Centre Number

Candidate Number

Name

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

5014/01

Paper 1
October/November 2005
2 hours 15 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials: Ruler (cm/mm)

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen in the spaces provided on the Question Paper.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
Answer all questions.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
All questions in Section A carry 10 marks.
Both questions in Section B carry 40 marks.

FOR EXAMINERS USE

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missing, please fill in your correct details
in the space given at the top of this page.
Stick your personal label here, if
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3
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This document consists of 23 printed pages and 1 blank page.

SPA (CW/CGW) S90852/3
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2
Section A

(a) The diagram shows a wind turbine.

A
A

up to
100 m

support structure
cable

transformer
output

ground level
(i)

What is shown by the arrows lettered A?

...................................................

[1]

(ii)

What is the output from the transformer?

...................................................

[1]

(b) The map shows where it is planned to build new wind turbines in the U.K.
N

North
Sea

Irish
Sea

Key:
planned wind turbine
areas for further
development
B

N
C
W

E
S

English Channel
0
100
Km

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(i)

Describe the location of the wind turbines.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[3]

(ii)

Local people often disagree with energy providers about where wind turbines
should be located. Why?
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[3]

(c) Why are some countries reducing their production of nuclear power?
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]

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2

(a) The graphs show information about world fish catches.

million
tonnes

total weight of
fish caught

million
tonnes

120

120

90

90

60

60

30

30

0
1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

0
2000

year

Kg
25

average
world fish
catch per
person

20

20

15

15

10

10

0
1950

(i)

1960

1970
year

1980

1990

0
2000

By approximately how much did the total weight of fish caught increase between
1950 and its peak in 1989?
...................... million tonnes

(ii)

Kg
25

[1]

Compare the general trend in total weight of fish caught with the average catch per
person between 1970 and 1985.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[1]

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(iii)

Why should the trend shown by graph B after 1990 be a cause for concern?
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[1]

(b) (i)

Describe measures being used to try to conserve and increase marine fish stocks.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[4]

(ii)

Suggest why attempts to conserve marine fish stocks are not always successful.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[3]

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3

(a) The climate graph is for a Tropical savanna area in the northern hemisphere.
Temperature
C
35

Temperature
C
35

30

30

25

25

Rainfall mm
200

Rainfall mm
200

150

150

100

100

50

50

J FMAMJ J ASOND

(i)

Complete the graph to show the rainfall of 210 mm in August.

(ii)

Describe the rainfall distribution at this weather station.

[1]

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]
(b) The savanna vegetation in the area is grassland with scattered trees.
(i)

How and why does the grass change during a year?

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]

(ii)

State one way in which the trees are adapted to survive between October and
April.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[1]

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(c) Some areas of Tropical savanna grassland are used by nomadic pastoralists. Suggest
how and why their way of life could damage the vegetation and soils in the areas they
use.

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..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[4]

(a) The diagram shows the carbon cycle.

carbon dioxide in
atmosphere
X

gradual production of
fossil fuels
coal, oil
and gas
(i)

Where does the carbon in plants come from?

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii)

Name the process shown by the arrow labelled X. ...............................................[1]

(iii)

With the help of the diagram, explain how carbon dioxide is transferred to the
atmosphere by human activity.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]

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(b) (i)

Strategies are being used to reduce the rate at which carbon dioxide levels in the
atmosphere are rising. Describe two of these strategies.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]

(ii)

Suggest why some governments do not support international attempts to reduce

carbon dioxide emissions.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[4]

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9
Section B

Composition of the lower atmosphere

1

Nitrogen

78.0%

Oxygen

20.9%

Argon (an inert gas)

Small and variable amounts of water vapour and carbon dioxide

Solid particles dust, smoke and salt crystals

(a) (i)

0.9%
0.2%

Complete the divided bar graph and key to show the composition of the lower
atmosphere.
Key:

Nitrogen
Oxygen

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Others

Atmosphere (%)
[3]
(ii)

Which gas is present in the atmosphere as a result of evaporation?

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(iii)

Choose one of the solid particles in the atmosphere.

Name a source for this type of particle. State where its concentration in the
atmosphere is likely to be greater than average.
Source ......................................................................................................................
Greater concentration ...............................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]

(iv)

Amounts of carbon dioxide and water vapour in the atmosphere are small, but they
are very important. Explain why.
Carbon dioxide
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

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Water vapour
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[4]
(b) More information about the Earths atmosphere is given below.

30 000

30000

97% of
atmosphere
below this level

Ozone
layer

Stratosphere

20 000
Height (metres)

Height (metres)

20000
17 000

Tro
p

opa

use

10000

10 000
CumuloCumulus
nimbus
clouds

Troposphere
(Lower atmosphere)

8000

Lowest and
densest part
of the
atmosphere

0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Latitude
(i)

How much thicker is the lower atmosphere at the Equator than at the Poles?
...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii)

Where is the ozone layer found?

...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[1]

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(iii)

Explain why the ozone layer is important to life on Earth.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]

(c) (i)

What is meant by the ozone hole?

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

(ii)

Why are international strategies needed to reduce the pollution that has caused the
hole in the ozone layer?
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[4]

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(d) Motor vehicles are a major cause of atmospheric pollution, especially in big cities.
Traffic pollution
Total emissions from traffic in one large city during one year (tonnes)
Emission

Tonnes per year

Carbon dioxide

2 800 000

Carbon monoxide

641 000

Nitrogen oxides

112 000

Black smoke and soot particles

Sulphur dioxide

19 000
6000

Complete the graph below.

[2]

0
0 00 000
0
8
2
641
120000
110000
100000
90000

Tonnes per year

80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0

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13
(e) The sketch below shows some of the effects of these emissions.
Traffic pollution

(i)

Name the two emissions that cause acid rain.

...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii)

Describe the evidence from the sketch which shows that traffic pollution damages
peoples health.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]

(iii)

Which one of the emissions shown is not usually a danger to health? Explain your
answer.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]

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(f)

Look again at the graph in part (d) and the sketch in part (e).
In your view, which one of the five emissions is the worst for
(i)

people living in large cities

emission ..........................................

(ii)

people living elsewhere in the world?

emission ..........................................

(iii)

[1]

Explain your choices.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[3]

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(g) Some of the worlds big cities are known for high levels of air pollution. Many have
locations and weather conditions similar to those shown on the diagram below.

For
Examiners
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Location and weather conditions that favour air pollution

Strong
sunlight

High pressure
Sinking
air

18C

Change in air
temperature with
height

20C
22C

Mountain
range

18C
20C

City
Coastal
range

(i)

Main
wind
direction

25C

Choose three features shown on the diagram. Explain how each increases the
chances of high levels of air pollution in big cities.
1 ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
3 ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[4]

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(ii)

Describe two strategies for reducing air pollution in large cities.

1 ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]

(iii)

Why is it difficult to reduce levels of air pollution in large cities? Explain as fully as
you can.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[5]
[Total: 40]

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17
6

(a) Look at the world map showing total fertility rates.

Total fertility rate is the number of children for each woman.
World total fertility rates

NORTH
Tropic of Cancer

SOUTH
Equator

Tropic of Capricorn

Key: Total fertility rate

(i)

7.0 8.5

4.0 5.4

Less than 2.5

5.5 6.9

2.5 3.9

North-South divide

Where are most of the countries with high fertility rates (5.5 and above) located?
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]

(ii)

The North-South divide, which is the line that separates developed and developing
countries, is marked on the map.
State the main difference in fertility rates shown between the developed North and
developing South.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]

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(iii)

Explain why fertility rates are very high in some countries and low in others.
Refer to named countries in your answer.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[5]

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19
(b) Look at the graph below which shows the results of world urbanisation.
Urban population in developed and developing countries

Urban population (millions)

5000

4000

Key:
Developed
countries

Developing
countries

3000

2000

1000

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Year
(i)

Expected

Describe what the graph shows about changes in urban population in developed
countries.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]

(ii)

The graph shows that a major change occurred in 1975. What was it?
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[1]

(iii)

Describe what the graph shows about expected urban population in developing
countries from 2005 onwards.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]

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(c) One of the causes of urban growth is rural to urban migration.
Look at the examples below of differences between rural and urban areas in the year
2000.
Egypt

Cairo
(capital city)

Rural areas

3500

2400

50

68

Urban areas

Rural areas

People with access to safe supplies of

drinking water (%)

95

53

People with access to improved sanitation (%)

84

43

Average income per year ( Egyptian)

Infant mortality rate (per 1000)

Brazil

(i)

State an economic reason why people migrate from rural areas to Cairo.
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii)

In both countries people living in urban areas are likely to be more healthy than
those living in rural areas.
Using evidence from the table above, describe and explain this.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[4]

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21
(d) Many new migrants into cities in developing countries live in housing similar to that
shown in sketch A below.

For
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Sketch A

Describe how sketch A shows that people living here are

(i)

newcomers to the city;

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................

(ii)

short of money.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[3]

(iii)

This type of housing is found most often around the edges of cities. Why?
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[1]

(iv)

Describe one problem resulting from a location around the edge of a big city.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]

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(e) Sketch B shows housing in an area where people have lived for more than twenty years
since migrating from rural areas.
Sketch B

(i)

What improvements can be seen compared with the housing on sketch A?

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2]

(ii)

State two reasons why improvements like these are made.

1 ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[4]

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23
(f)

Housing is only one of the many urban problems caused by rural to urban migration.
Some people believe that it would be better to improve farming in rural areas and
reduce the numbers wanting to migrate to the cities.
New agricultural techniques to increase output

A Irrigation
B New seeds (e.g. the Green Revolution)
(i)

Choose one of these new agricultural techniques and name an area where it is
used by farmers.
Technique ................................................Area......................................................[1]

(ii)

Explain how it has increased output in the area named.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[3]

(iii)

Is it ever going to be possible to reduce the numbers of people migrating from rural
to urban areas in developing countries? Explain your views about this.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[5]
[Total: 40]
[Total for paper: 120]

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24
BLANK PAGE

Copyright Acknowledgements:
Question 1 (b)

Telegraph Group Limited 15/07/03.

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of
the University of Cambridge.

5014/01/O/N/05