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The worst condition of induction motor is when the peak voltage of impulse is high, inter-winding capacitance is high, winding to ground capacitance low, and inductace is low. Simulation result using software Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) shows that the stator winding insulation is damaged and so can cause distruption of the induction motor performance.
The worst condition of induction motor is when the peak voltage of impulse is high, inter-winding capacitance is high, winding to ground capacitance low, and inductace is low. Simulation result using software Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) shows that the stator winding insulation is damaged and so can cause distruption of the induction motor performance.
The worst condition of induction motor is when the peak voltage of impulse is high, inter-winding capacitance is high, winding to ground capacitance low, and inductace is low. Simulation result using software Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) shows that the stator winding insulation is damaged and so can cause distruption of the induction motor performance.
Power System Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl Grafika No.2, Yogyakarta-55281, Email : rian.prima.h@mail.ugm.ac.id
Abstract Impulse voltage in the stator windings which derive from natural phenomenon like lightning strike or switching can result in damage to the stator winding insulation and so can cause distruption of the induction motor performance. Simulation result using software Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) shows that the worst condition of induction motor is when the peak voltage of impulse is high, inter-winding capacitance is high, winding to ground capacitance is low, and inductace is low. That is reason why the induction motor is broken. Keyword : Stator windings, Impulse voltage, Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP). 1. INTRODUCTION Nowadays electrical energy holds a very important role in human life . In Indonesia the appropriate utilization of electrical energy can help economic growth of our country. Economic growth in Indonesia is largely supported by industry sector. World industries utilizing electric motor as the prime mover means of production. Since the induction motor is an essential element in the industrial world, it would require a very reliable protection system on the induction motor disturbances occur ,such as : Disturbance caused by lightning. Disruption caused by the termination of operation (switching operations). One of harmful interference induction motor is a disorder that occurs due to waves surge or impulse voltage. Impulse voltage produces a much higher voltage with a duration of events very quickly from the working voltage of an induction motor to be tested so that the induction level of durability. 1.1 Electric Motor The electric motor is a machine capable of converting electrical energy into mechanical energy. The induction motor is the most widely used type of motor, because it combines all the advantages offered by the electrical energy such as low cost, easy of supply and distribution, clean handling and simple controls - together with those of simple construction and its great versatility to be adapted to wide ranges of loads and improved efficiencies. 1.2 Overvoltage Impulse Overvoltage impulse is the impulse voltage waveform given in isolation so that there is a failure in the insulation. This voltage level by either lightning impulse withstand voltage or switching the base can be determined according BIL (Basic Impulse Insulation Level) along with the level of low-frequency resistance (rated short duration power frequency withstand voltage) into the basic insulation level (rated insulation level) of the induction motor. 1.3 Characteristic of Impulse From the general form of traveling wave can be detected several wave specifications, 1. Wave peak (crest), which is the maximum amplitude of the wave. 2. Wave fronts, t1 (microseconds), i.e the time from the beginning to peak. In practice this taken 10% E and 90% E. 3. Tail wave, the peak behind. Wavelength, t2 (microseconds), i.e the time from the beginning to the 50% point E on the wave tail. 4. Polarity, i.e the polarity of the wave, positive or negative
Picture 1. Impulse Voltage (IEC Standard) 1.4 Impulse Source Up to this time the causes of the impulse wave is known is as follows: 1. A bolt of lightning directly on the wire. 2. Indirect lightning strikes on transmission wire (induction). 3. Operation disconnection switch (switching operation) 4. Land arc (arching grounds) 5. Disturbances on the system by the various errors. 1.5 Standardization of Impulses Standardization of the impulse wave has set by some countries, namely: a) For the lightning impulse (Tf x Tt) - German and English: 1 x 50 sec - United States: 1.5 x 40 sec - Japan: 1 x 40 sec - IEC: 1.2 X 50 sec b) For the impulse circuit (TCR x Tt) - Waveform is 50-1000 sec for TCR and about 3000 sec for Tt. - Standard IEC is 250 x 2500 sec. From the above it can be seen some of the standards that are set by the IEC standard is a compromise between impulse voltage standards of some countries. 2. SIMULATION AND DATA ANALYSIS Simulation use Eletromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP). The goal is to investigate stator windings characteristic in several condition. Modeling the stator winding by Impulse Generator Heidler Type, Resistor, Inductor, and Capacitor which arranged below :
Picture 2. Stator Winding of Induction Motor Model in EMTP Spesification of based circuit : Lightning Impulse : 125 kV (IEC: 1.2 X 50 sec) R : 1000 Ce : 50 pF C : 100 pF L : 100 mH Simulation result :
Graph 1. Base Characterictic Graph show that in every test point, the voltage decrease from the source. That is becauce of drop voltage which produced by windings impedance. Impedance will increase as increasing of windings length. 2.1 Varying Value of Ce First, we will varying the inter-windings capacitance.
