Acceptance

2.Confidentiality
3.Individualization
4.Non-judgmental attitude
5.Client worker relationship
6.Controlled emotional involvement
7. Purposeful expression of feelings
8, Determination
The only basic principle of social work is welfare of people.A person should have
a thorough understanding of society.One should know what is the position of individuals
and groups in a society.The most important thing is knowledge of social changes

Organized work intended to advance the social conditions of a community, and especially
of the disadvantaged, by providing psychological counseling, guidance, and assistance,
especially in the form of social services.
socialworker social worker n.

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5min Related Video: social work
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Encyclopedia of Public Health: Social Work

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In the public health arena, social workers are a valuable resource for the development of
treatment plans for patients, for locating supportive resources, and in facilitating referrals.
Under the auspices of government and non-government public health organizations and
institutions, social workers often provide behavioral and social assessments along with
mental health assessment, treatment, and short-term or ongoing case management. Social
workers may also work in the community as planners or community organizers capable
of engaging groups of people, neighborhoods, or entire communities to address social
problems such as drug abuse or teen pregnancy. Social work is a distinct profession,
requiring college training, and a masters degree is often a necessity. Many states license
social workers, and in those states only those holding such licenses may legally provide
social work services The possibilities of employment vary widely and include federal,
state, and local government agencies; hospitals; and public health and not-for-profit
organizations.
(SEE ALSO: Assessment of Health Status; Community Health; Mental Health; Social
Determinants; Social Health)
— ROBERT P. LABBE

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Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: social service
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Home > Library > Miscellaneous > Britannica Concise Encyclopedia

Any of various professional activities or methods concerned with providing social

services (such as investigatory and treatment services or material aid) to disadvantaged,
distressed, or vulnerable persons or groups. The field originated in the charity
organizations in Europe and the U.S. in the late 19th century. The training of volunteer
workers by these organizations led directly to the founding of the first schools of social
work and indirectly to increased government responsibility for the welfare of the
disadvantaged. Social service providers may serve the needs of children and families, the
poor or homeless, immigrants, veterans, the mentally ill, the handicapped, victims of rape
or domestic violence, and persons dependent on alcohol or drugs. See also welfare.

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For more information on social service, visit Britannica.com.
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US History Encyclopedia: Social Work
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The profession of social work emerged in the early twentieth century as charitable
organizations began employing trained workers rather than relying on volunteers.
Pioneers developed two competing approaches for addressing social problems. Mary
Richmond, author of Social Diagnosis (1917), is celebrated as a leader of the charity
organization movement, while the social settlement movement was epitomized by the
work of Jane Addams at Hull-House in Chicago. The profession considers its founding
date to be 1898, the year the first social work course was established at the New York
School of Philanthropy (now the Columbia University School of Social Work). In 1915,
at the National Conference of Charities and Corrections, Abraham Flexner, an educator
and expert on professional standards, pronounced that social workers were not
professionals, rather they served as mediators between clients and other professionals
such as doctors and lawyers. Early social workers took that as a challenge and mobilized
workers to produce professional literature, organizations, and a code of ethics.
As June Hopps and Pauline Collins (1995) have noted, the profession of social work
responds to wider historical changes, shifting its focus from environmental reform to
individual change, as the nation's social climate fluctuates. For example, social workers
aimed to radically change institutions and rejected the traditional establishment during
the Progressive Era of the 1900s, the depression of the 1930s, and the social unrest of the
1960s. However, in more conservative times, such as the 1920s, 1950s and 1980s, the
profession attended to direct service and individual change.
While white Protestant women composed the majority of early social workers, Catholic,
Jewish, and African American men and women often formed their own agencies.
Segregation laws barred African Americans from white schools of social work, leading
African Americans to create Atlanta University School of Social Work. Pioneers like
Lawrence Oxley drew from nineteenth-century philosophies of mutual aid and race pride,
and the journal Southern Workman provided a forum of discussion for African American
social reformers of the early twentieth century.
In the 1920s, social workers debated whether the profession would include caseworkers
across a broad range of fields or limit membership to a professional elite with high
educational standards. The latter position won, and social workers were required to
complete masters-level training. Depression-era social workers demanded a federal
response to widespread unemployment and poverty. A new political activism was ignited
within the profession and the social workers Harry Hopkins and Jane Hoey served in the
Franklin D. Roosevelt administration, influencing new emergency relief and social
security programs.

