IEEE 802.

11 Overview
Mustafa Ergen ergen@eecs.berkeley.edu UC Berkeley

Wireless Market Segments

Stan ar i!ati"n "f Wireless #etw"rks

Wireless

networks are standardized by AN standards

I((( )*+ stan!ar!s Logical Link "ontrol Me!i#m Access $MA"% Physical $P&'%

IEEE. Application Under 802 LAN Presentation co!!ittee. ISO

OSI 7 layer mo!el Session Transport Network

Data Link Physical

IEEE 802.11 Overview

Ado"ted in #$$%. &e'ines( A) sublayer A) !anage!ent "rotocols and ser*ices +,ysical -+./0 layers

4oals 56o deli*er ser*ices in wired networks 56o ac,ie*e ,ig, t,roug,"ut 56o ac,ie*e ,ig,ly reliable data deli*ery 56o ac,ie*e continuous network connection.

I1 2.33 &333

C"m$"nents

3tation 733 8 7asic 3er*ice 3et

I733 9 In'rastructure 733 9 :733 A set o' in'rastrucute 733s. )onnection o' A+s 6racking o' !obility A+ co!!unicates wit, anot,er

E33 8 E;tended 3er*ice 3et

&3 < &istribution 3yste!

Servi%es

3tation ser*ices9

aut,entication= de8aut,entication= "ri*acy= deli*ery o' data association disassociation reassociation distribution Integration

&istribution 3er*ices ( A thin layer between MAC and LLC sublayer)

A station !aintain two *ariables9 5 aut,entication state ->? #0 5 association state -@> #0

E&.

Me ium '%%ess C"ntr"l

2unctionality( 1eliable data deli*ery 2airly control access +rotection o' data &eals( Noisy and unreliable !ediu! 2ra!e e;c,ange "rotocol 8 A)A B*er,ead to IEEE 802.C 8 .idden Node +roble! < 163D)63 +artici"ation o' all stations 1eaction to e*ery 'ra!e

M'C

1etry )ounters

3,ort retry counter Long retry counter Li'eti!e ti!er

7asic Access

ec,anis!

)3 AD)A 7inary e;"onential back8o'' NAE < Network Allocation Eector

6i!ing Inter*als9 3I23= 3lot 6i!e= +I23= &I23= EI23 &)2 B"eration +)2 B"eration

(C) O$erati"n

*C) O$erati"n

+oll < eli!inates contention +) < +oint )oordinator

+olling List B*er &)2 +I23 Alternate wit, &)2

)2+ < )ontention 2ree +eriod

+eriodic 7eacon < contains lengt, o' )2+ )28+oll < )ontention 2ree +oll NAE "re*ents during )2+ )28End < resets NAE

NAE in'or!ation 3,ort Id 'or +38 +oll

)rame +y$es
U""er layer data 20G8 byte !a; 2IH u""er layer ,eader

Br

2) 2

&uration Address Address Address 3eFuence Address DI& # 2 C )ontrol G 2 H

&A6A 082C#2 G

2)3
bytes

2
3&U 3eFuence Nu!ber 2rag!ent Nu!ber

+rotocol Eersion 2ra!e 6y"e and 3ub 6y"e 6o &3 and 2ro! &3 ore 2rag!ents 1etry +ower anage!ent ore &ata WE+ Brder

IEEE G8 bit address Indi*idualD4rou" Uni*ersalDLocal GH bit address 733I& <733 Identi'ier 6A 8 6rans!itter 1A 8 1ecei*er 3A 8 3ource &A 8 &estination

))I6 )1)8C2 +olyno!ial

)rame Su,ty$es

)BN61BL

&A6A

ANA4E EN6

163 )63 A)A +38+oll )28End J )28End A)A

&ata &ataK)28A)A &ataK)28+oll &ataK)28A)AK)28 +oll Null 2unction )28A)A -nodata0 )28+oll -nodata0 )28A)AK)2K+oll

