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Mechanical Engineering

School of Engineering and Physical Sciences


UNDERGRADUATE REPORT
Please complete this form IN U!!
ail"re to do so #ill res"lt in it $eing ret"rned to yo" "nmar%ed&
MODU!E No' B58ED_2008-2009)
MODU!E TIT!E' Mechanical Engineering Science
ASSIGNMENT TIT!E' !a$oratory Report ' Trifilar S"spension
!ect"rer' Dr& (isham
)ear' * Term' * Session' *
Grade' Name' (ITES( PAT(A+
Registration N"m$er' ,-.*/01-.
Mar%er2s Initials' Term Address'
Email' (p345h#&ac&"%
S"$mission Date'
Gro"p6Gro"p Mem$ers'
7If applica$le8
GROUP 9
1. Introduction
Moment of inertia, also called mass moment of inertia or te an!ular mass, is te rotational
analo!ue mass. "at is, it is te inertia of a ri!id rotatin! #od$ %it res&ect to its rotation. "e
moment of inertia &la$s muc te same role in rotational d$namics as mass does in #asic
d$namics, determinin! te relationsi& #et%een an!ular momentum and an!ular 'elocit$, tor(ue
and an!ular acceleration, and se'eral oter (uantities. )ile a sim&le scalar treatment of te
moment of inertia suffices for man$ situations, a more ad'anced tensor treatment allo% s te
anal$sis of suc com&licated s$stems as s&innin! to&s and !$rosco&e motion *1+.
"e moment of inertia of an o#,ect a#out a !i'en a-is descri#es o% difficult it is to can!e its
an!ular motion a#out tat a-is. Mass moment of inertia of a mecanical com&onent &la$s an
essential role %ene'er a d$namic anal$sis is considered im&ortant for te desi!n *1+.
. trifilar sus&ension is a t$&e of assem#l$ tat ma/es use of free torsional oscillation. It is used to
determine te moments of inertia of a #od$ a#out an a-is &assin! trou! its mass centre. "rifilar
sus&ensions are commonl$ used for scool %or/so& e-&eriments. *2+ 0i!ure #elo% dis&la$s a
standard trifilar sus&ension arran!ement.
0i!ure 1 dis&la$s a scematic of a standard trifilar sus&ension arran!ement.
2. 0ormulae
E(uations tat %ill calculate &olar moment of inertia and &eriodic rotation are needed.
"e moment of inertia of a solid o#,ect is o#tained #$ inte!ratin! te second moment of mass
a#out a &articular a-is. "e !eneral formula for inertia is *1+2
2
!
m/ I =
)ere,
I! is te inertia in /!m
2
a#out te mass centre
m is te mass in /!
/ is te radius of !$ration a#out mass centre in m
In order to calculate te inertia of an assem#l$, te local inertia I! needs to #e increased #$ an
amount m
2
)ere,
m is te local mass in /!.
h is te distance #et%een &arallel a-is &assin! trou! te local mass centre and te mass
centre for te o'erall assem#l$.
"e 3arallel .-is "eor$ as to #e a&&lied to e'er$ com&onent of te assem#l$. "us,

+ = ) m 4I I
2
!

"e &olar moments of inertia for some standard solids are2
5$lindrical solid
2
mr
I
2
0
=
5ircular tu#e
) r 4r
2
m
I
2
i
2
0 tu#e
+ =
6(uare ollo% section
) a 4a
7
m
I
2
i
2
0 s(.section
+ =
.n assem#l$ of tree solid masses on a circular &latform is sus&ended from tree cains to form
a trifilar sus&ension. 0or small oscillations a#out a 'ertical a-is, te &eriodic time is related to te
Moment of Inertia.
Fig
ure 3 Dimensions of Trifilar Suspension
0i!ure 2 6cematic Dia!ram of te "rifilar 6us&ension 6etu&
8
is te an!le #et%een te radius and te tan!ential reference line.
"erefore #$ usin! te e(uation,
9
-
8 sin8 = = 6ince
8
is a 'er$ small an!le
)ere, 9 is te 9adius of te circular &latform.
Differentiatin!
8
!i'es,
dt
d8
: =
"en differentiatin! a!ain !i'es
2
2
dt
8 d
; =
<o%,
m!
0
=
-
sin8 = =
>>>
=
-m!
0 =
?sin! te standard e(uation for "or(ue,
I; 09 =
@ence
I; 9
=
-m!
09 =

=
%ere
98 - =
and
2
2
dt
8 d
; =
.fter sim&lification te e(uation #ecomes
=
m!8 9
dt
8 d
I
2
2
2
=

*1+
:0,,
:
: :
!
;
:
;
;
.
*
3
E(uation for te 2nd order differential 6@M is ta/en as
0 - :
d-
$ d
2
2
2
= +
*2+
"erefore, #$ dra%in! com&arisons #et%een E(uation *1+ and E(uation *2+, an e(uation for te
an!ular 'elocit$
:
can #e deri'ed.
AeneraliBin! te teoretical as&ect of te e-&eriment, % can #e calculated usin! Inte!ration.
( ) :t 8sin 8 =
>>
( ) :t 8:cos
dt
d8
=
>>
( ) :t sin 8:
dt
8 d
2
2
2
=
3uttin! tis in E(uation *1+, an e(uation for te an!ular 'elocit$ can #e determined.
"erefore, sim&lif$in! E(uation *1+ usin! te 'alue for te an!ular acceleration te e(uation
#ecomes
( ) ( ) 0
=
m! 9
:t :sin I
2
= +
"is sim&lifies furter to
( )
=
m! 9
: I
2
2
=
"erefore te an!ular 'elocit$
=I
m!9
:
2
=
"e time &eriod is in'ersel$ &ro&ortional to te an!ular 'elocit$ and ence can #e calculated to
com&are %it te e-&erimental time &eriod.
?sin! te e(uation
:
2C
" =
,
"e teoretical &eriodic time can #e calculated in terms of te mass and te moment of inertia.
@ence
2
m!9
=I
2C " =
*1+
)ere,
I is te 3olar Moment of Inertia
= is te Dertical len!t of te "rifilar sus&ension
m is te Mass of te sa&es &laced on te 5ircular &latform
9 is te 9adius of te 5ircular &latform
.
2. 9esults and 5alculations
1.1 Data
Technical Data:
5ircular 3latform
)ei!t2 2 /!
Diameter2 700 mm
5$linder )ei!t 4mild steel)
)ei!t2 7.8 /!
Diameter2 127 mm
5ircular @ollo% "u#e 4mild steel)
)ei!t2 2.2 /!
Diameter4inner)2 E8 mm
Diameter4outer)2 98 mm
6(uare 6ection 4mild steel)
)ei!t2 2.5 /!
.rea2 100 mm
"ic/ness2 7 mm

"rifilar 6trin! =en!t2 2.12m "rifilar Base 9adius2 0.33m


"a#le 1 #elo% so%s te recorded time and mass for eac load. .fter doin! te necessar$
calculations, te teoretical dataFs %ere dis&la$ed in a ta#le. "e readin!s %ere com&ared to
dra% a &ossi#le trend. 5alculations %ere ten used to &lot a !ra& #et%een te e-&erimental and
te ta#ulated data.
=oad Mass
4/!)
E-&erimental
"ime 4sec)
3olar Moment "eoretical
"ime
5ircular 3latform 8.8 0.E1 0.09 0.80 0.011
5$lindrical "u#e
5ircular 3latform
5$lindrical "u#e
@ollo% 5ircular "u#e
6(uare @allo% 6ection
11.5 1.18 0.18 1.75 0.028
5ircular 3latform 2 1.EE 0.09 2.07 0.0G5



1.2 5alculations
Mass Moment of Area a$o"t the centroid of the #eights is calc"lated&
<irc"lar Platform
*
* *
,
,= & ,
*
3 & , *
*
kgm
mr
I =

