Sie sind auf Seite 1von 102

Presented by :

Sugeng Jadmoko
PT. INDOSAT Tbk.
Jakarta, Indosat Building 17
th
Floor
Jl. Medan Merdeka Barat 21
IP/MPLS SERVICES
TRAINING
ICND v2.05-2
Agenda
Day 1 session 1
- IP Routing Overview
- Break
- Lab 1 : Building IP Core Network
Objective :
Peserta mengerti tentang cara setting ip address di interface,
menjalankan routing protocol static dan ospf, dan teknik
troubleshooting
dasar
Day 1 session 2
- Introduction to MPLS
- Break
- Lab 2 : Enabling MPLS Network (On top of IP Core Network)
Objective :
Peserta mengerti tentang konsep dasar dari MPLS, cara membangun
jaringan MPLS sederhana, dan teknik troubleshooting dasar
ICND v2.05-3
Agenda
Day 1 session 3
- Introduction to MPLS Virtual Private Network (VPN)
- Break
- Lab 3 : Building MPLS-VPN enabled Network
Objective :
Peserta mengerti tentang setting P dan PE router, menjalankan
routing protocol MP-BGP dan teknik troubleshooting dasar
Day 2
- Lab 4 : Creating MPLS L2VPN & L3VPN Services
- Break
- Continue Lab 4
Objective :
Peserta mengerti tentang konsep dasar dari MPLS-VPN, cara
membangun layanan MPLS-VPN sederhana, mengerti cara setting
router P, PE dan CE, dan teknik troubleshooting dasar
IP ROUTING
OVERVIEW
ICND v2.05-5
KONSEP JARINGAN DATA
LAN (Local Area Network)
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
WAN (Wide Area Network)
ICND v2.05-6
PERANGKAT JARINGAN
HOST (PC, SERVER, VOIP GATEWAY,
DLL)
ROUTER
ETHERNET HUB
ETHERNET SWITCH
ETHERNET BRIDGE
ICND v2.05-7
Struktur 7 layer OSI
ICND v2.05-8
TCP/IP VS 7 LAYER OSI
ICND v2.05-9
IP PACKET (IP DATAGRAM)
4 byte (32 bit)
ICND v2.05-10
To route, a router needs to do the
following:
Know the destination address
Identify the sources it can learn from
Discover possible routes
Select the best route
Maintain and verify routing information
What Is Routing?
ICND v2.05-11
Routers must learn destinations that are
not directly connected.
What Is Routing? (Cont.)
ICND v2.05-12
Static Route
Uses a route that a
network
administrator
enters into the
router manually
Dynamic Route
Uses a route that a
network routing
protocol adjusts
automatically for
topology or traffic
changes
Static and Dynamic Routes
ICND v2.05-13
Static Routes
Configure unidirectional static routes to and from
a stub network to allow communications to occur.
ICND v2.05-14
Defines a path to an IP destination network or subnet or
host
Router(config)#ip route network [mask]
{address | interface}[distance] [permanent]
Static Route Configuration
ICND v2.05-15
Static Route Example
This is a unidirectional route. You must have a route
configured in the opposite direction.
ICND v2.05-16
Default Routes
This route allows the stub network to reach all known
networks beyond router A.
ICND v2.05-17
Verifying the Static Route
router#show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default
U - per-user static route
Gateway of last resort is 0.0.0.0 to network 0.0.0.0
10.0.0.0/8 is subnetted, 1 subnets
C 10.1.1.0 is directly connected, Serial0
S* 0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected, Serial0
ICND v2.05-18
Routing protocols are
used between
routers to determine paths
and maintain
routing tables.
Once the path is
determined, a router can
route a routed protocol.
What Is a Routing Protocol?
ICND v2.05-19
An autonomous system is a collection of networks
under a common administrative domain.
IGPs operate within an autonomous system.
EGPs connect different autonomous systems.
Autonomous Systems: Interior or Exterior
Routing Protocols
ICND v2.05-20
Administrative Distance: Ranking Routes
ICND v2.05-21
Classes of Routing Protocols
ICND v2.05-22
Classful Routing Overview
Classful routing protocols do not include the
subnet mask with the route advertisement.
Within the same network, consistency of the
subnet masks is assumed.
Summary routes are exchanged between
foreign networks.
Examples of classful routing protocols:
RIP Version 1 (RIPv1)
IGRP
ICND v2.05-23
Classless Routing Overview
Classless routing protocols include the subnet
mask with the route advertisement.
Classless routing protocols support variable-
length subnet masking (VLSM).
Summary routes can be manually controlled
within the network.
Examples of classless routing protocols:
RIP Version 2 (RIPv2)
EIGRP
OSPF
IS-IS
ICND v2.05-24
Routing Protocol Comparison Chart
ICND v2.05-25
Using the IP classless Command
ICND v2.05-26
Routers pass periodic copies of routing table to neighbor
routers and accumulate distance vectors.
Distance Vector Routing Protocols
ICND v2.05-27
Routers discover the best path to
destinations from each neighbor.
Sources of Information and Discovering
Routes
ICND v2.05-28
Selecting the Best Route with Metrics
ICND v2.05-29
Updates proceed step-by-step
from router to router.
Maintaining Routing Information
ICND v2.05-30
Each node maintains the distance from itself to each
possible destination network.
Inconsistent Routing Entries
ICND v2.05-31
Slow convergence produces inconsistent routing.
Inconsistent Routing Entries (Cont.)
ICND v2.05-32
Router C concludes that the best path to network
10.4.0.0 is through router B.
Inconsistent Routing Entries (Cont.)
ICND v2.05-33
Router A updates its table to reflect the new but
erroneous hop count.
Inconsistent Routing Entries (Cont.)
ICND v2.05-34
Hop count for network 10.4.0.0 counts to infinity.
Count to Infinity
ICND v2.05-35
Define a limit on the number of hops to prevent
infinite loops.
Defining a Maximum
ICND v2.05-36
Packets for network 10.4.0.0 bounce (loop) between
routers B and C.
Routing Loops
ICND v2.05-37
It is never useful to send information about a route back
in the direction from which the original information came.
Split Horizon
ICND v2.05-38
Routers advertise the distance of routes that have gone
down to infinity.
Route Poisoning
ICND v2.05-39
Poison reverse overrides split horizon.
Poison Reverse
ICND v2.05-40
The router keeps an entry for the networks possible down
state, allowing time for other routers to recompute for this
topology change.
Holddown Timers
ICND v2.05-41
The router sends updates when a change in its
routing table occurs.
Triggered Updates
ICND v2.05-42
Distance Vector Operation
ICND v2.05-43
Distance Vector Operation (Cont.)
ICND v2.05-44
Distance Vector Operation (Cont.)
ICND v2.05-45
Distance Vector Operation (Cont.)
ICND v2.05-46
Distance Vector Operation (Cont.)
ICND v2.05-47
Distance Vector Operation (Cont.)
ICND v2.05-48
After initial flood, pass small event-triggered link-state
updates to all other routers
Link-State Routing Protocols
ICND v2.05-49
Minimizes routing table entries
Localizes impact of a topology change within
an area
Link-State Network Hierarchy Example
ICND v2.05-50
Link-State Routing Protocol Algorithms
ICND v2.05-51
Benefits of Link-State Routing
Fast convergence: changes are reported
immediately by the source affected.
Robustness against routing loops:
Routers know the topology.
Link-state packets are sequenced and
acknowledged.
By careful (hierarchical) network design, you
can utilize resources optimally.
ICND v2.05-52
Caveats of Link-State Routing
Significant demands for resources:
Memory (three tables: adjacency, topology, forwarding)
CPU (Dijkstras algorithm can be intensive, especially
when a lot of instabilities are present.)
Requires very strict network design (when more
areasarea routing)
Problems with partitioning of areas
Configuration generally simple but can be complex
when tuning various parameters and when the design
is complex
Troubleshooting easier than in distance vector routing
ICND v2.05-53
Drawbacks to Link-State Routing Protocols
Initial discovery may cause flooding.
Memory- and processor-intensive.
ICND v2.05-54
Shares attributes of both distance vector
and link-state routing
Balanced Hybrid Routing
ICND v2.05-55
Maximum is 6 paths (default = 4)
Hop-count metric selects the path
Routes update every 30 seconds
RIP Overview
ICND v2.05-56
Router configuration
Select routing protocols.
Specify networks or
interfaces.
