Basics of DFIG power generation

Hector Pulgar-Painemal
Department of Electrical Engineering
Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Mara
Valparaso 239 0123, Chile
May 20, 2013
1 Introduction
In the following gure, the scheme of a wind turbine based on doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs)
is presented. The wind turbine is driven by the wind speed (primary energy) to generate electrical power
Gearbox
Converter
Vqr-jVdr
P+jQ
DFIG
q
Wind
DFIG
w
P+jQ
w
Vqr-jVdr
Inputs Output
(secondary energy). From a system view point, wind speed is the input and the electrical power the
system output. This system has several internal variables such as: blades pitch angle, angular speed,
rotor voltage. For the sake of simplicity, the ac/ac converter is assumed to be lossless. On the grid
side, the converter is also assumed to have unity power factor (no injection of reactive power from the
converter). As the converter absorbs active power from the grid to energize the rotor circuit, the total
generated power is dened as
P = P
s
P
r
Q = Q
s
where P
s
/Q
s
is the active/reactive power injected from the DFIG stator and P
r
is the active power
absorbed by the DFIG rotor. Q
r
is the reactive power absorbed by the DFIG rotor but this power is
given by the converter (the reactive power absorbed from the grid by the converter is zerounity power
factor).
The wind turbine has two distinctive sides: the mechanical and the electrical side. The mechanical
side corresponds to the turbine itself and the gearbox. The behaviour of this side is ruled basically by
the equation of motion of the turbine and the pitch angle actuator. On the other hand, the electrical side
is related to the DFIG and its converter. As the converter is ideal, the attention can be just put on the
DFIG behaviour. The DFIG is a subsystem of the wind turbine and has three inputs and two outputs.
Its inputs are the angular speed and the rotor voltages (V
qr
and V
dr
). Its outputs are the total generated
active and reactive power.
Gearbox
Converter
V
qr
-jV
dr
P+jQ
DFIG
q
Wind
DFIG
w
P+jQ
w
V
qr
-jV
dr
Inputs Output
1
2 DFIG steady-state model
Given a particular angular speed, dened by the turbine model, the DFIG is represented by the classical
T-circuit. All parameters and variables are per unitized on DFIG base. Applying voltage Kirchos law
V
qr
-jV
dr
V
qs
-jV
ds
I
qs
-jI
ds
I
qr
-jI
dr
s
R
s
R
r
s
jX
lr
jX
ls
jX
m
(stator) (rotor)
in the two circuit loops, the following equations are obtained:

I
qs
I
ds
I
qr
I
dr

R
s
X
s
0 X
m
X
s
R
s
X
s
X
m
0 X
m
R
s
/s X
r
X
m
0 X
r
R
r
/s

V
qs
V
ds
V
qr
/s
V
qr
/s

(1)
where X
s
= X
s
+X
m
, X
r
= X
r
+X
m
and s = (
s

r
)/
s
(slip). The power injected from the stator
is calculated as
S
s
= P
s
+jQ
s
= (V
qs
jV
ds
)(I
qs
+jI
ds
) (2)
The power absorbed by the rotor circuit is calculated as
S
r
= P
r
+jQ
r
= (V
qr
jV
dr
)(I
qr
+jI
dr
) (3)
Then, the total generated power by the DFIG is:
P = P
s
P
r
(Net active power injected to the grid) (4)
Q = Q
s
(Net reactive power injected to the grid) (5)
3 Obtaining power curves
In order to visualize the eect of the rotor voltage on the total generated power, P v/s
r
and Q v/s
r
are plotted.
Step 1 Set a xed stator voltage, for example, V
s
= V
qs
jV
ds
= 1 [p.u.]
Step 2 Set a xed rotor voltage
Step 3 Choose
r
= 0.7
s
Step 4 Calculate s = (
s

r
)/
s
Step 5 Using equation (1), calculate DFIGs currents
Step 6 Using equations (2)-(3), calculate complex power at stator and rotor circuits
Step 7 Using equations (4)-(5), calculate the total generated power
Step 8 Store
r
, P and Q
Step 9 If
r
< 1.2
s
, increase
r
and go to Step 4. Else, go to Step 10
Step 10 Plot P v/s
r
and Q v/s
r
2
0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3
10
0
10
P

[
p
.
u
.
]
Vr = 0.04j0.04 [p.u.]
0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3
10
5
0
5
Q

[
p
.
u
.
]
w [p.u.]
Figure 1: Power curves when V
r
{0.04 j0.01; j0.02; 0.02 j0.03; 0.04 j0.04} [p.u.] Blue
and red curves are obtained when V
r
= 0.04 j0.04 [p.u.]. Note how P and Q can be controlled by
applying a proper rotor voltage. Also observe that unlike an induction machine, the DFIG can indeed
inject reactive power to the grid.
4 Matlab code
%% Data
Rr = 0.0088;
Rs = 0.01015;
Xr = 3.5859;
Xs = 3.5547;
Xm = 3.5092;
ws = 120*pi;
w = [0.7:0.001:1.3];
%% Deleting w=ws as the model is not defined at that angular speed
pos = find(w==1);
w(pos) = [];
Vqs = 1;
Vds = 0;
V = [Vqs Vds 0 0];
VQR = [-0.04 0 0.02 0.04];
VDR = [ 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04];
for m=1:length(VQR)
Vqr = VQR(m);
Vdr = VDR(m);
for k=1:length(w)
s = 1-w(k);
Z = [
-Rs -Xs 0 Xm
Xs -Rs -Xm 0
3
0 -Xm Rr/s Xr
Xm 0 -Xr Rr/s];
V(3) = Vqr/s;
V(4) = Vdr/s;
I = inv(Z)*V;
Iqs = I(1);
Ids = I(2);
Iqr = I(3);
Idr = I(4);
Ss = (Vqs-1j*Vds)*(Iqs+1j*Ids);
Sr = (Vqr-1j*Vdr)*(Iqr+1j*Idr);
P(k,m) = real(Ss-Sr);
Q(k,m) = imag(Ss);
end
end
figure(2); hold on;
for m=1:length(VQR)
if m==length(VQR)
subplot(2,1,1);hold on;plot(w,P(:,m),Color,[65 105 225]/225,linewidth,1.5);
subplot(2,1,2);hold on;plot(w,Q(:,m),r,linewidth,1.5);
else
subplot(2,1,1);hold on;plot(w,P(:,m),k);
subplot(2,1,2);hold on;plot(w,Q(:,m),k);
end
end
subplot(2,1,1);
line([0.7 1.3],[0 0]);
axis([0.7 1.3 -10 10]);
v1 = num2str(VQR(end));
v2 = num2str(VDR(end));
texto = strcat(V_r=,v1,+j,v2, [p.u.]);
text(0.75,5,texto,FontName,Times New Roman,FontSize,12);
ylabel(P [p.u.],FontName,Times New Roman,FontSize,12);
set(gca,FontSize,12,FontName,Times New Roman);
subplot(2,1,2);
line([0.7 1.3],[0 0]);
axis([0.7 1.3 -10 5]);
ylabel(Q [p.u.],FontName,Times New Roman,FontSize,12);
subplot(2,1,2);
xlabel(w [p.u.],FontName,Times New Roman,FontSize,12);
set(gca,FontSize,12,FontName,Times New Roman);
4