LECTURE 2- PAVEMENT DESIGN CONCEPT

Synopsis:
a. Pavement Structure
b. Factors affecting pavement
c. Design methods
Pavement Structure
- Flexible and Rigid
- Typical cross section
a. Sub grade and ranular !aterial
Soil "lassification:
#. $nified Soil "lassification %$S"S&-by "asegrande %#'()&
*. ++S,T- system
$S"S .as based on:
i. rain si/e and texture
ii. Plasticity
iii. 0ngineering 1ehavior
Grain size and texture
- 234 is cobble
- 34 to 5( sieve %6mm& 7 gravel
"oarse 7 34to 84
Fine - 84 to 5(
- 5( - 5*)) %).)9(mm& 7 sand
"oarse - 5( - 5#)
!edium - 5#)-5()
Fine - 5() - 5*))
For .ell graded material %only for sand and gravel&
"

( gravel
#)
:)
D
D
"

: Sand
"
c
;# "
c
3<
( )
:) #)
*
3)
xD D
D
To be .ell graded must satisfy both %"
c
= "
u
&
>here:
"

? coefficient of uniformity
"
c ?
coefficient of curvature
Plasticity
- @.@ 7 P.@ ? P.A
- 2 6)B @.@ ?,
- C 6)B @.@ ? @
"
@
? lean or light or silty clay
"
,
? Fat or bucDshot or gumbo or heavy clay
m@ ? "lay silts and sandy silts
m, ? 1ulls liver
Engineering Behavior
- Permeability
- Shear strength
- Soil classification
- +tterberg limits
- Soil compressibility and settlement
b. Sub grade Strength Test
#. "alifornia 1earing Ratio %"1R&
*. Triaxial test %Shear&
3. Texas triaxial test
(. !odulus of subgrade reaction %Plate loading&
6. Resilient modulus
:. Eane Shear test
9. R-value test
F. Dutch cone = Penetrometer tests
'. Dynamic "one Penetration %D"P&
Macadam roads
- Gohn !acadam 7 #F))
- "rushed stone for road
- >ater .as used to bind stones
- T.o types:
i. >ater bound !acadam
ii. 1ituminous !acadam
Aggregate
- used crushed stonesH lime stones and sand stones %hand&
- must be free from dustH flat or elongated pieces
- ,ardness 7 @.+ abrasion () max for .earing coarse %>"& and 6) max for base.
Aggregate Gradation
- Percent passing by .eight
* I4 %:3mm& JJJ..#))
*4 %6)mm&JJJJJ..')-#))
# I4 %39mm&JJJJ..36-9)
#4 %*6.)mm&JJJJ...) 7 #6
I4%#*.6mm&JJJJ...) 7 6
- 1inder type : RT -#)H##H#*
- ,eating: #*#
)
"
- +pplication: 9'
)
"-#*)
)
"
"onstruction !ethod
- ( steps:
a. Spreading and rolling of aggregate
b. Anitial application of bituminous material
c. Spreading and rolling of Dey aggregate
d. +pplication of seal coat
- 1efore rolling inspectKremove excessive finesH very large aggregate and flat and
elongated aggregate.
- Rolling
+pplication of 1itumen
- use pressure distributor %#.96-*.*6 galKsL.yd&
- 0Luipment reLuired
i. TrucD
ii. Ansulated tanD
iii. 1urner and Mo//le
- Spreading and rolling of Dey aggregate
- +pplication of seal coat:
i. s.eep to surface 7 broom drag to remove all loose material
ii. bitumen applied
"alifornia 1earing Ratio %"1R&
- "1R .as developed by Porter %#'*)Ns& to predict shear strength of sub grade
material.
- "1R is a function of moisture and density
- "1R is to be performed at least O 3 levels %#)H *6H 66 blo.sKlayer& using (.6 Dg
hammerH dropping (6)mm.
- SoaD samples for ( days
Resilient !odulus
- This test .as developed to provide material property - developed by ++S,T-.
+lso called stiffness or elastic modulus.
>here:

c
? confining stress

d
? deviator stress

v
? vertical stress applied by .heel
- "oncept:
Total deformation ? Resilient deformation P Permanent deformation
t ?
v
P
p
0
R
? +
B
d

>hereQ
1 ? -#.):
+ ? varies .ith moisture
+ valueQ
Summer = Fall ? *6 )))
Spring ? #F )))
>inter ? 6) )))
0xample:
For spring conditionH 0
R
? #FH)))
): . #
d

>henQ

d
% psi & 0
R
%psi&
# R
* R
3 R
6 R
#) R
1ase
- can be bound or unbound
Types of base materials:

#. "rushed stones
- lime stone
- granite
- Luart/ite
- 1asalt
- Sand stone
*. ravel
- river gravel
- iron or deposits
3. 1y- products
- slag %steel industry&
- mine tailings
- calcium sulfate
P+E0!0MT D0SA,M !0T,-DS
- ++S,T-
- "1R
- +A
- M"S+
- M++SR+
AASHTO
Factors considered:
a. Traffic
b. "ost
c. 0nvironmental
d. !aterial properties
a. Traffic
i. vehicle type %loadKtireH tire pressure and tire spacing&
ii. Traffic volume
iii. Speed
b. Types of vehicles
i. Passenger cars
ii. 1uses
iii. RENs
iv. Semi
c. Types of axles
i. single axle
ii. tandem
iii. triple
Axle coniguration
Terminology
- Design period
- +nalysis period
- 0S+@
0S+@ ? f
d
x
it
x ++DT x 3:6 x M
i
x F
0i
>here:
f
d
? design lane factor

it
? gro.th factor
M
i
? Mumber of axles in each category
F
0i
? @oad eLuivalency factor for each category
Final 0S+@ ? 0S+@ x D
D
x @
D
- S+@
0xample:
F lane high.ay
++DT ? #*))) veh %both& direction
Passenger car %#)))lbKaxle& ? 6)B
* 7 +xle single $.T %6)))lbKaxle& ? 33B
3- +xle single $.T %9)))lbKaxle& ? #9B
ro.th rate %can get from table or can use ?
[ ]
y
r& # % #
*
#
+ +
Q .here r ? yearly traffic
and y ? design period&
Determine 0S+@R
Solution:
Passenger cars:
0S+@ ? ;).(6 x *'.9F x #*))) x 3:6 x * x ).))))*< x 6)B
? ##9(
*- +xle S.$.T
0S+@ ? ;).(6 x *'.9F x #*))) x 3:6 x * x ).)))6< x 33B
? #'39))
3-+xle S.$.T
0S+@ ? ;).(6 x *'.9F x #*))) x 3:6 x * x ).)):< x #9B
? 6F9)))
Total 0S+@ ? ##9( P #'3H9)) P 6F9H)))
? 781,000
0xample:
0S+@ ? * x #)
:
!oisture ? 3)B of the time
+sphalt !
R
? (6)H))) psi %3H#))!pa&
"1R of crushed stone base ? #)) %3#H))) psi&
"1R of gravel subbase ? ** %#3H6)) psi&
"1R of subgrade ? : %:H')) psi&
ReliabilityH R ? '' B
Standard deviationH S
)
? ).36
Present serviceability indexH PSA
i
? (.6
Terminal serviceability indexH PSA
t
? *.6
Solution
PSA ? (.6 7 *.6
? *.)
From chartQ
SM
#
? *.6
SM
*
? 3.(
SM
3
? (.36
$se D
i
?
i i
i
m a
S!
a
#
? ).(( %Figure F&
a
*
? ).#( %Figure 6&
a
3
? ).)'' %Figure (&
m
*
? ).F) %table F&
m
3
? ).9)
HMA thic"ness
SM
#
? a
#
D
#
m
#
D
#
?
# #
#
m a
S!
?
# (( . )
6 . *
x
? 6.:F4 :.)4
"hecDQ
SM
#
S
? %).(( x # x :.)&
? *.:( 2*.6JJJJJJJ.-T
Base thic"ness
D
*
?
* *
S
# *
m a
S! S!
?
F) . ) #( . )
:( . * ( . 3
x

? :.9'4 94 %#96mm&
SM
*
S
? a
*
m
*
D
*
? ).#( x ).F) x 9.)
? ).9F(
"hecDQ
SM
#
S
P SM
*
S
? *.:( P ).9F(
? 3.(* 2 3.()JJJJJJJ.-T
Su# #ase thic"ness
D
3
?
3 3
S
*
S
# 3
& %
m a
S! S! S! +
?
9) . ) )'' . )
(* . 3 36 . (
x

? #3.(#4 #3.64
SM
3
S
? a
3
m
3
D
3
? ).)'' x ).9 x #3.6
? ).'(
"hecDQ
SM
#
S
P SM
*
S
P SM
3
S
? *.:( P ).9F P ).'(
? (.3: 2 (.36 JJJJJ-T
Pavement Design using "1R !ethod
#. E
)
? +DT x ).6 x 3:6 x P
c
K#))
>hereQ
E
)
? initial annual commercial traffic
P
c
? percentage of commercial vehicle
*. E
c
?
[ ]
r
r $
x
# & # %
)
+
>hereQ
E
c
? Total nos of commercial vehicles of x years
r ? annual gro.th rate %traffic&
3. E
x
? E
#
%# P r&
x
x ).6
>hereQ
E
x
? vol. of daily traffic after x years %one direction&
E
#
? initial daily traffic %one direction&
x ? design period
(. " ? A x R x T
>hereQ
" ? max. one .ay hourly capacity
A ? ideal hourly capacity %table 3.*&
R? road.ay factor %table 3.3&
T ? traffic reduction factor %table 3.(&
- Af traffic estimate for the design period exceeds the daily capacityH "Q then
calculate no. of n reLuired to reach daily capacity.
- >hereQ
n ?
& # log%
& log%
r
v
c
+
Q n ? period reLuired to reach capacity and c ? *( hours one
.ay capacity %#) x "&
- For varying "1R values .ithin top #m of soil:
"1R ?
[ ]
#))
......
3 K # 3 K #
* *
3 K #
# # n n
%B& h %B& h %B& h + + +
>hereQ
h ? thicDness of soil strata
h
#
P h
*
P h
3
PJJ..P h
n
? #))cm

6. @ayer thicDness
T
+
? a
#
D
#
P a
*
D
*
PJJJP a
n
D
n
>hereQ
T
+
? eLuivalent thicDness
a
n
? layer coefficient
D
n
? depth Selection of D from tables