IP Routing Configuration Tasks
ICND v2.05-57
Defines an IP routing protocol
Router(config)#router protocol [keyword]
Mandatory configuration command for each
IP routing process
Identifies the physically connected network that
routing updates are forwarded to
Router(config-router)#network network-number
Dynamic Routing Configuration
ICND v2.05-58
Starts the RIP routing process
Router(config)#router rip
Router(config-router)#network network-number
Selects participating attached networks
Requires a major classful network number
RIP Configuration
ICND v2.05-59
RIP Configuration Example
ICND v2.05-60
Verifying the RIP Configuration
ICND v2.05-61
Displaying the IP Routing Table
ICND v2.05-62
debug ip rip Command
ICND v2.05-63
More scalable than RIP
Sophisticated metric
Multiple-path support
Introducing IGRP
ICND v2.05-64
Configuring IGRP
Router(config-router)#network network-number
Selects participating attached networks
Router(config)#router igrp autonomous-system
Defines IGRP as the IP routing protocol
ICND v2.05-65
Bandwidth
Delay
Reliability
Loading
MTU
IGRP Composite Metric
ICND v2.05-66
Maximum 6 paths (default = 4)
Within metric variance
Next-hop router closer to destination
IGRP Unequal Multiple Paths
ICND v2.05-67
Configuring IGRP (cont.)
Router(config-router)#traffic-share {balanced | min}
Controls how load-balanced traffic is distributed
Router(config-router)#variance multiplier
Controls IGRP load balancing
ICND v2.05-68
IGRP Configuration Example
ICND v2.05-69
Verifying the IGRP Configuration
ICND v2.05-70
Displaying the IP Routing Table
ICND v2.05-71
debug ip igrp transaction Command
ICND v2.05-72
debug ip igrp events Command
RouterA#debug ip igrp events
IGRP event debugging is on
RouterA#
00:23:44: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (172.16.1.1)
00:23:44: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 2 system, and 0 exterior routes.
00:23:44: IGRP: Total routes in update: 2
00:23:44: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.1)
00:23:45: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes.
00:23:45: IGRP: Total routes in update: 1
00:23:48: IGRP: received update from 10.1.1.2 on Serial2
00:23:48: IGRP: Update contains 1 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes.
00:23:48: IGRP: Total routes in update: 2
ICND v2.05-73
Updating Routing Information Example
ICND v2.05-74
Updating Routing Information Example
(Cont.)
ICND v2.05-75
Updating Routing Information Example
(Cont.)
ICND v2.05-76
Updating Routing Information Example
(Cont.)
ICND v2.05-77
Introducing EIGRP
EIGRP supports:
Rapid convergence
Reduced bandwidth usage
Multiple network-layer protocols
ICND v2.05-78
EIGRP Terminology
ICND v2.05-79
Comparing EIGRP and IGRP
Similar metric
Same load balancing
Improved convergence time
Reduced network overhead
ICND v2.05-80
Configuring EIGRP
Router(config-router)#network network-number
Selects participating attached networks
Router(config)#router eigrp autonomous-system
Defines EIGRP as the IP routing protocol
ICND v2.05-81
EIGRP Configuration Example
ICND v2.05-82
Verifying the EIGRP Configuration
Router#show ip protocols
Router#show ip route eigrp
Router#show ip eigrp traffic
Router#show ip eigrp neighbors
Router#show ip eigrp topology
Displays the neighbors discovered by IP EIGRP
Displays the IP EIGRP topology table
Displays the number of IP EIGRP packets sent and received
Displays current EIGRP entries in the routing table
Displays the parameters and current state of the active
routing protocol process
ICND v2.05-83
debug ip eigrp Command
Router#debug ip eigrp
IP-EIGRP: Processing incoming UPDATE packet
IP-EIGRP: Ext 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 M 386560 - 256000 130560 SM 360960 -
256000 104960
IP-EIGRP: Ext 192.168.0.0 255.255.255.0 M 386560 - 256000 130560 SM 360960 -
256000 104960
IP-EIGRP: Ext 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0 M 386560 - 256000 130560 SM 360960 -
256000 104960
IP-EIGRP: 172.69.43.0 255.255.255.0, - do advertise out Ethernet0/1
IP-EIGRP: Ext 172.69.43.0 255.255.255.0 metric 371200 - 256000 115200
IP-EIGRP: 192.135.246.0 255.255.255.0, - do advertise out Ethernet0/1
IP-EIGRP: Ext 192.135.246.0 255.255.255.0 metric 46310656 - 45714176 596480
IP-EIGRP: 172.69.40.0 255.255.255.0, - do advertise out Ethernet0/1
IP-EIGRP: Ext 172.69.40.0 255.255.255.0 metric 2272256 - 1657856 614400
IP-EIGRP: 192.135.245.0 255.255.255.0, - do advertise out Ethernet0/1
IP-EIGRP: Ext 192.135.245.0 255.255.255.0 metric 40622080 - 40000000 622080
IP-EIGRP: 192.135.244.0 255.255.255.0, - do advertise out Ethernet0/1
ICND v2.05-84
Introducing OSPF
Open standard
Shortest path first (SPF) algorithm
Link-state routing protocol (vs. distance vector)
ICND v2.05-85
OSPF as a Link-State Protocol
OSPF propagates link-state advertisements
rather than routing table updates.
LSAs are flooded to all OSPF routers in the
area.
The OSPF link-state database is pieced
together from the LSAs generated by the
OSPF routers.
OSPF uses the SPF algorithm to calculate the
shortest path to a destination.
Link = router interface
State = description of an interface and its
relationship to neighboring routers
ICND v2.05-86
OSPF Hierarchical Routing
Consists of areas and autonomous systems
Minimizes routing update traffic
ICND v2.05-87
Shortest Path First Algorithm
Places each router at the root of a tree and calculates the
shortest path to each destination based on the cumulative cost
Cost = 10
8
/bandwidth (bps)
ICND v2.05-88
Configuring Single Area OSPF
Router(config-router)#network address mask area area-id
Assigns networks to a specific OSPF area
Router(config)#router ospf process-id
Defines OSPF as the IP routing protocol
ICND v2.05-89
OSPF Configuration Example
ICND v2.05-90
Configuring Loopback Interfaces
Router ID:
Number by which the router is known to OSPF
Default: The highest IP address on an active interface at
the moment of OSPF process startup
Can be overridden by a loopback interface: Highest IP
address of any active loopback interface
ICND v2.05-91
Router#show ip ospf interface
Verifying the OSPF Configuration
Displays area-ID and adjacency information
Router#show ip protocols
Verifies that OSPF is configured
Router#show ip route
Displays all the routes learned by the router
Router#show ip ospf neighbor
Displays OSPF-neighbor information on a per-interface basis
ICND v2.05-92
OSPF debug commands
Router#debug ip ospf events
OSPF:hello with invalid timers on interface Ethernet0
hello interval received 10 configured 10
net mask received 255.255.255.0 configured 255.255.255.0
dead interval received 40 configured 30
Router# debug ip ospf packet
OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.117
aid:0.0.0.0 chk:6AB2 aut:0 auk:
Router#debug ip ospf packet
OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.116
aid:0.0.0.0 chk:0 aut:2 keyid:1 seq:0x0
ICND v2.05-93
Variable-Length Subnet Masks
ICND v2.05-94
What Is a Variable-Length Subnet Mask?
Subnet 172.16.14.0/24 is divided into smaller subnets:
Subnet with one mask (/27)
Then further subnet one of the unused /27 subnets into multiple /30
subnets
ICND v2.05-95
Calculating VLSMs
ICND v2.05-96
A Working VLSM Example
ICND v2.05-97
What Is Route Summarization?
Routing protocols can summarize addresses of
several networks into one address
ICND v2.05-98
Summarizing Within an Octet
ICND v2.05-99
Summarizing Addresses in a VLSM-Designed
Network
ICND v2.05-100
Implementation Considerations
Multiple IP addresses must have the same
highest-order bits.
Routing decisions are made based on the
entire address.
Routing protocols must carry the prefix
(subnet mask) length.
ICND v2.05-101
Route Summarization Operation in Cisco
Routers
Supports host-specific routes, blocks of
networks, default routes
Routers use the longest match
192.16.5.33 /32 Host
192.16.5.32 /27 Subnet
192.16.5.0 /24 Network
192.16.0.0 /16 Block of Networks
0.0.0.0 /0 Default
192.16.5.33 /32 Host
192.16.5.32 /27 Subnet
192.16.5.0 /24 Network
192.16.0.0 /16 Block of Networks
0.0.0.0 /0 Default
ICND v2.05-102
Summarizing Routes in a Discontiguous
Network
RIPv1 and IGRP do not advertise subnets, and therefore
cannot support discontiguous subnets.
OSPF, EIGRP, and RIPv2 can advertise subnets, and
therefore can support discontiguous subnets.

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen