Ch.

7 vocab
1. Autotrophs- an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from
simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide.
2. Heterotrophs- an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic
substances.
3. Cellular Respiration- the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy
from organic molecules; processes that take place in the cells and tissues during which
energy is released and carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed by the blood to be
transported to the lungs.
4. Dehydrogenations- to remove hydrogen atoms, as in the oxidation processes
5. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- a coenzyme important in many biological oxidation
reactions..
6. NADH-
7. Aerobic respiration- The process of generating energy by the full oxidation of nutrients
through Krebs cycle where oxygen is the final electron acceptor.
8. Anaerobic respiration- is a form of respiration using electron acceptors other than
oxygen. Although oxygen is not used as the final electron acceptor, the process still uses
a respiratory electron transport chain; it is respiration without oxygen.
9. Fermentation-the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other
microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat..
10. Electron transport chain- couples electron transfer between an electron donor and an
electron acceptor with the transfer of H+ ions across a membrane. The resulting
electrochemical proton gradient is used to generate chemical energy in the form of
adenosine triphosphate.
11. Glycolysis-the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
12. Oxidative phosphorylation- an enzymatic process in cell metabolism that synthesizes
ATP from ADP.
13. ATP synthase- is an important enzyme that provides energy for the cell to use through
the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate. ATP is the most commonly used "energy
currency" of cells from most organisms. It is formed from adenosine diphosphate and
inorganic phosphate, and needs energy.
Glycolysis
14. Step A: Glucose Priming- three reactions prime glucose by changing it into a compound
that can be cleaved readily into two 3-carbon phosphorylated molecules.
15. Step B: Cleavage and rearrangement- the first of the remaining pair of reactions the 6-
carbon product of step A is split into 3-carbon molecules. One is G3p, and the other is
the converted to G3p by the second reaction
16. Step C: Oxidation- 2 electrons and 1 proton are transferred from G3p to NAD+, forming
NADH
17. Step D: ATP Generation- Oxidative phosphorylation is the metabolic pathway in which
the mitochondria in cells use their structure, enzymes, and energy released by the
oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP
Krebs Cycle
18. Segment A: Acetyl-CoA plus oxaloacetate- this reactions produces the 6-carbon citrate
molecule.
19. Segment B: Citrate rearrangement and decarboxylation- two NADH and one ATP are
produced
20. Segment C: Regeneration of oxaloacetate-
21. Reaction 1: condensation
22. Reaction 2&3: Isomerization
23. Reaction: 4: The first oxidation
24. Reaction 5: the second oxidation
25. Reaction 6: substrate level phosphorylation
26. Reaction 7: the third oxidation
27. Reactions 8&9: regeneration of oxaloacetate
28. NADH dehydrogenase- an enzyme located on the inner mitochondrial membrane that
catalyzes the oxidation by NAD+ of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. this reaction links glycolysis
and the krebs cycle.
29. Deamination
30. Beta Oxidation