Chapter 2

MICRO-ORGANISMS
I. Bacteria
A. Anatomy
B. Reproduction
C. Bacterial Nutrition
D. Pathoen!"Application
II. #iru!e!
A. Anatomy
B. Replication $ Bacterial Re!i!tance
C. Pathoen!"Application
III. %uni
A. Anatomy
B. Reproduction
C. Pathoen!
I#. Proto&oan in'ection!
SID( BAR)
%ood-*orne out*rea+ - common pathoen!
Goal!)
De!cri*e the ,ariou! method! o' *acterial reproduction.
Di!cu!! the di''erence! in o-yen re.uirement! o' o*liate anaero*e!/ o*liate anaero*e!/ and
'acultati,e anaero*e!.
De!cri*e the lytic and ly!oenic cycle! in a ,iru!.
0i!t t1o ,iral in'ection!.
0i!t t1o 'unal in'ection!.
23
MICRO-ORGANISMS
I. BAC4(RIA
Bacteria are !inle celled orani!m! called prokaryotes. A pro+aryotic cell lac+! a nuclear
mem*rane and mem*rane-*ound oranelle!. Bacteria are named accordin to three *a!ic !hape!)
*acilli 5a !traiht rod6/ cocci 5round6 and !pirilli 5!piral6. Bacteria can *e o' pu*lic health concern
*ecau!e their in'ectiou! nature! re!ult in a !ini'icant deree o' mortality and mor*idity 1ithin the
community. Some e-ample! o' epidemic! due to *acterial in'ection are the Blac+ Plaue and
'ood-*orne out*rea+-related death! due to meat in'ected 1ith (. coli.
A. ANA4OM7
%iure 2.2. Bacterium cell
Cell wall 8 Bacteria ha,e a cell 1all made o' a poly!accharide. Gram staining i! a
techni.ue that allo1! 'or cla!!i'ication o' *acteria. A ram-po!iti,e cell ha! a ,a!t
amount a poly!accharide and con!e.uently !tain! a dar+ color. A ram-neati,e cell ha!
a le!!er amount and doe! not !tain ,ery 1ell. 4ype! o' treatment 'or *acterial in'ection
,ary dependin on the type o' *acteria. Some anti*iotic!/ !uch a! Penicillin/ inter'ere
1ith the poly!accharide !ynthe!i!/ re!ultin in the rupturin o' the ram-po!iti,e cell.
4here'ore/ 1hile .uite e''ecti,e in com*atin a ram-po!iti,e in'ection/ penicillin i!
ine''ecti,e aain!t a ram-neati,e pathoen.
Cytoplasm & ribosomes - Similar to the eu+aryotic cell!/ *acteria po!!e!! ri*o!ome!
1hich to !ynthe!i&e protein.
Genetic material - 4ypical *acteria contain dou*le-!tranded DNA in a rin !hape.
B. R(PROD9C4ION
Bacteria reproduce *y binary fission/ a type o' a!e-ual reproduction. %ir!t/
chromo!ome! are duplicated and !eparate to oppo!ite !ide! o' the *acterium. 4hen a cell
2:
1all in,aination de,elop!/ tran!,er!in the cell until it !plit! into t1o identical dauhter
cell!.
Adaptation and Cellular Change
Bacteria ea!ily alter their DNA/ not in the proce!! o' reproduction a! mo!t orani!m! do/
*ut throuh enetic recombination. Genetic recom*ination may occur in one o' three
1ay!)
Conjugation. Durin con;uation/ t1o *acterial cell! lin+ toether *y a
!tructure called a pili. DNA i! tran!'erred 'rom one cell to the other ,ia the pili.
Transformation. 4ran!'ormation i! the proce!! *y 1hich 'ree-'loatin *it! o'
*acterial DNA 5u!ually 'rom a ruptured cell 1ithin the !urroundin medium6 are
ta+en up and incorporated into a *acterial cell DNA.
Transduction. A ,iru! pac+ae! ho!t cell DNA and e,entually tran!'er! it to
another ho!t cell. 9pon enterin the ne1 ho!t cell/ the pac+aed DNA i!
tran!'erred to a ne1 ho!t.
Antibiotic Resistance -
<hen anti*iotic! 'ir!t came into u!e/ re!i!tance 1a! not a pro*lem. %rom 2=>3 to the late
2=?@!/ ne1 anti*iotic aent! 1ere de,eloped 'a!ter than the *acteria de,eloped
re!i!tance. <hile the 2=3@! and 2=:@! !a1 the di!co,ery o' many ne1 cla!!e! o'
anti*iotic aent!/ the 2=?@! and 2==@! !a1 only impro,ement! 1ithin the!e e!ta*li!hed
cla!!e!. 4here i! no1 the unea!y 'eelin that the *acteria are 1innin. No ne1 cla!!e! o'
anti*iotic aent! ha,e *een de,eloped in the pa!t 23-2@ year!/ 1hile *acterial re!i!tance
to anti*iotic! ha! *een increa!in at an alarmin rate. Bacterial re!i!tance ha! no1 *een
reported aain!t e,ery currently a,aila*le anti*iotic aent.
Causes for increased antibiotic resistance
Althouh the u!e o' anti*iotic! i! e!!ential 'or the treatment o' human di!ea!e/ it i! al!o
reconi&ed that there i! !u*!tantial unnece!!ary/ uncontrolled or !u*optimal u!e o'
anti*iotic!. (-ample! include)
treatment o' condition! 1here anti*iotic! are not indicated 5e.. common
cold!/ ,iral !ore throat!6
u!e o' prophylactic anti*iotic! 1here there i! no pro,en ,alue 5e.. to
pre,ent in'ection! a!!ociated 1ith the u!e o' urinary catheter!6
2A
non-compliance 1ith complete cour!e o' anti*iotic treatment
inade.uate do!e or duration o' anti*iotic treatment
indi!criminate u!e o' anti*iotic! 5e.. in countrie! 1here anti*iotic! are
'reely a,aila*le o,er the counter6
4he main principle o' the de,elopment o' anti*iotic re!i!tance i! B!ur,i,al o' the 'itte!tB.
Anti*iotic! +ill !u!cepti*le *acteria/ *ut re!i!tant orani!m! 1ill !ur,i,e to in'ect other
patient!.
There are several ways that bacteria acuire antibiotic resistance abilities!
2. Spontaneou! mutation! may ari!e and chane the *acterial DNA 5Dru
Re!i!tant 4B ari!e! thi! 1ay6.
2. Durin tran!'ormation 5Pennicillen re!i!tant Gonorrhea ari!e! thi! 1ay6
C. Sharin o' plasmids/ !mall circle o' DNA/ allo1! *acteria to pa!! on
re!i!tant ene!.
Bacteria can di,ide once e,ery 2@-C@ minute!/ !o o,erniht one cell can yield one *illion.
4here'ore/ once a re!i!tant mutant emere!/ it 1ill rapidly di,ide/ *ecomin the
predominant *acteria
C. BAC4(RIA0 N94RI4ION/ OD7G(N R(E9IR(M(N4S/ AND
4(MP(RA49R( FABI4A4S
Nutrition
All li'e 'orm! re.uire inta+e o' enery in the 'orm o' nutrition and are cla!!i'ied *y their
inta+e mechani!m!. Some *acteria/ autotrophs/ ac.uire nutrition *y photo!ynthe!i!. An
e-ample o' !uch *acteria i! cyano*acteria/ 1hich con,ert! liht enery into 'ood.
Con,er!ely/ heterotrophs do not ma+e their o1n 'ood and in!tead ac.uire it *y other
mean! !uch a! oranic molecule! 5car*on6 made *y another orani!m. "aprophytes
o*tain 'ood 'rom *odie! o' dead orani!m!. #arasites o*tain 'ood 'rom li,in ho!t!.
O-yen Re.uirement! and 4olerance
Some *acteria need o-yen to con,ert nutritional enery to A4P. Bacteria are cla!!i'ied
into ,ariou! cateorie! *a!ed upon their o-yen re.uirement!.
$bligate aerobes re.uire o-yen to li,e.
2?
$bligate anaerobes deri,e their enery throuh 'ermentation and cannot !ur,i,e in the
pre!ence o' o-yen.
%acultative anaerobes are a*le to !ur,i,e in either an o-yen-rich or o-yen-depleted
en,ironment.
4emperature
Bacteria can *e cla!!i'ied *y their a*ility to tolerate en,ironmental ,aria*le! !uch a!
temperature. 4houh mo!t *acteria a! a roup can ro1 in a 1ide ,ariety o'
temperature!/ each !pecie! ha! an optimal ro1th temperature.
%ever - a 'e,er i! cau!ed *y the relea!e o' a chemical/ endoenou! pyroen 5(P6/ *y
phaocyte! 5cell! o' the immune !y!tem6. 4he e-act 'unction o' a 'e,er aain!t
pathoen! i! un+no1n at thi! time/ ho1e,er/ it ha! *een theori&ed that the ele,ation in
*ody temperature enhance! the acti,ity o' the immune re!pon!e 5hiher temperature
aument! the proce!! o' phaocyto!i!6. It ha! al!o *een theori&ed that the increa!e in
temperature ma+e! the *ody inho!pita*le to *acteria - the increa!e in temperature may
increa!e *acterial re.uirement! 'or iron 1hile reducin the pla!ma iron concentration
5thu! inter'erin 1ith *acterial multiplication6.
D. PA4FOG(NS
Pathoenic *acteria that in,ade the *ody induce ti!!ue damae and produce di!ea!e! larely
*y relea!in en&yme! or to-in! that phy!ically in;ure or di!rupt a''ected cell!. Some
e-ample! o' pathoenic *acteria ha,e *een li!ted in the !ide *ar portion o' thi! chapter.
e&oto&in - a poi!onou! !u*!tance produced and !ecreted *y !ome *acteria into it!
!urroundin!. Di''erent e-oto-in! a''ect di''erent part! o' the ti!!ue ho!t.
endoto&in - i! a poly!accharide 'ound on the !ur'ace o' !ome *acteria that/ once in contact
1ith ho!t cell!/ initiate! an immune re!pon!e.
Similaritie!
Both cell type! G
Di''erence!
(u+aryote! Pro+aryote!
Summary:
Similarities and
Differences
between
Eukaryotic and
Prokaryotic
Fa,e DNA a! their
enetic material.
Are mem*rane *ound.
Fa,e ri*o!ome!.
Fa,e !imilar *a!ic
meta*oli!m proce!!e!.
Fa,e ,ery di,er!e
'orm!.
Nucleu! pre!ent
Mem*rane-*ound
oranelle!
DNA contained
1ithin the nucleu!
On a,erae/ a*out ten
time! the !i&e o'
pro+aryotic cell!.
0ac+ nucleu!
0ac+ mem*rane-
*ound oranelle!
DNA 'loat! 'reely
around the cell
Smaller than
eu+aryotic cell!
2=
cells
Cell 1all! di''er -
*ilipid layer
Cell 1all
compo!ed mainly
o' peptidolycan
II. #IR9S
#iral in'ection! are another !ini'icant pu*lic health concern. 4here i! no treatment 'or ,iral
in'ection! yet. Some ,iral in'ection! !uch a! in'luen&a 5the 'lu6 or rhiniti! 5runny no!e6 are u!ually
de'eated *y the *odyH! immune !y!tem or natural de'en!e!. Fo1e,er/ other ,iral in'ection! !uch
a! FI# 5Fuman immunode'iciency ,iru!6/ FP# 5Fuman papilloma ,iru!6/ and Ferpe! are una*le
to *e de'eated *y the immune !y!tem and in!tead liner and !lo1ly damae the orani!m or
reappear later. Pu*lic health o''icial! promote u!e o' ,accine! 1here a,aila*le and hyienic
techni.ue! that minimi&e the e-po!ure to and tran!mi!!ion o' a ,iru! 'rom per!on to per!on.
%iure 2.2. AIDS ,iru!
A. ANA4OM7
A ,iru! con!i!t! o' a protein coat 5cap!id6 and nucleic acid 5RNA or DNA6 that re!ide! in!ide
the cap!id. Occa!ionally a ,iru! 1ill *e enclo!ed in a protein en,elope deri,ed 'rom a ho!t
cell.
B. R(P0ICA4ION
A ,iru! *y it!el' lac+! the a*ility to replicate and thu! re.uire! a ho!t cell to pro,ide the
ImachineryJ 'or it! replication. 4here are t1o mechani!m! that a ,iru! may u!e to replicate)
'ytic cycle
2. #iru! attache! it!el' to the ho!t cell.
2. 4he ,iru! in;ect! it! nucleic acid into the ho!t cell.