7eacon +robe 1eFuest J 1es"onse Aut,entication &eaut,entication Association 1eFuest J 1es"onse 1eassociation 1eFuest J 1es"onse &isassociation Announce!ent 6ra''ic Indication essage -A6I 0

Ot-er M'C O$erati"ns

2rag!entation

WE+ &etails

3eFuence control 'ield In burst ediu! is reser*ed NAE is u"dated by A)A

+ri*acy

WE+ bit set w,en encry"ted. Bnly t,e 'ra!e body. ediu! is reser*ed NAE is u"dated by A)A 3y!!etric *ariable key

6wo !ec,anis! &e'ault keys Aey !a""ing WE+ ,eader and trailer AE/I& in ,eader I)E in trailer dot11UndecryptableCount Indicates an attack. dot11ICVErrorCount Attack to deter ine a key is in pro!ress.

M'C Management

Inter'erence by users t,at ,a*e no conce"t o' data co!!unication. E;9 icrowa*e Inter'erence by ot,er WLANs 3ecurity o' data obility +ower anage!ent

'ut-enti%ati"n

Aut,entication

+ro*e identity to anot,er station. B"en syste! aut,entication 3,ared key aut,entication

3ecurity +roble!

A rogue A+

A sends 7 res"onds wit, a te;t A encry"t and send back 7 decry"ts and returns an aut,entication !anage!ent 'ra!e.

33I& o' E33 Announce its "resence wit, beaconing A acti*e rogue reac, ,ig,er layer data i' unencry"ted.

ay aut,enticate any nu!ber o' station.

'ss"%iati"n

Association

6rans"arent !obility A'ter aut,entication Association reFuest to an A+ A'ter establis,ed= 'orward data 6o 733= i' &A is in t,e 733. 6o &3= i' &A is outside t,e 733. 6o A+= i' &A is in anot,er 733. 6o L$"rtalM= i' &) is outside t,e E33. *"rtal 9 trans'er "oint 9 track !obility. -A+= bridge= or router0 trans'er 802.#, New A+ a'ter reassociation= co!!unicates wit, t,e old A+.

'

ress )iltering

ore t,an one WLAN 6,ree Addresses 1ecei*er e;a!ine t,e &A= 733I&

*riva%y M'C )un%ti"n

WE+

ec,anis!

*"wer Management

Inde"endent 733

B*er,ead &istributed 3ender &ata 'ra!e ,ands,ake Announce!ent Wake u" e*ery beacon. 'ra!e 7u''er Awake a "eriod o' A6I a'ter eac, +ower beacon. consu!"tion in 3end A)A i' recei*e A6I 'ra!e J A6I 1ecei*er awake until t,e end o' ne;t A6I . Awake 'or e*ery Esti!ate t,e "ower sa*ing station= 7eacon and A6I and delay until t,e ne;t A6I . ulticast 'ra!e 9 No A)A 9 o"tional

*"wer Management

In'rastructure 733

)entralized in t,e A+. 4reater "ower sa*ing obile 3tation slee"s 'or a nu!ber o' beacon "eriods. Awake 'or !ulticast indicated in &6I in 7eacon. A+ bu''er= indicate in 6I obile reFuests by +38+oll

Syn%-r"ni!ati"n

6i!er 3ync,ronization in an In'rastructure 733

7eacon contains 632 3tation u"dates its wit, t,e 632 in beacon.

6i!er 3ync,ronization in an I733

&istributed. 3tarter o' t,e 733 send 632 zero and incre!ents. Eac, 3tation sends a 7eacon 3tation u"dates i' t,e 632 is bigger. 3!all nu!ber o' stations9 t,e 'astest ti!er *alue Large nu!ber o' stations9 slower ti!er *alue due to collision.