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In 1952, the Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) emerged to accredit graduate
schools, and by the 1970s, baccalaureate programs were accredited to prepare entry-level
professionals. The National Association of Social Workers (NASW) was established in
1955, adopting a code of ethics, and merging seven previously scattered organizations for
psychiatric, medical, and group workers. In the last quarter of the twentieth century,
organizations such as the National Association of Black Social Workers (1968), Latino
Social Workers Organization (1992), and North American Association of Christians in
Social Work (1954) evolved to address concerns of various groups.
Entry-level social workers are trained as generalists and are expected to provide service
to a broad range of clients, maintain a wide scope of knowledge, and practice a great
diversity of skills. Advanced practitioners with graduate-level training may specialize in
areas such as clinical, medical, or school social work, as well as planning and
development, aging, mental health, or corrections. In the late 1960s and 1970s, states
began establishing licensing requirements to legally regulate practice. While all states
require some form of licensure, current trends are moving toward "declassification":
downgrading requirements for social work in order to employ persons with neither a
license nor a degree to do case management and other functions traditionally reserved for
social workers.
Bibliography
Carlton-LaNey, Iris. "African American Social Work Pioneers' Response to Need."
Social Work 44, no. 4 (July 1999): 311– 321.
Hopps, June, and Pauline Collins. "Social Work Profession Overview." In Encyclopedia
of Social Work. 19th ed. Edited by Richard Edwards and June Hopps. Washington, D.C.:
NASW Press, 1995.
Popple, Phillip, and Leslie Leighninger. Social Work, Social Welfare, and American
Society. 5th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2002.
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Columbia Encyclopedia: social work
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social work, organized effort to help individuals and families to adjust themselves to the
community, as well as to adapt the community to the needs of such persons and families.
Modern Social Work
Modern social work employs three methods of assistance: case work, group work, and
community organization. Case work is the method by which individual persons and
families are assisted. The person in need of case work may be physically, mentally, or
socially handicapped. Among those regarded as socially handicapped are: the
unemployed, the homeless, members of broken families, alcoholics, drug addicts, and
neglected or problem children. To determine the cause of maladjustment, the social

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worker must understand individual psychology as well as the sociology of the
community. Physicians, psychiatrists, and other specialists may be required to help
diagnose the difficulty.
Social group work is exemplified by the social settlement, the supervised playground and
gymnasium, and the classroom, where handicrafts may be learned. The community may
be called upon to provide the buildings and grounds for such activities; often the services
of volunteers and of public groups are utilized; in recent years people living in poverty
areas have been employed to work in and direct poverty projects in their own
communities.
Through community organization the welfare work of single agencies as well as of whole
communities is directed, cooperation between public and private agencies is secured, and
funds are raised and administered. The funds required by private agencies are often
pooled in a community chest, from which each agency receives a share. Community
welfare councils are organized to map programs of rehabilitation, to eliminate duplication
of services, and to discover and meet overlooked needs.
The Development of Social Work
Social work emerged as a profession out of the early efforts of churches and
philanthropic groups to relieve the effects of poverty, to bring the comforts of religion to
the poor, to promote temperance and encourage thrift, to care for children, the sick, and
the aged, and to correct the delinquent. Orphanages and homes for the elderly were
typical results of these activities. The word charity best describes the early activities,
which were aimed at the piecemeal alleviation of particular maladjustments. In such
charitable work the principal criterion in determining aid to families was worthiness,
while the emphasis in later social work was on restoring individuals to normal life both
for their own sake and for the sake of the community.
The first attempts to solve the problem of poverty in a modern scientific way was made
by P. G. F. Le Play, who in the 1850s made a detailed study of the budgets of hundreds of
French workers' families. Forty years later Charles Booth investigated wages and prices,
working conditions, housing and health, standards of living, and leisure activities among
the poor of London and revealed the extreme poverty of a third of the population. Booth's
social survey became a method for determining the extent of social maladjustment, and
through surveys in other cities in Europe and the United States a vast number of facts
were accumulated, and methods were developed that provided the basis for modern social
work.
In 1874 the National Conference of Charities and Correction (now called the National
Conference on Social Welfare) was organized in the United States. Public relief and
private philanthropic effort remained largely matters of local and state concern until after
1930, when the federal government entered the field of social work on a large scale to
cope with the effects of the Great Depression. Resources were made available, the
number of social workers was greatly increased, and it became necessary to coordinate
public and private activities. Social work has been steadily professionalized, and special
graduate schools as well as departments in universities have been established to train
social workers. By 1999 there were 377 accredited undergraduate schools of social work
in the United States.
Bibliography

