Index: FDI (Foreign Direct Investement)

FDI (Foreign Direct Investement)
INDEX
S
Chapter Name
INTRODUCTIO
.
2
N OF FDI
FOREIGN
DIRECT
3
INVESTMENT
FOREIGN
DIERCT
INVESTMENT;
THEORITICAL
4
SETTINGS
ADVANTAGE
AND
DISADVANTAG
E OF FDI FOR
THE
5
HOST
COUNTRY
FOREIGN
DIERCT
INVESTMENT
IN INDIA
K.P.B HINDUJA COLLEGE OF COMMERCE
POLICTES AND
PROCEDUERS
OF FDI
SECTOR
SPECIFIC
GUDELINESS
FOR
FDI
IN
INDIA
FACTORS
AFFECTING
FDI
CASE STUDY
SUGGESTIONS
6
6
AND
RECOMMENDA
TIONS
CONCIUSION
1
1
WEBLJOGRAP
6
6
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ON FDI

The last two decades of the 20thcentury witnessed a dramatic worldwide
increase in foreign direct investment (FDI), accompanied by a markedchange
in the attitude of most developing countries towards inward FDI. As against
a highly suspicious attitude of these countries towards inward FDI in the
past, most countries now regard FDI as beneficial for their development
efforts and compete with each other to attract it. Such shift in attitude lies
inthe changes in political and economic systems that have occurred during
theclosing years of the last century. The wave of liberalization and
globalization sweeping across the world has opened many national
markets for international business. Global private investment, in most part, is
now made by multinational corporations (MNCs). Clearly these corporations
play a major role in world trade and investments because of their
demonstrated management skills, technology, financial resources and related
advantages. Recent developments in globalmarkets are indicative of
the rapidly growing international business. The endof the 20th Century has
already marked a tremendous growth in internationalinvestments, trade and
financial transactions along with the integration and openness of
international markets.FDI is a subject of topical interest.
Countries of the world, particularlydeveloping economies, are vying with
each other to attract foreign capital to boost their domestic rates of
investment and also to acquire new technology and management skills.
Intense competition is taking place among the fundstarved less developed
countries to lure
Foreign investors by offering.

Repatriation facilities, tax concessions and other incentives. However, FDI is
not an unmixed blessing. Governments in developing countries have to
bevery careful while deciding the magnitude, pattern and conditions of
private foreign investment. In the 1980s, FDI was concentrated within the
Triad (EU, Japan and US).However, in the 1990s, the FDI flows to
developed countries declined, whilethose in developing countries increased
in response to rapid growth andfewer restrictions. Most FDI flows continue
still to be concentrated in 10 to15 host countries overwhelmingly in Asia and
Latin America.
South, East and Southeast Asia has experienced the fastest economic growth
in theworld, and emerged as the largest host region. China is now the largest
host country in the developing world. However, small markets with low
growth rates, poor infrastructure, and high in debtness, slow progress in
introducing market and private-sector oriented economic reforms and low
levels of technological capabilities are not attractive to foreign investors. The
remarkable expansion of FDI flows to developing countries had belied the
fear that the opening of central and Eastern Europe and the efforts of the
countries of that region to attract such investment would divert investment
flows from developing countries. The most important factors making
developing
countries
attractive
to
foreign
investors are rapid economicgrowth, privatization programmes open to forei

gn investors and theliberalisation of the FDI regulatory framework. In India,
prior to economic reforms initiated in1991, FDI was discouraged by
Imposing severe limits on equity holdings by foreigners and

Restricting FDI to the production of only a few reserved items.
The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA), 1973 (now replaced by the
Foreign Exchange Management Act [FEMA]), prescribed the detailed rules
in this regard and the firms belonging to this group were known as FERA
firms. All foreign investors were virtually driven out from Indian
industries by FERA. Technology transfer was possible only through the
purchase of foreign technology. However, due to severe limits on royalty
payments to foreigners to reduce foreign exchange use, this option was
ineffective.
However,
the
government
tax incentives to encourage indigenous
granted
liberal
generation of technology by
domestic firms. In the absence of foreign technology, Indian industry

suffered both in terms of cost of production and quality. The initial policy
stimulus to foreign direct investment in India came in July1991 when the
new industrial policy provided, inter alia, automatic approval for project with
foreign equity participation up to 51 percent in high priority areas.
In recent years, the government has initiated the second generation reforms
under which measures have been taken to further facilitate and broaden the
base of foreign direct investment in India. The policy for FDI allows freedom
of location, choice of technology, repatriation of capital and dividends. As a
result of these measures, there has been a strong surge of international
interest in the Indian economy. The rate at which FDI inflow has grown
during the post-liberalization period is a clear indication that India is fast
emerging as an attractive destination for overseas investors.
Encouragement of foreign investment, particularly for FDI, is an integral part

of
ongoing
economic
reforms
in
India.
Though
India
has one
of the most transparent and liberal FDI regimes among the developing
countries with strong macro-economic fundamentals, its share in FDI inflows
is dismally low. The country still suffers from weaknesses and constraints, in
terms of policy and regulatory framework, which restricts the inflow of FDI.
Foreign investment policies in the post-reforms period has emphasized
greaterencouragement and mobilization of non-debt creating private inflows
for reducing reliance on debt flows. Progressively liberal policies have led
to increasing inflows of foreign investment in the country
The practice has grown significantly in the last couple of decades, to the
point that FDI has generated quite a bit of opposition from groups such as
labor unions. These organizations have expressed concern that investing at
such a level in another country eliminates jobs. Legislation was introduced in
the early 1970s that would have put an end to the tax incentives of FDI. But
members of the Nixon administration, Congress and business interests rallied
to make sure that this attack on their expansion plans was not successful.
One key to understanding FDI is to get a mental picture of the global scale of
corporations able to make such investment. A carefully planned FDI can
provide a huge new market for the company, perhaps introducing products
and services to an area where they have never been available. Not only that,
but such an investment may also be more profitable if construction costs and
labor costs are less in the host country.
1.1 History
In the years after the Second World War global FDI was dominated by the
United States, as much of the world recovered from the destruction brought
by the conflict. The US accounted for around three-quarters of new FDI
(including reinvested profits) between 1945 and 1960. Since that time FDI
has spread to become a truly global phenomenon, no longer the exclusive
preserve of OECD countries.FDI has grown in importance in the global
economy with FDI stocks now constituting over 20 percent of global GDP.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is a measure of foreign ownership of
productive assets, such as factories, mines and land. Increasing foreign
investment can be used as one measure of growing economic globalization.
The figure below shows net inflows of
foreign
direct
investment
as a percentage of gross domestic products (GDP). The largest flows of

foreign investment occur between the industrialized countries (North
America, European Japan). But flows to non-industrialized
countries are
increasing sharply.
A foreign direct investor is an individual, an incorporated or unincorporated
public or private enterprise, a government, a group of related individuals, or
a group of related incorporated and/or unincorporated enterprises which has
a direct investment enterprise that is, a subsidiary, associate or branch
operating in a country other than the country or countries of residence of the
foreign direct investor or investors.
CHAPTER-2: FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT

FDI is the process whereby residents of one country (the home country)
acquire ownership of assets for the purpose of controlling the production,
distribution and other activities of a firm in another country (the host
country)
2.1. IMF Definition
According to the BPM5, FDI is the category of international investment that
reflects the objective of obtaining a lasting interest by a resident entity in one
economy in an enterprise resident in another economy. The lasting interest
implies the existence of a long-term relationship between the direct investor
and the enterprise and a significant degree of influence by the investor on the
management of the enterprise
2.2. UNCTAD Definition
The WIRO defines FDI as an
investment
involving a
long-term
relationship and reflecting a lasting interest and control by a resident entity in

one economy (foreign direct investment or parent enterprise) in an enterprise
resident in an economy other than that of the FDI enterprise, affiliate
enterprise or foreign affiliate. FDI implies that the investor exerts a
significant degree of influence on the management of the enterprise resident
in the other economy. Such investment involves both the initial
transaction between the two entities and all subsequent transactions between
them amongforeign affiliates, both incorporated and unincorporated.
Individuals as well as business entities may undertake FDI. Flows of FDI

comprise capital provided (either directly or through
other related enterprises) by a foreign direct investor to an FDI enterprise,
or capital received from an FDI enterprise by a foreign direct investor. FDI
has
three
components
viz., equity capital, reinvested earnings and intra-
company loans
Equity capital is the foreign direct investors purchase of share of an
enterprise in a country other than its own.
Reinvested earnings comprise the direct investors share (in proportion to
direct equity participation) of earnings not distributed as dividends by the
affiliates, or earnings not remitted to the direct investor. Such retained profits
by affiliates are reinvested.
Intra-company loans or intra-company debt transactions refer to short or long
term borrowing and lending of funds between direct investors (parent
enterprises) and affiliate enterprises.
2.3 OECD Benchmark Definition of FDI (Third Edition)
FDI reflects the objective of obtaining a lasting interest by a resident entity in
one economy (direct investor) in an entity resident in an economy other than
that of the investor (direct investment enterprise). The lasting interest implies
the existence of a long term relationship between the direct investor and the
enterprise and a significant degree of influence on the management of the
enterprise. Direct investment involves both the initial transactions between
the two entities and all subsequent capital transactions between them and
among affiliated enterprises, both incorporated and unincorporated. As is
evident from the above definitions, there is a large degree of commonality
10
between the IMF, UNCTAD and OECD definitions of FDI. The IMF
definition is followed internationally.
11
CHAPTER-3:
FOREIGN
DIRECT
INVESTMENT
:THEORITICAL
SETTINGS
Most of the present day underdeveloped countries of the world have set out
a planned program for accelerating the pace of their economic development.
In a country planning for industrialization and aiming to achieve a target rate
of growth, there is a need for resources. The resources can be mobilized
through domestic as well as foreign sources. So far as, the domestic sources
are concerned, they may not be sufficient to acquire the fixed rate of growth.
Generally domestic savings are less than the required amount of investment.
Also the very process of industrialization calls for import of capital goods
which cannot be locally produced. Hence comesthe need for foreign sources.
They not only supplement the domestic savings but also provide the recipient
country with extra foreign exchange to buy imports essential for filling the
saving investment gap and the foreign exchange gap. The means of getting
foreign resources available to a developing country are mainly three:
1. through export of goods and services
2. External aid
3. Foreign investment
Export of goods and services do contribute to foreign resources but they can
meet only a small part of the total demand for foreign resources. External
Aid from foreign governments and international institutions, by increasing
the rate of home savings and removing the foreign gap allows the utilization
of previously underutilized resources and capacity. But generallythe aid is
12
tied and distorts the allocation of resources. So its use has been on the
decline. Foreign investment is of following two types
1. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and
2. Portfolio Investment.
3.1 Foreign Direct versus Portfolio Investment

By Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) we mean any investment in a foreign
country where the investing party (corporation, firm) retains control
over investment. A direct investment typically takes the form of a foreign
firm starting a subsidiary or taking over control of an existing firm in the
country in question. FDI consists of equity capital, technical and managerial
services, capital equipment and intermediate inputs and legal rights
to patents or secret products, processes or trademarks. It is the direct type of
foreign investment which is associated with multinational corporations of
foreign investment which is associated with multinational corporations
because most of FDI is transferred through firms and remains outside
of ordinary, functioning markets.
FDI can be done in the following ways:
1. In order to participate in the management of the concerned enterprise, the
stocks of the existing foreign enterprise can be acquired.
2. The existing enterprise and factories can be taken over.
3. A New subsidiary with 100% ownership can be established abroad.
4. It is possible to participate in a joint venture through stock holding
5. New foreign branches, offices and factories can be established.
6. Existing foreign branches and factories can be expanded.
13
7.Minority stock acquisition, if the objective is to participate in the

management of the enterprise.
8. Long term lending, particularly by a parent company to its subsidiary,
when the objective is to participate in the management of the enterprise.
Portfolio investment, on the other hand, does not seek management control
,but is motivated by profit .Portfolio investment occurs when when
individual investors invest, mostly through stockbrokers ,in stocks
of foreign companies in foreign lands in search of profit opportunities.
FDI flows are usually preferred over other forms of external finance
becausethey are non-debt creating, non-volatile and their returns depend on
the performance of the projects financed by the investors.
FDI also facilitates international trade and transfer of knowledge, skills and
technology. In a world of increased competition and rapid technological
change, their complimentary and catalytic role can be very valuable.
3.2 Superiority of FDI over Other Forms of Capital Inflows

FDI is perceived superior to other types of capital inflows for several
reasons:
1.In contrast to foreign lenders and portfolio investors, foreign
direct
investors direct investors typically have a longer-term perspective when

engaging in a host country. Hence, FDI inflows are less volatile and easier to
sustain in times of crisis.
2. While debt inflows may finance consumption rather than investment in the
host country, FDI is more likely to be used productively.
14
3. FDI is expected to have relatively strong effects on economic growth,

asdic provides for more than just capital. FDI offers access to internationally
available technologies and management know-how, and may render it easier
to penetrate world markets.
A recent United Nations report has revealed that FDI flows are less volatile
than portfolio flows. To quote, FDI flows to developing and transition
economies in 1998 declined by about 5 percent from the peak in 1997, a
modest reduction in relation to the effects on the other capital flows of the
spread of the Asian financial crisis to global proportions. FDI flows are
generally much less volatile than portfolio flows. The decline was modest in
all regions, even in the Asian economies most affected by the financial crisis.
3.3 Macroeconomic and Micro-economic Aspects of FDI

In judging the significance of FDI, especially from the viewpoint of developi
ng countries, it is useful to make a distinction between macro-economic and
micro-economic effects. The former is connected with issues of domestic
capital formation, balance of payments, and taking advantage of external
markets for achieving faster growth, while the latter is connected with the
issue of cost reduction, product quality improvement, making changes in
industrial structure and developing global inter-firm linkages .In this context,
it needs to be recognized that FDI is an aggregate entity, the sum total of the
investments made by many diverse multinationals, each with its own
corporate stratergy.The micro-economic effects of the investment made by
one multinational may be quite different from that of another multinational
even if the investments are made in the same industry. Also, what benefits
15
the local economy will depend on the capabilities of the host country in
regard to technology transfer and industrial restructuring.
3.4 Resource-seeking and Market-seeking FDI

Two major types of FDI are typically differentiated: resource-seeking FDI
and market-seeking FDI. Resource-seeking FDI is motivated by the
availability of natural resources in the host countries. This type of FDI was
historically important and remains a relevant source of FDI for various
developing
countries.
However,
on
the relative importance of resource-seeking FDI has
world-
wide
scale,
decreased
significantly.The relative importance of market-seeking FDI is rather

difficult to assess. It is almost impossible to tell whether this type of FDI
has already become less important due to economic globalization. Regarding
the history of FDI in developing countries, various empirical studies have
shown that the size and growth of host country markets were among the most
important FDI determinants. It is debatable, however, whether this is still
true with ongoing globalization.
Globalization essentially means that geographically dispersed manufacturing,
slicing up the value chain and the combination of markets and resources
through FDI and trade are becoming major characteristics of the world
economy. Efficiency-seeking FDI, i.e. FDI motivated by creating new
sources of competitiveness for firms and strengthening existing ones, may
then emerge as the most important type of FDI.
16
Accordingly, the completion for FDI would be based increasingly on the cost
differences between locations, the quality of infrastructure and businessrelated services, the ease of doing business and the availability of skills.
Obviously, this scenario involves major challenges for developing countries,
ranging from human capital formation to the provision of business-related
services such as efficient communication and distribution systems.
3.5 Nature of FDI

Almost
all modern (FDI) is carried out by corporations rather than
individuals. Somewhat like portfolio investment, the flows of FDI have

historically been highly concentrated, both in terms of geography and by
industry and at both the investor and receptor poles. Geographically, the
ownership of global stocks of FDI is highly skewed towards only a few
large, high income countries. Each investing country has, whether by
accident or design , tended to direct the major part of its FDI to only a very
few receiving country; in fact the pattern of global distribution of FDI has
been highly similar to historical relationships based on colonial ties or
other forms of political hegemony.
Viewed industrially, for any given country, FDI generally comes from less
than four or five out of twenty or so major industry groups and inflows into
those same industries in the receptor country. General attributes of FDI is
that it has evoked by type over time. Prior to First World War, a crude but
valid generalization would that a large part of FDI was in the service sector
of the host economy (particularly transportation, power , communication
and trading) while most of the rest was of thebackward vertical integration
17
type. During the inter-war period, most of the currently largest

multinational corporations (MNCs)made their initial foreign investments, bu
t these horizontal or market extension types of investments have now become
major
category.The
fourth
recognized
characteristic
of
manufacturing FDI is that it originates in industries that are technologically

intensive,
skill
oriented
or
progressive.
In addition,
the
FDI
prone industries are typically more concentrated, have higher advertising

outlays per unit of sales and exhibit above average export propensities.
Industries from which FDI tends to originate display many characteristics
associated with oligopoly .Another universal property of FDI is that it is
really a package of complementary inputs, a collective flow of both tangible
and intangible assets& services.
3.6Types of FDI
18
Types of Foreign Direct Investment: An Overview

FDIs can be broadly classified into two types:
Outward FDIs
Inward FDIs
This classification is based on the types of restrictions imposed, and the
various prerequisites required for these investments.
Outward FDIs:
An outward-bound FDI is backed by the government against all types of
associated risks. This form of FDI is subject to tax incentives as well as
disincentives
of
various
forms.
Risk
coverage
provided
to
the
domestic industries and subsidies granted to the local firms stand in the way
of outward FDIs, which are also known as 'direct investments abroad.
Inward FDIs:
Different economic factors encourage inward FDIs. These include interest
loans, tax breaks, grants, subsidies, and the removal of restrictions and
limitations. Factors detrimental to the growth of FDIs include necessities of
differential performance and limitations related to ownership patterns
Other categorizations of FDI exist as well. Vertical Foreign DirectInvestment
takes place when a multinational corporation owns some shares of a foreign
enterprise, which supplies input for it or uses the output produced by the
MNC.
By Motive
Resources seeking looking for resources at a lower real cost.
19
Market seeking secure market share and sales growth in target foreign
market.
Efficiency seeking seeks to establish efficient structure through useful
factors, cultures, policies, or markets.
3.7 FDI in Developing Countries