2@
C. 4he ,iral nucleic acid i! encoded 1ith in!truction! that allo1 utili&ation o' the ho!t
cell! machinery to ma+e multiple copie! o' it!el'. 4he!e proeny remain in!ide the
ho!t cell.
>. <hen the ho!t cell can not accommodate any more proeny/ it *ur!t! open relea!in
,iral particle! into it! !urroundin!.
'ysogenic cycle
2. #iru! attache! it!el' to the ho!t cell.
2. #iru! in;ect! it! nucleic acid into the ho!t cell.
C. #iral DNA interate! into ho!t DNA.
>. 4he ,iru! i! replicated e,ery time the ho!t cell underoe! di,i!ion.
3. Certain condition! prompt the interated DNA to enter the lytic cycle.
C. (DAMP0(S"APP0ICA4ION
(-ample! o' ,iral in'ection! include the common cold/ in'luen&a/ FI#/ Fepatiti!/ and
!ome !e-ually tran!mitted di!ea!e! !uch a! FP#.

III. %9NGI
%uni are nonmotile/ multicellular eu+aryote!. One e-ception i! yea!t 1hich are unicellular 'uni.
%uni po!!e!! all o' the 'eature! that di!tinui!h eu+aryote! 'rom pro+aryote!/ !uch a! nuclei/
ho1e,er they al!o ha,e 'eature! uni.ue to them!el,e!. %uni are !imilar in !tructure to plant!/
ho1e,er/ they lac+ chlorophyll and are una*le to carry out photo!ynthe!i! 'or enery. %unal
in'ection! can *e di,ided into t1o cateorie!) endemic and opportuni!tic in'ection!. (ndemic
in'ection! are tho!e that are pre!ent at normal le,el! 1ithin a community due to eoraphic or
cultural condition!. Opportuni!tic in'ection! are tho!e that proli'erate 1hen certain condition!
1ithin an orani!m are depre!!ed or altered. (-ample! o' endemic 'unal in'ection! include
AthleteH! 'oot and Rin <orm. (-ample! o' opportuni!tic in'ection! include Candidiasis
Albicans 5yea!t in'ection!6 and Cryptococcus neoformans in'ection o' the lun! in immune
compromi!ed patient!. Pu*lic health 1or+er! 'ocu! on !trateie! to pre,ent tran!mi!!ion o' !uch
in'ection!.
A. ANA4OM7
%uni ha,e cell 1all! that are made o' chitin/ a poly!accharide. Cell! are multinucleated
and do not ha,e di!tinct cell di,i!ion!.
B. R(PROD9C4ION
22
%uni can reproduce either a!e-ually or !e-ually.
Ase&ual reproduction. A!e-ual reproduction o' 'uni can occur either *y *uddin/
'ramentation/ or !pore production. Reardle!! o' the method u!ed to a!e-ually
reproduce/ the re!ultin 'unu! i! a enetic clone o' the oriinal 'unu!.
(udding. In *uddin/ a ne1 !maller hyphu! 5or !inle cell6 ro1! out1ard
'rom an e-i!tin one.
%ragmentation. In 'ramentation/ the net1or+ o' hyphae can *e *ro+en into
!mall piece!/ each o' 1hich de,elop! it!el' into a !eparate mycelium.
"pore formation. Spore 'ormation re!ult! in the relea!e o' tiny !pore! 'rom
one cell. 4he!e !pore! mirate and 'louri!h into 'uni i,en the riht
en,ironmental condition!.
"e&ual reproduction. Se-ual reproduction allo1! 'or recom*ination o' enetic
material!.
C. PA4FOG(NS
Ring )orm
Dermatophyto!i!/ commonly +no1n a! rin1orm/ i! a eneral term that de!cri*e! a
'unal in'ection o' hair/ nail!/ and the dead/ +eratini&ed upper layer! o' the !+in.
Rin1orm in'ection i! clinically cla!!i'ied accordin to the *ody area in,ol,ed) tinea
5latin 1ord meanin Kna1in 1ormK capiti! 5rin1orm o' the !calp6/ tinea corpori!
5rin1orm o' the *ody6/ tinea pedi! 5athleteB! 'oot6/ tinea cruri! 5rin1orm o' the roin 6.
A rin1orm in'ection enerally pre!ent! it!el' on the !+in a! red/ !caly patche!. 4he!e
patche! *ecome prore!!i,ely larer and the *order increa!e! 1hile the center area clear!
- i,in ri!e to a rin-li+e le!ion. Rin1orm in'ection i! u!ually !uper'icial and doe! not
*ecome !y!temic. Fo1e,er/ due to the hih pre,alence o' thi! di!ea!e lo*ally/
e!pecially in area! 1ith a humid and 1arm en,ironment and 1here there i! a lac+ o'
hyienic condition!/ thi! di!ea!e i! o' pu*lic health !ini'icance. Rin1orm i!
tran!mitted to human! throuh either direct contact 1ith in'ected animal!/ per!on!/ or !oil
or throuh 'omite! 5an inanimate o*;ect that act! a! a tran!mi!!ion ,ehicle6 !uch a!
com*!/ to1el!/ *lan+et!/ or !hear!.
I#. PRO4OLOAN IN%(C4IONS
To&oplasmosis i! cau!ed *y in'ection *y the orani!m/ Toxoplasma gondii/ a common proto&oan
para!ite. 4o-opla!mo!i! i! commonly tran!mitted throuh inhalation or ine!tion o' oocyte!
22
'ound in ra1 meat/ !oil/ and in the 'ecal matter o' cat!. 4o-opla!mo!i! i! u!ually a!ymptomatic
in mo!t healthy adult!/ ho1e,er/ it can ha,e !eriou! con!e.uence! 'or an un*orn child. In'ection
durin prenancy can re!ult in !pontaneou! mi!carriae or *irth o' a li,e in'ant 1ith !e,ere
conenital de'ect! !uch a! hydrocephalu!/ microcephalu! or other neuroloical in,ol,ement.
SID( BAR
Application! %ood*borne outbreaks
Bacterial and ,iral pathoen! are u!ually the culprit! in a 'ood poi!onin out*rea+. (pidemioloi!t!
re'erence a chart !imilar to the one *elo1 to a!!i!t them 1ith determinin the 'ood-*orne contaminant in
!uch an out*rea+.
Pathoen Symptom!
Incu*ation
PeriodM
Common Source!
BAC4(RIA0 PA4FOG(NS
Shiella
%e,er/ nau!ea/ cramp!/ *lood
diarrhea
22 8 =: hour!
%ecal contamination o' 'ood/
dairy and mild product!
Clo!tridium
per'rinen!
Sudden on!et diarrhea and
crampinN NO 'e,er and
,omitin pre!ent
: 8 2> hour! Meat di!he!/ ra,y
Clo!tridium
*otuli!m
Blurred ,i!ion/ dry mouth/
,omitin/ prore!!i,ely
de!cendin paraly!i!
22 8 C: hour!
Improperly canned 'ruit!/
,eeta*le!
Staphylococcu!
aureu!
Sudden and !e,ere nau!ea/
,omitin/ cramp!
2 8 > hour!
Pa!trie!/ !alad dre!!in/
cu!tard!/ !liced meat!
Salmonella
Feadache/ diarrhea/ nau!ea/
'e,er/ cramp!
22 8 C: hour!
Ra1 e!/ unpa!teuri&ed mil+/
chic+en
#i*rio cholera
Sudden on!et o' 1atery
diarrhea/ dehydration
2 8C day!
Contaminated 1ater/ ra1 or
under coo+ed meat!
#i*rio
parahaemolyticu!
<atery diarrhea/ crampin 22 8 2> hour! Ra1 or undercoo+ed !ea'ood
(!chericia coli Diarrhea/ crampin
#arie! - rane) =
8 A2 hour!
%ecal contamination o' 1ater
!upply or 'ood. %omite
tran!mi!!ion i! al!o po!!i*le.
#IRA0 PA4FOG(NS
Nor1al+ #iru!
Nau!ea/ ,omitin/ diarrhea/
headache/ lo1 rade 'e,er
2> 8 >? hour!
9n+no1nN may*e 'ood and
1ater-*orne tran!mi!!ion.
Fepatiti! A
%e,er/ malai!e/ nau!ea/
anore-ia/ ;aundice
23 8 3@ day!
%ecal contamination o' 1ater/
!alad!/ ra1 or undercoo+ed
!hell 'i!h.
M Incu*ation period i! the time 'rom e-po!ure to pathoen to the time that clinical illne!! *ein! 5!ymptom!
appear6.

2C