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See I. A. Spergel, Community Problem Solving (1969); R. E. Smith and D. Zietz,
American Social Welfare Institutions (1970); W. C. Richan and A. R. Mendelsohn,
Social Work (1973).
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Wikipedia: Social work
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Social Work is both a profession and social science. It involves the application of social
theory and research methods to study and improve the lives of people, groups, and
societies. It incorporates and utilizes other social sciences as a means to improve the
human condition and positively change society's response to chronic problems.
Social work is a profession committed to the pursuit of social justice, to the enhancement
of the quality of life, and to the development of the full potential of each individual,
group and community in the society. It seeks to simultaneously address and resolve social
issues at every level of society and economic status, but especially among the poor and
sick.
Social workers are concerned with social problems, their causes, their solutions and their
human impacts. They work with individuals, families, groups, organizations and
communities.
Social work and human history go together. Social work was always in human societies
although it began to be a defined pursuit and profession in the 19th century. This
definition was in response to societal problems that resulted from the Industrial
Revolution and an increased interest in applying scientific theory to various aspects of
study. Eventually an increasing number of educational institutions began to offer social
work programmes.
The settlement movement's emphasis on advocacy and case work became part of social
work practice. During the 20th century, the profession began to rely more on research and
evidenced-based practice as it attempted to improve its professionalism. Today social
workers are employed in a myriad of pursuits and settings.
Professional social workers are generally considered those who hold a professional
degree in social work and often also have a license or are professionally registered. Social
workers have organized themselves into local, national, and international professional
bodies to further the aims of the profession.

Contents
[hide]
• 1 History

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 • 2 Contemporary professional development
• 3 Qualifications
○ 3.1 Professional associations
• 4 Role of the professional
• 5 Types of professional intervention
○ 5.1 Types of International, Social and Community practice, education and
research
• 6 See also
• 7 References
• 8 External links
• 9 Further reading

History
Main article: History of social work

Jane Addams is considered one of the early influences on professional social work in the
United States.
Social work has its roots in the struggle of society to ameliorate poverty and the resultant
problems. Therefore, social work is intricately linked with the idea of charity work; but
must be understood in broader terms. The concept of charity goes back to ancient times,
and the practice of providing for the poor can be found in all major world religions.[1]
The practice and profession of modern social work has a relatively long scientific origin,
originating in the 19th Century.[2] The movement began primarily in Europe and North
America.
Contemporary professional development
Main article: Social work knowledge building

