RADAR (radio detection and ranging)

Radar is an electromagnetic system for the detection and location of

reflecting objects such as aircraft, ships, spacecraft, vehicles, people and
natural environment.
It operates by radiating energy into space and detecting the echo signal
reflected from an object or target.
By comparing the received echo signal with the transmitted signal its location
can be determined.
It can operate in darkness, haze, fog, rain and snow.
Radar range equation is
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BASIC PRINCIPLE OF RADAR
transmitter generates an electromagnetic signal that is radiated into space
by an antenna.
transmitter generates an electromagnetic signal that is radiated into space
by an antenna.
portion of the transmitted energy is intercepted by the target and reradiated
in many directions.
!he reradiation directed back towards the radar is collected by the radar
antenna, which delivers it to a receiver.
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!here it is processed to detect the presence of the target and determine its
location.
single antenna is usually used on a time"shared basis for both transmitting
and receiving when the radar waveform is a repetitive series of pulses.
!he range, or distance, to a target is found by measuring the time it takes for
the radar signal to travel to the target and return back to the radar.
CONTINUOUS WAVE RADAR
#igure $.%imple &' radar block diagram that e(tracts the )oppler frequency shift from a moving target and rejects
stationary clutter echoes
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. !he block diagram of very simple &' radar that utilizes the )oppler
frequency shift to detect moving targets.
*nlike pulse radar, &' radar transmits while it receives.
'ithout the )oppler shift produced by the movement of the target, the weak
&' echo signal would not be detected in the presence of the much stronger
signal from the transmitter.
#iltering in the frequency domain is used to separate the weak )oppler"
shifted echo signal from the strong transmitter signal in &' radar.
!he transmitter generates a continuous +unmodulated, sinusoidal oscillation
at frequency which is then radiated by the antenna.
-n reflection by a moving target, the transmitted signal is shifted by the
)oppler .ffect by an amount /fd,
!he plus sign applies when the distance between radar and target is
decreasing +a closing target,0 thus, the echo signal from a closing target has a
larger frequency than that which was transmitted.
!he minus sign applies when the distance is increasing +a receding target,.
!o utilize the )oppler "frequency shift radar must be able to recognize that
the received echo signal has a frequency different from that which was
transmitted.
!his is the function of that portion of the transmitter signal that finds its way
+or leaks, into the receiver,
!he transmitter leakage signal acts as a reference to determine that a
frequency change has taken place.
!he detector0 or mi(er, multiplies the echo signal at a frequency ft / fd with
the transmitter leakage signal.
!he )oppler filter allows the difference frequency from the detector to pass
and rejects the higher frequencies
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PULSE RADAR
#igure 1.Block diagram of a simple pulse radar that e(tracts the )oppler frequency shift of
the echo signal from a moving target.
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2ulse Radar !hat .(tracts the )oppler #requency"%hifted .cho %ignal -ne
cannot simply convert the &' radar to pulse radar by turning the &'
oscillator on and off to generate pluses.
3enerating pulses in this manner also removes the reference signal at the
receiver, which is needed to recognize that a )oppler frequency shift has
occurred.
!he output of a stable &' oscillator is amplified by a high"power amplifier.
!he amplifier is turned on and off +modulated, to generate a series of high"
power pulses.
!he received echo signal is mi(ed with the output of the &' oscillator
which acts as a coherent reference to allow recognition of any change in the
received echo"signal frequency.
By coherent is meant that the phase of the transmitted pulse is preserved
in the reference signal.
!he change in frequency is detected +recognized, by the )oppler filter.
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