Graph 1. Ce = 100 pF
Graph 2. Ce = 200 pF We can get information about the characterictic of stator winding when we varying the inter-windings capacitance. When we increase value of inter-windings capacitance peak voltage of the impulse will increase, it may reach the Basic Insulation Level (BIL) and damage the winding. In another side, graph show when we increase the value of inter-windings capacitance the impulse will damped quickly. When the impulse damped quickly, we can avoid increase of temperature in windings, which can make windings burn. 2.2 Varying Value of C Second, we will varying the windings- ground capacitance. (f ile Exa_1.pl4; x-var t) v:XX0002 v:XX0004 v:XX0008 v:XX0012 v:XX0016 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 [ms] -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 [kV] Varying Ce(1) (f ile Exa_1.pl4; x-var t) v:XX0002 v:XX0004 v:XX0008 v:XX0012 v:XX0016 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 [ms] -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 [kV] Varying Ce(2) (f ile Exa_1.pl4; x-var t) v:XX0002 v:XX0004 v:XX0008 v:XX0012 v:XX0016 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 [ms] -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 [kV] Varying Ce (3) Base Ce 50pF 100pF 200pF 50pF 50pF 50pF 50pF C 100pF 100pF 100pF 50pF 200pF 100pF 100pF L 100mH 100mH 100mH 100mH 100mH 50mH 200mH V1 47674 47674 47674 47674 47674 47674 47674 V2 13655 18716 24182 19176 8878 14462 13225 V3 3913 7373 12415 7724 1653 4390 3670 V4 1128 2971 6666 3139 308 1344 1024 V5 350 1365 4150 1345 61 448 305 V-peak * + ++ ++ + - - Damping * + ++ - - ++ + Varying Ce Varying C Varying L
Graph 3. C = 50 pF
Graph 4. C = 200 pF We can get information about the characteristic of stator winding when we varying the windings-ground capacitance. When we increase value of windings- ground capacitance peak voltage of the impulse will decrease, and the windings feel impulse voltage quickly. In another side, graph show when we increase the value of windings-ground capacitance the impulse wouldnt damped quickly like when we increase the inter-windings capacitance above. 2.3 Varying Value of L Third, we will varying the windings inductance.
Graph 5. L = 50 mH
Graph 6. L = 200 mH We can get information about the characterictic of stator winding when we varying the inductance. When we increase value of inductance peak voltage doesnt change significantly, but the impulse damped quickly like when we increase the inter-windings capacitance above. Table 1. Overview of Experiment Varying R, L, C [*] Base Condition [++] Significant [-] Doesnt Significant
2.4 Varying Impulse to 95 kV (f ile Exa_1.pl4; x-var t) v:XX0002 v:XX0004 v:XX0008 v:XX0012 v:XX0016 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 [ms] -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 [kV] Varying C(1) (f ile Exa_1.pl4; x-var t) v:XX0002 v:XX0004 v:XX0008 v:XX0012 v:XX0016 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 [ms] -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 [kV] Varying C(2) (f ile Exa_1.pl4; x-var t) v:XX0002 v:XX0004 v:XX0008 v:XX0012 v:XX0016 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 [ms] -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 [kV] Varying L(1) (f ile Exa_1.pl4; x-var t) v:XX0002 v:XX0004 v:XX0008 v:XX0012 v:XX0016 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 [ms] -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 [kV] Varying L(2) In simulation we also varying the impulse voltage from 125 kV to 95 kV. The result is,
Graph 7. Impulse 95 kV From the graph we see that the peak value of first impulse in not greater than the experiment before which use 125 kV. Both of the characterictic is same in varying R, L, and C but the peak voltage is less than the 125 kV impulse. Table 2. Overview of Experiment Varying Impulse
2.5 Worst Condition We will simulate the worst condition of stator winding in induction motor which we get from data above. Lightning Impulse : 125 kV (IEC: 1.2 X 50 sec) R : 1000 Ce : 200 pF C : 50 pF L : 50 mH The resut is, test point in every node detect high value of voltage. It can damage the windings. Table 3. Worst Condition of Stator Windings
Waveshape of worst condition is,
Graph 8. Worst Condition of Stator Windings 2.6 Normal Voltage Experiment We will simulate model of stator winding in normal voltage condition. We will also varying the value of V-peak and frequency.
Picture 3. Normal Voltage Condition (f ile Exa_1.pl4; x-var t) v:XX0002 v:XX0004 v:XX0008 v:XX0012 v:XX0016 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 [ms] -10 0 10 20 30 40 [kV] Impulse 95 kV Base New Value Impulse 125 kV 95 kV Ce 50pF 50pF C 100pF 100pF L 100mH 100mH V1 47674 36232 V2 13655 10378 V3 3913 2974 V4 1128 857 V5 350 266 Base Worst Impulse 125 kV 125 Ce 50pF 200pF C 100pF 50pF L 100mH 50mH V1 47674 47674 V2 13655 30478 V3 3913 20453 V4 1128 15241 V5 350 4607 (f ile Exa_1.pl4; x-var t) v:XX0002 v:XX0004 v:XX0008 v:XX0012 v:XX0016 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 [ms] -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 [kV] Worst Condition of Stator Windings Voltage apply in the circuit is 6.9 kVpeak and frequency will be 50 Hz.
Graph 9. Output Voltage When we see the graph we doesnt found any significant changing of waveshape. When we detailed the waveshape we wil found :
Graph 10. Detailed Output Voltage Output voltage in every test point will have some phase shift, that is because of inductance and capacitance in the windings. 2.7 Compare with BIL Datasheet From the table, we get the BIL data of medium voltage motor at rated voltage 6.9 kV is 26.2 kV. From the simulation above, when we apply the lighting impulse voltage at 125 kV, the impulse peak voltage in the first test point is 47 kV. When we apply 95 kV lightning impulse, impulse peak voltage in first test point is 36 kV. Absolutely, windings of the induction motor is not able to withstand the impulse voltage of lightning strike by itself. It needs a protection device like arrester, relays and circuit breaker. 3. SUMMARY From the simulation results and the results of analysis of the influence of the impulse voltage 6.9 kV induction motors by using a simulator ATP / EMTP be concluded as follows: 1. The worst condition of induction motor when the value of inter-windings capacitance is high, windings-ground capacitance is low and the inductance is low. That condition will made the stator windings damaged by very high voltage of impulse. 2. In normal voltage operation, phase voltage of windings is shifting. That is because of inductance and capacitance of the windings. 3. Basic Insulation Level of 6.9 kV medium-voltage motor is 26.2 kV. Motor cant withstand impulse voltage which greater than 26.2 kV. 4. Surge arrestors constitute an indispensable aid to insulation protection in electrical power systems. Without the deployment of the surge (f ile Exa_1.pl4; x-var t) v:XX0002 v:XX0004 v:XX0008 v:XX0012 v:XX0016 0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 [s] -7000 -5250 -3500 -1750 0 1750 3500 5250 7000 [V] (f ile Exa_1.pl4; x-var t) v:XX0002 v:XX0004 v:XX0008 v:XX0012 v:XX0016 0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 [ms] 6400 6500 6600 6700 6800 6900 7000 [V] arrestors, it would be very difficult to limit the effects of overvoltage surges, and mitigate the destructive effects of lightning strikes. Since electric motors and generators can not retain their primary characteristics if built with insulation levels sufficient to withstand lightning or even certain system transients, arrestors and lightning rods remain necessary. Motors and generators simply not capable of withstanding the effects of that type of exceedingly high turn to turn and phase to ground voltages. The voltage distribution of high frequency power surges is not linear, and can cause damage to motor and generator insulations and windings. The Lighting rods and Arrestors help prevent this problem, by limiting the crest voltages present in the system. 4. REFERENCES [1] Bayu Anugrah, P. 2011. SIMULASI DAN ANALISIS PENGARUH TEGANGAN LEBIH IMPULS PADA BELITAN TRANSFORMATOR DISTRIBUSI 20 KV. Proceeding Seminar Tugas Akhir Jurusan Teknik Elektro FTI-ITS. [2] Frey, G. 2014. The Role of Lighting Rods or Surge Arrestors in Electric Motor Protection. [3] 7.2 kV equipment basic insulation levels (BIL). 2012. [e-book] http://www.energy.siemens.com/us/po ol/us/power-distribution/ansi- standard- products/TechTopics/ANSI_MV_Tec hTopics47_EN.pdf [Accessed: 5 Jan 2014]. 5. BIOGRAPHY Rian Prima Hardiyanto, born in Sleman, October 31, 1992, Religion Islam, first child of Drs. Sujiyanto and Mrs. Titik Waluyani. Education History SDN Maguwoharjo 1, Sleman (1999 - 2005), SMP Negeri 4 Depok (2006-2008), SMA Negeri 1 Depok (2009-2011). Through SNMPTN 2011, accepted a student of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology Department, UGM, Yogyakarta.