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Social Work education begins in a systematised manner in universities, but is also an
ongoing process that occurs though research and in the workplace.
The International Federation of Social Workers states, of social work today,
"social work bases its methodology on a systematic body of evidence-based knowledge
derived from research and practice evaluation, including local and indigenous knowledge
specific to its context. It recognizes the complexity of interactions between human beings
and their environment, and the capacity of people both to be affected by and to alter the
multiple influences upon them including bio-psychosocial factors. The social work
profession draws on theories of human development and behaviour and social systems to
analyse complex situations and to facilitate individual, organizational, social and cultural
changes."[3]
The current state of social work professional development is characterized by two
realities. There is a great deal of traditional social and psychological research (both
qualitative and quantitative) being carried out primarily by university-based researchers
and by researchers based in institutes, foundations, or social service agencies.
Meanwhile, many social work practitioners continue to look to their own experience for
knowledge. This is a continuation of the debate that has persisted since the outset of the
profession in the first decade of the twentieth century.[4]
One reason for the gap between information obtained through practice, as opposed to
through research, is that practitioners deal with situations that are unique and
idiosyncratic, while research concentrates on similarities. The combining of these two
types of knowledge is often imperfect.
A hopeful development for bridging this gap is the compilation, in many practice fields,
of collections of "best practices" which attempt to distill research findings and the
experience of respected practitioners into effective practice techniques.[citation needed]
Although social work has roots in the informatics revolution, an important contemporary
development in the profession is overcoming suspicion of technology and taking
advantage of the potential of information technology to empower clients.[4]
Qualifications

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Main article: Qualifications for professional social work
Professional social workers are generally considered those who hold a professional
degree in Social Work. Often these practitioners must also obtain a license or be
professionally registered.
In some areas of the world, social workers start with a Bachelor of Social Work (BA, BSc
or BSW) degree. Some countries offer post-graduate degrees like the master's degree
(MA, MSc or MSW) or the doctoral degree (Ph.D or DSW).
In a number of countries and jurisdictions, registration or licensure of people working as
social workers is required and there are mandated qualifications.[5] In other places, a
professional association sets academic and experiential requirements for admission to
membership. The success of these professional bodies' efforts is demonstrated in the fact
that these same requirements are recognized by employers as necessary for employment.
[6]

Professional associations
There are a number of professional associations for social workers. The purpose of these
associations is to provide ethical guidance, and other forms of support for their members
and social workers in general. The International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) the
International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW), and the National
Association of Social Workers (NASW) are among the professional associations that
exist to enhance the profession of social work. Network of Professional Social Workers
is a fast growing professional network of Social Workers across the globe. Network of
Professional Social Workers aims to connect social workers beyond their local and
national associations across the globe. Network of Professional Social Workers
effectively uses Social networking media such as Linkedin, Face Book etc to network
with Social Workers across many countries and initiate discussions on various issues
affecting Social Work Profession. Network of Professional Social Workers Group list
serve, NPSW.[7]
Role of the professional
Main article: Role of the professional social worker
The main tasks of professional social workers can include a variety of services such as
case management (linking clients with agencies and programs that will meet their
psychosocial needs), medical social work, counseling (psychotherapy), human services
management, social welfare policy analysis, policy and practice development, community
organizing, advocacy, teaching (in schools of social work), and social science research.
Professional social workers work in a variety of mainly public settings, including:
grassroots advocacy organizations, hospitals, hospices, community health agencies,
schools, international organizations, employee assistance, philanthropy, and even the
military. Some social workers work as psychotherapists, counselors, psychiatric social
workers, community organizers or mental health practitioners.
Types of professional intervention
There are three general categories or levels of intervention. The first is "Macro" social
work which involves society or communities as a whole. This type of social work
practice would include policy forming and advocacy on a national or international scale.

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The second level of intervention is described as "Mezzo" social work practice. This level
would involve work with agencies, small organizations, and other small groups. This
practice would include policy making within a social work agency or developing
programs for a particular neighborhood.
The final level is the "Micro" level that involves service to individuals and families.
There are a wide variety of activities that can be considered social work and professional
social workers are employed in many different types of environments. The following list
details some of the main fields of social work.
Types of International, Social and Community practice, education and
research
• Academia
• Community development
• Community education and pedagogy
• Community organizing
• Critical social work
• Human Rights
• International Development
• International Relations
• Mediation
• Neighborhood development
• Policy advocacy
• Policy analysis
• Political participation
• Program development
• Program evaluation
• Relationship Education
• Research
• Social action
• Social change
• Social development
• Social justice
• Social movement
• Social planning

Cd

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Community development (CD) is the
process of helping a community
strengthen itself and develop towards
its full potential. As facilitators, we
work in partnership with local people
and organizations to meet identified
needs. We believe that literacy is a
key component of sustainable
development.

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