FDI is now increasingly recognized as an important contributor to a
developing countrys economic performance and international
competitiveness. After the debt-crisis that hit developing world in 1980s, the
conventional wisdom quickly became that it had been unwise for countries to
borrow so heavily from international banks or international bond markets.
Rather countries should try trying to attract non-debt-creating private inflows
(DFI). The financial advantage is that such capital inflows need not be repaid
and that outflow of funds (remittance of profits) would fluctuate with the
cycle of the economy. It has also been widely observed that the structural
adjustment efforts of the 1980s failed to lead to new patterns of sustained
growth in developing countries. In particular, structural adjustment programs
failed to restore private investment to desirable levels. Again it is hoped
thatd could play an important role; the World Bank observes that FDI can be
an important complement to the adjustment effort, especially in countries
having difficulty in increasing domestic savings
Against this background of balance of payments problems and low level
of private investment, it is probably not surprising that attitudes in
developing countries towards FDI have shifted. In the 1960s and 1970s many
countries maintained a rather cautious, and sometimes an outright negative
position with respect to FDI. In the 1980s, however the attitudes shifted
20
radically towards a more welcoming policy stance. This change was not so
much due to new research finding on the impact of FDI but to the economic
problems facing the developing world.Developing countries are liberalizing
their foreign investment regimes and are seeking FDI not only as a source of
capital funds and foreign exchange but also as a dynamic and efficient
vehicle to secure the much needed industrial technology, managerial
expertise and marketing know-how and networks to improve on growth ,
employment,productivity and export performance.
At the global level the flows of FDI and PFI to developing countries have
indeed increased. The average net inflow of FDI in developing countries
had been US$ 11 billion in 1980-86, but in 1987 it started to increase, by
1991the annual net inflow had risen to US$ 35 billion and by 2004 to US$
233 billion. The share of developing economies in total inflow of Foreign
Direct Investment in the world has risen continuously since 1989.
3.8 Investment risk in India

Sovereign Risk
India was an effervescent parliamentary democracy since its political
freedom from British rule more than50 years ago. The country does not face
any real threat of a serious revolutionary movement which might lead to a
collapse of state machinery. Sovereign risk in India is hence nil for both
"foreign direct investment" and "foreign portfolio investment." Many
Industrial and Business houses have restrained themselves from investing in
the North-Eastern part of the country due to unstable conditions.
21
Nonethelessinvesting in these parts is lucrative due to the rich mineral

reserves here and high level of literacy. Kashmir to the northern tip is a
militancy affected area and hence investment in the state of Kashmir are
restricted by law.
Political Risk
India has enjoyed successive years of elected representative government at
the Union as well as federal level. India suffered political instability for a
few years in the sense there was no single party which won clear majority
and hence it led to the formation of coalition governments. However,
political stability has firmly returned since the general elections in
1999
, with
strong and healthy
coalition
government
emerging,
Nonetheless, political instability did not change India's bright economic

course though it delayed certain decisions relating to the economy.
Economic liberalization which mostly interested foreign investors have been
accepted as essential by all political parties including the Communist Party
of India Though there are bleak chances of political instability in the future,
even if such a situation arises the economic policy of India would hardly be
affected.. Being a strong democratic nation the chances of an army coup or a
foreign dictatorship are minimal. Hence, political risk in India is practically
absent.
Commercial Risk
Commercial risk exists in any business ventures of a country. Not each and
every product or service is profitably accepted in the market. Hence it is
22
advisable to study the demand / supply condition for a particular product or

service before making any major investment. In India one can avail the
facilities of a large number of market research firms in exchange for a
professional fee to study the state of demand /supply for any product. As it
is, entering the consumer market involves some kind of gamble and hence
involves commercial risk.
Risk Due To Terrorism

In the recent past, India has witnessed several terrorist attacks on its soil
which could have a negative impact on investor confidence. Not only
business environment and return on investment, but also the overall security
conditions in a nation have an effect on FDI's. Though some of the financial
experts think otherwise. They believe the negative impact of terrorist attacks
would be a short term phenomenon. In the long run, it is the micro and macro
economic conditions of the Indian economy that would decide the flow of
Foreign investment and in this regard India would continue to be a favorable
investment destination
23
CHAPTER-4: ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF FDI

FOR THE HOST COUNTRY
4.1 Advantages of Foreign Direct Investment
Foreign Direct Investment has the following potential benefits for less
developed nation.
1. Raising the Level of Investment

Foreign investment can fill the gap between desired investment and locally
mobilized savings. Local capital markets are often not well developed. Thus,
they cannot meet the capital requirements for large investment projects.
Besides, access to the hard currency needed to purchase investment goods
not available locally can be difficult. FDI solves both these problems at once
as it is a direct source of external capital. It can fill the gap between desired
foreign exchange requirements and those derived from net export earnings.
2. Upgradation of Technology
Foreign investment brings with it technological knowledge while transferring
machinery and equipment to developing countries. Production units in
developing
countries
use
out-
dated equipment and techniques that can reduce the productivity of workers
and lead to the production of goods of a lower standard.
3.Improvement in Export Competitiveness
24
FDI can help the host country improve its export performance.
By raising the level of efficiency and the standards of product quality, FDI
makes a positive impact on the host countrys export competitiveness.
Further, because of the international linkages of MNCs, FDI provides for the
host country better access to foreign markets. Enhanced export possibility
contributes to the growth of the host economies by relaxing demand side
constraints on growth.
This is important for those countries which have a small domestic market
and must increase exports vigorously to maintain their tempo of economic
growth.
4.Employment Generation
Foreign investment can create employment in the modern sectors of
developing countries. Recipients of FDI gain training of employees of in
the course of operating new enterprises, which contributes to human capital
formation in the host country.
5.Benefits to Consumers
Consumers in developing countries stand togain from FDI through new
products, and improved quality of goods at competitive prices.
6.Resilience Factor:
FDI has proved to be resilient during financial crisis. For instance,
in East Asian countries such investment was remarkably stable during the
global financial crisis of 1997-98. In sharp contrast, other forms of private
capital flows like portfolio equity and debt flows were subject to large
25
reversals during the same crisis. Similar observations have been made in
Latin America in the 1980s and inMexico in 1994-95. FDI is considered less
prone to crises because direct investors typically have a longer-term
perspective when engaging in ahost country. In addition to risk sharing
properties of FDI, it is widely believed that FDI provides a stronger stimulus
to economic growth in thehostcountries than other types of capital inflows.
FDI is more than just capital, as it offers access to internationally available
technologies and management know-how.
7.Revenue to Government
Profits generated by FDI contribute tocorporate tax revenues in the host
country.
4.2 Disadvantages of Foreign Direct Investment

FDI is not an unmixed blessing. Governments in developing countries haveto
be very careful while deciding the magnitude, pattern and conditions of
private
foreign
investment.
Possible
adverse
implications of foreign
investment are the following:

1.When foreign investment is competitive with home investment, profits
in
the domestic industries fall, leading to fall in domestic savings.

2.Contribution of foreign firms to public revenue through corporate taxes is
comparatively less because of liberal tax concessions, investmentallowances,
disguised public subsidies and tariff protection provided by the
host government.
3. Foreign firms reinforce dualistic socioeconomic structure and
increase
increase income inequalities. They create a small number of highly paid
26
modern sector executives. They divert resources away from priority sectors
to the manufacture of sophisticated products for consumption of the local
elite. As they are located in urban areas, they create imbalances between
rural and urban opportunities, accelerating the flow of rural population to
urban areas.
4.Foreign firms stimulate inappropriate consumption patterns through
excessive advertising and monopolistic market power. The products made
by multinationals for the domestic market are not necessarily lowin price and
high in quality. Their technology is generally capital-intensive which does
not suit the needs of a labor-surplus economy.
5.Foreign firms able to extract sizeable economic and politicalconcessions fr
om competing governments of developing countries.Consequently, private pr
ofits of these companies may exceed social benefits.
6.Continual outflow of profits is too large in many cases, putting pressure on
foreign exchange reserves. Foreign investors are very particular about profit
repatriation facilities.
7. Foreign firms may influence political decisions in developing
Countries. In view of their large size and power, national sovereignty
andcontrol over economic policies may be jeopardized. In extreme cases,
foreign firms may bribe public officials at the highest levels to secure
unduefavors.
Similarly, they may contribute to a friendly political parties and subvert the
political process of the host country. Key question, therefore, is how
countries can minimize possible negative effects and maximize the positive
effects of FDI through appropriate policies
27
CHAPTER-5: FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN INDIA

Since independence till 1990, the performance of the Indian economy has
been dominated by a regime of multiple controls, restrictive regulations and
wide ranging state intervention. Industrial economies of the country was
protected by the state and insulated from external competition. As a result of
which, India was thrown a long way behind the world of rapid expanding
technology. The cumulative effect of these policies started becoming more
and more pronounced. By the year 1989-90, the situation in the balance
of payment and foreign exchange reserves became precarious and the
country was driven to the brink of default. The credibility reached the
sinking level that no country was willing to advance or lend to India at any
cost.
In
such
circumstances, the government quickly followed a liberalized economic polic

y in July 1991.The main objectives of the liberalized economic policy are
two fold. At the country level the reform aims at freeing domestic investors
from all the licensing requirements, the virtual abolition of MRTP
restrictions on the investment by large houses, and a competitive industrial
structure for Indian companies to achieve a global presence by becoming as
competitive as their counterparts worldwide. Secondly, the focus on
structural reforms intended to tap foreign investment for economic growth
and development
Gradually & systematically the government has taken a series of
measureslike devaluation of rupee, lowering of import duties and allowing
28
foreigninvestmentupto 51% of the equity in a large number of industries

andinvestment of large foreign equity (even up to 100%) in selected
areasespecially for export oriented products.In India, since the 1960s foreign
investment and/or foreign collaborations by the multinationals have been
principally viewed as an instrument tofacilitate the much needed transfer of
technology.
In technological as wellas financial collaborations with foreign firms, the
approval and extent of ownership participation had been predominantly
determined by the technology component of the respective products. Import
of technology as against the direct foreign investment was the main focus
of the policies till mid-eighties.The New Industrial Policy (NIP)
of
July 1991 and subsequent policy amendments have significantly liberalized

the industrial policy regime in the country especially as it applies to FDI. The
industrial approval system in all industries has been abolished except for
some strategically or environmentally sensitive industries. In 35 high priority
industries, FDI up to 51% is approved automatically if certain norms are
satisfied. FDI proposals do not necessarily have to be accompanied
by technology transfer agreements.Trading companies engaged primarily in
export activities are also allowed up to 51% foreign entity.
29
CHAPTER-6: POLICIES AND PROCEDURES OF FDI

The initial policy stimulus to foreign direct investment in India came in
July1991 when the new industrial policy provided, inter alia, automatic route
approval for projects with foreign equity participation up to 51 percent in
high priority areas. In recent years, the government has initiated the second
generation
reforms
under
which
measures have been taken to further facilitate and broaden the base of FDI in
India. The policy of FDI allows freedom of location, choice of technology
repatriation of
capital and
dividends.
The
rate
at
which FDI inflow has grown during the post-liberalization period is a clear
indication that India is a fast emerging as an attractive destination for
overseas investors. As part of the economic reform program, policy and
procedures governing foreign investment governing foreign investment and
technology transfer have been significantly simplified and streamlined.
Today FDI is allowed in all sectors including the service sector except in
cases where there are sectoral ceilings.
6.1 FDI Policy Regime

Most of the problem for investors arises because of domestic policy, rules
and procedures and not the FDI policy per se or its rules and procedure. India
has one of the most transparent and liberal FDI regimes among the merging
and developing economies. By FDI regime it means those restrictions that
apply to foreign nationals and entities but not to Indian Nationals and Indian
30
owned entities. The differential treatment is limited to a few entry rules,

spelling out a proportion of equity that the foreign entrant can hold in an
Indian company or business. There are a few banned sectors and some
sectors with limits on foreign equity proportion.
The entry rules are clear and well defined and equity limits for FDI
in selected sectors such as telecom quite explicit and well-known.Subject to
these foreign equity conditions a foreign company can set up a registered
company in India and operate under the same laws, rules and regulations as
any Indian owned company would. There is absolutely no discrimination
against foreign invested companies registered in India or infavour of
domestic owned ones.
There is however a minor restriction on those foreign entities who entered a
particular sub-sector through a joint venture with an Indian partner. If
they want to set up another company in the same sector it must get a noobjection
certificate
from
the
joint
venture
partner. This condition is explicit and transparent unlike many hidden

conditions imposed by any other recipients of FDI.
6.2 Routes for Inward Flows of FDI

FDI can be approved either through the automatic route or by the
government:1. Automatic Route
31
Companies proposing FDI under automatic route donot require any

government
approval
provided
the
proposed
foreign
iswithin the specified
equity
ceiling and
the requisite documents are filed withReserve Bank of India (RBI) within 30
days of receipt of funds.The automaticroute encompasses all proposals where
the proposed items of manufacture/activity does not require an industrial
license and is notreserved for small-scale sector.The automatic route of the
RBI was introduced to facilitate FDI inflows.
However, during the post-policy period, the actual investment flows
throughthe automatic route of the RBI against total FDI flows remained
rather insignificant. This was partly due to the fact that automatic route.
Another limitation was the ceiling of 51 percent of foreign equity
holding.Increasing number proposals were cleared through the FIPB route
while the automatic route was relatively unimportant. However, since 2000
automatic route has become significant and accounts for a large part of FDI
flows.
2. Government Approval
For the following categories, government
approval
for
FDI
through
the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) is necessary:

Proposals attracting compulsory licensing
Items of manufacture reserved for small scale sector.
Acquisition of existing shares. FIPB ensures a single window approval for
the investment and acts as a screening agency. FIPB approvals are normally
32
received in 30 days. Some foreign investors use the FIPB application route
where there may be absence ofstate policy or lack of policy clarity.
33
3. Industrial Licensing in FDI Policy

Industrial Licensingis regulated by Industries (Development and Regulation)
Act 1951. Following are the sectors which require Industrial Licensing:
Industries which abide by compulsory licensing
Manufacturing of items from the larger industrial units for small
sector industries
Locational restrictions on the proposed sitesSectors Which Require
Industrial Licensing.
Electronic aerospace and defense equipment
Alcoholics drink
Explosives
Cigarettes and tobacco products
Hazardous chemicals such as, hydrocyanic acid, phosgene, isocynatesand diisocynates of hydro carbon and derivatives.
4. Restricted List of sectors
FDI is not permissible in the following cases:
Gambling and Betting, or
Lottery Business, or
Business of chit fund
Housing and Real Estate business (to a certain extent)
Trading in Transferable Development Rights (TDRs)
Retail Trading
Railways,
34
Atomic Energy , atomic minerals,

Agricultural or plantation activities or Agriculture (excluding
Floriculture,
Horticulture, Development of Seeds, Animal Husbandry

Pisiculture and Cultivation of Vegetables, Mushrooms etc. under controlled
conditions and services related to agro and allied sectors) and Plantations
(other
than
Tea
plantations)
the
new
policies
have
substantially relaxed restrictions on foreign investment, industrial licensing

and foreign exchange. The capital market has been opened to foreign
investment and banking sector controls have beeneased. As a result, India
has been rapidly changing from a restrictive regime to a liberal one and FDI
is encouraged in almost all economic activities under the automatic route.
The Government is committed to promotingthe increased flow of FDI for
better technology, modernization, exports and for providing products and
services of international standards. Therefore, the policy of the Government
has
been
aimed
at
encouraging
the
policy
of
the
Government has been aimed at encouraging foreign investment, particularly

in core infrastructure sectors so as to supplement national efforts.
6.3 Post-approval Procedures

1. Project Clearance
After the approval has been obtained, the applicant may get his unit/
company registered with the Registrar of Company.Subsequently,
the
company needs to obtain various clearances such as land clearance,

building design clearance, pre- construction clearance, labour clearance etc.
35
from different authorities before beginning its operations.These clearances

differ from sector to sector and may also differ from stateto state.
36
2.Registration and Inspection

Each industrial unit is supposed tomaintain records in regard to production,
sale and export, use of specifiedraw materials including public utilities like
water and electricity, labour related details financial details and details in
regard to industrial safety andenvironment.The unit is also subject to periodic
inspection by the factories inspector,labour inspector, food inspector, fire
inspector, central excise inspector, air and water inspector, mines inspector,
city inspector and the like, the list of which may go up to thirty or more.
3.Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 2000
The additional provisions which apply only to entry of FDI emanate from the
provisions of FEMA. According to FEMA, no person resident outside India
shall without the approval/knowledge of the RBI may establish in India a
branch or a liaison office or a project office or any other place of
business.FDI in a particular industry may, however, be made through the
automatic route under powers delegated to the RBI or with the approval
accorded by the FIPB.
The automatic route means that foreign investors only need to informthe
RBI within 30 days of bringing in their investment. Companies getting
foreign investment approval through FIPB route do not require any further
clearance from RBI for the purpose of receiving inward remittance and issue
of shares to foreign investors.
37
RBI has granted general permission under FEMA with respect to proposals
approved by FIPB. Such companies are, however, required to notify the
concerned regional office of the RBI of receipt of inward remittances within
30 days of such receipts and again within 30 days of issue of shares to the
foreign investors.
6.4 Entry Options for Foreign Investors

A foreign company planning to set up business operations in India has the
following options: By incorporating a company under the Companies Act,
1956 through
Joint Ventures
Wholly Owned Subsidiaries
Foreign equity in such Indian companies can be up to 100% depending onthe
requirements of the investor, subject to equity caps in respect of the areaof
activities under the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policy.Enter as a foreign
Company through
Liaison Office/Representative Office
Project Office
Branch Office Such offices can undertake activities permitted under the
Foreign Exchange Management Regulations, 2000.
1.Incorporation of Company
For registration and incorporation, an application has to be filed with the
Registrar of Companies (ROC). Once a company has been duly
registered and incorporated as an Indian company, it is subject to Indian
laws and regulations as applicable toother domestic Indian companies.
38
2.Liaison Office/Representative Office

The role of the liaison office is limited to collecting information about
possible market opportunities and providing information about the company
and
its products
to prospective Indian customers. Itcan
export/import from/to India and also facilitate
promote
technical/financial
collaboration between parent company and companies in India.

Liaison office can not undertake any commercial activity directly or
indirectly and can not, therefore, earn any income in India. Approval for
establishing a liaison office in India is granted by Reserve Bank of India
(RBI).
3.Project Office
Foreign Companies planning to execute specific projects in India can set up
temporary project/site offices in India. RBI has now granted general
permission to foreign entities to establish Project Offices subject to specified
conditions. Such offices can not undertake or carry on any activity other than
the activity relating and incidental to execution of the project. Project Offices
may remit outside India the surplus of the project on its completion, general
permission for which has been granted by the RBI.
4.Branch Office
Foreign companies engaged in manufacturing andtrading activities abroad
are allowed to set up Branch Offices in India for the following purposes:
39
Export/Import of goods
Rendering professional or consultancy services
Carrying out research work, in which the parent company is engaged.
Promoting technical or financial collaborations between Indiancompanies
and parent or overseas group company.
Representing the parent company in India and acting as buying/selling agents
in India.
Rendering services in Information Technology and development of software
in India.
Rendering technical support to the products supplied by the parent/group
companies.
Foreign airline/shipping Company.A branch office is not allowed to carry out
manufacturing activities on its own but is permitted to subcontract these to
an Indian manufacturer. Branch Offices established with the approval of RBI
may remit outside India profit of the branch, net of applicable Indian taxes
and subject to RBI guidelinesPermission for setting up branch offices is
granted by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
5.Branch office on Stand-Alone Basis in Special Economic Zones(SEZs)
Such branch offices would be isolated and restricted to the SEZand no
business activity/transaction will be allowed outside the SEZ in India, which
include branches/subsidiaries of their parent office in India. No approval
shall be necessary from RBI for a company to establish a branch/unit in
SEZs to undertake manufacturing and service activities,subject to specified
conditions.
40
6.Investment in a Firm or a Proprietary Concern by NRIs

A Non-Resident Indian (NRI) or a Person of Indian Origin (PIO) resident
outside India may invest by way of contribution to the capital of a firm or
a proprietary concern in India on non-repatriation basis provided:
The amount is invested by inward remittance or out of specified
account types (NRE/FCNR/NRO accounts) maintained with an
Authorized
Dealer.
The firm of proprietary concern is not engaged in any agricultural/ plantation
or real estate business, i.e. dealing in land and immovable property with a
view to earning profit or earning income therefrom.
The amount invested shall not be eligible for repatriation outside
India. NRIs/PIOs may invest in sole proprietorship
concerns/partnership
firms with repatriation benefits with the approval of Government/ RBI.

7.Investment in a Firm or a Proprietary concern Other Than NRIs
No person resident outside India other than NRI/PIO shall make any
investment by way of contribution to the capital of a firm or a proprietorship
concern or any association of persons in India. The RBI may, on an
application made to it, permit a person resident outside India to make such an
investment subject to such terms and conditions as may be considered.
6.5 Other Modes of Foreign Direct Investments

1. Global Depository Receipts (GDR)/American Deposit Receipts(ADR) /
Foreign Currency Convertible Bonds (FCCB)
Foreign
investment
41
through
GDRs/ADRs,
Foreign
Currency
Convertible Bonds(FCCBs) are treated as Foreign Direct Investment. Indian

companies are allowed to raise equity capital in the international market
through the
issue of GDR/ADRs/FCCBs. These are not subject to any
ceilings on investment. An
applicant company seeking Government's
approval in this regard should have a consistent track record for good
performance (financial or otherwise) for a minimum period of 3 years.
This condition can be relaxed for Infrastructure projects such as power
generation, telecommunication, petroleum exploration and refining, ports,
airports
and
roads.There
is no
restriction
on the
number
of GDRs/ADRs/FCCBs to be floated by a company or a group of companies

in a financial year. A company engaged in the manufacture of items covered
under Automatic Route is likely to exceed the percentage limits under
the Automatic Route, whose direct foreign investment after a proposed
GDR/ADR/FCCBs issue is likely to exceed 50 per cent/51 per cent/74 per
cent as the case may be, or which is implementing a project not contained in
project falling under Government Approval Route, would Need to obtain
prior Government clearance through FIPB before seeking final approval
from the Ministry of Finance.There are no end-use restrictions on GDR/ADR
issue proceeds, except for an express ban on investment in real estate and
stock markets. The FCCB issue proceeds need to conform to external
commercial borrowing end use requirements; in addition, 25 per cent of the
FCCB proceeds can be used for general corporate restructuring.
2. Preference Shares:
Foreign investment through preference shares is treated as foreign direct
investment. Proposals are processed either through the automatic route
42
or FIPB as the case may be. The following guidelines apply to issues of such
shares: Foreign investment in preference share is considered as part of share capital
and fall outside the External Commercial Borrowing (ECB)guidelines/cap
Preference shares to be treated as foreign direct equity for the purpose
of sectoral caps on foreign equity, where such caps are prescribed, provided
they carry a conversion option. If the preference shares are structured
without such conversion option, they would fall outside the foreign direct
equity cap.
Duration for conversion shall be as per the maximum limit prescribed under
the Companies Act or what has been agreed to in the shareholders agreement
whichever is less.
The dividend rate would not exceed the limit prescribed by the Ministry of
Finance.
Issue of Preference Shares should conform to guidelines prescribed by the
SEBI and RBI and other statutory requirements.
6.6 Foreign Technology Agreements

Foreign technology induction is encouraged both through FDI and through
foreign technology agreements. India has one of the most liberal policy
regimes
in
regard
to
technology
agreements.Foreign technology
collaboration is permitted either through automatic route or through FIPB.

1.Automatic Approval
RBI accords automatic approval for foreign
technology
agreements for all industries subject to the following:
collaboration
43
The lump sum payment should not exceed US$ 2 million.

Royalty payable is limited to 5 percent for domestic sales and 8 percent for
exports subject to total payment of 8 percent of sales over a 10 year period.
The period for payment of royalty not exceed 7 years from the date
of commencement of commercial production, or 10 years from the dateof
agreement whichever is earlier.
2.FIPB Route
For the following categories, Government approval Is necessary:
Proposals attracting compulsory licensing.
Items of manufacture reserved for small-scale sector.
Proposals involving any previous joint venture or technologytransfer/trade
mark agreement in the same or allied field in India.
Extension of foreign technology collaboration agreements.
Proposals not meeting any or all of the parameters for automatic approval.
The different components of foreign technology collaboration such as
technicalknow how fees, payment for design and drawing, payment
for engineering service and royalty are eligible for approval throughTheauto
matic route, and by the Government.
44
CHAPTER-7:
SECTOR SPECIFIC GUIDELINES FOR FDI IN INDIA
7.1 Hotel & Tourism Sector
100% FDI is permissible in the sector on the automatic route.The term
hotels include restaurants , beach resorts, and other tourist complexes
providing accommodation and/or catering and food facilities to tourists.
Tourism related industry include travel agencies, tour operating agencies and
tourist transport operating agencies, units providing facilities for cultural,
adventure and wildlife experience to tourists, surface, air and water transport
facilities to tourists, leisure, entertainment, amusement,sports, and health
units for tourists and Convention/Seminar units andorganizations.For
foreign technology agreements, automatic approval is granted if
1.Up to 3% of the capital cost of the project is proposed to be paid
for technical and consultancy services including fees for architects,
design,supervision, etc.
2.Up to 3% of net turnover is payable for franchising and
marketing/publicity support fee, and up to 10% of gross operating profit is
payable for management fee, including incentive fee.
7.2 Private Sector Banking

49% FDI is allowed from all sources on the automatic route subject
toguidelines issued by RBI from time to time.
1.FDI/NRI/OCB investments allowed in the following 19 NBFC
45
Activities shall be as per levels indicated below:

a.Merchant banking
b.Underwriting
c.Portfolio Management Services
d. Investment Advisory Services.
e. Financial consultancy.
f.Stock Broking
g.Asset Management
h.Venture Capital
i.Custodial Services
j.Factoring
k.Credit Reference Agencies
l.Credit rating agencies.
m.Leasing& Finance
n.Housing Finance
o.Foreign Exchange Brokering
p.Credit card business
Q. Money changes Business
r.Micro Credit
s.Rural Credit
2. Minimum Capitalization Norms for fund based NBFCs:
a.For FDI up to 51% - US$ 0.5million to be brought up front
b.For FDI above 51% and up to 75% - US $ 5million to be broughtupfront.
c.For FDI above 75% and up to 100% - US $ 50million out of which US $
7.5million to be brought up front and the balance in 24 months
3.Minimum
capitalization
46
norms
for
non-fund
based
activities:Minimum capitalization norm of US $ 0.5 million is applicable

in respect of all permitted non-fund based NBFCs with foreign investment.
4.Foreign investors can set up 100% operating subsidiaries without the
condition to disinvest a minimum of 25% of its equity to Indian
entities,subject to bringing in US$ 50 million as at 2.(c) above (without any
restriction on number of operating subsidiaries without
bringing
inadditional capital)
5.Joint Venture operating NBFC's that have 75% or less than
75%foreign investment will also be allowed to set up subsidiaries for underta
king other NBFC activities, subject to the subsidiaries also
Complying with the applicable minimum capital inflow i.e.2.(a)and2.
(b)above.
6.FDI in the NBFC sector is put on the automatic route subject to
compliance with the guidelines of the Reserve Bank of India. RBI would
issue appropriate guidelines in this regard
7.3 Insurance Sector

FDI up to 26% in the Insurance sector is allowed on the automatic route
subject to obtaining a license from Insurance Regulatory & the Development
Authority (IRDA)
47
7.4 Telecommunication sector

1. In basic, cellular, value added services and global mobile personal
Communications by satellite, FDI is limited to 49% subject to licensingand
security requirements and adherence by the companies (who is investing and
the companies in which investment is being made) to thelicense conditions
for foreign equity cap and lock- in period for transfer and addition of equity
and other license provisions.
2.ISPs with gateways, radio-paging and end-to- end bandwidth, FDI is
permitted up to 74% with FDI, beyond the
49%
requiring
Government
approval. These services would be subject to licensing and security

requirements.
3. No equity cap is applicable to manufacturing activities.
4.FDI up to 100% is allowed for the following activities in the telecom
sector
:a.ISPs not providing gateways (both for satellite and submarine cables);
b.Infrastructure Providers providing dark fiber (IP Category 1);
c.Electronic Mail; and
d.Voice MailThe above would be subject to the following conditions:
FDI up to 100% is allowed subject to the condition that such
companies
would divest 26% of their equity in favor of Indian public in 5 years, if these
companies are listed in other parts of the world.
e.The above services would be subject to licensing and security
requirements, wherever required.Proposals for FDI beyond 49% shall be
considered by FIPB on case to case basis.
48
7.5 Trading Companies

Trading is permitted under automatic route with FDI up to 51% provided it is
primarily export activities, and the undertaking is an export house/trading
house/super trading house. However, under the FIPB route:1.100% FDI is permitted in case of trading companies for the following
activities:
a. Exports;
b. Bulk imports with ex-port/ex-bonded warehouse sales;
c. Cash and carry wholesale trading;
d.Another import of goods or services provided at least 75% is for the
procurement and sale of goods and services among the companies of the
same group and not for third party use or onward transfer/ distribution/
sales.
2. The following kinds of trading are also permitted, subject to the provisions
of EXIM Policy:
a. Companies for providing after sales services (that is not trading per se)
b. Domestic trading of products of JVs is permitted at the wholesale level for
such trading companies who wish to market manufactured products on
behalf of their joint ventures in which they have equity participation in India.
c.Trading of hi-tech items/items requiring specialized after sales serviced.
d. Trading of items for social sector
e. Trading of high-tech, medical and diagnostic items.
49
f.Trading of items sourced from the small scale sector under which, based
on technology provided and laid down quality specifications, acompany can
market that item under its brand name.
g. Domestic sourcing of products for exports.
h.Test marketing of such items for which a company has approval
for manufacture provided such test marketing facility will be for a periodof
two years, and investment in setting up manufacturing facility commences
simultaneously with test marketing.
FDI up to 100% permitted for e-commerce activities subject to the
conditionthat such companies would divest 26% of their equity in favor of
the Indian public in five years, if these companies are listed in other parts of
the world. Such companies would engage only in business to business
(B2B) e-commerce and not in retail trading.
7.6 Power Sector

Up to 100% FDI allowed in respect of projects relating to electricitygeneratio
n, transmission and distribution, other than atomic reactor power plants.
There is no limit on the project cost and quantum of foreign direct
investment.
7.7 Drugs & Pharmaceuticals

FDI up to 100% is permitted on the automatic route for the manufacture
of drugs and pharmaceutical, provided the activity does not attract
compulsory licensing or involve the use of recombinant DNA technology,
and specific cell /tissue targeted formulations. FDI proposals for the
50
manufacture of licensabledrugs and pharmaceuticals and bulk drugs

produced by recombinant DNA technology, and specific cell / tissue targeted
formulations will require prior Government approval.
7.8 Infrastructure Sector

FDI up to 100% under automatic route is permitted in projects for constructi
on and maintenance of roads, highways, vehicular bridges, toll roads,
vehicular tunnels, ports and harbors.
7.9 Pollution Control and Management

FDI up to 100% in both manufacture of pollution control equipment and
consultancy for integration of pollution control systems is permitted on the
automatic route
7.10 Call Centers in India / Call Centers in India

FDI up to 100% is allowed subject to certain conditions
7.11 Business Process Outsourcing BPO in India

FDI up to 100% is allowed subject to certain conditions.
7.12 Special Facilities and Rules for NRI's and OCB's

NRI's and OCB's are allowed the following special facilities:
1. Direct investment in industry, trade, infrastructure etc..
2.Up to 100% equity with full repatriation facilities for capital and dividends
in the following sectors:
a.34 High Priority Industry Groups
51
b.Export Trading Companies

c.Hotels and Tourism-related Projects
d.Hospitals, Diagnostic Centers
e.Shipping
f.Deep Sea Fishing
g.Oil Exploration
h.Power
i.Housing and Real Estate Development
j.Highways, Bridges and Ports
k.Sick Industrial Units
l.Industries Requiring Compulsory Licensing
m.Industries Reserved for Small Scale Sector
n.Up to 40% Equity with full repatriation: New Issues of ExistingCompanies
raising Capital through Public Issue up to 40% of the newCapital Issue.
O.On non-repatriation basis: Up to 100% Equity in any Proprietary
or Partnership engaged in Industrial, Commercial or Trading Activity.
p.Portfolio Investment on repatriation basis: Up to 1% of the Paid
upValue of the equity Capital or Convertible Debentures of theCompany by
each NRI. Investment in Government Securities, Units of UTI, National
Plan/Saving Certificates.
q.On Non- Repatriation Basis : acquisition of shares of an IndianCompany,
through a General Body Resolution, up to 24% of the Paid Up Value of the
Company.
r.Other Facilities: Income Tax is at a Flat Rate of 20% on Income Arising
from Shares or Debentures of an Indian Company.Certain terms and
conditions do apply.
52
7.13 Foreign Direct Investment in Small Scale Industries

(SSI's) in India
Recently, India has allowed Foreign Direct Investment up to 100% in many
manufacturing industries which were designated as Small Scale Industries.
India further ended in February 2008 the monopoly of small-scale units on79
items, leaving just 35 on the reserved list that once had as many as 873 item.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in India is subject to certain Rules and
Regulations and is subject to predefined limits ('Limits') in various sectors
which range from 20% to 100%. There are also some sectors in which FDI is
prohibited. The FDI Limits are reviewed by the Government from time to
time and as and when the need is felt and FDI is allowed in new sectors
where the limits of investment in the existing sectors are modified
accordingly. In order to revise the FDI Limits to attract more foreign
investment in India, the Union Government constituted a committee named,
Arvind Mayaram Committee headed by the Economic Affairs Secretary. On
Tuesday, 16th July, 2013, the Government approved the recommendations
given by the Arvind Mayaram Committee to increase FDI limits in 12
sectors out of the proposed 20 sectors, including crucial ones such as defense
and telecom.
Some of the important changes made in the Existing FDI Limits are provided
below:
FDI Limit in Telecom Sector is increased from 74 per cent to 100 percent,
out of which up to 49 per cent will be allowed under automatic route and the
remaining through Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) approval. A
53
similar dispensation would be allowed for asset reconstruction companies

and tea plantations.
FDI in 4 sectors i.e. gas refineries, commodity exchanges, power trading and
stock exchanges have been allowed via the automatic route. In case of PSU
oil refineries, commodity exchanges, power exchanges, stock exchanges and
clearing corporations, FDI will be allowed up to 49 per cent under automatic
route as against current routing of the investment through FIPB.
FDI in single brand retail is to be allowed up to 49 percent under the
automatic route and beyond that shall be through FIPB.
In credit information firms, 74 per cent FDI under automatic route will be
allowed.
In respect of courier services, FDI of up to 100 per cent will be allowed
under automatic route. Earlier, similar amount of investment was allowed
through FIPB route.
FDI cap in defense sector remained unchanged at 26%, however higher
limits of foreign investment in state-of-the-art manufacturing would be
considered by the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS). Technically, the
decision leaves it open for CCS to even allow 100% foreign investment in
what the defence ministry will define as "state-of-the-art" segments with
safeguards built in to ensure that the technology and equipment are not
shared with other countries.
In the contentious insurance sector, it was decided to raise the sectoral FDI
cap from 26 per cent to 49 per cent under automatic route under which
companies investing do not require prior government approval. A Bill to
raise FDI cap in this sector is pending in the Rajya Sabha.
54
7.14 Forbidden Territories:

Arms and ammunition
Atomic Energy
Coal and lignite
Rail Transport
Mining of metals like iron, manganese, chrome, gypsum, sulfur, gold,
diamonds, copper, zinc.
55
CHAPTER-8: FACTORS AFFECTING FDI

The factors that can narrow the gap between FDI approvals and actual
foreign direct investment
inflos and indeed
make
India
a preferred
destination for global capital are,

1.Availability of infrastructure in all areas
i.e.
transports
hospitality,
telecom, power, etc.

2.Transparency of processes, policies and decision making andreduction
of
government decision making lead time.

3.Stability of policies i.e. entry, exit, labor laws, etc. over a definite time
horizon so that definite plans can be made.
4.Acceptance of International Standards including accountingstandards.
5.Capital account convertibility so that all capitals and payments can flow
easily in and out of the economy.
6.Simplification of the regulatory framework in general and tax laws.
7.Improvement in bandwidth for internet and data communication.
8.Improvement in the enforcement of intellectual property rights.
9.Implementation of the WTO agreement full.
All investments foreign and domestic are made under the expectation
of future profits. The economy benefits if economy policy fosters
completion, creates a well functioning modern regulatory system and
discourage sartificial monopolies created by the government through entry
barriers. A Recognition and understanding of these facts can result in a more
positive attitude towards FDI. The future policies should be designed in the
56
light of the above observations. The most important initiatives that need
attention are:
1.Empowering the State Governments with regard to FDI.
2. Developing a fast track clearance system for legal disputes.
3. Changing the mindset of bureaucracy through HR practices.
4.Developing basic infrastructure.
5.Improving
Indias
image
as
an investment
destination.While
the
magnitudes of inflows have recorded impressive growth, they are still at a

small level compared to Indias potential. The policy reforms undertaken
have undoubtedly enabled the country to widen the sectoraland source
composition of FDI inflows. Within a generation, the countries of East Asia
transformed themselves. China, Indonesia, Korea, Thailand and Malaysia
today have living standards much above ours.
8.1 FDI TRENDS IN INDIA

India is the second most populous country and the largest democracy in the
world. The far reaching and sweeping economic reform undertaken
since1991 have unleashed the enormous growth potential of the economy.
There
has been a rapid, yet calibrated, move towards deregulation and
liberalization, which has resulted in India becoming a favoritedestination for

investment. Undoubtedly, India has emerged as one of the most vibrant and
dynamic of the developing economies.
8.2 India as an Investment Destination

FDI is seen as a means to supplement domestic investment for achieving a
higher level of economic growth and development. FDI benefits domestic
57
industry as well as the Indian consumers by providing opportunities

for technological upgradation, access to global managerial skills and
practices,optimal utilization of human and natural resources, making Indian
industry internationally competitive, opening up export markets, providing
backward forward linkages and access to international quality goods and
services. FDI policy has been constantly reviewed and necessary steps have
been taken to make India a most favorable destination for FDI. There are
several good reasons for investing in India.
1.Third largest reservoir of skilled manpower in the world.
2.Large and diversified infrastructure spread across the country.
3.Abundance of natural resources and self-efficiency in agriculture.
4.Package of fiscal incentives for foreign investors.
5.Large and rapidly growing consumer market.
6. Democratic government with an independent judiciary.
7.English as the preferred business language.
8. A developed commercial banking network of over 63000 branches
supportedby a number of National and State level financial institutions.
9.Vibrant capital market consisting of 22 stock exchanges with over
9400listed companies.
10. A congenial foreign investment environment that provide freedom
of entry, investment, location, choice of technology, import and export, and
11.Easy access to markets of Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal,Pakistan
and Sri Lanka.
Top
Investing
Countries
58
FDI
Inflows
in India
59
60
CHAPTER-9: CASE STUDY

9.1 HEWLETT- PACKARD INDIA
In mid-2006, HP acquired majority stake in MphasiS BFL Limited, a
leading Applicationsand Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) Services
company based in Bangalore, India.With the addition of MphasiS, the total
work force is now more than 30,000.
Slowdown for HP
FY 09 was definitely not a year that HP India would like to remember
fondly. Theslowdown took an alarming toll on its top line in rupee terms, the
group revenue wasalmost flat; in dollar terms, it declined. Result: it was the
worst performing group in theDQ Top 5 club. While the others Tatas at 26%,
Wipro at 41%, Infosys at 31%, and evenHCL at fared between average to
outstanding, HP was left far behind in the race.
Strategy adopted
It was unfortunately not a great start for NeelamDhawan, who rejoined HP
India after her three-year stint as head of Microsoft India. She took over as
the managing director of HPIndia in June, 2008, replacing CEO
BaluDoraiswamy who moved on to become MD for Asia Pacific Japan and
senior VP for HPs global technology solutions group (TSG).Though on a
brighter note, within HP India, the TSG unit that she only headed
61
(whichcontributed maximum to HPs revenues) was the silver lining. Within

TSG, it was the ITservices business that shonethe EDS acquisition paid off
boosting the services topline bynearly 50%. Acquisitions seemingly did the
trick for HP India: other than EDS, on theenterprise software front it were
the Opsware and Tower Software acquisitions. There waslittle doubt that the
EDS takeover placed HP in a stronger position to leverage the
domesticmarket. While HP was already a force to reckon with in domestic IT
services, it nowgained in terms of new capabilities in manufacturing,
transportation, PSUs, healthcare aswell as infrastructure management and
BPO. And we are not even counting the impact of MphasiS (which is an
EDS company, and at present separately listed); though in FY 09, itwas more
for MphasiS that the HP-EDS brand equity worked well, and HP too is sure
to benefit from the arrangement. The year even saw HP veteran Ganesh
Ayyar taking over asthe CEO of MphasiS.51
Efforts were made though to halt the declining fortunes by launching newer
products likeProbooks (for SMBs), EliteBooks (for large enterprises),
notebooks targeting women andCQ2000, the touch-smart PCs with
QuickPlayer button. HP also undertook an inventorycorrectionin OND and
restructured PSG to ensure cross selling by the sales &marketingteams for
both desktops and notebooks.
IPG (at 20%, the smallest of the three divisions) too was not immune from
the negativemarket sentiments mirroring the causes and symptoms afflicting
PSG. Remedial measuresadopted included a growing focus on managed
62
printing services, large format printers,color printing and services like

Snapfish.
The financing scheme offered to resellers of both IPG and PSG by the HP
FinancialServices Group did provide some solace to the beleaguered
partners. Incidentally, thesefinancing options helped HP services too, as it
enabled many SMBs to opt for the option tocome into the services
bandwagon. Last year was particularly interesting for HP FinancialServices
group (HPFS). It got a big push due to inability of companies to shell out
instant payments in the backdrop of an economic crisis. HPFS offers desktop
PCs and other ITequipment on lease to SMBs, in addition to facilitating
deployment of SAP businessenterprise software, though it reports numbers
globally. HPFS enabled per quarter payments of bundle of solutions bought
from HP, last year.
TSGs growth at 33% (primarily because of the EDS acquisition) was
however, defeated bythe flat growth of two major groupsimaging& printing
solutions and personal solutions52
63
(desktops and notebooks). TSG with 55% contribution continued to be HP

Indiasmainstay,while the pain areas for HP last year were PSG and IPG.
Even though PSG accounted for nearly a quarter of its revenues and HP
continued to retain its top spot in desktops andnotebooks across all four
quarters (according to IDC), the generally down consumer sentiment and the
overall declining market were big dampeners. Particularly in the case
of desktops, the market went sharply down, while in notebooks Dell started
offering somecompetition.On the enterprise software side, the information
management and BI solutions whichincluded the enterprise records
management software that it acquired through itsacquisition of Tower
Software in fiscal 2008 and Open Call solutions, which is a suite of carriergrade software platforms also helped a great deal. Though critics claim that
whileIBM is already moving ahead with a service as a product model, HP is
still evaluating acustomized portfolio. The proof of the pudding was in the
eating-more than 30% growth inenterprise software.
Impact
Though the collaboration between HP services with enterprise storage &
servers and HPsoftware groups, as well as third-party system integrators and
software and networkingcompanies to bring solutions were very much there,
HPSs synergy with IPG and PSG to provide managed print services, end user
workplace services, and mobile workforce productivity solutions to
enterprise customers were lacklustre. One positive developmentwas HPs
seriousness on the green front. It did start scoring on the efficiency index
with theintroduction of products like blade servers with its green touch. Its ewaste strategy addeda further push to its green focus. Amongst some big
64
wins in India, HPFS won the financingand asset management services

contract from Subhiksha last year.
65
9.2 SATELLITE TELEVISION ASIA REGION (STAR)

STAR is an Asian TVservice owned by RupertMurdoch's News Corporation.
It is headquartered inHong Kong, with regional offices inIndia, mainland
China,
Taiwan,
Singapore,
as
well
as
in
other
south
Asian
countries.According to the STAR website, their service has more than 300
million viewers in 53countries and is watched by approximately 120 million
viewers every day.
History
Star News is one of the channels in a bouquet of channels run by STAR, a
subsidiary of News Corporation. STAR launched in 1991, was the pioneer
of satellite television in India. Now it runs channels in almost every genre
such as entertainment, movies, news, sports,documentary, music, etc., and
has a presence in 53 countries in Asia. Some of its channelsare Star Plus,
Star World, Channel V, ESPN.Thecompany was launched in 1 August 1990
as part of Hutchison Whampoagroup. Itstarted broadcasting five television
channels in 1 January 1991 fromAsiaSat1 Satellite.Launch of The STAR TV
Network pioneered satellite television in Asia and in the processcatalyzed
explosive growth in the media industry across the entire region.In
1993 News Corporationpurchased 63.6% of STAR for over $500 million,
followed bythe purchase of the remaining 36.4% in 1 January 1993.
Murdoch declared that:"(telecommunications) have proved an unambiguous
threat to totalitarian regimeseverywhere ... satellite broadcasting makes it
possible for information-hungry residents of many closed societies to bypass
state-controlled television channels"After this, the former prime minister Li
66
Pengrequested and obtained the ban of satellitedishesthroughout the country.

Subsequently the STAR TV network dropped theBBC channels from its
satellite offer. This, and many ensuing declaration from Murdoch, led critics
to believe the businessman was striving to appease the Chinese government
in order to have the ban lifted.
In August of 2009, STAR Broadcasting Corporation revealed a restructure to
its Asian broadcast businesses into three units - Star India, Star Greater
China and Fox InternationalChannels (FIC). James Murdoch (NewsCorp
chairman) stated, We are now reshaping a big, regional organisation into
three highly focused business units..". Paul Aeillo (CEO)was slated to leave
in December 2009.
Challenges
Using Asia Sat for Star-TV created a problem, however, because the satellite
was never meant to be used for broadcasting. Under the jurisdiction of the
InternationalTelecommunications Union (ITU), it was begun as a
telecommunications satellite only.Little has been done about this situation,
but criticism has developed in the scholarlycommunity. In a 1992 paper for
the International Communication Association, SeemaShrikhande asserted
that, "Using telecommunications satellites for broadcasting goesagainst the
ruling that national sovereignty includes the state's control over
televisionwithin its borders and that satellite footprints should be tailored to
national boundaries asfar as possible." Following these assumptions, several
countries have attempted to placerestrictions on reception of Star-TV but
have found them difficult to enforce.
Impact
67
Today STAR Broadcasting Corporation broadcasts over 60 services in 13

languages.Shows include entertainment, sports, movies, music, news and
documentaries.Reaching more than 300 million viewers in 53 countries
across Asia, STAR BroadcastingCorporation is watched by approximately
120 million viewers every day.STAR Broadcasting Corporation controls
over 20,000 hours of Indian and Chinese programming and also owns the
world's largest
contemporary Chinese film library, withmore than 600 titles, featuring
superstars includingJackieChan,Chow Yun-FatandBruceLee.In partnership
with leading companies in Asia, STAR Broadcasting Corporation businesses
extend to filmed entertainment, television production, cable systems
anddistribution, direct-to-home services, terrestrial TV broadcasting, wireless
and digitalservices.In 1994 STAR TV Network removedBBC World Service
Television(now BBC World News) from the network following demands
from the government of the People's Republicof China. It is alleged that the
PRC government was unhappy withBBCcoverageandthreatened to block Star
TV in the hugemainland Chinesemarket if the BBC was notwithdrawn. This
is despite technology that is capable of blocking BBC World in China,while
making it available in other countries they serve.
Recent developments
Star and similar regional operations add a new layer of complexity to
discussions of concepts such as media imperialism, the globalization of
culture, and the international flowof television. The system's emphasis on
intra-regional cultural flows--across national borders but within language and
68
cultural boundaries--assumes that audiences will respondto the cultural

similarity
or
proximity
of
the
programming.
Given
further
satellitedevelopments in other regions, Star-TV may be an example of one

form of futuretelevision.
The numerouno status enjoyed by Star Plus for nearly a decade since July
2000, based ontwo long-running spells of KaunBanegaCrorepati (KBC) in
2000 and 2007, and a slew of family melodramas mass-produced by Balaji
Telefilms like KyunkiSaasBhiKabhiBahuThi and KahaaniGharGharKii, has
ended.
STAR TV invested US$ 80 million in building up its Indian operation and
has beengrowing at 40-50 per cent per annum for the last 3 years. Star TV
India is valued at over US$ 2 billion by Communications Equity Associates,
an American investment bank, andrated as the most valuable and profitable
investment of Star TV group in all of Asia. Itschannels cover 300 million
people in 53 countries in Asia and the Middle East.
69
CHAPTER 10: SUGGESTIONS& RECOMMENDATION

According to some of the foreign companies operating in India the deluge of
corruption lies in the lack of transparency in the rules of governance,
extremely cumbersome official procedures and excessive and unregulated
discretionary power in the hands of politicians and bureaucrats. India should
have
her
focus
immediately
on
the
infrastructure
of
airports,
telecommunications, ports and roads in selected areas to make the country

more attractive to foreign investors. In fact, in contrast to China, Indian
governments have been concentrating more on link roads or local route in
rural areas in place of highways, airports and railways joining various states
and business centres in India. So, it is high time to have a change in focus.
Sectoral FDI caps should be reduced to the minimum and entry barriers
eliminated. Also, the special economic zones should be developed as the
most competitive destination for export related FDI in the world.
Initiate the perception-changing and image-building exercises as well as
concrete and tangible steps towards further reforms. To achieve this
objective all wings of government have to be made responsible and
accountable for increasing private investment in general and FDI in
particular. Aggressive marketig strategy focused on changing the investors
attitude towards India is the need of the hour.
Income-tax rates on foreign company's income are higher than the rates on
the domestic company. Therefore, the tax rate shall be same on domestic
company and foreign company.
70
It is suggested that a policy targeting export-oriented FDI or high technology

FDI may be very favourable for the country's BOP rather than one
attempting to maximize the magnitude of FDI irrespective of its composition.
And to accelerate India's exports, on sustainable basis, the focus has to be
centered around "Technology based exports".
Indo-Mauritius double taxation avoidance treaty, which provides for
Mauritius residents to pay capital gains only in Mauritius has been a major
factor behind the increasing inflow of foreign investment into India.
Actually, a part from the double tax avoidance treaties the recent move by
the Mauritius government, permitting Mauritius-based offshore funds to
allocate their capital between various cells should also lead to a sharp spurt
in investments into the country through Mauritius. Thus, double tax
avoidance treaties have improved the investment climate favourable for
foreign investors in general. To what extent they have influenced the inflow
of FDI, is uncertain.
71
CHAPTER-11: CONCLUSION
Economic reforms in India have deregulated the economy and stimulated

domestic and foreign investment, taking India firmly in the forefront
of investment destinations. The Government, keen to promote FDI in the
country, has radically simplified and rationalized policies, procedure and
regulatory aspects. Foreign direct investment is
welcome in almost
allsectors; expect those strategic concerns (defense and atomic energy).

Since the initiation of the economic liberalization process in 1991, sectors
such as automobiles, chemicals, food processing, oil and natural gas, etrochemicals, power, service , and telecommunication chemicals, power,
services, and telecommunications have attracted considerable investments.
Today, in the changed investment climate, India offers existing business
opportunities in virtually every sector of the economy. Telecom, electrical
equipment (including computer software),energy and transportation sector
have attracted the highest FDI.Despite its market size and potential, India
have yet to convert considerable favorable investor sentiment into substantial
net flows of FDI.Overall, India remains high on corporate investor radar
screens, and is widely perceived
to
offer
ample
opportunities
for
investment.The market size and potential give India a definite advantage

over most other comparableinvestment
destinations. Indias
investment
profile, however, is also conditioned by factors that affect the flow of

FDI, which
infrastructure
are
bureaucratic
facilities
delays,
pro-labor
laws,
widespread corruption,
political
risk
and
poor
weak
intellectual property regime. A perceived slowdown in the process of reforms

generates doubts about the markets long-term potential.To capitalize on its
72
potential for FDI, would seem that India needs to accelerate efforts to
institutionalize government efficiency and advance the implementation
of promised reforms. Other strategic efforts should
market on Indias
investments
include focusing the
relatively higher rates of return on existing
and
issue of transforming the
long
term
country into
potential,
a viable
addressing
export
the
platform and
encouraging strategic alliances with foreign investors. In short,this means

accelerating Indias integration with the global economy.
CHAPTER 12: WEBLIOGRAPHY

www.rbi.org.in
www.Sebi.gov.in
www.economictimes.india times.com
http://www.cefims.ac.uk/documents/sample-15.pdf
http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/business-theory/finance/investmentappraisal.html#axzz2fzrwdqgM
http://homepages.strath.ac.uk/~cds98101/NPV.html
http://www.cefims.ac.uk/documents/sample-36.pdf
73

Index: FDI (Foreign Direct Investement)

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FDI (Foreign Direct Investement)

FDI (Foreign Direct Investement)

K.P.B HINDUJA COLLEGE OF COMMERCE

FDI (Foreign Direct Investement)

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ON FDI

FDI (Foreign Direct Investement)

Foreign investors by offering.

investors are rapid economicgrowth, privatization programmes open to forei

K.P.B HINDUJA COLLEGE OF COMMERCE

FDI (Foreign Direct Investement)

Imposing severe limits on equity holdings by foreigners and

tax incentives to encourage indigenous

domestic firms. In the absence of foreign technology, Indian industry

K.P.B HINDUJA COLLEGE OF COMMERCE

FDI (Foreign Direct Investement)

Encouragement of foreign investment, particularly for FDI, is an integral part

K.P.B HINDUJA COLLEGE OF COMMERCE

FDI (Foreign Direct Investement)

as a percentage of gross domestic products (GDP). The largest flows of

K.P.B HINDUJA COLLEGE OF COMMERCE

FDI (Foreign Direct Investement)

CHAPTER-2: FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT

relationship and reflecting a lasting interest and control by a resident entity in

FDI (Foreign Direct Investement)

Individuals as well as business entities may undertake FDI. Flows of FDI

viz., equity capital, reinvested earnings and intra-

K.P.B HINDUJA COLLEGE OF COMMERCE

FDI (Foreign Direct Investement)

K.P.B HINDUJA COLLEGE OF COMMERCE

FDI (Foreign Direct Investement)

FDI (Foreign Direct Investement)

3.1 Foreign Direct versus Portfolio Investment

K.P.B HINDUJA COLLEGE OF COMMERCE

FDI (Foreign Direct Investement)

7.Minority stock acquisition, if the objective is to participate in the

3.2 Superiority of FDI over Other Forms of Capital Inflows

investors direct investors typically have a longer-term perspective when

K.P.B HINDUJA COLLEGE OF COMMERCE

FDI (Foreign Direct Investement)

3. FDI is expected to have relatively strong effects on economic growth,

3.3 Macroeconomic and Micro-economic Aspects of FDI

K.P.B HINDUJA COLLEGE OF COMMERCE

FDI (Foreign Direct Investement)

3.4 Resource-seeking and Market-seeking FDI

the relative importance of resource-seeking FDI has

significantly.The relative importance of market-seeking FDI is rather

K.P.B HINDUJA COLLEGE OF COMMERCE

FDI (Foreign Direct Investement)

3.5 Nature of FDI

all modern (FDI) is carried out by corporations rather than

individuals. Somewhat like portfolio investment, the flows of FDI have

K.P.B HINDUJA COLLEGE OF COMMERCE

FDI (Foreign Direct Investement)

type. During the inter-war period, most of the currently largest

manufacturing FDI is that it originates in industries that are technologically

prone industries are typically more concentrated, have higher advertising

K.P.B HINDUJA COLLEGE OF COMMERCE

FDI (Foreign Direct Investement)

Types of Foreign Direct Investment: An Overview

K.P.B HINDUJA COLLEGE OF COMMERCE

FDI (Foreign Direct Investement)

3.7 FDI in Developing Countries

K.P.B HINDUJA COLLEGE OF COMMERCE