PROJECT REPORT

ON
SOIL MOISTURE CONTROL
&
WATERING SYSTEM



Submitted by:
HEMLATA
SURBHI JOSHI
SHIKHA SHARMA
VANDANA FARSWAN
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The project bears the imprints of the efforts extended by many
people to whom we are deeply indebted.
We would like to thank my mentor.. under whose
guidance we gained the insights and ideas without which the
project could not have seen the light of the day. His suggestions
have been valuable and his teachings during the course of our
discussion would continue to be a guiding principle in our works
in the future as well.
Finally, I would like to thank the our college for providing us an
opportunity to apply our technical knowledge and see it
materialize in the form of this project.








CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work on MICROCONTROLLER BASED SOIL
MOISTURE CONTROL AND WATERING SYSTEM submitted to GOVERNMENT
POLYTECHNIC PITHUWALA DEHRADUN, by Shikha Sharma, Hemlata, Surbhi
Joshi, Vandana Farswan a major project in Diploma Of Electronics Engineering
Academic session 2013-2014 is a bonafide work carried out by them under my
supervision and guidance.


Submitted to:
REKHA ASWAL
(H.O.D. ELECTRONICS ENGG.)







TABLE OF CONTENTS:
1. Introduction
2. Objective
3. Block Diagram
4. Circuit Diagram
5. Component List
6. Hardware Description
7. References










INTRODUCTION
An soil moisture control and watering system detects a moisture level
within the soil. The soil moisture control and watering system may be
implemented in combination with a conventional automatic watering system
to accurately control a moisture content of a plot of soil. Since a plant
draws water directly from the soil, the soil moisture control and watering
system is adapted for controlling the moisture content of the soil itself, by
measuring the moisture content within the soil. The watering period of an
automatic watering system may be changed, based upon a detected
moisture content within a plot of soil.
The soil moisture control and watering system of the present invention
detects a moisture level within the soil. The soil moisture control and
watering system is relatively unaffected by soil salinity, and the materials of
the automatic moisture sensing and watering system do not deteriorate in
soil. The automatic moisture sensing and watering system of the present
invention may be implemented in combination with a conventional
automatic watering system to accurately control a moisture content of a plot
of soil.
Since a plant draws water directly from the soil, the automatic moisture
sensing and watering system is adapted for controlling the moisture content
of the soil itself, by measuring the moisture content within the soil. The
watering period of an automatic watering system may be changed, based
upon a detected moisture content within a plot of soil. Alternatively, an
amount of water to be applied at a next watering period may be changed,
based upon a detected moisture content within the plot of soil.






OBJECTIVE

The main objective of soil moisture control and watering system is to
significantly to reduce the unnecessary use of water. It automatically detect
a moisture level of soil and apply sufficient water. According to one aspect
of the present invention, an apparatus for controlling the level of moisture in
a plot of soil includes a radiation path adapted for receiving radiation and
transmitting radiation there through, a radiation source adapted for emitting
radiation into the radiation path, and a radiation receiver adapted for
receiving radiation from the radiation path.
The apparatus further includes a determiner adapted for determining a
treatment of water to be applied to the plot of soil, based upon an amount
of radiation received by the radiation receiver.












BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to lawn sprinkler systems and,
more particularly, to lawn sprinkler systems which can be automatically
controlled to vary the amount of water applied to the lawn.
2. Description of Related Art
The growth and maintenance of many plants, trees, and crops is often
dependent upon an adequate or regular supply of water. Indoor plants can
be watered by hand at predetermined intervals. Similarly, many crops are
automatically watered with sprinkler systems at regular intervals.
Most lawns or cultivated fields are too large to water all at once with an
automatic watering system. The flow capacity and associated pressure of a
typical watering system is inadequate to accomplish a single watering of
the entire area. Automatic lawn sprinkler systems are thus typically divided
into sections, zones, or stations, with each station being automatically
watered consecutively during a given watering period. A typical watering
period for a lawn, for example, might range between several times a day to
once in several weeks.
In addition to the low-pressure problems associated with many municipal
watering distribution systems, water shortages are often encountered, as
well. Many municipalities have imposed watering restrictions, based upon
either the municipal water distribution system's inadequate ability to keep
up with demand, water shortages, or a combination of both. A typical
watering restriction imposes a maximum number of permissible waterings
per week, for example. Although watering can be scheduled at any time
during a given day, it is generally desirably to water in the early morning
hours when there is less wind and consequently less evaporation.
A typical automatic lawn sprinkler system can be programmed to deliver a
predetermined amount of water at each pre-set watering period, per
watering zone.

PROGRAM CODING

#include<avr/io.h>
#include<util/delay.h>
void main()
{
DDRB=ob11111111;
DDRA&=~(1<<0);
PORTA!=(1<<0);
While(1);
{
If(PINA&1)
{
PORTB=0b00000000;
}
Else if (!PINA&1)
{
PORTB=0b00000001;
}
}



















Soil Moisture Sensor

This moisture sensor can read the amount of moisture present in the soil surrounding it.
It's a low tech sensor, but ideal for monitoring an urban garden, or your pet plant's water
level. This is a must have tool for a connected garden!

This sensor uses the two probes to pass current through the soil, & then it reads that
resistance to get the moisture level. More water makes the soil conduct electricity more
easily (less resistance), while dry soil conducts electricity poorly more resistance.

It will be helpful to remind you to water your indoor plants or to monitor the soil
moisture in your garden. The IO Expansion Shield is the perfect shield to connect this
senor to any microcontroller.






FEATURE OF SOIL MIOSTURE SENSOR

Easy to use .

Power supply: 3.3v or 5v

Output voltage signal: 0~4.2v

Current: 35mA

Pins Digital output, Vcc & Gnd

Size: 60x20x5cm























COMPONENT LIST
1. Diode IN4007.
2. Atmega 16.
3. Regulator LM7812.
4. Regulator LM7805.
5. Resistance 330 ohm.
6. LED's.
7. LCD (16x2 MATRIX).
8. 22pf Capacitor.
9. Crystal Oscillator 16 Mghrt.
10. Electronic Opening Wall.
11. Soil Moisture Sensor.
12. Reset Switch.
13. AC Motor.
14. Relay 6V/220V.
15. PCB Plate.
16. Eatching Solution.
17. 6 Pin Male-Female Connectors.
18.Male-Female Brd Strip.


Introduction to the Atmel ATmega16
Microcontroller

Objective:
Identify the Atmel ATmega16 microcontroller, STK500 Development Board,
and associated hardware.
Create a new project in AVR Studio, and populate the project with pre-
existing code.
Use AVR Studio to compile code in ANSI C.
Use AVR Studio to program the ATmega16 microcontroller.

Components:
Qty. Item
1 Atmel ATmega16 microcontroller mounted to an STK500 development
board
1 Serial programming cable
1 12 VDC power supply
1 6-pin ribbon cable
1 2-wire female-female jumper
2 10-wire female-female jumper
ATmega16 General Description
The ATmega16 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR
enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single
clock cycle, the ATmega16 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz
allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus
processing speed.
ATmega16 Feature
High-performance, Low-power Atmel AVR 8-bit Microcontroller
Advanced RISC Architecture
131 Powerful Instructions Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
Fully Static Operation
Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz
On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments
16 Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory
512 Bytes EEPROM
1 Kbyte Internal SRAM
Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM
Data retention: 20 years at 85C/100 years at 25C(1)
Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
True Read-While-Write Operation
Programming Lock for Software Security
JTAG (IEEE std. 1149.1 Compliant) Interface
Boundary-scan Capabilities According to the JTAG Standard
Extensive On-chip Debug Support
Programming of Flash, EEPROM, Fuses, and Lock Bits through the JTAG
Interface
Peripheral Features
Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes
One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and
Capture
Mode
Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
Four PWM Channels
8-channel, 10-bit ADC
8 Single-ended Channels
7 Differential Channels in TQFP Package Only
2 Differential Channels with Programmable Gain at 1x, 10x, or 200x
Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
Programmable Serial USART
Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
On-chip Analog Comparator
Special Microcontroller Features
Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
External and Internal Interrupt Sources
Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down,
Standby
and Extended Standby
I/O and Packages
32 Programmable I/O Lines
40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad QFN/MLF
Operating Voltages
2.7V 5.5V for ATmega16L
4.5V 5.5V for ATmega16
Speed Grades
0 8 MHz for ATmega16L
0 16 MHz for ATmega16
Power Consumption @ 1 MHz, 3V, and 25C for ATmega16L

PIN DIAGRAM









ATmega16 is an 8-bit high performance microcontroller of Atmels
Mega AVR family with low power consumption. Atmega16 is based on
enhanced RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing, Know more
about RISC and CISC Architecture) architecture with 131 powerful
instructions. Most of the instructions execute in one machine cycle.
Atmega16 can work on a maximum frequency of 16MHz.

ATmega16 has 16 KB programmable flash memory, static RAM of 1 KB
and EEPROM of 512 Bytes. The endurance cycle of flash memory and
EEPROM is 10,000 and 100,000, respectively.

ATmega16 is a 40 pin microcontroller. There are 32 I/O (input/output) lines
which are divided into four 8-bit ports designated as PORTA, PORTB,
PORTC and PORTD.

Printed circuit board
.




A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically
connects electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other
features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-
conductive substrate. PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer), double
sided (two copper layers) or multi-layer. Conductors on different layers are
connected with plated-through holes calledvias. Advanced PCBs may
contain components - capacitors, resistors or active devices - embedded in
the substrate.
Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products.
Alternatives to PCBs include wire wrap and point-to-point construction.
PCBs require the additional design effort to lay out the circuit but
manufacturing and assembly can be automated. Manufacturing circuits with
PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods as component
are mounted and wired with one single part. Furthermore, operator wiring
errors are eliminated.
When the board has only copper connections and no embedded
components it is more correctly called a printed wiring board (PWB)
or etched wiring board. Although more accurate, the term printed wiring
board has fallen into disuse. A PCB populated with electronic components
is called a printed circuit assembly (PCA), printed circuit board
assembly or PCB assembly (PCBA). The IPC preferred term for assembled
boards is circuit card assembly (CCA),
[1]
for assembled backplanes it
is backplane assemblies. The term PCB is used informally both for bare
and assembled board.
[2]

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM TO PCB LAYOUT 1
V. Ryan 2002

Circuit Diagram
This could be drawn using software such as Crocodile
Clips or by hand.

PCB Layout
The transistor circuit has been converted to a PCB
layout. It can now be manufactured and the
components soldered in position.



Draw a circuit diagram that represents a circuit you have designed in the past. Work out the PCB version and draw it
alongside.


Resistor
Resistor

A typical axial-lead resistor
Type Passive
Working principle Electric resistance
Electronic symbol

1. US standard
2. IEC standard


A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a
circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time, act to lower voltage
levels within circuits. Resistors may have fixed resistances or variable resistances, such as those
found in thermistors, varistors, trimmers, photoresistors and potentiometers.
The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals.
This relationship is represented byOhm's law:
Diode.


Closeup of a diode, showing the square-shaped semiconductor crystal(black object on left).


Various semiconductor diodes. Bottom: A bridge rectifier. In most diodes, a white or black painted band identifies
the cathode terminal, that is, the terminal that positive charge (conventional current) will flow out of when the diode is
conducting.
[1][2][3][4]



Structure of a vacuum tube diode..
In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal electronic component with asymmetric conductance; it has
low (ideally zero) resistance to currentin one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the
other. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystallinepiece
of semiconductor material with a pn junction connected to two electrical terminals.
[5]
A vacuum
tube diode has two electrodes, aplate (anode) and a heated cathode. Semiconductor diodes were
the first semiconductor electronic devices. The discovery of crystals'rectifying abilities was made by
German physicist Ferdinand Braun in 1874. The first semiconductor diodes, called cat's whisker
diodes, developed around 1906, were made of mineral crystals such as galena. Today, most diodes
are made of silicon, but other semiconductors such as selenium or germanium are sometimes
used.
[6]

Light-emitting diode
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"LED" redirects here. For other uses, see LED (disambiguation).
Light-emitting diode

Blue, pure green, and red LEDs in 5mm diffused cases
Type Passive, optoelectronic
Working principle Electroluminescence
Invented Oleg Losev (1927)
[1][2][3]

James R. Biard (1961)
[4]

Nick Holonyak (1962)
[5]

First production 1968
[6]

Pin configuration anode and cathode
Electronic symbol

Dual in-line package
"PDIP" redirects here. PDIP may also refer to Indonesian Democratic Party Struggle.


Three 14-pin (DIP14) plastic dual in-line packages containing IC chips.


Sockets for 16-, 14-, and 8-pin packages.
In microelectronics, a dual in-line package (DIP or DIL
[1]
) is an electronic device package with a
rectangular housing and two parallel rows of electrical connecting pins. The package may
be through-hole mounted to a printed circuit board or inserted in a socket. Dual-in-line packages
were developed in the 1960s when the restricted number of leads available on transistor-style
packages became a limitation in the use of integrated circuits.
[2]
Increasingly complex circuits
required more signal and power supply leads (as observed in Rent's rule); eventually
microprocessors and similar complex devices required more leads than could be put on a DIP
package, leading to development of higher-density packages.
A DIP is usually referred to as a DIPn, where n is the total number of pins. For example, a
microcircuit package with two rows of seven vertical leads would be a DIP14. The photograph at the
upper right shows three DIP14 ICs. Common packages have as few as four and as many as 64
leads. Many analog and digital integrated circuit types are available in DIP packages, as are arrays
of transistors, switches, light emitting diodes, and resistors. DIP plugs for ribbon cables can be used
with standard IC sockets.
DIP packages are usually made from an opaque molded epoxy plastic pressed around a tin-, silver-,
or gold-plated lead frame that supports the device die and provides connection pins. Some types of
IC are made in ceramic DIP packages, where high temperature or high reliability is required, or
where the device has an optical window to the interior of the package. Most DIP packages are
secured to aprinted circuit board by inserting the pins through holes in the board and soldering them
in place. Where frequent replacement of the parts is desired, such as in test fixtures or where
programmable devices must be removed for changes, a DIP socket is used. Some sockets include
a zero insertion force mechanism.
Variations of the DIP package include those with only a single row of pins, possibly including a heat
sink tab in place of the second row of pins, and types with four rows of pins, two rows, staggered, on
each side of the package. DIP packages have been mostly displaced by surface-mount package
types, which avoid the expense of drilling holes in a printed circuit board and which allow higher
density of interconnections.

Connecting Wire
.


A connecting wire is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are used to
bear mechanical loads or electricity andtelecommunications signals. Wire is commonly formed
by drawing the metal through a hole in a die or draw plate. Wire gauges come in
various standard sizes, as expressed in terms of a gauge number. The term wire is also used more
loosely to refer to a bundle of such strands, as in 'multistranded wire', which is more correctly termed
a wire rope in mechanics, or a cable in electricity.
Wire comes in solid core, stranded, or braided forms. Although usually circular in cross-section, wire
can be made in square, hexagonal, flattened rectangular, or other cross-sections, either for
decorative purposes, or for technical purposes such as high-efficiency voice coilsin loudspeakers.
Edge-wound
[1]
coil springs, such as the Slinky toy, are made of special flattened wire.
L293D
CP034
Image:

DataSheet:
L293D.pdf
L293D is a dual H-bridge motor driver integrated circuit (IC). Motor drivers act as current amplifiers since they take
a low-current control signal and provide a higher-current signal. This higher current signal is used to drive the
motors.

L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits. In its common mode of operation, two DC motors can be
driven simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction. The motor operations of two motors can be controlled
by input logic at pins 2 & 7 and 10 & 15. Input logic 00 or 11 will stop the corresponding motor. Logic 01 and 10
will rotate it in clockwise and anticlockwise directions, respectively.

Enable pins 1 and 9 (corresponding to the two motors) must be high for motors to start operating. When an enable
input is high, the associated driver gets enabled. As a result, the outputs become active and work in phase with their
inputs. Similarly, when the enable input is low, that driver is disabled, and their outputs are off and in the high-
impedance state.

Pin Diagram:

Pin Description:


Pin No Function Name
1 Enable pin for Motor 1; active high Enable 1,2
2 Input 1 for Motor 1 Input 1
3 Output 1 for Motor 1 Output 1
4 Ground (0V) Ground
5 Ground (0V) Ground
6 Output 2 for Motor 1 Output 2
7 Input 2 for Motor 1 Input 2
8 Supply voltage for Motors; 9-12V (up to 36V) Vcc
2

9 Enable pin for Motor 2; active high Enable 3,4
10 Input 1 for Motor 1 Input 3
11 Output 1 for Motor 1 Output 3
12 Ground (0V) Ground
13 Ground (0V) Ground
14 Output 2 for Motor 1 Output 4
15 Input2 for Motor 1 Input 4
16 Supply voltage; 5V (up to 36V)
Vcc
1


Capacitor
Capacitor

Miniature low-voltage capacitors (next to a cm ruler)
Electronic symbol



A typical electrolytic capacitor


4 electrolytic capacitors of different voltages and capacitance


Solid-body, resin-dipped 10 F 35 Vtantalum capacitors. The + sign indicates the positive lead.
A capacitor (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used
to store energyelectrostatically in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but
all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (i.e., insulator). The
conductors can be thin films of metal, aluminum foil or disks, etc. The 'nonconducting' dielectric acts
to increase the capacitor's charge capacity. A dielectric can be glass, ceramic, plastic film, air, paper,
mica, etc. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical
devices. Unlike aresistor, a capacitor does not dissipate energy. Instead, a capacitor
stores energy in the form of an electrostatic field between its plates.
When there is a potential difference across the conductors (e.g., when a capacitor is attached across
a battery), an electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge (+Q) to collect on
one plate and negative charge (-Q) to collect on the other plate. If a battery has been attached to a
capacitor for a sufficient amount of time, no current can flow through the capacitor. However, if an
accelerating or alternating voltage is applied across the leads of the capacitor, a displacement
current can flow.
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value for its capacitance. Capacitance is
expressed as the ratio of theelectric charge (Q) on each conductor to the potential difference (V)
between them. The SI unit of capacitance is the farad (F), which is equal to one coulomb per volt (1
C/V). Typical capacitance values range from about 1 pF (10
12
F) to about 1 mF (10
3
F).
The capacitance is greater when there is a narrower separation between conductors and when the
conductors have a larger surface area. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small
amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit, known as the breakdown
voltage. The conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating
current to pass. In analog filter networks, they smooth the output of power supplies. In resonant
circuits they tune radios to particular frequencies. In electric power transmission systems they
stabilize voltage and power flow.

































REFERENCES

http://www.circuit today.com

http://www.led-ind.com

http://www.led-signs.com

http://dr.indiamart.com/impact/soil-moisture-sensor.html/

http://www.bing.com/search?q=Moisture+sensor&FORM=QSRE2

http://www.google.com/PATANTS/US6079433