3ync,ronization wit, 2reFuency .o""ing +./ Layers

),anges in a 'reFuency ,o""ing +./ layer occurs "eriodically -t,e dwell !eriod0. ),ange to new c,annel w,en t,e 632 ti!er *alue= !odulo t,e dwell "eriod= is zero

S%anning . /"ining
3canning

+assi*e 3canning 9 only listens 'or 7eacon and get in'o o' t,e 733. +ower is sa*ed. Acti*e 3canning9 trans!it and elicit res"onse 'ro! A+s. I' I733= last station t,at trans!itted beacon res"onds. 6i!e is sa*ed. 3yncronization in 632 and 'reFuency 9 Ado"t +./ "ara!eters 9 6,e 733I& 9 WE+ 9 7eacon +eriod 9 &6I

Noining a 733

C"m,ining Management +""ls

)o!bine

+ower 3a*ing +eriods wit, 3canning

Instead o' entering "ower sa*ing !ode= "er'or! acti*e scanning. 4at,er in'or!ation about its en*iron!ents.

+reaut,entication

3cans and initiate an aut,entication 1educes t,e ti!e

+-e *-ysi%al 0ayer

+L)+9 'ra!e e;c,ange between t,e A) and +./ + &9 uses signal carrier and s"read s"ectru! !odulation to trans!it data 'ra!es o*er t,e !edia. 2.G 4.z 9 12 9 # < 2 b"s

&irect 3eFuence 3"read 3"ectru! -&3330 +./

6,e 2reFuency .o""ing 3"read 3"ectru! -2.330 +./

##0A.z de*iation 9 12 9 + & controls c,annel ,o""ing 9 2 b"s Indoor 9 I1 9 # and 2 I.0 4.z 9 H8IG 2.G 4.z 9 I.I b"s 9 b"s < ## b"s 9 b"s

In'rared -I10 +./

6,e B2&

+./ < IEEE 802.##a

.ig, 1ate &333 +./ < IEEE 802.##b

IEEE 802.11E

E&)2 8 En,anced &)2 .)2 8 .ybrid )oordination 2unction :733 .) < .ybrid )ontroller 6) < 6ra''ic )ategories 6OB+ < 6rans!ission B""ortunity < granted by E&)286OB+ or .)8 "oll 6OB+ AI23 < Arbitration Inter'ra!e 3"ace

IEEE 802.11E

IEEE 802.11E Ba%k"ff

IEEE 802.11 *r"t"%"ls

IEEE 802.##a

+./ 3tandard 9 8 c,annels 9 IG +./ 3tandard 9 C c,annels 9 ##

b"s 9 +roducts are a*ailable. b"s 9 +roducts are a*ailable.

IEEE 802.##b

IEEE 802.##d

A) 3tandard 9 o"erate in *ariable "ower le*els 9 ongoing A) 3tandard 9 :o3 su""ort 9 3econd ,al' o' 2002. Inter8Access +oint +rotocol 9 2nd ,al' 2002 +./ 3tandard9 C c,annels 9 B2& 3u""le!entary 3u""le!entary and +7)) 9 2nd ,al' 2002

IEEE 802.##e

IEEE 802.##'

IEEE 802.##g

IEEE 802.##,

A) 3tandard9 6+) and &23 9 2nd ,al' 2002 A) 3tandard9 Alternati*e WE+ 9 2nd ,al' 2002

IEEE 802.##i

'**E#(I1

+-e Basi%s "f W0'#s

*'#
Access speed Range

0'#
##!b #008 G00! IEEE 802.##b

W'#
?IHkb global

#82!b #0!

Standard

4+13 #;166 .ig, regional In'rastructure cellular

Scalability

Low de*ice s"eci'ic 2.33

ediu! et,ernet &333

Architecture

W0'# *en ing Issues

W,y

802.##aP

4reater bandwidt, -IG b0 Less "otential inter'erence -I4.z0 ore non8o*erla""ing c,annels

W,y

802.##bP 802.##gP

Widely a*ailable 4reater range= lower "ower needs

W,y

2aster t,an 802.##b -2G b *s ## b0

(e$l"yment Issues

1e8"ur"ose 3y!bol A+Qs 'or secure ad!in ser*ices &e"loy 802.##b wit, 802.##a in !ind -2Idb 3N1 'or all ser*ice areas0 &elay !igration to 802.##a until dual 'unction -##b J ##a0 cards beco!e a*ailable

)re2uen%y Ban s3 ISM

Industrial=

3cienti'ic= and edical -I3 0 bands Unlicensed= 22 .z c,annel bandwidt, S-"rt Wave 6a i" )M Br"a %ast
'M Br"a %ast 'u i" Infrare wireless 0'# +elevisi"n Cellular 98:0M5!; #*CS 91.7<5!;

E&tremely 4ery 0"w Me ium 5ig- 4ery Ultra Su$er Infrare 4isi,le Ultra3 136ays 0"w 0"w 5ig- 5ig- 5ig0ig-t vi"let

702 3 728 M5! 28 M5!

2.: 3 2.:8=> <5! 8=.> M5! 9IEEE 802.11;

> <5! 9IEEE 802.11; 5y$er0'# 5y$er0'#2

IEEE 802.11i En-an%e Se%urity

&escri"tion En,ance!ents to t,e 802.## A) standard to increase t,e security( addresses new encry"tion !et,ods and u""er layer aut,entication .ig,9 weakness o' WE+ encry"tion is da!aging t,e 802.## standard "erce"tion in t,e !arket 6,is a""lies to 802.##b= 802.##a and 802.##g syste!s. 802.#; is key re'erence 'or u""er layer aut,entication En,anced encry"tion so'tware will re"lace WE+ so'tware( 6,is is on a reco!!ended best "ractice D*oluntary basis( de*elo"!ent in 6gI9 'irst dra't ar 200#( ne;t dra't due ar 2002( stable dra't9 Nuly 2002( 'inal standard9 Nan 200C )lient and A+ cards -)ontroller c,i"= 2ir!ware= &ri*er0 A+ kernel= 14 kernel= 74 kernel Acti*ely "ro"osing WE+ i!"ro*e!ent !et,ods= "artici"ating in all o''icialDinteri! !eetings AgereD icroso'tDAgereD)iscoDAt,erosDIntelDC)o!DIntersilD 3y!bolD)ertico!D13AD2unk ode o' AE3 to use 'or encry"tion -)61D)7) R)7) or B)7 R I) and Encry"tion 'unctionS0 I)S I!"ortance 1elated standards 3tatus K 1oad!a"

+roducts a''ected AgereQs acti*ity Aey "layers Aey issues

IEEE 802.11 3 *"rt Base C"ntr"l

&escri"tion A 'ra!ework 'or regulating access control o' client stations to a network *ia t,e use o' e;tensible aut,entication !et,ods .ig,9 'or!s a key "art o' t,e i!"ortant 802.##i "ro"osals 'or en,anced security 6,is a""lies to 802.##b= 802.##a and 802.##g syste!s 3tandard a*ailable < 3"ring 200#

I!"ortance 1elated standards 3tatus K 1oad!a"

+roducts a''ected 3u""orted in A+82000= A+8#000DI00= )lients - 3 dri*ers 'or O+D2000 beta0 AgereQs acti*ity Aey "layers Aey issues Adding EA+ aut, ty"es to "roducts icroso'tD)iscoD)ertico!D13AD2unk .o!e in IE62 'or EA+ !et,od discussions

IEEE 802.1$ 3 +raffi% Class

1e'erence &escri"tion I!"ortance 1elated standards 3tatus K 1oad!a" IEEE 802.#" -6ra''ic )lass and &yna!ic ulticast 2iltering0 A !et,od to di''erentiate tra''ic strea!s in "riotity classes in su""ort o' Fuality o' ser*ice o''ering ediu!9 'or!s a key "art o' t,e 802.##e "ro"osals 'or :o3 at t,e A) le*el 6,is a""lies to 802.##b= 802.##a and 802.##g syste!s( is an addition to t,e 802.#d 7ridge standard -anne; .0. 2inal standard( incor"orated in #$$8 edition o' 802.#d -anne; .0

+roducts a''ected )lient and A+ cards -&ri*er0( A+ kernel= 14 kernel= 74 kernel AgereQs acti*ity Aey "layers Aey issues In*estigating i!"le!entation o"tions NDA NDA

<l"ssary "f 802.11 Wireless +erms? %"nt.

733I& J E33I&9 &ata 'ields identi'ying a stations 733 J E33. )lear ),annel Assess!ent -))A09 A station 'unction used to deter!ine w,en it is BA to trans!it. Association9 A 'unction t,at !a"s a station to an Access +oint. A) 3er*ice &ata Unit - 3&U09 &ata 2ra!e "assed between user J A). A) +rotocol &ata Unit - +&U09 &ata 2ra!e "assed between A) J +./. +L)+ +acket -+L)+T+&U09 &ata +acket "assed 'ro! +./ to +./ o*er t,e Wireless ediu!.

Overview? 802.11 'r%-ite%ture

ESS E&isting Wire 0'# 36A 36A

A+ 36A Infrastru%ture #etw"rk 36A ' 5"% #etw"rk BSS 36A BSS

A+ BSS 36A

36A BSS 36A ' 5"% #etw"rk

)re2uen%y 5"$$ing an (ire%t Se2uen%e S$rea S$e%trum +e%-ni2ues 3"read 3"ectru! used to a*oid inter'erence 'ro! licensed and

ot,er non8licensed users= and 'ro! noise= e.g.= !icrowa*e o*ens 2reFuency .o""ing -2.330

Using one o' %8 ,o" seFuences= ,o" to a new # .z c,annel -out o' t,e total o' %$ c,annels0 at least e*ery G00!illiseconds

1eFuires ,o" acFuisition and sync,ronization .o"s away 'ro! inter'erence

&irect 3eFuence -&3330

Using one o' ## o*erla""ing c,annels= !ulti"ly t,e data by an ##8bit nu!ber to s"read t,e # 8sy!bolDsec data o*er ## .z

1eFuires 12 linearity o*er ## .z 3"reading yields "rocessing gain at recei*er Less i!!une to inter'erence

802.11 *-ysi%al 0ayer

+rea!ble 3ync= #H8bit 3tart 2ra!e &eli!iter= +L)+ .eader including #H8 bit .eader )1)= +&U= C28bit )1) 2.33

2 J G423A &ata W,itening 'or 7ias 3u""ression

C2DCC bit stu''ing and block in*ersion %8bit L231 scra!bler

808bit +rea!ble 3ync "attern C28bit .eader &7+3A J &:+3A &ata 3cra!bling using 88bit L231 #288bit +rea!ble 3ync "attern G88bit .eader

&333

802.11 *-ysi%al 0ayer? %"nt.

Antenna &i*ersity

ulti"at, 'ading a signal can in,ibit rece"tion ulti"le antennas can signi'icantly !ini!ize 3"acial 3e"aration o' Brt,oganality ),oose Antenna during +rea!ble 3ync "attern +resence o' +rea!ble 3ync "attern +resence o' energy
5

6SSI 3 6e%eive Signal Strengt- In i%ati"n

)o!bination o' bot,

)lear ),annel Assess!ent

1eFuire reliable indication t,at c,annel is in use to de'er trans!ission Use sa!e !ec,anis!s as 'or Antenna &i*ersity Use NAE in'or!ation

*erf"rman%e? +-e"reti%al Ma&imum +-r"ug-$ut

6,roug,"ut

nu!bers in

bitsDsec9

Assu!es #00!s beacon inter*al= 163= )63 used= no collision 3lide courtesy o' att 2isc,er= A &

1 M,it@se% MS(U si!e 9,ytes; 128 >12 >12

9frag si!e B 128;

2 M,it@se% (S 0.>1A 1.18= 0.A81 1.A20 )5 9:00ms

-"$ time;

(S 0.=8: 0.87: 0.>0= 0.708

)5 9:00ms
-"$ time;

0.=8: 0.8A7 0.>12 0.880

0.:A: 1.088 0.A>7 1.82:

2=0: