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SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti
Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
zogadi da SedarebiTi
literaturaTmcodneobis instituti
Institute of General and Comparative Literary Studies of
Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
qarTvel komparativistTa literaturuli asociaciaA
Georgian Comparative Literature Association
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti
Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
zogadi da SedarebiTi
literaturaTmcodneobis instituti
Institute of General and Comparative Literary Studies of
Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
qarTvel komparativistTa literaturuli asociaciaA
Georgian Comparative Literature Association
SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli literaturis instituti
Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature
iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis
zogadi da SedarebiTi
literaturaTmcodneobis instituti
Institute of General and Comparative Literary Studies of
Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University
qarTvel komparativistTa literaturuli asociaciaA
Georgian Comparative Literature Association
komparativistuli literaturis qarTuli asociacia Georgian Comparative Literature Association
iv. javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis zogadi da SedarebiTi literaturaTmcodneobis instituti Institute of General and Comparative Literary Studies of Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University sjani yovelwliuri samecniero Jurnali literaturis Teoriasa da SedarebiT literaturaSi Sjani Annual Scientifc Journal of Literary Theory and Comparative Literature 9 redaqtori irma ratiani saredaqcio kolegia Tamar barbaqaZe levan bregaZe Teimuraz doiaSvili maka elbaqiZe gaga lomiZe Tamar lomiZe revaz siraZe bela wifuria malxaz xarbedia saredaqcio kolegiis sapatio wevrebi rudolf kroitneri (germania) manfred Smelingi (germania) sadao cukui (iaponia) pasuxismgebeli mdivani solomon tabucaZe sjani 9, 2008 redaqciis misamarTi: 0108, Tbilisi, merab kostavas q. #5 telefoni: 99-63-84 faqsi: 99-53-00 www.litinstituti.ge E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge Editor Irma Ratiani Editorial Board Tamar Barbakadze Levan Bregadze Teimuraz Doiashvili Maka Elbakidze Gaga Lomidze Tamar Lomidze Revaz Siradze Bela Tsipuria Malkhaz Kharbedia Honorary Members of Editorial Board Rudolf Kreutner (Germany) Manfred Schmeling (Germany) Sadao Tsukui (J apan) Responsible Editor Solomon Tabutsadze Sjani 9, 2008 Address: 0108, Tbilisi M. Kostava str. 5 Tel.: 99-63-84 Fax: 99-53-00 www.litinstituti.ge E-mail: litinst@litinstituti.ge ISSN 1512-2514 pozicia irma ratiani qarTvelologiuri kvle- vebi _ TviTmizani Tu saWi- roeba? literaturis Teoriis problemebi ivane amirxanaSvili saswaulis kompozicia Tamar CixlaZe `subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praq- tika (XX saukunis dasavleTev- ropuli romanis mixedviT) rusudan canava metafora da metamorfoza solomon tabucaZe avtori da gmiri istoriu- li poetikis WrilSi poetikuri praqtikebi Temur kobaxiZe sulisa da xorcis diqo- tomia: tomas eliotis `hipopotami~ da `ukvdav- ebis CurCuli~ literaturaTmcodneobis qrestomaTia mixail baxtini karnavalizebuli litera- tura Position Irma Ratiani Kartvelology (Georgian Stud- ies) Self-aim or Necessity? Problems of Literary Theory Ivane Amirkhanashvili Composition of a Miracle Tamar Chikhladze Subjective Narrative and Cit- ed Speech: History, Theory and Practice (according to XX century West-European novel) Rusudan Tsanava Metaphor and Metamorphosis Solomon Tabutsadze Author and Character within the Scope of Historical Poetics Poetical Practices Temur Kobakhidze Dichotomy of Body and Soul:T.S.Eliots The Hippo- potamus and Whispers of Immortality Chrestomathy of Literary Theory Mikhail Bakhtin Carnivalized Literature Sinaarsi Content 7 11 19 41 60 69 85 leqsmcodneoba Teimuraz doiaSvili sikeTis yvavilebi akaki xinTibiZe Warbi riTmis gagebisaTvis Tamar barbaqaZe galaktionis monoriTmi (`ieri~, `ferad-feradi~) giorgi lobJaniZe arabuli leqsis ganaxlebi- saTvis brZolis II etapi (momxreebi da mowinaaRmde- geni) filologiuri Ziebani laura grigolaSvili kvlav Zveli qarTuli mw- erlobis periodebisa da mijnebisaTvis kritikuli diskursi nona kupreiSvili 70-80-iani wlebis kritika: `rekonstruqciidan~ nova- ciamde Targmanis Teoria nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi da sakiTxis kvlevis ZiriTadi meTod- ologiuri aspeqtebi Theory of Poetry Teimuraz Doiashvili Blossoms of Kindness Akaki Khintibidze Towards Understanding Ex- cessiveness of Rhyme Tamar Barbakadze Galaktions Mono-Rhythme Giorgi Lobzhanidze The II Stage of the Battle for the Renewal of Arabic Verse: Supporters and Opponents Philological Works Laura Grigolashvili Towards Periods and Bound- aries of Old Georgian Litera- ture Critical Discourse Nona Kupreishvili Criticism of 70-80s: from Re- construction to Innovation Theory of Translation Nana Mrevlishvili, Eka Chikvaidze The Challenge of Translation in Ancient Georgia and Main Methodological Aspects of the Study of the Issue Sinaarsi 102 105 109 117 127 137 149 folkloristika _ Tanamedrove kvlevebi dalila bedianiZe amiranis miTis kompozici- uri Taviseburebani dominik irtenkaufi `SedarebiTi miTologia. germania-saqarTvelos So- ris sazRvris monacvleoba amirani interesTa cen- trSi~ kulturis paradigmebi kaxa kacitaZe epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kultura- Si debiuti maka germisaSvili qarTuli komediis sawyi- sebi memoria emzar kvitaiSvili mudam siamovnebiT vigoneb Rimilis da leqsis kaci nodar alania `Cangi gikurTxos zenama...~ Folkloristic the Modern Researches Dalila Bedianidze Compositional Peculiarities of Amiranis Myth Dominik Irtenkauf Vergleichende Mythologie- forschung: Grenzverkehr zwis- chen Deutschland und Geor- gien - Amirani im Zentrum des Interesses Paradigms of Culture Kakha Katsitadze The Death of the Epic Hero and Some Aspects of the War Perception in Archaic Culture Debut Maka Germisashvili Bases of Georgian Comedy Memoria Emzar Kvitaishvili I always Recollect it with Pleasure A Man of Smile and Poetry Nodar Alania Let the God Bless Your Lyre... Sinaarsi 168 174 185 215 228 234 gamoxmaureba, recenzia venera kavTiaSvili literaturis Teoria _ XX saukunis ZiriTadi meT- odologiuri koncefciebi da mimdinareobebi nana gonjilaSvili revaz siraZe _ `kultura da saxismetyveleba~ axali wignebi moamzada gaga lomiZem SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli- literaturis institutis samecniero publikaciebis stili Reviews, Comments Venera Kavtiashvili Literary Theory Basic Con- cepts and Methodological Tendencies of XX Century Nana Gonjilashvili Revaz Siradze Culture and Imagology New Books Prepared by Gaga Lomidze Style of Academic Publications In Shota Rustaveli Institute of Georgian Literature Sinaarsi 241 250 274 280 7 pozicia irma ratiani qarTvelologiuri kvlevebi _ TviTmizani Tu saWiroeba? dRes sayovelTaod aRiarebulia samecniero-kvleviTi centrebis roli saxelmwifos ganviTarebis saqmeSi. es roli gacilebiT mniSvnelovania mcirericxovani da originaluri kulturis qveynebisaTvis, romlebic iR- vwian TviTdamkvidrebisTvis. miCneulia, rom aseTi TviTdamkvidrebis erT- erT seriozul berkets warmoadgens ganaTlebatevadi da mecnierebatevadi ekonomikuri da kulturuli sivrcis Seqmna da ganviTareba. Sesabamisad, samecniero-kvleviTi sistemis srulyofa, misi xarisxis amaRleba msoflio standartebis doneze SeiZleba qveynis erT-erT Ziri- Tad miznad iqnas moazrebuli. am miznis realizaciaSi qarTvelologiur mecnierebebs, rogorc erovnuli identobis upirveles maCvenebels, gadam- wyveti roli eniWeba. qarTvelologiuri mecnierebebi, romelTa kvlevebis praqtikaSi danergva ar asocirdeba maRalSemosavlian ekonomikur SedegebTan (gansxvavebiT sabuneb- ismetyvelo, ekonomikuri Tu teqnologiuri mecnierebebisgan), nacvlad amisa, gansazRvravs da inarCunebs eris identobas, mis sulierebas, enas, literatu- ras, kulturasa da istorias. qarTvelologiuri kvlevebi aris is sayrde- ni, romelzedac dgas qarTuli Rirebulebebi, Sesabamisad, qarTvelologiis saxelmwifo enis, erovnuli literaturisa da istoriis movla-patronoba saxelmwifoebriv strategiad unda iqces im mniSvnelovani faqtoris gaTval- iswinebiT, rom erovnuli kvlevebi msoflios masStabiT ganixileba kulturu- li dialogis umTavres berketad, xolo kulturuli dialogi warmoadgens komunikaciis sayrden formas Tanamedrove msoflioSi. ra adgili uWiravs saqarTvelos Tanamedrove msoflio kulturul ru- kaze? rogoria misi roli msoflio civilizaciis istoriaSi? ra kulturu- li kodis matarebelia qarTveli? ras niSnavs `patara eris~ kulturuli gamocdileba `didi erebis~ kulturuli gamocdilebis fonze? ramdenad in- arCunebs `nacionaluri literatura~ TviTmyofadobas mimdinare global- izaciis procesSi? ras niSnavs `literatura sazRvrebs gareSe~ da rogor muSaobs es formula Tanamedrove SedarebiTi kvlevebis konteqstSi? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema qarTvelologiuri anu erovnuli samecnie- ro kvlevebis prerogativaa, sadac erT-erTi centraluri adgili litera- turaTmcodneobiT kvlevebs uWiravs. qarTuli literaturaTmcodneobiTi irma ratiani 8 kvlevebi, erTi mxriv, qarTuli identobis sazomi da maCvenebelia, xolo, meore mxriv _ msoflio kulturul procesebTan qarTuli kulturuli procesebis faseuli integraciis winapiroba. Tanamedrove kvlevebis misia aris ara marto kvleva qarTuli literaturisa, miTologiisa Tu litera- turaTmcodneobiTi procesebisa, aramed am kvlevebis danergva praqtikaSi erovnuli da saerTaSoriso masStabiT, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs qarTuli literaturaTmcodneobiTi kvlevebis CarTvas msoflo litera- turul dialogSi (imave sapasuxismgeblo misiiT, Tav-TavianTi kompetenciis sferoSi, aRWurvilni arian sxva qarTvelologiuri kvleviTi centrebi). magram CarTva ar gulisxmobs martivad Serevasa da, miT umetes, ganlevas. dResdReobiT, moicva ra farTo politikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli sferoebi, Tanamedrove politikuri da akademiuri debate- bis erT-erT yvelaze popularul terminad globalizacia iqca, xolo `kultura sazRvrebs gareSe~ _ misTvis niSandobliv konceptualur lo- god. literatura kulturis ganuyofeli nawilia, Sesabamisad, dgeba ar- sebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone kiTxva: ras niSnavs termini `sazRvrebs gareSe~ da ramdenad qmediTia igi nacionaluri literaturebisa da erovnuli kv- levebis, Cvens SemTxvevaSi, qarTuli literaturisa da qarTvelologiuri klevebis TvalsazrisiT? mogvwons Cven es Tu ara, literaturas aqvs erovneba, vinaidan, rogorc samarTlianad SeniSnavda ilia WavWavaZe `literatura eris sarkea. yoveli nacionaluri literatura myarad dgas sakuTar tradiciebze, romelTa Sorisac upirvelesi misi nacionaluri mexsierebaa, gamoxatuli arqetipuli modelebis saxiT. saRi azrisadmi~ erT-erT yvelaze negatiurad ganwyobil mweralsac ki, vladimer nabokovs, swored erovnuli da literaturuli mexsiereba miaCnda identobis upirveles sazomad. magram, sakiTxis analizi mxolod am erTi mimarTulebiT ar amoiwureba: meores mxriv, literaturis erovnuloba, rogorc identobis msazRvreli, ar SeiZleba iqces izolirebis da, miT ufro, TviTizolirebis motivaciad da gamarTlebad. am ukanasknel mosazrebas, vfiqrobT, zurgs umagrebs evropuli da msoflio literatu- ruli procesebis ganviTarebis xangrZlivi istoria, romelic uxvad gvTava- zobs nacionalur literaturaTa faseuli konceptualuri da stilisturi integraciis magaliTebs: Sua saukuneebis, renesansis, romantizmisa Tu mod- ernizmis (da sxva) epoqaTa esTetikurma sistemebma SeZles nacionalur lit- eraturaTa mobilizeba saerTo konceptebis garSemo, mxolod _ sakuTari identobis SenarCunebis pirobiT. aRniSnul epoqebSi, miT ufro, renesansis, romantizmis, realizmisa da modernizmis wiaRSi literaturam Tavi daaRwia kulturul da dro-sivrcul preskrifciulobas da masStaburad ganivrco farTo istoriuli da kulturuli konteqstis mimarTulebiT. Tamamad Sei- qarTvelologiuri kvlevebi _ TviTmizani Tu saWiroeba? 9 Zleba paralelis gavleba Tanamedrove literaturul procesTan: ar axalia, Zvelia, mxolod _ saxecvlili da modernizebuli: SedarebiTi literatura. SedarebiTi literatura me-20 saukunis evropul da amerikul literatu- raTmcodneobiT sivrceSi SemuSavebuli multiinterpretaciuli da inter- disciplinaruli meTodebis nacionaluri literaturebis doneze swrafi ganvrcobis logikuri Sedegia. swored mis wiaRSi aRmocenda cneba: `litera- tura sazRvrebs gareSe~. magram komparativistuli kvlevebi ar gulisxmobs literaturuli sazRvrebis ugunurad gaxsnas, arc calkeuli nacionaluri literaturebis SepirispirebiT analizs, aramed im universaluri meTodis realizebas, romelic zogad perspeqtivaSi gaiazrebs konkretul litera- turul nawarmoebs, anu cdeba nacionaluri maxasiaTeblebis sazRvrebs da adgens gansxvavebuli nacionaluri kulturebisa da literaturebis in- tegraciis xarisxs maTi kulturuli identobis SenarCunebis pirobiT. es principi arsebiT mniSvnelobas iZens Tanamedrove globalizaciis Seuqcevad procesSi. qarTuli literaturaTmcodneobiTi da qarTvelologiuri kvlevebis upirvelesi amocana swored am urTulesi procesis marTva da gaZRolaa. am misiis kvalificiurad SesrulebaSi qarTvelologiur centrebs, garda sakuTari resursebis optimalurad gadanawilebisa da organizebisa, es- aWiroebaT qmediTi mxardaWera da daxmareba saxelmwifos mxridan, vinaid- an qarTvelologia arc TviTmizania da arc axireba, aramed _ saWiroeba. sasurvelia, mkveTrad ganisazRvros qarTvelologiuri centrebis misiis ganxorcielebis perspeqtivebi da SesaZleblobebi, anu ganisazRvros qarT- velologiuri kvlevebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis strategiuli gezi. swori strategiiT gaTvaliswinebuli miznebisa da amocanebis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi qarTvelologiuri kvleviTi centrebi Camoyalibdeba samecni- ero kvlevebis Tanamedrove standartebis Sesabamis organizaciebad da sa- Sualebas miscems qarTvelologiur skolas integrirdes msoflio humani- tarul procesebSi. Irma Ratiani Kartvelology (Georgian Studies) Self-aim or Necessity? Summary Kartvelology or Georgian Studies is a valuable measure of National identity. Even it is not associated with a high economical income (like some natural, economical or technology sciences) or commercial effectiveness, it is very important for a small country like Georgia irma ratiani 10 to preserve its national identity, language, literature, history and culture. Katrvelology is a strong background of Georgian National values. Therefore, it has to be the strategy of Georgias State to take care of Georgian Studies, studies of National Language, literature and history. Undoubtedly, National researches, all over the world, guarantee the cultural dialogue as a main form of communication. What place is defned for Georgia on the map of contemporary cultural world? What part it plays in the history of world civilization? What is the cultural code of Georgian? What does the cultural experience of a Small nation means in the context of a Big na- tions experience? How National literature does survive within the on-going process of Globalization? What does the formula Literature without boarders means and how it works in the context of comparative literature? To answer those questions is one of the main aims of Kartvelology. Though the goal of Georgian Studies is not only to preserve its national identity, but, also, to put Georgian science together with contemporary world researches and to integrate it in the world scientifc dialogue. But integration does not means to disappeared. Foe ex- ample: when we are talking about the literature, we should admit that literature (we do like it or we do not) has Nationality, because literature is always associated with tradition and memory and text, itself, is always about reconstruction. But nationality of literature does not mean or could not possibly mean the isolation or self-isolation. One of the basic meth- odologies of contemporary literary studies comparative literature is gently regulating the process. Comparative studies imply the realization of that universal method which inter- prets the concrete literary text in wide general perspective, i.e. goes beyond the boundaries of national characteristics and establishes the rate of integration of different national cul- tures and literatures on the condition to preserve their cultural identity. The same process is available in other felds of Katrvelology and the basic function of Georgian Studies is to regulate this valuable process on a high scientifc level. Though ,Kartvelology is not a self- aim, but necessity, which must be replaced under the Governmental care. 11 literaturis Teoriis problemebi ivane amirxanaSvili saswaulis kompozicia `moqceva qarTlisas~ WeliSur redaqciaSi gvxvdeba erTi rigiTi ag- iografiuli pasaJi, romelic marTlac sruliad Cveulebrivi, arafriT gamorCeuli adgili iqneboda, sagangebo paTetikiT gamarTul teqstSi CvenT- vis saintereso azris konturebi rom ar SeimCneodes, rac, winaswarve unda iTqvas, ar warmoadgens raime gansazRvrul koncefcias, Tumca neba-unebli- eT iZleva miniSnebas raRac mowesrigebuli Tvalsazrisis arsebobaze. ker- Zod, saubaria frazaze, romelsac abiaTar mRvdeli warmoTqvams astiron mTavarTan saubarSi: `misgan (wmida ninosgan i.a.) vixilen sakvirvelebani kurnebaTani da niSni sazarelni da saswaulni saSinelni~ (`moqceva qar- Tlisa~, Tavi `b~). martivi definiciis xerxs Tu moviSveliebT, aq moce- muli predikatebis `gansazRvris areebi~ ase dalagdeba: kurneba sakvirveli; niSani sazareli; saswauli saSineli. didi dakvirveba ar sWirdeba imis danaxvas, rom aq daxasiaTebulia iseTi metafizikuri subieqtebi, romlebic Cveulebrivobis miRma samyarodan, ada- mianuri yofierebis gare sferoebidan, zesinamdvilidan movlenil faqtebad unda miviCnioT da vinaidan es marTlac asea, maSin isic unda vaRiaroT, rom Cven mier aRebul samive logikur wyvils aerTianebs erTi ram, rasac ubralod saswauls uwodeben. saRvTismetyvelo literaturaSi saswaulis sinonimadaa miCneuli niSanic, kurnebac da TviT sakvirvelebac, Tumca bib- liuri tradiciis mixedviT, TiToeuli es cneba damoukidebeli Sinaarsis mqone erTeuladac moiazreba. magaliTad, moses xuTwigneulSi saswauli gagebulia rogorc niSani; axal aRTqmaSi _ ZiriTadad rogorc kurneba; agiografiaSi yvelaze xSirad sakvirvelebis mniSvnelobiTaa gamoyenebuli, saerTod ki saswauli agiografiul TxzulebaSi niSanic aris, kurnebac da sakvirvelebac. abiaTaris `sistemac~ TiTqmis asea dalagebuli, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT pirvel wyvils, romelSic erT-erT subieqts (`sakvirveleba~) predikatis funqcia aqvs dakisrebuli. TavisTavad sainteresoa imis garkveva, Tu ratom aris saswauli saSineli, an niSani sazareli, magram amjerad sakiTxis sxva mxare gvainteresebs, ivane amirxanaSvili 12 kerZod, ra aris saswauli da ra rols asrulebs is agiografiuli nawar- moebis teqstis agebaSi. aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom naratiuli TvalsazrisiT saswauli Txzulebis sruliad Tavisebur, damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis mqone er- Teuls warmoadgens da amitom msjeloba misi teqstTan mimarTebis Sesaxeb ar aris dazRveuli TviTmiznuri manipulirebis sacTurisagan. garTuleb- is Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa windawinve ganisazRvros, Tu ras vgu- lisxmobT zogadad teqstis cnebaSi wmida werils, saRvTismetyvelo koniunqturaTa sistemas Tu ubralod sityvierebis faqts. zedmetia imaze laparaki, rom samive momenti erT mTlianobas warmoadgens da TiToeu- lis axsna-gaazreba swored saerTo analizis meSveobiT unda xdebodes, magram, amave dros, arsebobs sakmao safuZveli imisaTvis, rom cnebaTa gamijvnis principi miviCnioT amosaval wertilad, romelic saSualebas mogvcems calkeulSi davinaxoT mTeli da mTelSi calkeuli. jer erTi, meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT es aris erTaderTi gza da meorec, swored es mimarTuleba gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas, gamovricxoT iZulebiTi manipu- laciebi da SesaZlo ideologiuri aberaciebi. aqedan gamomdinare, sawyis formulad unda miviRoT teqsti rogorc sityvieri Semoqmedebis Sedegi, rogorc yvelaze obieqturi mocemuloba, rac subieqtis, anu avtoris Rv- Taebrivi inspiraciis gziT iSva. sityva aris pirveladi esTetikuri kon- struqcia, romelzedac igeba yovelgvari ideologiuri zednaSeni, amitom am zednaSenis Sinaarsobriv xasiaTs teqsti gansazRvravs. teqstis raobasa da mis xarisxzea damokidebuli ara marto avtoris Canafiqris, aramed yvelanairi koniunqturis, paradigmis Tu sxva savaldebulo kliSeebis ax- sna, gageba, saerTod recefciis wesi. rogorc zemoT iTqva, saswauli teqstSi avtonomiuri figuris saxiT aris CarTuli, magram es ar niSnavs, rom igi savsebiT Tavisufalia saerTo kompoziciuri kavSirebisagan. bolos da bolos, igi teqstis nawilia, teqs- ti awesrigebs mis Sinaarss. Zveli aRTqmis mixedviT, saswauli aris uflis nebis gamoxatuleba, niSani, uwyeba. sakuTar ZalebSi daeWvebul moses ufali uboZebs kverTxs, romelic gvelad gadaiqceva. es saswauli niSania. am niSanma unda daarw- munos faraoni, rom mose RvTis warmogzavnilia. saswaulebrivma kverTxma, rogorc niSnis momcemma, sisxlad unda aqcios nilosis wyali (gamosvla, 7,20), egviptes unda mohfinos gombeSoebi (iqve, 8,5), gaamravlos mumli (8,16). buzankaliT aavsos qveyana (8,21), moiyvanos setyva (9,24), yanebs Sea- sisos kalia (10,12), Suaze gaapos mewamuli zRva, kldidan wyaro gadmoa- dinos (17,6) da a. S. yvela es movlena aris niSani, rom ufali aq aris, rom uflis neba moqmedebs. ufali pirdapir ambobs: `da saswaulebi igi da saswaulis kompozicia 13 niSebi Cemi, romel vyav magaT zeda, gulisxma-hyoT da uwyodeT, rameTu me var ufali RmerTi~ (gamosvla, 10,3). saswauli aris ufalsa da adamianebs Soris dadebuli aRTqmis erT-erTi elementi. sinais mTaze ufali aRuTqvams moses, rom xalxis Tvalwin moaxdens iseT saswaulebs, rogoric arcerT qveyanaSi ar momxdara. risTvis aris saWiro saswaulebi? _ imisaTvis, rom adamianebma dainaxon, Tu ra saSinelia, anu raoden mosafrxilebelia saqme, romelsac ufali ukeTebs moses (gamosvla, 34,10). rodesac sadResaswaulo karavs uflis Rrubeli dafaravs, es niSnavs, rom savane uflis didebam aavso da am dros iq mosec ki ver Seva (gamosvla, 40,34-45). e. i. niSani saSinelia. Zveli aRTqmis saswaulebis teqnika zogjer jadoqrobis elementebs ime- orebs. magaliTad, magiuri formebi mJRavndeba iseT saswaulebSi, rogore- bicaa aaronis kverTxis gadaqceva gvelad (gamosvla, 7,10), iso naves mier locviT caze mzis SeCereba (iso nave, 10,12-13), elisesgan puris gamravleba (meoTxe mefeTa 4,43), samsonis Tmis ambavi, ricxvebis magiis roli ieriqo- nis dacemaSi da sxv. magram es aris mxolod formaluri msgavseba, Sinaar- sobrivad ki aRniSnuli saswaulebi sxva aris imdenad, ramdenadac yvela saswauli RvTis nebiT xdeba. saerTod, biblia mkacrad krZalavs nebismier magias Tu jadoqrobas da ar scnobs kavSirs uflis nebasa da magias Soris (gamosvla 22,17; 2 sjuli, 18,10). bibliis mkvlevaris iehezkel kaufmanis azriT, Zveli aRTqmis wignebSi gamovlenili magiuri teqnikis Tavisebureba is aris, rom mas gamoclili aqvs miTologiuri bazisi, magiur ileTebs asrulebs RvTis kaci da ara TviT RmerTi. es aris arsebiTi ganmasxvavebeli niSani, romelic cxadyofs, rom bibliuri saswauli warmarTul analogebTan SedarebiT sul sxva fa- seulobebzea orientirebuli. Zveli aRTqma magias ganmartavs rogorc mis- tikur codnas im bunebrivi Zalebis Sesaxeb, romelsac jadoqari amoxsnis. rogorc i. kaufmani wers, es faqtiurad kerpTayvanismeblobaa, radgan masSi RmerTi ar aris, magram sul sxv suraTs vxedavT RvTis kacis qmedebaSi: sas- wauls warmoSobs ara misi moqmedeba an Selocva, aramed uflis xeli. `marTalia, bibliurma tradiciam aiTvisa egvipturi saswaulis kol- oriti, magram warmarTuli masala sruliad axali, arawarmarTuli sim- bolizmiT daitvirTa~ - dasZens i. kaufmani (kaufmani 1997: 64). amasTan erTad, saswauli ar unda gavigoT pirdapir, misi materialuri gamovlinebiT. saswauli aris sulieri movlena. vladimir soloviovi lev tolstoisadmi miweril werilSi, romelSic macxovris mkvdreTiT aRdgomis saswaulis WeSmaritebas asabuTebs, wers: ivane amirxanaSvili 14 `Tuki saswaulis qveS vigulisxmebT saganTa saerTo mdinarebis sawinaaRm- dego da amitom SeuZlebel faqts, maSin mkvdreTiT aRdgoma sruliad saspirispiroa saswaulisa es aris upirobod aucilebeli faqti sagan- Ta saerTo mdinarebaSi; xolo Tuki saswaulis qveS vigulisxmebT pirve- lad momxdar, manamde ararsebul faqts, maSin `SesvenebulTagan pirvelis~ mkvdreTiT aRdgoma, raRa Tqma unda, iseTive saswaulia, sruliad iseTive, rogoric pirveli organuli ujredis gaCena araorganul samyaroSi, anda cxovelis gamoCena pirvelyofil mcenareTa, xolo pirveli adamianisa orangutanebs Soris. es saswaulebi ar eeWveba sabunebismetyvelo isto- rias, aseve ueWvelia mkvdreTiT aRdgomis saswauli kacobriobis istori- isaTvis~ (soloviovi 2001: 15). materialuri da sulieri sawyisebis Sepirispireba am SemTxvevaSi er- TaderTi gamosavalia, rom damtkicdes saswaulis aramaterialuri buneba, rac SesaZloa Zneli gasagebi iyos skeptikurad ganwyobili gonebisaTvis, Tumca gasagebia maTTvis, vinc saswaulis materialur faqtologiaSi Sina- gan logikur kavSirs xedavs. saswauls aranairi kavSiri ara aqvs fantastikasTan am sityvis im gage- biT, rogoradac is dRes esmiT. saerTod, es ori cneba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. agiografiis konteqstSi fantastikis xseneba dabneulobis mets arafers moitans. movlenis araCveulebrioba Tu arabunebrioba fizikuri TvalsazrisiT fantastikaa, metafizikuri TvalsazrisiT ki saswauli. erTi sityviT, ar SeiZleba saswauli materialur movlenad CaiTvalos, is aris sulieri movlena, anu, soloviovisave sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `Sina- gani sulieri srulyofilebis aucilebeli bunebrivi Sedegi~. Teizmis tradiciuli msoflmxedveloba saswauls ganixilavs bibliuri rwmenis saerTo paradoqsis, anu pirovnuli absolutis konteqstSi, sadac RvTaebrivi usasruloba xorcieldeba konkretul, sasrul, calkeul sx- eulSi da es paradoqsi, Tavisi materialuri formis miuxedavad, simbolur Sinaarss atarebs. rogorc sergei averincevi wers, mTavari is ki ar aris, rom wiTeli zRvis talRebi Suaze gaipo israelis ZeTa winaSe (gamosvla, 14,21), aramed is, rom TviT `ufalTa ufalma~, `saukuno mefem~ adamianTa jgufis saqme Tavis saqmed aqcia; ara is, rom ieso qalwuli dedisagan iSva da avadmyofebs kur- navda, aramed is, rom mis sasrul da xrwnad sxeulSi `damkvidrebul ars yovelive savseba RmrTeebisa xorcielad~ (kolaselTa mimarT, 2,9) (aver- incevi 2000: 204). aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT, saswaulis azrs, mis Sinaarss gansazRvravs ori winapiroba, romelTa gareSe saswauli sruli uazroba iqneboda. pirveli, saswaulis kompozicia 15 s. averincevis azriT, es aris cnobieri an qvecnobieri rwmena imisa, rom konkretuli `me zogadTan mimarTebaSi ar iyos ubralod rogorc nawili mTelTan mimarTebaSi; da meore unda vaRiarebdeT saswaulis simbolur azrs. `amgvarad, _ wers s. averincevi, _ marTalia, saxarebiseul kurnebaTa mizani an Sedegi pirvel yovlisa gankurnebulTa janmrTelobad gaiazreba, magram Tavisi azriT aranairad ar daiyvaneba janmrTelobamde: TviT Jesti gankurnebis saswaulisa naCvenebia ara marto rogorc erTeulTa mimarT gamoCenili mowyaleba, aramed rogorc yvelas winaSe movlenili niSani~ (averincevi 2000: 204). danarCeni, rac saswaulis azris gagebas Seexeba, Teologiis sferos war- moadgens da am Temaze, cxadia, mravalnairi da urTierTgamomricxavi in- terpretaciebi arsebobs, magram amjerad Cveni mizania, vaCvenoT, Tu raSi mdgomareobs saswaulis mxatvruli funqcia, ra daniSnuleba akisria mas Txzulebis saerTo struqturaSi da ras warmoadgens igi mtkicebulebas Tu ambavs? umravles SemTxvevaSi saswauli gamoiyeneba rogorc mtkicebuleba wmi- danis saRvTo misiis dasafiqsireblad; saswauls moixmoben magaliTad da nimuSad imisa, Tu raoden did Zalas aniWebs adamians suliwmidis madli. roca SuSanikis CareviT ganikurneba `ganborebuli~ dedakaci, es aris imis mauwyebeli faqti da mtkicebuleba, rom wamebuli ukve aRivso wmi- danobis madliT, xolo giorgi aTonelis Sexvedra cecxlisfer da TeTrad mosil WabukebTan ki aris ambavi, romelic gviCvenebs wmidanobis gzaze Sem- dgari moRvawis arCevanis siswores. ymawvilobisas mdinare qciaSi banaobis dros giorgis gamoecxadeba cecxlisferi yrma, romelic mas saTamaSod iwvevs, am dros gamoCndeba `spetakiT mosili~ yrma, romelic