= =
(ollo# <ylinder >eight ( ) ( )
* * * * *
, ,
,,13 & , ,3= & , ,1= & ,
*
.=0 & *
*
kgm r r
m
I
i
= + = + =
S?"are (ollo# >eight ( ) ( )
* * * * *
, ,
,,.= & , ,1- & , ,4 & ,
*
4,3 & *
0
kgm a a
m
I
i
= + = + =
?sin! te deri'ed e(uation,
*
*
mgR
LI
T =
T @,&/, sec
Ara&2
"e !ra& #elo% dis&la$s te com&arison #et%een te "eoretical and Measured 3eriodic times.
Ara& 1 so% te trend o#ser'ed %en te 'alues for te trials %ere &lotted a!ainst time. "e
!ra& so%s a linear relationsi& and te !radient of te slo&e is &ositi'e %ic so%s tat tis is
a &ositi'e slo&e. "e e-&erimental time %as calculated usin! te trifilar sus&ension and te 1 set
of %ei!ts #$ rotatin! te circular &latform %ile te e-&erimental time %as calculated usin! te
teor$ of moment of inertia and te &arallel a-is teorem.
Ta$le. Recorded and Calculated Values (3 sets of
trials)
Ara& 1 "eoretical and Measured "ime 5art
Ara& 2 so%s te com&arison #et%een te e-&erimental %it calculated time %it te ratio of
m
I
. "e !ra& so%s a linear relationsi& and te !radient of te slo&e is &ositi'e %ic
so%s tat tis is a &ositi'e slo&e %ic so%s te directl$ &ro&ortionalit$ of te ratio to te
E-&erimental time.
Ara& 2 Measured 3eriodic "ime 9elationsi&
Ara& 1 so%s te com&arison #et%een te calculated time %it te ratio of
m
I
."e
teoretical slo&e. "e !ra& so%s a linear relationsi& and te !radient of te slo&e is &ositi'e
%ic so%s tat tis is a &ositi'e slo&e %ic so%s te direct &ro&ortionalit$ of te ratio to te
calculated time. "e !ra& so%s tat tere are small errors in te second set of measurements.
Ara& 1 5alculated 3eriodic "ime 9elationsi&
Error anal$sis2
"e error &ercenta!e could #e around 10H #ecause tereFs a 'er$ small difference #et%een te
actual and ideal 'alues %e !ot.
6ources of e-&erimental error2
MeasurementsI9eadin!s accurac$ 4sto&%atc)
"e start of te oscillation %as not e-actl$ accordin! to te dra%n tan!ential &at.
9oom tem&erature and &ressure
"e sta#ilit$ of te a&&aratus and e(ui&ments
5alculations
9esolution to e-&erimental errors2
.'oid measurementIreadin!s errors 4sto&%atc)
)ear &ro&er la# clotin!Fs to ensure safet$ and &rotection.
Masses sould #e firml$ eld
6et room tem&erature
1. 5onclusion
"e moment of inertia of ri!id #odies is calculated usin! te triflar sus&ension arran!ement.
"e e-&erimental &eriodic time is measured and com&ared %it te calculated teoretical time.
"e &eriodic rotation %ill #e calculated usin! te calculated mass moment of inertia and te
deri'ed e(uations for te teoretical time &eriod.
"e "eories of 3arallel .-is and Moment of Inertia are used to calculate and com&are te
e-&erimental and teoretical readin!s.
.fter anal$Bin! te e-&erimental and teoretical results te test &eriod for #ot teoretical and
E-&erimental times res&ecti'el$ %ere directl$ &ro&ortional to te ratio of
m
I
.
It can #e concluded tat te teoretical time calculated %as similar to te e-&erimental time
measured. "is so%s tat te la# e-&eriment is accurate.
"e e-&eriment is successful tou! tere are small &ossi#le errors in te e-&eriment. .ll of
tese 'alues a!reed %itin te estimated e-&erimental errors. "o im&ro'e te accurac$ of te
result te e-&eriment sould #e &erformed carefull$ and te instruction sould #e follo%ed.

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