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Chapter 16 Guided Reading

1. How was the voyage of the Beluga SkySails different than traditional industrial ship voyages?
The voyage of the Beluga SkySail was different because they didnt use a set of fixed masts with
traditional sails that have to be monitored constantly.
2. Fossil fuels supply approximately ___% of the energy consumed by people
90%
3. What are the two types of non-renewable alternative energy sources? Why are they considered to be
non-renewable?
Nuclear and Deep-earth geothermal. They are considered nonrenewable because it is used faster than it
can be replenished.
4. What is low-density, near-surface geothermal energy?
Low-density, near-surface geothermal energy = renewable energy.
5. What are biofuels made from?
Biomass.
6. What is the definition of renewable energy?
Energy from a source that is not depleted when used, such as wind or solar power.
7. How much solar energy is equal to the energy stored in a all known reserves of coal, oil and natural
gas on Earth?
Ten weeks.
8. What are passive solar energy systems? Give an example.
Systems that do not use mechanical pumps or other active technologies to move air or water.
For example, designing buildings that enhance absorption of solar energy.
9. What are active solar energy systems? Give an example.
They require mechanical power to circulate air, water or other fluids.
For example, electric pumps.
10. What are solar collectors? What are they used for? How do they work?
They provide space heating and are glass-covered plates that is circulated through tubes. The radiation
enters the glass and is absorbed by the black background. Heat is emitted, heating fluid.
11. What are photovoltaics? What are they made out of? Explain how they work.
Photovoltaics convert sunlight directly into electricity. They are made of photovoltaic cells. They work
when sunlight hits the cells, thin layers of a semiconductor produce an electric current.
12. What are solar thermal generators? How do they work?
They focus sunlight onto water-holding containers.
water boils and is used to run machines.
13. What are some of the environmental concerns of solar energy?
The manufacturing of metals, glass, plastics and fluid. The substances may cause environmental
problems through production and accidental release.
14. What are fuel cells? How are they created?
Fuel cells: Highly efficient power-generating systems that produce electricity by combining fuel and
oxygen in an electrochemical reaction.
created by electrodes, platinum membranes and with addition of H2, H2O and O2.
15. Water power has been around since when?
Water power has been around since the Roman Empire.
16. How much power in the United States is currently powered by hydroelectricity?
80,000 MW
17. What is microhydropower? Where is this helpful?
Microhydropower is small scale hydropower systems, designed for homes.
18. What are the environmental benefits of hydroelectricity?
Reducing high cost of importing electricity and can help small operations become independent.
19. What are the environmental consequences of hydroelectricity?
Interference of freshwater ecosystems, take away landscape beauty and changes downstream flow.
20. Explain how we can harness tidal power.
By building dams that entrance to a bay or estuary. As tides rise, water is prevented from entering the
bay. When there is sufficient water to run turbines, the dam is opened and water flows through
turbines.
21. What are some of the environmental impacts of tidal power?
It can change hydrology of a bay or estuary, which can affect vegetation and wildlife.
22. What is the major problem with using wind power?
wind tends to be highly variable in time, place and intensity.
23. How are winds produced?
when differential heating of Earth's surface creates air mass with differing heat contents and densities.
24. How does topography influence winds? Explain.
Topography affects the wind's direction, velocity and duration because of things blocking wind like
mountains and hills.
25. Which regions in the United States have the greatest potential for wind power development?
Pacific Northwest coastal area and the coastal region of the northeastern United States.
26. Which country has the largest wind energy capacity installed?
The United States
27. Modern wind turbines are big- as much as ____ m high, as tall as a _____ story building, and have a
70,23
generating capacity of more than ____ watts. This is enough electricity for _______ modern U.S. homes.
1 million, 500
28. What are the disadvantages to wind power for the environment?
wind turbines kill birds and can degrade area scenery.
29. What is the future outlook for wind energy generation?
it can be a major supplier.
30. What are the 3 categories of biofuels?
firewood, organic wastes and crops grown to be converted into liquid fuels.
31. How many people worldwide still use wood as their primary source for energy?
1 billion people
32. What are some of the benefits of using biofuels?
the reduced emissions of greenhouse gases and releases fewer pollutants are some of the benefits of
using biofuels.
33. What are the environmental concerns with the using of biofuels?
it requires fertilizers and pesticides, pollutes and degrades land.
34. What are the two types of geothermal energy and how do they differ?
deep-earth high-density and shallow-earth low-density. Deep-earth uses energy within earth and
shallow-earth uses solar energy.
35. How many people worldwide depend on geothermal as their energy source?
40 million people depend on geothermal as their energy source.
36. What type of location is ideal for high-density geothermal energy? Give an example.
hot water transfers. An example is the Geysers Geothermal Field north of San Francisco.
37. Where is low-density geothermal energy mostly found? Why?
groundwater because groundwater is usually cool.
38. What are the PROS and CONS of using geothermal energy?
- PROs: renewable, doesn't produce atmospheric pollutants
- CONs: Thermal pollution, emission of gases, disturbance of land
39. What types of government incentives might encourage use of alternative energy sources? Would
their widespread use affect our economic and social environment?
Types of government incentives that might encourage use of alternative energy sources are paying them
to use the energy sources or fewer taxes.The economy would improve and people's lives would be more
healthier.

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