+03 .0433 Peak flux = 1.73276E+03
.1271
.1300
Peak current = 9.39319E+00
0.0 .0436 .1309 Current x 10** 1 .2182 .3055 .3927
F
0.0 .0939 .2818 Current x 10** 1 .4697 .6575 .8454
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
4 On-line data generation

The data for the Type 96 inductor with hysteresis can be generated internally by the ATP. In this case, the data should be in the format as shown by the following example:
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE 0.00001 0.10 1000000 1 1 1 C MODELS C INTEGRAL OF NODE VOLTAGE=FLUX EEUG News Feb - May 2000
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Program Development
INPUT VOLT {V(HEVIA)} MODEL FLUJO INPUT VOLT VAR FI EXEC IF T=0.0 THEN INTEGRAL(VOLT):= 0.0 ENDIF FI:=INTEGRAL(VOLT) ENDEXEC ENDMODEL USE FLUJO AS FLUJO INPUT VOLT:=VOLT ENDUSE RECORD FLUJO.FI AS FLUJO ENDRECORD ENDMODELS BLANK 98HEVIA HEVIA HYSTER 101519.6 50.0 1370.0 3 C --------------________________ .123028 605.2578 .1488219 781.0518 .1973665 992.4457 .3093331 1088.109 .5095013 1197.105 .8414885 1303.846 1.348816 1388.295 1.965261 1437.115 2.405495 1468.171 2.823462 1485.881 3.30741 1505.801 3.681229 1514.619 3.967086 1521.231 8.539266 1555.819 9999. BLANK END OF BRANCHES GENEA HEVIA MEASURING 4 BLANK END OF SWITCHES C C VOLTAGE FOR NAXIMUM FLUX C 2*PI*50.0*1555.819= 488774.954 C ------__----------__________----------__________----------__________--------14GENEA 488774.954 50. 0.0 -1. C BLANK END OF SOURCES GENEA BLANK END OF OUTPUT BEGIN NEW DATA CASE BLANK
The MODELS part was added to obtain the flux by integrating the voltage. The ATP results are shown next (edited):
EMTP begins. --61 cards of disk file read into card cache cells 1 onward. Alternative Transients Program (ATP), GNU Linux or DOS. All rights reserved by Can/Am user group of Portland, Oregon, USA. Date (dd-mth-yy) and time of day (hh.mm.ss) = 24-Apr-00 12:17:50 Name of disk plot file is HYSTHEVS.pl4 Consult the 860-page ATP Rule Book of the Can/Am EMTP User Group in Portland, Oregon, USA. Source code date is 18 March 2000. Total size of LABCOM tables = 4939880 INTEGER words. VARDIM List Sizes follow : 6002 10000 10000 340 20000 5000 13140 120000 1450 1900 360 900 36400 255 64800 384 45 254 400000 100000 3000 12000 40000 120 30000 10000 600 126000 --------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Descriptive interpretation of input data cards. | Input data card images are shown below, all 80 columns, character by character 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890 --------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Comment card. NUMDCD = 1. |C data:HYSTHEVS.DAT Marker card preceding new EMTP data case. |BEGIN NEW DATA CASE Misc. data. 1.000E-05 1.000E-01 0.000E+00 |0.00001 0.10 Misc. data. ***** 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 | 1000000 1 1 1 1 Comment card. NUMDCD = 5. |C No TACS section. Begin MODELS section. |MODELS Comment card. NUMDCD = 7. |C INTEGRAL DE LA TENSION DE NUDO = FLUJO (SI HAY L...) MODELS data card. | INPUT VOLT {V(HEVIA)} MODELS data card. |MODEL FLUJO MODELS data card. | INPUT VOLT MODELS data card. | VAR FI MODELS data card. | EXEC MODELS data card. | IF T=0.0 THEN INTEGRAL(VOLT):= 0.0 ENDIF MODELS data card. | FI:=INTEGRAL(VOLT) MODELS data card. | ENDEXEC
26
Program Development
MODELS data card. MODELS data card. MODELS data card. MODELS data card. MODELS data card. MODELS data card. MODELS data card. MODELS data card. Optional blank card follows last of MODELS data. Hevia 98. 1.0152E+05 5.0000E+01 1.3700E+03 3 Comment card. NUMDCD = 26. (i, psi) point. 1.23028E-01 6.05258E+02 (i, psi) point. 1.48822E-01 7.81052E+02 (i, psi) point. 1.97367E-01 9.92446E+02 (i, psi) point. 3.09333E-01 1.08811E+03 (i, psi) point. 5.09501E-01 1.19711E+03 (i, psi) point. 8.41488E-01 1.30385E+03 (i, psi) point. 1.34882E+00 1.38830E+03 (i, psi) point. 1.96526E+00 1.43712E+03 (i, psi) point. 2.40550E+00 1.46817E+03 (i, psi) point. 2.82346E+00 1.48588E+03 (i, psi) point. 3.30741E+00 1.50580E+03 (i, psi) point. 3.68123E+00 1.51462E+03 (i, psi) point. 3.96709E+00 1.52123E+03 (i, psi) point. 8.53927E+00 1.55582E+03 Special termination-of-points card. Blank card ending branches. IBR, NTOT = 0 2 Permanently-closed switch used for metering. Blank card ending switches. KSWTCH = 1. High res. added by EMTP across Type-99 elem. 1 Comment card. NUMDCD = 45. Comment card. NUMDCD = 46. Comment card. NUMDCD = 47. Comment card. NUMDCD = 48. Comment card. NUMDCD = 49. Comment card. NUMDCD = 50. Comment card. NUMDCD = 51. Source. 4.89E+05 5.00E+01 0.00E+00 -1.00E+00 Comment card. NUMDCD = 53. Comment card. NUMDCD = 54. Comment card. NUMDCD = 55. Comment card. NUMDCD = 56. Comment card. NUMDCD = 57. Comment card. NUMDCD = 58. Blank card ends electric network sources. |ENDMODEL | USE FLUJO AS FLUJO | INPUT VOLT:=VOLT | ENDUSE | RECORD | FLUJO.FI AS FLUJO | ENDRECORD |ENDMODELS |BLANK |98HEVIA HEVIA HYSTER 101519.6 50.0 1370.0 3 |C --------------________________ | .123028 605.2578 | .1488219 781.0518 | .1973665 992.4457 | .3093331 1088.109 | .5095013 1197.105 | .8414885 1303.846 | 1.348816 1388.295 | 1.965261 1437.115 | 2.405495 1468.171 | 2.823462 1485.881 | 3.30741 1505.801 | 3.681229 1514.619 | 3.967086 1521.231 | 8.539266 1555.819 | 9999. |BLANK TERMINAN RAMAS | GENEA HEVIA MEASURING 4 |BLANK TERMINA INTERRUPTORES (AMPERIMETROS) | 0HEVIA .1E+11 |C ------__----------__________ |C TENSION NOMINAL |C 14GENEA 408248.291 50. 0.0 -1.0 |C |C TENSION PARA MAXIMO FLUJO |C 2*PI*50.0*1555.819= 488774.954 |C ------__----------__________----------__________----------__________---------|14GENEA 488774.954 50. 0.0 -1. |C |C TENSION PARA SATURACION |C 2*PI*50.0*1521.231= 477908.813 |C |C 14GENEA 477908.813 50. 0.0 -1. |C 14GENEA 800000.000 50. 0.0 -1. |BLANK TERMINAN FUENTES
List of input elements that are connected to each node. Only the physical connections of multi-phase lines are shown (capacitive and inductive coupling are ignored). Repeated entries indicate parallel connections. Switches are included, although sources (including rotating machinery) are omitted -- except that U.M. usage produces extra, internally-defined nodes "UMXXXX". --------------+-----------------------------From bus name | Names of all adjacent busses. --------------+-----------------------------HEVIA |TERRA *TERRA *GENEA * GENEA |HEVIA * TERRA |HEVIA *HEVIA * --------------+-----------------------------Nonlinear resistances, time-varying resistances, and type-94 MODELS components are ignored during the phasor solution. Nonlinear inductors are linearized. Sinusoidal steady-state phasor solution, branch by branch. is printed above the imaginary part, the angle, or "Q". Bus K Phasor node voltage Bus M Rectangular Polar HEVIA TERRA HEVIA TERRA Total network loss P-loss 488774.954 0.0 0.0 0.0 488774.954 0.0 488774.954 0.0 0.0 0.0 488774.954 0.0 All flows are away from a bus, and the real part, magnitude, or "P" The first solution frequency = 5.00000000E+01 Hertz. Phasor branch current Power flow Power loss Rectangular Polar P and Q P and Q .488774954E-4 0.0 -.488774954E-4 0.0 0.0 -.4479161915476 .488774954E-4 0.0 .488774954E-4 -180.0000000 .44791619154764 -90.0000000 11.945047782885 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 109465.10795978 0.0 0.0 0.0 109465.1079598 11.945047782885 0.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 by summing injections =
0.0 .44791619154764 .44791619154764 90.0000000 1.194504778289E+01 I-magn 4.47916194E-01 Degrees -89.9937
Output for steady-state phasor switch currents. Node-K Node-M I-real I-imag GENEA HEVIA 4.88774954E-05 -4.47916192E-01
Power 1.19450478E+01
Reactive 1.09465108E+05
Solution at nodes with known voltage. Nodes that are shorted together by switches are shown as a group of names, with the printed result applying to the composite group. The entry "MVA" is SQRT( P**2 + Q**2 ) in units of power, while "P.F." is the associated power factor. Node Source node voltage Injected source current Injected source power name Rectangular Polar Rectangular Polar P and Q MVA and P.F. GENEA HEVIA 488774.954 0.0 488774.954 0.0 .488774954E-4 -.4479161915476 .44791619421444 -89.9937478 11.945047782885 109465.10795978 109465.10861151 0.0001091
Card of names for time-step loop output. Blank card ending requests for output variables.
| GENEA |BLANK TERMINAN PLOTEOS
Column headings for the 6 EMTP output variables follow. These are divided among the 5 possible classes as follows .... First 3 output variables are electric-network voltage differences (upper voltage minus lower voltage); Next 2 output variables are branch currents (flowing from the upper node to the lower node); Next 1 output variables belong to MODELS (with "MODELS" an internally-added upper name of pair). Branch power consumption (power flow, if a switch) is treated like a branch voltage for this grouping (1 variables); Branch energy consumption (energy flow, if a switch) is treated like a branch current for this grouping (1 variables). Step Time HEVIA GENEA GENEA GENEA HEVIA MODELS TERRA HEVIA HEVIA TERRA FLUJO *** Phasor I(0) = 4.8877495E-05 Switch "GENEA " to "HEVIA " closed in the steady-state. 0 0.0 488774.954 23.8900956 488774.954 -.3342E-20 -.1092E-17 0.0 % % % % % % Final time step, PLTFIL dumps plot data to ".PL4" disk file. Done dumping plot points to C-like disk file. 10000 0.1 488774.954 87756.0239 488774.954 9841.44696 .179493923 -.29612E-8 Input data exhausted! CIMAGE will pass back innocuous blank card. Input card pointer NUMDCD = 1. Exit "CIMAGE" with blank card image. Blank card terminating all plot cards. |BLANK card build by CIMAGE because no more input exists. .....
27
Program Development The plot of flux - current curve is shown on Fig. 4.
Fig. 4 The zero frequency component of the Fourier spectrum of the power, with a fundamental frequency of 100 Hz, turns out to be 101535.9 W, very near to the value of 101519.6 W obtained by formula (2). The error for rated voltage can be reduced by readjustment of exponent a. Doing so, the power for the maximum loop varies in the same sense that the exponent, and as a consequence, the losses for rated voltage. Through comparisons with this exponent (in reality, with the power of losses for maximum cycle), the value of calculated hysteresis losses can be made practically equal to that of the measurements. For the maximum loop the error is generally smaller. It is worth to clarify that for the examples shown above the mistakes are small. In most of the cases where no real hysteresis data is available, this small mistake is more than acceptable. The error that is committed upon accepting an allotment of losses between eddy currents and hysteresis certainly much greater.
5 Acknowledgement
Author is thankful for the collaboration of Dr. W. Scott Meyer, who implemented a primitive version of the routine in the source code of ATP and for the measurement of the hysteresis loop performed by Ing. Eduardo Lalla.
28
Program Information
Electronic EMTP Theory Book in HTML format

Jorge Blanes, Jorge Rodrguez Universidad de Len, Spain
Departamento de Ingeniera Elctrica y Electrnica Campus de Vegazana s/n 24071 Len, Spain Email: diejbp@unileon.es
Abstract - The high versatility and capacity of diffusion of the multimedia documents have been accompanied with a great increase, in number and power, of the tools for the creation of such documents. This fact led us to convert the files of the EMTP Theory Book, originally in WordPerfect format, into multimedia (HTML) files. The objective of this work was not limited to facilitate the consultation of the manual, but an educational interest was also pursued. For this reason, to improve the interest of the students, many animations and multiple sound effects have been included. The files that constitute this work occupy about 30 MB, therefore, although at present they are distributed in a CD Rom support, they can be easily installed in a Web server to facilitate their access to the EMTP community.
Introduction
The electronic books are the new way that the high diffusion of the magnetic and optical supports of information has opened so that the mankind could let testimony of its ideas. Their principal characteristic are: Their response to the user actions is dynamic and flexible. They can change dynamically according to the needs of the user. They provide return mechanisms that maintain a record of the interaction of the user. They allow a non-sequential reading. They can be spread quickly and economically using the net transmission technologies. The new storage supports permit to store large quantities of information. They offer searching facilities. They contribute to create a richer and more attractive information environment.
Multimedia elements and Web pages
The electronic book consists of elements of diverse nature (text, graphics, animations, sound), mutually coordinated with each other and with those the user can interact. Concerning graphics and images, we have used the formats GIF and JPEG, being the first one the most broadly used. The animations are just a sequence of images or graphics presented with a certain continuity so that the eye may perceive them as a continuous movement due to the persistence of the vision. For the creation of animations we have used two types of techniques:
29
Program Information Animated GIF: They are a variant of the GIF format. They consist of two types of blocks: a first type where the images are included (Image block) and a second type formed by different action blocks: Head-board blocks (including information of the file), Animation Curl, Text (dimensions, palette, interlaced), View Control (transparency, lag between tables). There are many tools for the creation of animated GIFS, two of the most representative are: PhotoImpact GIF Animator (Ulead Systems) and GIF Construction Set (AlchemyMindwords). Other animation techniques: One of the most prominent is the WebAnimator (Deltapoint). This program permits to export animations in a particular format, therefore it requires a specific viewer. Furthermore it can incorporate sounds into the animation (in WAN format) and interactive controls. All the previous elements have been integrated in WEB pages created with the language HTML (HyperText Markup Language). This is the "official" language for the creation of Web pages. It consists of a set of codes that gives specific indications to the program about how the document must be presented on the screen. For doing this a set of instructions in ASCII code (tags) is used which is located at the beginning and end of the area affected by a specific format delimited by the symbols < >. This language can be applied in two ways, employing directly the instruction codes or using a program for the design of the page that is entrusted thereinafter of generating the code HTML. In this work this last technique has been followed, employing the Corel WordPerfect 8 that incorporates to the traditional power of this known word processor the direct creation of HTML documents. To refine the thus created pages the Netscape Composer was employed, which is included in the Netscape Communicator package. The HTML is a very limited language of page description. From its roots in SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) it was conceived to define links. The structure of a document HTML has a simple chained structure. The head-board element (HEAD) which contains general information on the document and its origins, and the body element (BODY) that is subdivided in other two elements: Block elements: they contain extra elements to the text and always cause the end of the paragraph. Some block elements are tables, horizontal rules, etc. Text elements: they contain the text and also include other elements as the size of the source, the alignment of the text, the basic colours format, etc. In addition to these basic elements the HTML documents contain a series of complementary elements to improve the presentation and yield of the pages. The main ones are: Links to text, images or video that are found somewhere else on the page or on different pages. Pointers: indicate a part of the text. Frames: They divide the screen in multiple regions or rectangular windows providing a greater dynamism to the presentation of the page. Each frame can show a different HTML document that it can be updated with independence of the rest. Horizontal separation lines. Forms, backgrounds, tables, etc.
30
Program Information
Installation of the book
The electronic book is executed directly from the CD, therefore a minimal installation is required. As it was already said when speaking of the animations, a specific viewer is required that is not included in the Web page navigators. For this reason in the CD a viewer application (Plug-In) is included in a directory that must be directly copied to the directory where the navigation program is located.
3.1 Minimal configuration of the multimedia platform

The minimum requirements that a computer must fulfil for the correct exploration of this application are:
! ! ! ! ! !
CPU: 486DX2 to 66 MHz or compatible. RAM: 8 Mbytes. Storage: 30 Mbytes of hard disk (if is installed the application in it), CD - ROM with digital sound and double speed. Screen: Graph card SVGA, 16 bits of colour. Sound: Sound subsystem of 16 bits. Software: Windows 95, Netscape Navigator 3.0 or Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0.
Reading the book
To explore the electronic book a Web pages navigator is required, such as the Netscape Navigator or the Explorer. Using this navigator, the Main Page ('Main.html') which is located in the root directory of the CD must be loaded. From this page, the Topic Pages can be acceded. Main Page It is shown in Fig. 1. It is composed of two frames. The right frame shows the title in the form of animation that is active upon entering the page. In the left frame there appears an index that includes all the topics that constitute the EMTP Theory Book (chapters, appendices and bibliographical references) and also incorporates a call to a help page where the operation of this application is explained. The exploration of this frame is accomplished by means of the corresponding vertical displacement bar. The access to each one of the topics is accomplished by means of links that are activated selecting the corresponding topic. Topic Pages They contain the different chapters and appendices of the Theory Book. Once a topic (chapter or appendix) is selected in the main page, the screen is again divided in two frames as shown in Fig. 2.
31
Program Information
translated to HTML at
Fig. 1 In the left frame there appears the complete index of this particular topic that permits the automatic access to a certain section. In Fig. 2 a rectangle shows the text to activate for going to section 2.1.2. This frame is also provided of a displacement bar and, as it can be appreciated in Fig. 3, it includes an icon that permits to return to the previous page (Back), to go to the following (Next) or to return to the main page (Main). A rectangle indicates, as an example, the zone that permits to accede to the main page. In the right frame appears the content of the chapter also provided with a vertical displacement bar to facilitate its exploration. Footnotes In the text of the different topics the calls to footnotes appear in an hyperlink format, so that upon activating it we will move to the footnote in question (located at the end of the document). In Fig. 4 it is indicated with a rectangle where to select to go to the note number 5. The return to the document is accomplished by activating the number of the corresponding note, as shown in Fig. 5. Animations Some animations are repeated continually while the page is showed. Others, as the one showed in Fig. 6 are provided of an stop/march icon that should be activated with the mouse. Some of the animations also include sound.
32
Program Information
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
33
Program Information
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
34
Program Information
Fig. 6
5
[1]
References
Blanes, J., Serrano, E., Trapote, F.: 'CD-Rom multimedia de Electricidad y Magnetismo', 9as Jornadas de Grupos de Investigacin en Ingeniera Elctrica, Tarrasa (Espaa), 28-30 enero 1997, pp. 4-25/32. Dax, P., Catenazzi, N., Aedo, I.: De la Multimedia a la Hipermedia. Ed. Ra-Ma, Madrid 1996. Heid, J.: Los secretos de HTML y creacin de pginas Web a tu alcance. Anaya Multimedia, Madrid 1997. Miller, D.: Desarrollo multimedia para Internet, Anaya Multimedia, Madrid 1997. Yebes, E.: Netscape Communicator 4.0, Anaya Multimedia, Madrid 1997.
[2]
[3]
[4] [5]
35
Technical Notes
Lumped Parameter Transformer Model for EMTP using DATA BASE MODULE
Forschungsgemeinschaft fr Hochspannungs und Hochstromtechnik e.V. Hallenweg 40/P.O. Box810169 D 68201, Mannheim, Germany (..621)8047146/ FAX (..621)8047112 fgh@fgh-ma.de
H. Ring, B. Stein, K.-H. Weck, T. We FGH, Germany
Abstract: This article describes the handling of a large amount of data using DATA BASE MODULES. This mass of data is necessary when modeling the high frequency behaviour of a transformer with the so called detailed lumped transformer model. This technique can easily lead to data cases of about 3000 nodes, 6000 branches and more than 100 inductively coupled branches. A single phase model was set up with 1573 nodes (1344 of which were automatically created), 3289 branches and 112 inductively coupled branches. The corresponding 454 line data case using DATA BASE MODULES inflates to 11331 lines after opening all $INCLUDE-Files. The results computed fit well with measured and calculated ones published elsewhere.
Introduction
Neither DATA BASE MODULES nor modeling transformers using a detailed lumped parameter model approach are new features. A note in 1983 Transients Program Memorandum DMIA [1] points to an article about DATA BASE MODULES [2], describing this technique. The detailed lumped parameter model is e.g. presented in [3], the references include one directing to an early article about EMTP. When the authors were confronted with the task of calculating internal overvoltages in transformers, they encountered [4], using the detailed lumped parameter model, offering useful data of a real transformer and also recorded transients to be compared with the calculation results. However the task was not solved by merely putting the data into EMTP data lines. Over the years the detailed lumped parameter model has become more sophisticated, now modeling frequency dependence of losses by e.g. Foster circuits is state of the art. This technique blows up the number of system nodes and branches. The ability of DATA BASE MODULES to serialize internal dummy nodes was a welcome aid to overcome the handling of the mass of topology information. Modeling the example given in [4] soon led to the limits of the serialization given in the DATA BASE MODULES part of ATP-EMTP as well as to those given in LISTSIZE.DAT for e.g. nodes, branches and the square of maximum number of coupled phases. So it became necessary to contact the program developers in Portland and to experience their prompt support, enhancing the program or dimensioning it anew. Without this
36
Technical Notes support it would not have been possible to perform the task. [5] reports about the change of DATA BASE MODULES serilization and also contains the remark "when it comes to recordbreaking performance, there always is interest in what is being modeled". This was taken as a hint to prepare the following report about an old technique using old features. The focus of attention will be on EMTP-modeling, acquiring the necessary data is a different job and presented e.g. in detail in [4] and [6].
Modeling
Detailed lumped parameter modeling is based on the definition of disc units as sketched in Fig. 1. Detailed lumped parameter modeling does not take into account any interaction with the iron core. Disc units represent the local electromagnetic field at a defined position of the coil of a transformer winding. Connecting disc units enables the study of transients along a transformer winding. The definition assumes a division of the total block of windings into separate segments which might represent one turn or a number of turns, depending also on the physical construction. Thus Nothaft [4] connected 52 disc units to model the low voltage winding, 42 for the high voltage winding and 29 for the regulator winding of his sample transformer.
2.1 Disc Units

In a disc unit the self inductance Li represents the magnetic field of all turns modeled by the disc unit. The mutual inductances Mik represent the mutual magnetic field of disc units i and k.
CGi i CCi
Ri(f) Mik Ci Li Gi(f)
CGj
CCj
Fig. 1 - Disc unit i to represent the local electromagnetic field at position i in the coil of a transformer winding (CGj and CCj actually belong to disc unit j). Disc unit k might be inside the same coil or in another one of the same winding. The capacitance Ci represents the electric field of the turns, CGi and CCi the leakage field to ground potential or adjacent coils respectively. Eddy current losses are represented by the frequency dependent Ri(f), dielectric losses by Gi(f). The calculation of the data depending on the arrangement of coils and turns and the dielectric conditions is described in detail in [4] and not subject of this paper.
37
Technical Notes One coil of a winding is modeled by a series connection of corresponding disc units. A concentric arrangement of coils forming a winding, e.g. low voltage, high voltage and regulator coil from inside, requires a parallel connection. Thus a lumped parameter system is build up consisting of numerous modules with the same topological structure but different data. A useful tool to handle structures of that kind in ATP data input is DATA BASE MODULES. Refering to Fig. 1, capacitances and frequency dependent losses are modeled by DATA BASE MODULES, the inductances including inductive coupling are described in a $INCLUDE-file which has been generated by a small FORTRAN program written by the authors.
2.2 Frequency Dependence of Losses

Nothaft [4] gives frequency dependent values of eddy and dielectric losses and proposes to model the frequency dependence by equivalent series circuits. The following types shown in Fig. 2 were used in our modeling.
R1 R0 Rn G0 G1 Gm
L1
Ln C0 C1 Cm
R i(f)
G i(f)
Fig. 2 - Equivalent circuits to model frequency dependence of losses in the disc units. It is obvious that this kind of modeling blows up immensely the number of nodes and branches with all consequences of nomenclature and organization of data.
2.3 Inductive Coupling

Nothaft [4] gives data for the self inductances of the disc units of his model and defines the mutual coupling based on these values as: k= M ik Li L k (1)
and gives values for k, depending on the degree of vicinity. As thus the coupling inductances can easily be calculated from the self inductances of the disc units involved, it is a cumbersome task to fill in the corresponding type 51, 52, ... branch input.This was a reason for the authors to write some lines of FORTAN, to read in topology-oriented self inductances and coupling factors k, see Appendix 1, and to create a $INCLUDE file containing the type 51, 52, ... branches. If studying detailed lumped parameter models of transformers would become an every day task of the authors, they would consider to also create the corresponding EMTP data case automatically!
38
Technical Notes
2.4 DATA BASE MODULE

Based on the arrangement of Fig. 1, the input data given in Appendix 2 describe the DATA BASE MODULE used for the high voltage disc unit. It is derived freely from benchmark dc36.dat. The arguments describe topology and data. The parameters _OS01_, _OS02_ and CIOSCCC, define the nodes i and k and the capacitance Ci in Fig.1. _OS04_ is the far end of the coupling capacitance CCi or CGi, its value being defined by CKOSCCC. _OS06_ is the name of the node where the self inductance of the disc unit will be connected. All inductances are assembled in the separate $INCLUDE file, generated according to 2.3. The arguments representing the capacitances are to be defined as numerical by the NUM declaration. All the nodes inside the equivalent circuits of frequency dependent R(f) and G(f) are declared dummy by DUM and will uniquely be serialized when expanding the $INCLUDE file. Appendix 3 shows an example of corresponding calls in the ATP data case. The authors do not claim for having defined optimal DATA BASE MODULES as far as structure or size is concerned, they only want to show the principle of data management.
Calculation and Results
Among others Nothaft studied the test arrangement sketched in Fig. 3. The low voltage winding (LVW) is short circuited and grounded. Both terminals of the high voltage winding (HVW) are connected with one end of one half of the regulator winding. The other winding terminals are grounded as shown. A 1.2/50 s impulse is injected at node NH210 in the middle of the high voltage winding, the voltage at terminal NR190 is observed. LVW HVW RW
Fig. 3 - Test arrangement of the transformer. The ATP data file is more or less only a lining up of $INCLUDE files, preceded by miscellaneous data and followed by switches to achieve the test arrangements, the source and the output specification.
39
Technical Notes The first attempts to verify Nothaft's results failed due to an overflow of the solution. Checking for causes we changed the timestep of integration without success but finally found the "depth" of vicinity of coupling responsible. Without further information about EMTP modeling in [4] we could not understand how the results were gained. It might be possible that instead of type 51, 52, ... branches current controlled MODELS sources were used to model inductive coupling. In our coupled branch model we could achieve stable results only with 85 % of the original values for k, given in Table 1 on gray background. After enhancing the depth of vicinity based on considerations of proportions, as shown in Table 1, the solution was stable. Table 1 - Coupling factors k, refering to Eq. 1, for different vicinities of disc units Vicinity 1 2 3 4 5 6 LVW/LVW 0.612 0.4 0.2 LVW/HVW HVW/HVW HVW/RW 0.297 0.255 0.212 0.170 0.127 0.52 0.45 0.39 0.34 0.29 0.25 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 RW/RW 0.587 0.5 0.4 0.3
Studying the influence of inductive coupling further was not possible during our task. However e.g. Degeneff already proposed inductive coupling between all disc units of his model in [3]. Fig. 4 shows the voltage at node NR190 of the model, cfr. Fig. 3. The shape fits quite well with the measuring curve given in [4]. The calculations were performed with a time step of 50 ns, the Timing Totals of ATP showed about 100 s for a simulation time of 200 s on a 266 MHz Pentium WNT-PC with 32 MB.
Fig. 4 - Calculated voltage at test arrangement according to Fig. 3 To speed up the total time it proved useful to supress output of expanded DATA BASE MODULES by $LISTOFF/$LISTON or of connectivity table by IDOUBL=0. Besides it makes no sense to watch this output if branch topology and data are not changed any more, perhaps only switches or sources are modified.
40
Technical Notes
Conclusions
Using DATA BASE MODULES has proven to be a flexible tool to handle a great amount of data in repeatable structure as is necessary for detailed transformer modeling. The authors estimate the flexibility of the data handling, the possibility of connection of arbitrary EMTP sources and other models of power system devices and the access of results.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr. Tsu Huei Liu and Dr. W. Scott Meyer, who adjusted ATP to the needs of the modelization several times. Prof. Degeneff deserves thanks for encouragingly commenting the approach and the results.
6
[1] [2]
References
Meyer, W.S.: Transients Program Memorandum DMIA, 21 September 1983 Meyer, W.S.: EMTP Data Modularization and Sorting by Class : A Foundation upon which EMTP Data Bases can be buildt, EMTP-Newsletter Vol. 4, No. 2, Nov. 1983, p.28-40 Degeneff, R.C.: A General Method for determining resonances in transformer windings, IEEE Trans. On Power Appar. And Systems, PAS-96, no. 2, March/April 1977, p. 423-430 Nothaft, M.: Untersuchung der Resonanzvorgnge in Wicklungen von Hochspannungstransformatoren mittels eines detaillierten Modells, Dissertation TH Karlsruhe 1994, Fortschrittberichte VDI, Reihe 21: Elektrotechnik, Nr. 183 Meyer, W.S.: Miscellaneous Small Items, Can/Am EMTP-News 98-4, p. 19 Miri, A.M.; Nothaft, M.A.; Braess, P.: Methods for considering the eddy current losses in the detailed model of a HV-transformer, IPST '95-Proceedings, Lisbon, 3-7 September 1995, p. 119-124
[3]
[4]
[5] [6]
41
Technical Notes
7
7.1
Appendix
Input file for Auxiliary Program to calculate Type 51, 52, ... branches
One line of self inductances corresponds to the horizontal arrangement of disc units.
* Identifiziere Phase N * Selbstinduktivitaeten * L H R (T) 0.00361 0. 0. 0. 0.00361 0. 0. 0. 0.00361 0. 0. 0. 0.00361 0. 0. 0. 0.00361 0. 0. 0. 0.00361 4.55 0. 0. 0.00361 4.61 0. 0. 0.00361 4.61 0. 0. 0.00361 4.61 0. 0. 0.00361 4.61 0. 0. 0.00361 4.61 0.104 0. 0.00361 4.61 0.233 0. 0.00361 3.98 0.104 0. 0.00361 3.98 0.104 0. 0.00361 3.98 0.233 0. 0.00361 3.98 0.104 0. 0.00361 3.98 0.104 0. 0.00361 3.98 0.233 0. 0.00361 4.61 0.104 0. 0.00361 4.61 0. 0. 0.00361 4.61 0. 0. 0.00361 4.55 0. 0. 0.00361 4.55 0. 0. 0.00361 4.49 0. 0. 0.00361 4.49 0. 0. 0.00361 4.44 0. 0. * Symmetrieebene 0.00361 4.44 0. 0. 0.00361 4.49 0. 0. 0.00361 4.49 0. 0. 0.00361 4.55 0. 0. 0.00361 4.55 0. 0. 0.00361 4.61 0. 0. 0.00361 4.61 0. 0. 0.00361 4.61 0.104 0. 0.00361 3.98 0.233 0. 0.00361 3.98 0.104 0. 0.00361 3.98 0.104 0. 0.00361 3.98 0.233 0. 0.00361 3.98 0.104 0. 0.00361 3.98 0.104 0. 0.00361 4.61 0.233 0. 0.00361 4.61 0.104 0. 0.00361 4.61 0. 0. 0.00361 4.61 0. 0. 0.00361 4.61 0. 0. 0.00361 4.61 0. 0. 0.00361 4.55 0. 0. 0.00361 0. 0. 0. 0.00361 0. 0. 0. 0.00361 0. 0. 0. 0.00361 0. 0. 0. 0.00361 0. 0. 0. 9999. * Koppelfaktoren * L/L L/H H/H H/R R/R (U/T T/T) 0.612 0.297 0.52 .35 .587 0. 0. 0.4 0.255 0.45 .3 .5 0. 0. 0.2 0.212 0.39 .25 .4 0. 0. 0. 0.170 0.34 .2 .3 0. 0. 0. 0.127 0.29 .15 .0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.25 .0 .0 0. 0. 9999.
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Technical Notes 7.2 Data Base Module for High Voltage Winding Disc Unit
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE -- NOSORT --C C DBM fuer Scheibeneinheit OSW, 29.06.98 C C ohne $VINTAGE C Parameter : C _OS01_, _OS02_ : Anfangs-, Endknoten C _OS06_ : Endknoten ext. Induktiviataet C _OS04_ Kopplung zu RW oder ###### C CIOSCCC : Laengsersatzkapazitaet C CKOSCCC : Koppelkapazit. z. RW oder gg. Erde C C wichtig : Dummy-Knoten muessen 6 Spalten lang sein, weil sie spaeter C durch DUM*** ersetzt werden C DATA BASE MODULE C ARG, _OS01_, _OS02_, CIOSCCC, _OS04_, CKOSCCC, _OS06_ NUM CIOSCCC, CKOSCCC DUM, _OS301, _OS302, _OS303, _OS304 DUM, _OS101, _OS102, _OS103, _OS104, _OS105, _OS106, DUM, _OS107, _OS108 C /BRANCH C uncoupled, lumped series RLC ($VINTAGE, 1), p. IV.A-4 C Laengsersatzkapazitaet gem. A1.2 C BUS1--BUS2-R---------------L---------------C--------------O _OS01__OS02_ CIOSCCC 0 C Parallelleitwert gem. A1.5 (Setup Ring, gem. Liste v. 30.6.1998) C _OS01__OS02_ 3500000. 0 _OS01__OS301 .01e-03 0 _OS301_OS02_ 3200000. 0 _OS301_OS302 .0091e-03 0 _OS302_OS02_ 280000. 0 _OS302_OS303 .01e-03 0 _OS303_OS02_ 40000. 0 _OS303_OS304 .01e-03 0 _OS304_OS02_ 3600. 0 C Koppelkapazitaet gem. A1.1 _OS01__OS04_ CKOSCCC 0 C Serien-Fosternetz gem. Tab. A1.9 _OS06__OS101 1. 0 _OS102_OS101 25.29 0 _OS102_OS101 .9774 0 _OS103_OS102 26.25 0 _OS103_OS102 .1598 0 _OS104_OS103 50.123 0 _OS104_OS103 .06108 0 _OS105_OS104 39.3 0 _OS105_OS104 .01946 0 _OS106_OS105 15.32 0 _OS106_OS105 .00696 0 _OS107_OS106 86.97 0 _OS107_OS106 .02042 0 _OS108_OS107 225.5 0 _OS108_OS107 .01809 0 _OS02__OS108 725.7 0 _OS02__OS108 .01283 0 BEGIN NEW DATA CASE ---- NOSORT ---C Note: Preceding case marker is required where it now is positioned, so C that data card input for the modularization be terminated here ( C since this is what is checked for). If the following $PUNCH C were to precede BNDC, it would be read before any card images C would have been created, & the result would be an empty listing. C Anm. BNDC = BEGIN NEW DATA CASE ! (BSt.) $PUNCH { Flush critical portion of answers from preceding first subcase BEGIN NEW DATA CASE BLANK EEUG News Feb - May 2000
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Technical Notes 7.3 Extraction of data case
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE C C 1 Phase : OSW 42 SE : NH050 ... NH470 C USW 52 SE : NU000, NU010, NU010 ... NU520 C RW 2*9=18 SE : NR100 ... NR190, NR330 ... NR420 C C 13.04.99 Test Nothaft komplett C C Miscellaneous Data Card .... C +DELT-TMAX----XOPT----COPT----EPSILN--TOLMAT--TSTART-50. E-9 200.e-6 C +IOUT-IPLOT---IDOUBL--KSSOUT--MAXOUT--IPUN----MEMSAV--ICAT----NENERG--IPRSUP-1 9 0 3 1 -1 0 2 0 5 5 20 20 100 100 1000 1000 10000 10000 C /BRANCH $VINTAGE, 1 C $INCLUDE, koppl_52_N.inc { enthlt 51, 52, ... fuer alle drei Wicklungen C C US-SE 1 Ci, Anf.-Ende Ind. $INCLUDE, se_us_dbm_2_3.pch, NU010#, NU000#, 1.836-3, NU012# $LISTOFF C US-SE 2 Ci, Anf.-Ende Ind. $INCLUDE, se_us_dbm_2_3.pch, NU020#, NU010#, 1.836-3, NU022# C . . . C C US-SE 51 Ci, Anf.-Ende Ind. $INCLUDE, se_us_dbm_2_3.pch, NU510#, NU500#, 1.836-3, NU512# C US-SE 52 Ci, Anf.-Ende Ind. $INCLUDE, se_us_dbm_2_3.pch, NU520#, NU510#, 1.836-3, NU522# C C - - - - - - Oberspannungswicklung - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - C C OS-SE 6 Ci, NR***, Ck, Anf.-Ende Ind $INCLUDE, se_os_dbm_2_1.pch, NH060#, NH050#, 11.72-3, $$ ######, 36.10-6, NH062# C C OS-SE 7 Ci, NR***, Ck $INCLUDE, se_os_dbm_2_1.pch, NH070#, NH060#, 12.16-3, $$ ######, 30.20-6, NH072# C . . . C C OS-SE 46 Ci, NR***, Ck $INCLUDE, se_os_dbm_2_1.pch, NH460#, NH450#,12.16-3, $$ ######, 30.20-6, NH462# C C OS-SE 47 Ci, NR***, Ck $INCLUDE, se_os_dbm_2_1.pch, NH470#, NH460#,11.72-3, $$ ######, 36.10-6, NH472# C C C - - - - - Regelwicklung - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - C C RW-SE 11 Ci $INCLUDE, se_rw_dbm_2_1.pch, NR110#, NR100#,.296e-3, $$ NR112# C C RW-SE 12 Ci $INCLUDE, se_rw_dbm_2_2.pch, NR120#, NR110#,.512e-3, $$ NR122# C
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. . . C RW-SE 41 Ci $INCLUDE, se_rw_dbm_2_2.pch, NR410#, NR400#,.512e-3, $$ NR412# C $LISTON C RW-SE 42 Ci $INCLUDE, se_rw_dbm_2_1.pch, NR420#, NR410#,.296e-3, $$ NR422# C $VINTAGE,0 BLANK BRANCH /SWITCH C Messaufbau Schaltung 1 C Measuring Switch VI.A.3 - 8 C BUS1--BUS2-MEASURING O C erde USW oben und unten NU000 MEASURING 0 NU520 MEASURING 0 C erde RW NR100 MEASURING 0 NR420 MEASURING 0 C verbinde OS unten und oben mit RW unten/oben NH050 NR190 MEASURING 0 NH050 NH470 MEASURING 0 C BLANK SWITCH /SOURCE C Type 15 Heidler source, VII, p.14 C BUS1--I-AMPL------TFRONT-s--TAUA-s----N-------TSTART----TSTOP----15NH260 0 100. .0000012 .00005 2. .0 1. BLANK SOURCE C TACS output, III-E-5, p. 3-33 C NAM1--NAM2--NAM3--NAM4--NAM5--NAM6--NAM7--NAM8--NAM9--NAM10-NAM11-NAM12-NAM13NH260 NH100 NH400 NR190 NR330 NU260 BLANK OUTPUT BLANK PLOT BEGIN NEW DATA CASE BLANK
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Comparison of Marti Line Simulations with Field Test Results

T. Funabashi Meidensha Corporation, Japan
System Analysis Engineering Section 36-2, Nihonbashi- Hakozakicho Chuo-Ku Tokyo, 103-8515 Tel: +81-3-5641-7509, Fax: +81-3-5641-9303 funabashi-t@honsha.meidensha.co.jp
E. Zaima, T. Yamada Tokyo Electric Power Co., Japan A. Ametani Doshisha University, Japan
Field Tests
1.1 Line data Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO) carried field tests of surge characteristics on untransposed horizontal and vertical 500kV transmission lines when the lines were completed [1]-[4]. The line configurations and data are given in Fig.1 and Fig.2. The field test circuits are illustrated in Fig.3. 1.2 Untransposed horizontal line (Azumi Trank) Fig.4 shows field test result of surge voltage waveforms when an impulse voltage 1pu, 14000 s is applied to phase-b (middle phase). Fig.5 is results for phase-a (outer phase) application. The details of the surge propagation characteristics have been explained in references [1], [2] and [5]. 1.3 Untransposed Vertical line (Chichibu-Tochigi Trank) Fig.6 shows test results when an impulse voltage 1pu, 15000 s is applied to phase-c (lowest phase of the first circuit). The detailed information has been given in references [3], [4] and [5].
Marti Line Model
2.1 Model parameters Parameters of Marti line model are calculated using EMTP Line Constants. The input data of the conductors of Fig.1 to the Line Constants are given by:
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Technical Papers (1) Phase wire D=8.742[mm]=17.48103[m] T/D=(8.74-1.974)/17.48=0.3871 (tubular conductor) Rdc=p/Sp=3.7810-8/(8.742-1.9742)10-6[ /km]=0.1650[ /km] (2) Ground wire: D=6.182[mm]=12.36103[m] T/D=0.5 (solid conductor) Rdc=g/Sg=5.3610-8/(6.1810-3)2[ /km]=0.447[ /km] Table 1 gives the input data of the horizontal line (Fig.1) to the Line Constants. Table 2 is the input data of the vertical line (Fig.2). 2.2 Untransposed horizontal line Fig.7 shows a simulation result using Marti line model for phase-b energization. Fig.8 is a simulation results for phase-a energization. 2.3 Vertical Line Fig.9 shows a simulation result for phase-c application.
Discussions
3.1 Horizontal line The simulation results in Fig.7 and Fig.8 by Marti line model shows a reasonable accuracy in general compared with the field test results in Fig.4 and Fig.5. The aerial modes of propagation show rather poor accuracy in comparison with the earth-return mode. Dotted lines in Fig.4 and Fig.5 are simulation results [2], [5] by a frequency-domain (FLT) method which takes into account all the frequency-dependent effects (propagation constant, characteristic impedance/admittance and transformation matrix) accurately and automatically [5]-[7]. The frequency-domain method shows a much better accuracy than Marti line model. One of the reasons for the above is expected to be that Marti line model can not take into account the frequency dependence of the transformation matrix. 3.2 Vertical Line The simulation result in Fig.9 by Marti line model agree qualitatively with the field test result in Fig.6. Its accuracy, however, is not good enough. Fig.10 shows a simulation result [3], [4] by the frequency-domain method. It is clear that the frequency-domain method gives a far better accuracy than that of Marti line model. A comparison of Fig.9 with Fig.10 indicates that the modal attenuations except the earth-return mode are not well simulated in Marti model.
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Conclusions
Marti line model can not handle frequency dependence of transformation matrices. In comparison with field test results and calculated results by a frequency-domain method, it becomes clear that the aerial modes of propagation can not be well simulated by Marti line model. Because of the above, Marti line model can not give a satisfactory result of a surge voltage waveform on an untransposed line as far as the wavefront or the time period of one or two reflection of a travelling wave concerns.
References
[1] A. Ametani, T. Ono and Y. Honaga, Surge propagation on Japanese 500kV untransposed transmission line, Proc. IEE, Vol.121(2), pp.136-138, 1974 [2] A. Ametani and T. Ono, Propagation characteristic of surges on an untransposed horizontal line, Trans. IEE Japan, Vol.95-B(12), pp.591-598, 1975 (in Japanese) [3] A. Ametani, A. Tanaka, E. Oosaki and Y. Honaga, Wave propagation characteristics on an untransposed vertical line, Vol.101-B(11), pp.675-682, 1981 (in Japanese) [4] A. Ametani, E. Oosaki and Y. Honaga, Surge characteristics on an untransposed vertical line, Trans. IEE Japan, Vol.103-B(2), pp.117-124, 1983 (in Japanese) [5] A. Ametani, Distributed-Parameter Circuit Theory, Corona Pub. Co., Tokyo, 1990.2 (in Japanese) [6] A. Ametani, The application of the fast Fourier transform to electrical transient phenomena, Int. J. Elect. Eng. Educ., Vol.10(4), pp.277-286, 1972 [7] N. Nagaoka and A. Ametani, A development of a generalized frequency-domain programFTP, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol.3(4), pp.1996-2004, 1988
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(a) Line configuration (b) PW structure (c) Cross-section of a bundle -8 -8 rg=6.18[mm], g=5.3610 [m], p=3.7810 [m], e=200 [m], hg=35[m], hp=25[m]
Fig.1 Configuration of a 500 kV untransposed horizontal line - TEPCOs Azumi Trank.
(a) Line configuration
(b) PW structure
Fig.2 Configuration of a 500 kV vertical twin-circuit line - TEPCOs Shinchichibu Trank.
(a) Azumi Trank
(b) Shinchichibu Trank
Fig. 3 Field test circuits
(a) Sending end
(b) Receiving end
Fig.4 Field test and FLT simulation results of phase b energisation on Azumi Trank
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(a) Sending end
(b) Receiving end
Fig.5 Field test and FLT simulation results of phase a energisation on Azumi Trank
(20 s/div.)
(20 s/div.)
Fig.6 Field test results of phase c energisation on Shinchichibu Trank
(a) Sending end
(b) Receiving end
Fig.7 EMTP simulation results of phase b energisation on Azumi Trank by Marti model
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(a) Sending end
(b) Receiving end
Fig.8 EMTP simulation results of phase a energisation on Azumi Trank by Marti model
Fig.9 EMTP simulation results of phase c energisation on Shinchichibu Trank by Marti model
Fig.10 FLT simulation results of phase c energisation on Shinchichibu Trank
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Table 1 Input data of a horizontal line to Line Constants
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE LINE CONSTANTS C Untransposed Horizontal Line C Frequency Dependence Line-Model C NORMAL DATA DECK WITH ALL DEFAULT OPTIONS C ............................................................................. FILES horiz.out horiz.pch Line-Model FD-LINE C ............................................................................. C 50O KV, 83.212 km, Untransposed Horizontal Line C 92.09.02 by T.Funabashi - see Reference [5], p78, Fig.4.2 C ............................................................................. METRIC C ><T/D>< Rdc ><>< REACT>< DIAM >< HORIZ><VTOWER>< VMID >< SEPAR>< ALPHA> 1.3871 .166 4 1.748 -14.0000 25.00 25.00 40.0 45.0 4 2.3871 .166 4 1.748 0.0000 25.00 25.00 40.0 45.0 4 3.3871 .166 4 1.748 14.0000 25.00 25.00 40.0 45.0 4 0.5 .447 4 1.236 -12.5 35.00 35.00 0.5 .447 4 1.236 12.5 35.00 35.00 BLANK C FREQUENCY CARD C RHO >< FMATRIX> <length> iseg 200. 83.212 C 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 .nodes k-a m-a k-b m-b k-c m-c BLANK BLANK BLANK BEGIN NEW DATA CASE BLANK
Table 2
Input data of a vertical line to Line Constants
BEGIN NEW DATA CASE LINE CONSTANTS C Untransposed Vertical Line C Frequency Dependence Line-Model C NORMAL DATA DECK WITH ALL DEFAULT OPTIONS C ............................................................................ FILES verti.out verti.pch Line-Model FD-LINE C ............................................................................ C 50O KV, 101.13 km, Untransposed Vertical Line C 93.02.24 by T.Funabashi - see Reference [4], pp.117-124 (in Japanese) C ............................................................................ METRIC C ><T/D>< Rdc ><>< REACT>< DIAM >< HORIZ><VTOWER>< VMID >< SEPAR>< ALPHA> 1.3750 0.0363 4 3.84 -13.5 78.6 78.6 50. 0.0 6 2.3750 0.0363 4 3.84 -11.8 66.8 66.8 50. 0.0 6 3.3750 0.0363 4 3.84 -11.8 55.0 55.8 50. 0.0 6 4.3750 0.0363 4 3.84 13.5 78.6 78.6 50. 0.0 6 5.3750 0.0363 4 3.84 11.8 66.8 66.8 50. 0.0 6 6.3750 0.0363 4 3.84 11.8 55.0 55.8 50. 0.0 6 0.500 0.1660 4 1.05 0.0 92.1 92.1 0.0 0.500 0.1660 4 1.05 0.0 92.1 92.1 0.0 BLANK C FREQUENCY CARD C RHO >< FMATRIX> <length> iseg 300. 101.13 C 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 123456 .nodes k-a-1 m-a-1 k-b-1 m-b-1 k-c-1 m-c-1 k-c-2 m-c-2 k-b-2 m-b-2 k-a-2 m-a-2 BLANK BLANK BLANK BEGIN NEW DATA CASE BLANK
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Modelling the TCSC Using ATP-MODELS

Antonio Ricardo M. Tenrio CHESF, Brazil
Dept. of Transmission System Studies Rua Delmiro Gouveia, 333 50761-901, Recife - PE - Brazil rtenorio@chesf.gov.br Dept. of Electrical Engineering & Electronics PO 88, Manchester, M60 1QD - UK Phone/Fax: +44 161 2004813/-820 E-mail: Jenkins@fs5.ee.umist.ac.uk Dept. of Electric Power System Egry J.u. 18, H-1111, Budapest, Hungary prikler@vmt.bme.hu
Nick Jenkins UMIST, UK
Lszl Prikler Technical University of Budapest Hungary
Abstract - This paper describes a Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) model for the ATP-MODELS. This digital model was initially developed for TACS, so the conversion from TACS into MODELS will be described. The main advantages and disadvantages of modelling FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) devices in MODELS are presented. The basic responses of the TCSC model to both small and large disturbances are exemplified. Moreover, this paper also presents the way TCSC can enhance power system stability.
Introduction
A variety of FACTS devices are now being proposed as a means of increasing the capability and flexibility of the power system. The planning and design stage of the implementation of this technology will require reliable and easy-to-use models to represent the FACTS devices and associated networks. The thyristor controlled series capacitor (TCSC) is an emerging technology that combines conventional series capacitor with thyristor controlled reactors in such a way as to allow continuous control of the TCSC reactance. It is one of the FACTS devices which can provide greater operating flexibility, better utilisation of transmission system, and enhancement of power system dynamics. A TCSC model for the ATP-EMTP program serves for evaluating higher frequency phenomena, where simpler models, e.g. electromechanical models, cannot entirely represent the dynamics of both the TCSC and the power system under study [1]. The TCSC model described in this paper was originally developed for TACS [1, 2] and later it was converted into MODELS. In practice, this conversion task was easily accomplished and no major problems were identified, since MODELS is much more powerful, as a computing language, than TACS. The experience of this conversion task and some simulation results will be described in next sections.
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Description of the TCSC model
A simplified diagram of the TCSC model for the ATP-EMTP program is shown in Figure 1. A detailed description of the modelling can be found in [1, 2]. The TCSC is divided into three distinct systems: power circuit; measurement and control systems; firing and synchronisation systems. The power circuit is composed of a capacitor bank in parallel with a thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) and a MOV arrester to protect the capacitor. The thyristor valve includes a snubber circuit. All components were modelled using conventional, built-in ATP models.
TCSC POWER CIRCUIT MOV
Vph I line
TRANSMISSION LINE
L/2
L/2
MEASUREMENT & CONTROL SYSTEMS OPERATION MODE SELECTOR ( TSR , WTM , TBM )
ENATPC
UNCFIR
Iref
BLOKPI INITPI LINEARISATION
I MEASUREMENT & FILTERING
M +
PI REGULATOR
Xorder + Xmanual
+ Xpsdc
X +
PULSE GENERATOR
POWER SWING DAMPING CONTROL
SYNCHRONISATION SYSTEM SYNCHRONISATION & FIRING SYSTEMS
Figure 1: Structure of the TCSC modelling The measurement and control systems work independently in each phase, and consist of bandpass and notch filters, a current quadratic measurement device, an active power measurement device, and a proportional-integral (PI) controller. A comparison between the measured line current and the reference current is made, and the error generated is fed into the PI controller whose main function is to bring to zero its steady-state error. An open loop impedance mode is possible in addition to the closed loop current control mode. In this mode a reactance order is set and the firing system then provides a suitable firing angle order to the thyristors. The TCSC has also an additional control loop responsible for damping power oscillations called power swing damping control (PSDC). The PSDC measures the absolute value of the line active power and feeds this signal into a wash-out filter and a lead-lag compensator. The
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Technical Papers output signal is added to the reactance order in such a way as to modulate the TCSC reactance aiming at damping the power oscillation. The synchronisation and firing systems comprise a linearisation curve, a pulse generating unit and a synchronisation unit that is based on either an individual firing pulse (IFP, i.e. current zero crossings) or an equidistant firing pulse (PLL- phase locked loop system). There are three special modes of operation: thyristor switched reactor (TSR), thyristor blocked mode (TBM) and waiting mode (WTM). These modes of operation are activated in special circumstances by the operation mode selector. TSR means that the thyristors are fully conducting. In this condition the capacitor bank is bypassed through the TCR, and the TCSC impedance changes rapidly from a capacitive value to an inductive one. This mode provides the means of limiting the line current by increasing the line impedance by a value that depends on the design of the TCSC. The WTM means that the TCSC waits for a certain time with a fixed firing angle until another mode of operation is set. The TBM means that the PI regulator and firing system are blocked, and the TCSC will operate at 180.
Converting the TCSC model from TACS into MODELS
The use of powerful, more flexible tools such as MODELS allows to model very accurate, easy-to-use FACTS control systems. MODELS is a structured, free format language. One could say that MODELS is really a language, i.e. a code for algorithms, whereas TACS is a set of devices and commands with logic and algebraic capabilities that are built-in FORTRAN statements indeed. Obviously MODELS offers to the end-user much more flexibility and capabitlity of modelling of all sort of control systems and algorithms, with a clear and selfdocumented code. On the other hand, TACS is much faster than MODELS, since the latter is an interpreted language rather than compiled with the ATP code. This still constitutes a drawback for complex studies, where execution time starts having an impact on power system transient simulations. The TCSC model described in this paper was originally developed and conceived for TACS. However, the widespread use of MODELS and advantages quoted above have encouraged us to convert the TACS model into MODELS language. As MODELS is a high-level language with all features of modern computing languages allowing repetitive loops and full control of the algorithm, the conversion work was not a hard task. Nevertheless some points are tricky and special care should be taken in order to initialise correctly all variable and to ensure that MODELS code has the same result as in TACS code. General recommendations are always hard to establish but each model developed for MODELS should carefully be tested against the TACS model. An example of different behaviour for the similar set of instructions in TACS and MODELS can be seen in the codes contained in appendices A and B. These appendices illustrate an example of a single-phase pulse generating unit. Figure 2 shows the positive half-cycle pulses considering the code generated for TACS (Figure 2-a) and MODELS (Figure 2-b). Although the codes are very similar, as far as logic equations are concerned, Figures 2-a and 2-b show different pulses.
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Technical Papers Note that Figure 2-b presents pulse signals at each positive-going-zero-crossing, which are not seen in Figure 2-a. One of the possible solutions to this problem is to convert the logic equations (ppulse and npulse, see appendix B) into the following equations: ppulse:= pulses * prevval(ilsyn) OR uncfir npulse:= pulses * -prevval(ilsyn) OR uncfir (1) (2)
Figure 2-c shows the same case (described in appendix B and Figure 2-b) using equations (1) and (2) in the MODELS code. As can be seen, the result is now similar to the TACS code.
ILSYN, PULSES (PU)
1.00
0.00
Firing Pulses synchronising current
-1.00 0.00 0.05
Positive pulses
0.10
TIME (S)
TACS (a)
ILSYN, PULSES (PU)
1.00
0.00
-1.00 0.00 0.05 0.10
TIME (S)
MODELS (b)
ILSYN, PULSES (PU)
1.00
0.00
-1.00 0.00 0.05 0.10
TIME (S) - MODELS (c)
Figure 2: Comparison between TACS and MODELS pulse generating unit (=140) The TCSC model for TACS was converted into MODELS by using a single model. As far as algorithms of control are concerned, all systems and controls described in section 2.0 were grouped into sections following the same TACS sequence of functions. The FOR - DO ENDFOR statement was used to allow the same control structure to be repeated for phases a, b and c. Figure 3 shows the flowchart of the modelling of the TCSC in MODELS. It is believed that the generic reverse conversion from MODELS into TACS is sometimes a difficulty task due to the lack of repetitive structures in TACS, such as FOR - ENDFOR and other structures for redirecting the flow of instructions. Obviously in some circumstances this conversion may be impossible, since MODELS is a language much more powerful than TACS. For instance, iterative algorithms cannot be represented with TACS.
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V bus I line (FROM NETWORK)
SCALING, FILTERING, SINCHRONISING
CURRENT QUADRATIC MEASUREMENT
OPERATOR MODE SELECTOR (TSR, WTM, TBM)
NOTCH FILTERING
CONTROL SYSTEM (PI REGULATOR)
POWER SWING DAMPING CONTROL MANUAL / AUTOMATIC OPERATION
FIRING SYSTEM
FIRING ANGLE (TO THYRISTORS)
Figure 3: The TCSC controls structure in MODELS
Simulation results
The power system to be simulated in sections 4.1 and 4.2 is shown in Figure 4. It consists of a 230 kV, 320 km transmission line with the TCSC located at the middle point. The TCSC is rated for 15 - 60 [1]. The power system is also compensated by 55 and 40 capacitor banks.
TCSC TRANSMISSION LINE 230 KV, 160 KM 55 OHM 40 OHM 15-60 OHM TRANSMISSION LINE 230 KV, 160 KM
Zeq I
Zeq II
SCC = 9.2 GVA
SCC =7.3 GVA
~
GENERATOR I
~
GENERATOR II
Figure 4: One-line diagram of the power system for simulations in sections 4.1 and 4.2 The power system to be simulated in section 4.3 with the TCSC (15 - 60 ) for damping power swings is shown in Figure 5. As a matter of fact it is the IEEE first benchmark for subsynchronous resonance studies [9] with minor alterations, i.e. the series capacitor (Xc) is replaced by the TCSC. It consists of a single 892.4 MVA synchronous machine (SM-type 59) connected to an infinite busbar via a 500 kV, TCSC compensated transmission line.
80
Technical Papers
1 2 3 4 5
~
Xt1=j0.14 TURBINE GENERATOR (X''d=0.175)
R1=0.02 R0=0.50
X1=j0.50 x0=j1.56
Xc
Xs1=j0.06 Xs0=j0.06 INFINITE BUS
( PU )
Figure 5: One-line diagram of the IEEE first benchmark system
4.1
Current reference step response
A 10% step was applied to the current reference (from 0.60 pu to 0.66 pu) at 100 ms with the TCSC operating in closed loop current control, i.e. the current reference was stepped up from 600 Arms to 660 Arms. The result of this simulation can be seen in Figure 6. As can be seen from Figure 6-a through 6-d, the TCSC presents an underdamped, stable response with a settling time around 100 ms (6 cycles of 60 Hz). This result agrees entirely with the TACS model [1].
30.00
VCAP (KV)
15.00 0.00 -15.00 -30.00 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
ILINE (Apeak, Arms)
1000.00
TIME (S) - (a)
0.00
-1000.00 0.00 0.70 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
TIME (S) - (b)
ERROR (PU)
0.35
0.00
0.00 4.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
TIME (S) - (c)
XORDER (PU)
2.00
0.00 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
TIME (S) - (d)
Figure 6: Current reference step response

81
Technical Papers
4.2
Impedance step response
With the TCSC operating in open loop impedance control, an impedance step from 1 pu to 2 pu was applied at 100 ms, i.e. the manual reactance order was stepped up from 15 to 30 . Figure 7 shows this simulation result. The TCSC presents an overdamped, stable response. Note that there is no interaction involving the control system, since the TCSC is running on open loop mode. Even so the TCSC takes some time to change its reactance effectively. The rising time concerning the TCSC impedance response is around 110 ms. This result agrees entirely with the TACS model [1].
30.00
VCAP (KV)
15.00 0.00 -15.00 -30.00 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
TIME (S) - (a)
ILINE (Apeak, Arms)
1000.00
0.00
-1000.00 0.00 4.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
TIME (S) - (b)
Ztcsc (PU)
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50
TIME (S) - (c)
Figure 7: Impedance step response
4.3
TCSC for damping power swings
Power system stability is a condition of equilibrium between opposing forces [6]. Generally speaking, it is the ability of interconnected synchronous machines to remain in synchronism. This involves the study of electromechanical oscillations among synchronous machines and their restoring forces which appear when disturbances tend to accelerate or decelerate one or more machines with respect to others. In power systems the variation of the electrical torque of a synchronous machine, subsequent to a disturbance, can be expressed by equation (3) from [6]:
82
Technical Papers (3) T = K + K e S D where KS is the synchronising torque coefficient and KD is the damping torque coefficient. The term KS is the component of the torque in phase with the rotor angle variation ( ) and it is known as the synchronising torque component. The term KD is the component of torque in phase with the speed deviation ( ) and it is known as the damping torque component. Power system stability depends on the existence of both synchronising torque component and damping torque components. Lack of sufficient damping torque results in oscillatory instability, whereas lack of synchronising torque component results in instability through an aperiodic drift in rotor angle [6]. Figure 8 shows a comparison made between a 15 series capacitor (11% compensation degree) and a TCSC (rated for 15 to 60 ). It shows the rotor angle oscillations response to a three-phase short circuit applied to bus 4 (Figure 5) at 500 ms and removed after 4.5 cycles (75 ms).
110.00
ROTOR ANGLE (DEGREE)
105.00
100.00
With series capacitor (15 OHM) With TCSC (15 to 60 OHM)
95.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
TIME (S)
Figure 8: Rotor angle oscillations - TCSC vs Series Capacitor The TCSC operating with PSDC, described in section 2.0, is able to increase the oscillation frequency from 1.27 Hz (with a 15 series capacitor) to 1.43 Hz due to the increase of the synchronising torque. The TCSC is also able to improve the damping torque significantly, the decay ratio (defined here as the ratio of the two first successive overshoots) decreases from 0.80 (with a 15 series capacitor) to 0.59, as can be seen from Figure 8. It is interesting to note that the TCSC can increase both synchronising and damping torques in such a way that the dynamic response of the power system can be considerably enhanced [5]. Figure 9 presents a window of the above simulation from 400 ms to 1000 ms in order to highlight some aspects of the TCSC behaviour during the fault and after its removal. All variables are related to phase A, apart from the MOV arresters current and energy (Figure 9-d and 9-e) that are related to phase C (higher stress on MOV surge arrester).
83
Technical Papers As can be seen from Figure 9, the TCSC is inserted into TSR mode (thyristor fully conducting) from roughly 511 ms up to 618 ms for phase A. The operation mode selector was set to put the TCSC in TSR mode at 1500 Arms and reset it to normal operation at 1400 Arms for a time longer than 10 ms. Note that the capacitor voltage (Figure 9-a) and thyristor valve current (Figure 9-c) develop in TSR mode a frequency of 145 Hz (resonant frequency between the capacitor and inductor of the TCSC). After the three-phase fault is removed, the TCSC remains in WTM for 20 ms (at 1pu of reactance). Later the PSDC starts taking into account the active power oscillations and sends a modulation signal that can be seen through the envelope of both the thyristor valve current and capacitor voltage (after the fault). This process of reactance modulation keeps going up to a complete stabilisation of the active power flow.
50000.00 40000.00
VCAP (V)
ILINE (A)
0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
0.00
0.00
-50000.00
-40000.00 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
TIME (S) - (a)

10000.00 3000.00
TIME (S) - (b)
ITHY (A)
0.00
IMOV (A)
0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
0.00
-10000.00
-3000.00 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
TIME (S) - (c)
TIME (S) - (d)
MOV ENERGY (MJ)
1.30
0.00 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
TIME (S) - (e) Figure 9: The TCSC electrical variables during and after the fault
84
Technical Papers Figure 9-d and 9-e show the MOV arrester current and energy absorption respectively. Note that the current absorbed by the MOV arrester has two large peaks, being the largest one around 3000 A. However, the MOV arrester has a fast conduction period in such a way that its energy absorption is around 1.24 MJ, which is in accordance with commercially available surge arrester duties.
A brief comparison between MODELS and TACS execution time
It is well known that TACS is much faster than MODELS. Nevertheless MODELS has several advantages over TACS. This section intends to show a brief comparison involving the cases simulated in sections 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3. Tables 1 and 2 summarise execution times in two PC computers, as follows: 133 MHz Pentium (512 KB cache , 16 MB DRAM), and 200 MHz Pentium (512 KB cache, 64 MB DRAM). In addition, the tables show simulations with a time-step of both 10 and 20 s. Table 1: Comparison MODELS vs TACS (time-step= 10 s) CASE OF SECTION 4.1 4.2 4.3 AVERAGE EXECUTION TIME (S) 133 MHz PENTIUM 200 MHz PENTIUM MODELS TACS RATIO MODELS TACS RATIO 605 615 6591 108 108 1238 5.60 5.69 5.32 525 512 5574 82 81 908 6.52 6.32 6.14
Table 2: Comparison MODELS vs TACS (time-step= 20 s) CASE OF SECTION 4.1 4.2 4.3 AVERAGE EXECUTION TIME (S) 133 MHz PENTIUM 200 MHz PENTIUM MODELS TACS RATIO MODELS TACS RATIO 300 51 5.88 250 39 6.41 304 3403 51 556 5.96 6.12 252 2778 39 413 6.46 6.73
As can be seen from these tables for this particular application, MODELS presents an execution time longer than TACS by a factor of roughly 5-7 times. The worst ratio was 6.73 and the best one was 5.32.
Conclusions
The conversion of a TCSC model from TACS into MODELS was described and this task was easily accomplished. Special care should be taken to initialise all variables correctly and to compute logic expressions with algebraic ones.
85
Technical Papers MODELS is more powerful and flexible than TACS. However, MODELS is much slower than TACS. This still constitutes an obstacle to the widespread use of MODELS in large controls and power systems used commonly in the electric power industry. The reverse conversion from TACS into MODELS seems not to be an easy task in certain cases. It may be impossible in cases where an iteractive loop is required. The TCSC modelling showed that TCSCs can enhance power systems stability by increasing both synchronising and damping torques.
7
[1]
References
Tenrio, A.R.M.; A Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor Model for Electromagnetic Transients Studies, MSc Thesis, Manchester, UK, 1995. Tenrio, A.R.M.; Jenkins N.; Bollen, M.H.J.; A Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor Model for The EMTP-ATP program, Proc. of EEUG Meeting , Hannover, Germany, 1995. Prikler, L. et al.; Simulation of transients in a TCSC scheme using ATPDDRAW and MODELS, Proc. of EEUG Meeting , Budapest, Hungary, 1996. Salgado, E. et al.; Controlled series compensation: Digital program modeling and possible applications Proc. of SEPOPE V, Recife, Brazil, May 19-24, 1996. Tenrio, A.R.M.; Jenkins, N; Enhancing power systems dynamics without risking SSR phenomena by means of TCSCs, Proc. of 32nd UPEC, September, 1997. Kundur, P., Power System Stability and Control, McGraw-Hill, 1994. Dub, L; MODELS Rule Book, new version July1994. Furst, G.; MODELS primer; version No. 1. IEEE Subsynchronous Resonance Working Group, First Benchmark Model for Computer Simulation of Subsynchronous Resonance; IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-96, No. 5, pp 1565-1572, 1977.
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6] [7] [8] [9]
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Technical Papers Appendix A: TACS code

BEGIN NEW DATA CASE C TACS section by Ricardo Tenorio, single-phase firing unit C deltat tmax xopt copt epsiln tolmat tstart 20.E-6 0.1 C print points connec s-s minmax vary again plot 20 1 1 C ===================================================================== TACS STAND ALONE 11SYFREQ 1200. {fits 10V-peak ramps} 0. 11UNCFIR 0. 0. 11ENATPC 1. 0. 11ALPHA 140.00 0. 14ILSYN 1. 60. 0. 0. 98ILSDLY53+ILSYN DELTAT C INTEGRATOR WITH RESET -----USING DEVICE 65 C FITS 10 V PEAK RAMPS 98RSTSIG = -ILSYN*ILSDLY .GE. 0 98FREDLY53+SYFREQ DELTAT 98SYFRE1 = (SYFREQ + FREDLY) * DELTAT/2. 98SAWTOO65+SYFRE1 0.RSTSIG C ----------------------------------------------------------98PULSES = (SAWTOO .GE. (ALPHA/18.)) .AND. ENATPC 98PPULSE = (PULSES*ILSYN) .OR. UNCFIR 98NPULSE = (PULSES*(-ILSYN)) .OR. UNCFIR C 33ILSYN PPULSENPULSESAWTOO C BLANK ENDS TACS CARDS BEGIN NEW DATA CASE BLANK
Appendix B: MODELS code

BEGIN NEW DATA CASE C MODELS section by Ricardo Tenorio, single-phase firing unit C deltat tmax xopt copt epsiln tolmat tstart 20.E-6 0.1 C print points connec s-s minmax vary again plot 20 1 1 C ========================================================= MODELS STAND ALONE --------------------------------------------------- Model definitions: MODEL testmodels -VAR ilsyn, rstsig, sawtooth, pulses, ppulse, npulse, alpha, enatpc uncfir, sysfreq INIT ilsyn:=0, rstsig:=0, sawtooth:=0, pulses:=0 ppulse:=0, npulse:=0, enatpc:=1, uncfir:=0, alpha:=140 sysfreq:=1200 - fits 10V-peak ramps ENDINIT -HISTORY sysfreq {dflt: 0}, INTEGRAL(sysfreq) {dflt: 0} -EXEC ilsyn:= cos(2*pi*60*t) -- firing system -zero-crossing detector rstsig:= -ilsyn*prevval(ilsyn) >=0 -- saw-tooth generator sawtooth:= INTEGRAL(sysfreq) IF rstsig > 0 THEN INTEGRAL(sysfreq):=0 ENDIF -- pulse logic pulses:= sawtooth >=(alpha/18) AND enatpc ppulse:= (pulses*ilsyn) OR uncfir --fix to :=(pulses*prevval(ilsyn) OR uncfir npulse:= pulses*(-ilsyn) OR uncfir --fix to :=(pulses*-prevval(ilsyn) OR uncfir ENDEXEC ENDMODEL -USE testmodels AS test timestep min:0 ENDUSE -RECORD test.ilsyn AS ILSYNA test.ppulse AS PPULSE test.npulse AS NPULSE ENDMODELS C ============================================== BLANK card ending plot requests BEGIN NEW DATA CASE BLANK
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3 Off-line data generation

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.0847 Hevia. 1 24-Apr-00 10:01

Peak current = 9.39319E+00

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0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 by summing injections =

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