mokidebs xels giorgis da etyvis, CemTan iyavi, radgan ukeTesi moyvasi varo. Tx- zulebis avtori giorgi mcire iqve ganmartavs, rom pirveli yrma aris eS- maki, romelsac giorgis daRrCoba surs, meore ki angelozi, romelic mas dabadebidanve miuCina RmerTma sicocxlis mcvelad. epizodi nawarmoebSi CarTulia rogorc mTavari personaJis mier pirvel pirSi monaTxrobi amba- vi, romelic ise erwymis avtoris msjelobis xazs, rom diskursi ar irRve- va, epizodi Sinaarsidan gamomdinareobs da Sinaarssve mihyveba msjelobis logikur finalamde, sadac unda damtkicdes, rom marTalni iyvnen giorgis mSoblebi, roca Svili dabadebisTanave RmerTs aRuTqves da sworia moR- vaweobis is gza, romelsac giorgi adgas. `ganborebuli dedakacis~ epizodi iakob xucess mohyavs rogorc gany- enebuli faqti, magaliTi, anu mtkicebuleba; qciis epizodi ki aris siuJe- turi monakveTi, anu ambavi. ivane amirxanaSvili 16 qarTul agiografiaSi mtkicebulebidan ambavze evoluciuri gadasv- lis tendencia ar SeiniSneba, Tumca aSkaraa, rom iq, sadac saswauli ambis funqciiTaa gamoyenebuli, avtors meti saSualeba eZleva beletristuli wiaRsvlebisTvis. magaliTisaTvis SegviZlia davasaxeloT ioane sabanisZis Txzulebis mesame Tavis bolo nawili, romelic saswaulis agiografiul misteriad unda miviCnioT. saswaulis esTetikazea agebuli `serapion zarzmelis cxovrebis~ siuJe- tis ganviTareba. Txrobis ZiriTadi qarga gamoikveTeba Txzulebis meoTxe TavSi, roca miqel parexels Ramis locvis dros `gankvirveba raime~ daece- ma da RvTis angelozi etyvis, Seni mowafeebi serapioni da ioane axlave sam- cxes waravline, raTa RvTis mier miniSnebul adgilas monasteri aRaSenono. faqtiurad mTeli Txzuleba aris svla im sakvirveli niSnisaken, sadac saRmrTo brZanebiT unda aSendes zarzma. miqelis gamocxadebaSi, rogorc Txzulebis kompoziciur preludiaSi, miniSnebulia yvela is adgili, anu orientiri, romelmac saswaulamde (niSamde) unda miiyvanos berebi. ase, rom Txzulebis cnobili toponimebi _ beras jvari, ZinZe, cxroWa, saZmo, goderZi, drosi, saTaxve, SeSisTavi, babgeni, bobxa da TviT zarzma warmoad- genen ara marto niSebs, aramed siuJetis struqturul erTeulebs, rom- lebic aqtiurad arian CarTuli Txrobis dinamikaSi da rom araferi iTqvas am originaluri faqturis mxatvrul funqciaze, pirdapiri, bukvaluri re- cefciis TvalsazrisiTac cxaddeba avtoris Canafiqri: berebis msvleloba aRTqmuli adgilisaken warmoadginos rogorc gza saswaulisaken. am gzis bolo da mTavari niSi zarzma etimologiuri SinaarsiTac saswauls ukav- Sirdeba, radgan zari da SiSi, razedac aRmocendeba saxelwodeba zarzma, saswaulis, ase vTqvaT, atributebia. basil zarzmeli amas TviTonve ganmar- tavs Txzulebis mecxre Tavis bolos, sadac wers: `rameTu ewoda zarzma erTa maTgan, romelni zarTa da SiSTa miuTxrobeliTa Sepyrobil iyvnes~. berebi asruleben `niSTa da saswaulTa mier ganbrwyinvebuli~ miqel par- exelis miTiTebas, romelic faqtiurad RvTis nebaa, anu rogorc basil zarzmeli wers, `brZaneba ars saRmrTo~ da arc is aris SemTxveviTi, rom giorgi CorCanelisa da berebis Sexvedra sakvirvelebis niSniT aris aRbe- Wdili. sakvirveleba, sakvirveli niSani, rogorc wesi, cxaddeba maSin, roca movlenaTa ganviTareba zRvrul wertils aRwevs da situacia TavisTavad moiTxovs ara formalur, aramed arsebiT ganmuxtvas sruliad axal, gan- sxvavebul gradaciaSi gadasvliT, rac usaTuod da erTmniSvnelovnad unda moaswavebdes vertikalur moZraobas qvemodan zemoT, miwidan zecisken, sikvdilidan sicocxlisaken, rogorc es xdeba, magaliTad, `ioanesa da efT- vimes cxovrebis~ mecamete TavSi, sadac mZafri seniT Sepyrobil, sikvdils saswaulis kompozicia 17 miaxlebul yrma efTvTimes RvTismSobeli gamoecxadeba, xels SeaSvelebs, suliwmidis madliT aRavsebs da ganamzadebs aRsrulebad didTa saqmeTa, romelic uSualod ukavSirdeba qarTuli kulturis aRmavlobas da, sxvaTa Soris, analizs Tu bolomde gavyvebiT, imis Tqmac mogviwevs, rom aq saqme gvaqvs agiografiuli TxzulebisaTvis naklebad damaxasiaTebel movlenas- Tan, roca gamocxadeba xorcieldeba ara marto zogadi saRvTismetyvelo mimarTulebiT, aramed erovnul-kulturologiuri niSniTac. `aRdeg, nu geSinin da qarTulad xsnilad ubnobdi~ - RvTismSoblis piriT naTqvam am sityvebSi giorgi mTawmideli xedavs aTonis literaturuli skolis is- toriul misias qarTuli kulturis winaSe. saberZneTSi gazrdili yrma, romelmac qarTuli TiTqmis ar icis, RvTis nebiT ubrundeba mSobliuri enis wiaRs da iwyebs umagaliTo mTargmnelobiT moRvaweobas, ris wyalo- biTac saqarTvelo mniSvnelovnad uaxlovdeba dasavleTis inteleqtua- lur areals. saswaulis erT niSanSi ormagi Sinaarsi devs gamocxadebis saswaulma efTvimes daubruna janmrTeli gvami da erovnuli suli, rac mTlianobaSi sakmarisi unda yofiliyo imisaTvis, rom gacxadebuliyo mo- cemul niSanSi dafaruli azri. avtori sagangebod arCevs saswauls imisaTvis, raTa paraleli gaavlos wminda werilTan da Seqmnas STabeWdileba, rom wmindani iesos saswauls imeorebs (daTaSvili 1998: e-4). Tumca, rogorc grigol noseli SeniSnavs, agiografoss zomierebis gamo- Cena marTebs nawarmoebSi saswaulTa CarTvisas, raTa ar gaafuWos gemovnebi- ani mkiTxvelis STabeWdileba da, amave dros, eWvi ar gauCinos mciredmor- wmunes. am mosazrebas exmianeba berdiaevis Tvalsazrisic. saswauli gveZleva rw- menis gamo da ara imisaTvis, rom rwmena warmoSvas. saswauliT gaCenili rwmena Zaladoba, iZuleba iqneboda (berdiaevi 1989: 57). amrigad, saswauli agiografiul TxzulebaSi, kompoziciuri Tvalsaz- risiT, atarebs gansazRvrul funqcias, romelic xasiaTdeba gamokveTili niSnebiT. kerZod, igi gamoiyeneba mtkicebulebad wmidanis saRvTo misiis fiqsaciisaTvis. Txrobis saerTo struqturaSi is CarTulia rogorc magal- iTi, an rogorc mtkicebuleba. aqedan gamomdinare, unda gairCes saswaulis faqtologiuri da esTetikuri funqciebi. saswaulis agiografiuli gageba bibliur sazriss eyrdnoba, gansxvaveba Tavs iCens mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca avtori beletristul wiaRsvlebs mimarTavs, Tumca ZiriTadi arsi saswaulis bibliuri koncefciisa ucvleli rCeba. ivane amirxanaSvili 18 damowmebani: averincevi 2000: . . . : , 2000. berdiaevi 1989:. . . .: , 1989. daTaSvili 1998: daTaSvili l. saswaulni da Cvvenebani `wmida makrines cxovrebis~ magaliTze. `axali qarTuli gazeTi~, 19. VIII. Tb.: 1998. kaufmani 1997: . . . - . . 1. .: 1997. soloviovi 2001: soloviovi v. werili l. n. tolstois. 28 ivlisi 2 agvisto, 1894. peterburgi. Targmna nana axobaZem. gaz. `literaturuli saqarT- burgi. Targmna nana axobaZem. gaz. `literaturuli saqarT- urgi. Targmna nana axobaZem. gaz. `literaturuli saqarT- . Targmna nana axobaZem. gaz. `literaturuli saqarT- Targmna nana axobaZem. gaz. `literaturuli saqarT- nana axobaZem. gaz. `literaturuli saqarT- nana axobaZem. gaz. `literaturuli saqarT- axobaZem. gaz. `literaturuli saqarT- axobaZem. gaz. `literaturuli saqarT- . gaz. `literaturuli saqarT- gaz. `literaturuli saqarT- . `literaturuli saqarT- `literaturuli saqarT- velo~, 13-19 aprili, Tb.: 2001. Ivane Amirkhanashvili Composition of a Miracle Summary What is a miracle and what is its role while constructing the Hagiographic text? From narrative viewpoint, a miracle represents a distinctive unit, possessing independ- ent meaning and therefore, discussing its relation towards the text is not secured from self interpretations. To avoid misunderstanding, it is necessary to defne what we mean in the concept of text in general a sacred letter, a system of theological conjuncture or simply a fact of verbality. As an initial formula, text should be regard as a result of verbal creativity. At the same time, it should be noted that a miracle is not completely isolated from a text. In hagiograph- ic texts miracle acquires defnite function, which is characterized by distinguished signs. It is used as a proof for fxing Saints divine mission. In the general structure of narration it is included as an example or as a statement. Therefore, we should distinguish between factologic and aesthetic functions of a miracle. Source for hagiographic understanding of a miracle is biblical; the difference arises only when the author uses belletristic means, though the essence of biblical conception of miracle remains unchanged. 19 Tamar CixlaZe `subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika (XX saukunis dasavleTevropuli romanis mixedviT) XX saukunis evropis rTuli epoqa srulad aisaxa literaturaSi, romlis gamomsaxvelobis yvelaze gavrcelebul formad iqca romani. literturuli procesebis axsna, ZiriTadad, fsiqologias daekisra. modernisti mwerali Seecada, siRrmiseuli `me~-s warmoCeniT Tavisi wignebisaTvis gansxvavebuli STagoneba mieca. `obieqturi~ Txroba `subieqturi~ midgomiT Seicvala. Tanamedrove romanis sawyisebis Zieba albaT servantesidan iwyeba, ro- desac misma personaJma _ erTma gamxdarma da uqonelma keTilma kacma _ don kixotma _ Tavgadasavlebis saZieblad wasvla gadawyvita. rainduli romanebis kiTxviT gabruebuls dro Secvlili dauxvda, amitom misi amba- vic sasacilod iqca. adamianis ocnebas aRar SeeZlo samyaros Secvla, ma- gram is amas daJinebiT iTxovda. individisa da sazogadoebis aseTi gaxleCa badebs Tanamedrove romans. ema bovari _ floberis romanis personaJi _ ocnebobda ra daqorwinebuliyo iseT adamianze, romelic valss acekvebda sasaxleSi, don kixots Zalian hgavs. servantesi da floberi TavianT qmni- lebebs romanul saxes aZleven. Cndeba termini `romanuli~, romelic iTva- liswinebs, erTi mxriv imas, rom Cven mxedvelobaSi miviRoT SeSlili meoc- nebis an fuqsavati gogonas warmosaxva da, meore mxriv, mTxroblis azri. XX saukunis dasawyisSi xanmokle krizisis Semdeg, dasavleTevropuli romani literaturuli gamomsaxvelobis yvelaze ufro gavrcelebul for- mad gadaiqca. amjerad man asaxa adamianTa pasuxismgebloba, zraxvebi Tu mwuxareba, rasac odesRac epopea, qronika, moraluri traqtati da nawi- lobriv, poezia emsaxureboda. dasavleTevropeli kaci yvelafers ipovnis Tanamedrove romanSi, rac ki mis sve-beds Seexeba. romanma SeZlo erTdrou- lad SemoeTavazebina `ambis~ fsiqologiuri, socialuri, ontologiuri, esTetikuri da simboluri rezonansebis uzarmazari registri. XX saukunis Suaxanebis literaturas daudga `eWvis era~, romelic jer kidev stendalma iwinaswarmetyvela, Tumca gamudmebiT icvleboda. ga- zrdili tragizmis fonze mweralTa axali Taoba gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobia- re gaxda samyaros absurdulobis mimarT. maSin gadaisinja literaturis daniSnulebis sakiTxi. rogorc cnobilia, froidisa da iungis moZRvreba imdroindeli lit- Tamar CixlaZe 20 eraturis saSen masalad iqca. daaxloebiT imave periodSi, rodesac prustis pirveli romani qveyndeba (1912w.), literaturaSi Cndeba axali termini _ `subieqturi Txroba~. igi miesadageba iseT romanebs, romlebic meti TaviseburebiT Tu Txrobis Tav- isuflebiT gamoirCevian. iq adgils ikavebs fantazia, miTi, jadosnoba. amg- vari Txroba SeiZleba gaurkvevelic iyos da musikaluri tonalobis Sem- cvelic, ris misaRwevadac mwerals iSviaTi metaforebis gamoyeneba uxdeba. aseTi stilis romanad SeiZleba CaiTvalos magaliTad, a. furnies `didi molni~, T. manis `jadosnuri mTa~ an o. l. haqslis `geniosi da qalRmer- Ti~. XVII saukunis bolodan moyolebuli, dasavlur romans yvelaze metad izidavs adamianis sulis wiaRis xilva, misi yvelaze Rrma da idumali in- timurobis ufskrulebi. maTSi siamovnebiT eSveba am jadosnobas aracnobi- erad damorCilebuli mkiTxveli. rusodan moriakamde an natali sarotamde, dostoevskis gavliT, es cduneba akviatebad iqceva, `da kargi mweralic isaa, vinc Cveni cxovrebis im nawilis Secnobasa da gamoTqmaSi dagvexmareba, romelic erTi SexedviT gaugebari da ganze myofi gveCveneba~. (diuameli 1925: 34) maSasadame, Tanamedrove epoqaSi mkiTxvels ufro meti swadia, miiRos romanidan, vidre aqamde Rebulobda, anu surs cnobierebis im sivrceSi SeR- weva, romelic TiToeuli adamianis sulis siRrmeSi mdebareobs. is cdi- lobs gaigos gemo SigniT mdebare emociebis, mogonebebis, fiqrebis, naRve- lis da martoobis erTobliobisa, rasac Jan-pol sartri `gulzidvis~ gan- sazRvrebas aZlevs. mas miaCnia, rom is cxovreba, riTac adamiani arsebobs, sabolood gaRaribda, rom sxvis anu romanis gmiris cnobierebaSi SeRweviT nugeSs hpovebs. XX s. romans eqsperimentebis Catareba swadia. kafka, prusti, muzili, joisi kiTxvis qveS ayeneben romanis gansazRvrebas da daniSnulebas. romani aRaraa `moTxrobili~, vinaidan `TxrobaSi~ yvelaferi winaswar aris axs- nili da ganWvretili, mTxrobelma winaswar icis dasasruli. romani gaur- bis tragikuls da romantikuls. adamiani aRar warmoadgens misi Seswavlis sagans. mwerals romanSi Seaqvs uwesrigoba, idumaleba, naRveli, paTetika, rac Sinagani samyaros siRrmidan momdinareobs. dostoevski, nervali da kidev bevri sxva winaswar grZnobdnen am axali tipis romanis dabadebas. icvleba mwerlis damokidebuleba momxdari ambisa da moqmedi pirebis mi- marT. `imis magivrad, rom zemodan da Soridan gaanaTos mkiTxvelis cnobiereba da gaafarTovos, iTamaSos Tavis mxriv, jadoqris an reJisoris roli, masTan aigivebs Tavs da masTan erTad xetialobs arsebobis nacrisfer peizaJebSi~ `subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika 21 _ wers kritikosi r. alberesi mwerlis Sesaxeb. (alberesi 1990: 133) erTaderTi ram, rac SeiZleba specifikuri iyos Tanamedrove romanSi, aris ena. romanis dargSi, rogorc bevr sxvaSi, ukve yvelaferi iTqva. miuxe- davad imisa, rom gaunaTlebel publikas SeuZlia bevri siaxle aRmoaCinos, ganswavluli adamiani advilad SeigrZnobs im kavSirebs, romlebic ama Tu im ambavs aqvs warsulis did nimuSebTan. dasavluri romani mivida im werti- lamde, saidanac daiwyo dumili _ ambis moyolis SewyvetiT gamowveuli si- Cume. damTavrda iseTi romanis xana, romelic raRacas gvixsnida. mwerali amoefara mTxrobels, romelic TviTonve aris da arc aris. romanisti iwyebs qaragmebiT, miniSnebebiT laparaks, swavlobs mkiTx- velTan TanamSromlobas. TiTqmis 3000-wliani arsebobis manZilze litera- turam yvelaferi amowura. romanmac droTa ganmavlobaSi sakuTari wesiT da logikiT aRmoaCina arsebobis sxvadasxva aspeqti da aseTi daskvna gam- oitana: samyaro kompleqsuri da orazrovania, rac metad miiwevs win, miT naklebad uaxlovdeba simarTles. sinamdvile mxolod SefardebiTi, nawi- lobrivi da winaaRmdegobrivia. XX saukunis dasavlel mwerlebTan yvelaze mniSvnelovani qvecnobieris determinizmia. am sakiTxs xom araerTi Semoqmedi utrialebs, maT Soris a. Jidi. Tavdapirvelad es ukanaskneli `sotie~-is Jans mimarTavs, rac misTvis Tavisufal Txrobas ganasaxierebs, romelsac determinizmis SezRudvebi- sgan gaTavisufleba SeuZlia. misi `vatikanis jurRmulebi~ am axali esTe- tikis magivrobas swevs, rac gansakuTrebulad umotivo qmedebis TeoriaSi gamoixateba. `yalbi fulis mWrelebi~ afarToebs personaJTa wres im miz- niT, rom ganasaxieros zneobrivi poziciebi da cxovrebis arCevani; romani daskvnis gakeTebaze uars ambobs da mkiTxvels tovebs daumTavrebeli Txro- bis Sua gzaze. XX saukunis II naxevris romansac erTob rTuli peizaJi aqvs daxatuli. is aqrobs yovlisamsaxvel Txrobas, magram ar ZaluZs, daiviwyos, rom re- alobas Txzavs. amitomac gafarToebul realizmSi eqcevian iseTi mwerlebi, romlebic TavianT romanebSi iyeneben cnobierebis nakads, Sinagani molol- ogis teqnikas, asociaciebs, kinematografiuli montaJis xerxebs, bibliur motivebs da Txrobis sxvadasxva eqsperimentul saSualebebs. realizms mia- kuTvnes naturalisturi faqturisa da metafizikuri da transcendenta- luri mimarTebis Tu eqspresionistuli elementebis Semcveli romanebi. XX s. mTeli literatura, mainc antimimeturad rCeba, vinaidan aRar mi- marTavs mimsgavsebis meTods. is aRar baZavs, ar amsgavsebs Tavis fiqcias xi- lul, grZnobiT aRsaqmel sinamdviles. es literatura cdilobs, gamosaxos da mxatvrul saxeebad aqcios yofierebis sinamdvilis arsi. masSi aRwerili sagani aRar hgavs empiriulad arsebul sagans. man deformacia ganicada da Tamar CixlaZe 22 groteskiT, igaviTa Tu sxvadasxva `SifriT~ gamoisaxa. aq mTavari principi is ki araa, moxda Tu ara ambavi sinamdvileSi, aramed is, rom SesaZloa, asec momxdariyo. es pirobiTi samyaroa. mTxrobeli darwmunebuli ar aris imaSi, rasac gadmoscems. amgvar `varaudisa~ da `eWvis~ poetikas aSkarad vxvdebiT, magaliTad, maqs friSTan. dasavlur romanSi myarad moikida fexi parodiam.. parodiuli nawar- moebi Tu manamde iwvevda sicils, Tanamedrove epoqaSi tragediad iqca. pa- rodiulobam aCvena Zveli sulieri, ideuri Rirebulebebis gaufasureba da rwmenis gaqroba. mweralic xatavs Zvelis gaufasurebis suraTs. amitomaa dRes Seqmnili istoriuli romanebic parodiuli. isic unda vTqvaT, rom Tanamedrove literaturis tendenciebs Soris umniSvnelovanesi movlenaa miTosis teqnikis gamoyeneba. miTosi literatu- rul fenomenad iqca. XX s. romans, asaxavs ra samyaros mTxroblis cnobierebis mixedviT da ara realurad, mTeli yuradReba personaJis sulier samyaroze gadaaqvs, amitom araerT wigns `centriskenuli~ an `Caketili~ romani uwodes. masSi wamyvani elementi gmiris individualurobaa da ara moqmedeba sivrceSi. su- lieri procesebisTvis romanis formis misacemad saWiroa Caketili sivr- cis Seqmna, realurobidan mowyveta. ase miiRweva hermetizacia, rac XX s. mwerlebma: T. manma, fr. kafkam da sxvebma SesaniSnavad moaxerxes. `her- metuli romani~, romelic miznad isaxavs pirovnebis transmutacias, misi sulieri ganwmendisa da amaRlebis Cvenebas, cxadad iCens sinamdvilidan gaqcevis, empiriulobis daZlevis midrekilebas. swored es Tavisebureba ga- nasxvavebs aseTi tipis romans `cnobierebis nakadis~ romanisagan, romelic sruliad empiriulia. cneba _ `centriskenuli~ dostoevskidan modis. is Seecada, eCvenebi- na, Tu raoden marTali iyo mis mier gadmocemuli ambebi da rogor ukav- Sirdebodnen isini mis namdvil, sulier gancdebs. XIX s. mwerlebi iseT gamonaTqvamebs, romlebSic maTi gulwrfeloba da piradi gancdebi vlin- deboda, `unebur aRsarebebs~ uwodebdnen. e. gonkurma aRniSna, rom XIX s. bolos moxda fsiqologiuri romanis ganaxleba. mogvianebiT romanma specifikuri realoba aRwera da aRar ganviTarda. Tumca, zogierTi kritikosi, maT Soris baxtini, miiCnevs, rom romanuli Janri uSreti ganaxlebis unaris mqonea. (baxtini 1973: 24). ukeTesia, daveTanxmoT baxtins, vinc fiqrobs, rom romani ar Sewyvets ganviTarebas, miT ufro maSin, rodesac masTan erTad kritikac ase intensi- urad viTardeba. Cndeba axali terminebi, romlebic romanTan mimarTebaSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba da mkiTxvels exmareba, ukeT gaerkves axleburi ro- manis labirinTebSi. erT-erTi aseTi termini gaxlavT `subieqturi Txro- `subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika 23 ba~, romlis Seswavlac didi xani araa, rac daiwyes. saerTod, es termini aRniSnavs romanistis Zalisxmevas, warmoaCinos Tavisi gamonagonis elementebi erTi an ramdenime personaJis Tvalsazrisis mixedviT. personaJis aRwera romanis ganuyofeli nawilia. magaliTad, stendalis an Tekereis gmirebis umravlesoba avtoris subieqturi aRweris niSnebs atarebs. subieqturobaze damokidebuli aRweriloba personaJisa, damt- kicebulia, rom ukeTesad axasiaTebs TviT aRmwers, vidre mas, visac aRw- eren. sayuradReboa, rogor xdeba ambis moyola `subieqtur romanSi~. amas gansazRvravs mTxroblis garkveuli pozicia am ambis mimarT. romanistma, rogorc moriaki uwodebs, `RmerTis niSnis matarebelma~, vinc es person- aJebi Seqmna, miiTvisa yovlismcodnis privilegia: Tavisi RvTiuri niWiT, man zondireba gaukeTa Tirkmlebs da gulebs da imaze ukeT gaicno Tavisi qm- nilebebi, vidre TviT isini icnobdnen sakuTar Tavso, ambobs moriaki. SemTx- vevas, rodesac mTxrobeli ufro mets ambobs personaJebze, vidre TviT SeuZliaT, rom Tqvan, literaturis Teoretikosebi ganixilaven Txrobis pirvel saxed. meore SemTxvevad miiCneven iseT Txrobas, rodesac mTxro- beli Tavs Zalas atans, mxolod is Tqvas, rac icis personaJma da aCvenos is, rasac es personaJi grZnobs. am movlenas frangi kritikosi Jan puioni uwodebs `xedviT~ (vision) Txrobas, romelic dakavSirebulia subieqturi Tvalsazrisis SezRudvis dacvasTan da `keTilsindisierad~ dakvirvebasTan, rogorc ambobs TviT mkvlevari. (koni 1981: 86) mesame SemTxveva is aris, rom Txroba `obieqturia~, anu mTxrobeli kmayofildeba personaJis qcevebis garedan daregistrirebiT. subieqturi realizmis teqnikas gansazRvravs swored `xedva romelime personaJiT~ (vi- sion avec), ramac daipyro Tanamedrove romani. a. Jidi, malro, folkneri iyeneben mxolod faqtebis gamoxatvas personaJis Sexedulebidan gamomdin- are. `subieqturi realizis~ principi, rogorc es sartrma aRniSna, gamor- icxavs sxva xmas, garda personaJisa. miuTiTebs, rom personaJis xasiaTi TandaTan ixateba, roca is asrulebs moqmedebebs an warmoTqvams sityvebs. subieqturi Txroba eyrdnoba mkiTxvelis mier romanSi adamianis Tvalsaz- risis povnas da masTan SeTavsebas, mkiTxvelis personaJad gadaqcevasac ki. bolo cda imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mkiTxveli miiwvios romanSi monawileo- bis misaRebad. frangi Teoretikosi Jan huioni naSromSi `dro da romani~ `romelime personaJis xedvas~ (vision avec), romlis meSveobiTac, mkiTxvel- ic calke gamoyofs personaJis Tvalsazriss, ganasxvavebs `zurgidan xed- visagan~ (vision par derrire), romelic varaudobs romanistis aSkara Carevas. magaliTad `vision avec~-is nimuSad stendalis `sentimentaluri aRzrdaa~ Tamar CixlaZe 24 miCneuli, xolo `vision par derrire~ ilustrirebulia balzakis sxvadasxva romanSi, sadac mravladaa Tavmoyrili romanistis sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisi. balzaki, icnobs ra Tavisi personaJis Sinagan samyaros, Tavisuflad gad- adis erTi Tvalsazrisidan meoreze, rasac Tavis Tvalsazriss umatebs, anu rogorc mTxroblis, filosofosisa da istorikosis Tvalsazriss. aseTi yovlismcodneoba balzakis romanebs ayenebs tradiciuli romanis rigebSi maSin, roca flobers modernuloba Semoaqvs. igi emorCileba imas, rasac sartrma `subieqturi realizmi~ uwoda. (puioni 1996: 45) maS, rogor xdeba romanistis mier subieqturi realobis asaxva? sazoga- dod, mTxroblis Carevis xarisxs im ambavSi, rasac is gadmogvcems, gansaz- Rvravs distancia. saWiroa, ganisazRvros is, Tu ramdenad `axloa~ mTxro- beli gadmocemul faqtebTan an piriqiT, `distancias ikavebs~, gvTavazobs na- kleb faqtebs, vidre TviT misTvisaa cnobili. magaliTad, suraTs sxvadasxva manZilidan sxvadasxva sizustiT vxedavT. aseve, ambavic ar gamoCndeba erTi da imave moculobiT im distanciis mixedviT, rasac mTxrobeli irCevs. Tu is `ax- loa~ masTan, SemogvTavazebs zust da detalur Txrobas, mogvcems ra didi si- zustis STabeWdilebas, anu obieqturobas da piriqiT, mTxrobeli `Sordeba~ ra faqtebis realobas, SemogvTavazebs bundovan Txrobas _ ese igi arazustsa da subieqturs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi Txroba yuradRebas gaamaxvilebs ambavze, meoreSi ki _ mTxrobelze. `siaxlovisa~ da `siSoris~ winaaRmdegobas mivya- varT `obieqturobasa~ da `subieqturobas~ Soris arsebul Seusabamobamde. e. jeimzis azriT, saqme exeba `Cvenebas~ da `Tqmas~. (Juvi 1997: 29) cnobilia, rom monaTxrobi Seicavs sam Sres: movlenebs, sityvebs anu me- tyvelebas da fiqrebs. gansxvaveba romanebs Soris am Sreebis gamoxatvis dis- tanciaSi iqneba. Tu mTxrobeli irCevs `siaxloves~, is `gviCvenebs~, vidre `gviyveba~. is uars ambobs mokle mimoxilvaze detaluri scenebis sasarge- blod. mkiTxvels SeuZlia `uyuros~ movlenas. samagierod, `Sors~ myofi mTxrobeli lakonurobas da faqtebis komentarebs gvTavazobs. floberi emas sikvdilis scenas `axlo myofi~ aRwers, xolo patara bertas beds ramdenime StrixiT iZleva avtori, vinaidan `Sors~ aris. rac Seexeba metyvelebas, aq mTxrobeli ganagebs teqnikaTa mTel serias. kritikos J. Jenetis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, SeiZleba moxdes distanciis kibeze asvlis klasifikacia maqsimumidan minimumamde. TxrobiTi metyvele- ba, sadac erTveba personaJis saubaric, mas igive doneze ayenebs, rogorc sxva movlenebs. distanciis SemTxvevaSi Txroba Sors rCeba sinamdvileSi warmoTqmuli sityvebisagan. aq Txroba kmayofildeba bundovanebiT. am sakiTxis ganvrcobamde, ganvsazRvroT ra aris metyveleba da ra Tav- iseburebebi axasiaTebs fsiqologiuri xasiaTis diqcias. metyvelebis manera aris procesi, romelic qmnis winaswar gansazRvrul `subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika 25 da mwyobri mniSvnelobis teqsts. Tvalsazrisi wesebis erTobliobaa, romelic miznad isaxavs, orientacia gaukeTos da Seferiloba misces me- tyvelebas. is Txrobisa da aRweris elementebs swavlobs. Tvalsazrisi miCneulia, rogorc metyvelebis Semadgeneli sintaqsuri da semantikuri nawilebis ganmsazRvreli. rac Seexeba teqstiT gamoxatuli emociurobis Seswavlas, is literaturuli analizis nawilia. Tu ramdenad mniSvnelo- vania metyvelebisTvis emociuroba da misi gadmocema, amas fsiqologiuri analizi da gamoxatvis lingvistika gviCvenebs. grZnobismieri mdgomareoba mainc sityvebis saSualebiT unda gadmoices. es lingvistika moiTxovs spe- cializebul leqsikas da morfologias, romelic miukuTvneba e.w. `gamomx- atvel modalizacias~. aq gamoiyofa grZnobebis gadmomcem modalizaciaTa klasi, romelic subieqtis `sulis mdgomareobas~ gamoxatavs. esenia: zm- nebi, sazogado saxelebi, zedsarTavebi da zmnizedebi. zogadad, grZnobis- mieri modalizacia emyareba gamoxatuli sagnebisa Tu situaciis dadebiT an uaryofiT Sefasebas. mgrZnobiaroba-emociuroba rTuli fenomenia da Sei- Zleba ramdenime TvalsazrisiT ganixilos, ufro metad, aRweriTi da teqs- tis analizis gziT. Tu masTan fsiqologiuri analiziT midgoma SeiZleba, is unda daeyrdnos semio-lingvistikur analizs. `sulis mdgomareoba~ war- modgenilia Sesabamisi leqsikiT, magaliTad, vnebis gamomxatveli sityve- biT: siyvaruli, survili; magram aseve zogadi nomenklaturis terminebiT: grZnoba, emocia, ltolva... da Tu am saxelebs maT zmnur, zedsarTavur Tu zmnizedur derivaciebs davumatebT, mainc ver movixelTebT mgrZnobelobis sidides da siZlieres. metyvelebis globalur struqturebs SeuZliaT gan- sazRvon leqsikuri da frazeologiuri lokaluri struqturebi. mgrZno- belobis sidide metyvelebis dones Seesabameba. mgrZnobelobas gamoxatavs xatovani kodebi _ somaturi gamonaTqvamebi, romlebic aRniSnaven, magali- Tad, personaJis gawiTlebas. somaturi gamonaTqvami miemarTeba pirvel rig- Si im personaJis saxes, romelic wiTldeba. e.i. sityvebis nacvlad Cndeba somaturi aqti. sityvebis gareSec, is emsaxureba azris gadmocemas. aqedan gamomdinare, mgrZnobelobis sidide mxolod metyvelebas ar exeba, aramed mTel teqts. Sinagani Tvalsazrisis gadmosacemad avtors sWirdeba specialuri gamoTqmebi, rac aRwers Sinagan mdgomareobas. magaliTad: `man gaifiqra~, `man igrZno~, `moeCvena~, `gaixsena~ da a.S. SesaZloa, gamoiyenebodes gareSe damkvirveblis TvalsazrisisaTvis iseTi sagangebo sityvebi, rogoricaa: `etyoba~, `Cans~, `TiTqos~ da a.S. isini maSin ixmareba, rodesac mTxrobeli aRwers imas, rac sinamdvileSi man ar SeiZleba icodes. es gmiris gancdebi da fiqrebia gareSe meTvalyuris Tvalsazrisidan. unda aRiniSnos, rom damajereblad da sabolood jer ar gadawyveti- Tamar CixlaZe 26 la TxrobiTi literaturis kuTvnili sityvis (lexis) irgvliv arsebuli problemebi. romanistebi mTavari gmirebis Sinagan metyvelebaze akeTeben aqcents. erTi sityviT, Txrobis (frangulad recit ; inglisurad telling) da metyvelebis (frang. discours ; ing speech) dapirispireba grZeldeba. erTaderTi periodi, rodesac maT Soris Tanxmoba da wonasworoba SeiniS- neboda, XIX s. klasikuri xana iyo balzakisa da tolstois obieqturi TxrobiT gamorCeuli. `Tanamedrove epoqam gaaZliera imis SesaZlebloba, rom adamianis metyvelebamdeli, Znelad misawvdomi cnobiereba mwerlisaT- vis gamxdariyo naTeli da zusti~. _ aRniSnavs J. Jeneti. (Jeneti 1973b: 24) `Figures III~-Si Jenetma dabneulobis gasafantavad kidev erTxel daa- zusta cnebebi: `recit~ da `narration~, rac qarTulad Txrobas niSnavs. is ambobs, rom termini `recit~ aris metyveleba anu TviT moTxrobili teqsti _ Txrobis Semcveloba, xolo `narration~ _ Txrobis aqti. rogorc vTqviT, XX s. evropul mwerlobaSi sametyvelo stili I adg- ils ikavebs, mkvidrdeba axleburi naratiuli stili _ jer grZeli Sina- gani monologebi, Semdeg maTi Canacvleba distanciidan TxrobiT. monologis an Tundac Sinagani monologis teqnika arc XIX s. litera- turisTvis iyo ucxo. Sinagan monologebs fsiqologiuri xasiaTis yvela romanSi vxvdebiT. isini ufro tradiciuli monologebia, vinaidan person- aJis metyvelebaSi aSkarad Cans yovlismcodne avtori-mTxrobeli. rac Se- exeba XX s. modernistul literaturaSi damkvidrebul Sinagan monologs, aq personaJis fiqrebis formireba xdeba TviT am personaJis mier da adgili aqvs misi cnobierebis _ azrebisa da suraTebis fsiqologiur gamoxatvas. Sinagani metyvelebis ganviTarebis sazRvrebi da formebi Tanmimdevru- lad icvleboda imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor viTardeboda mecnieruli Tu eTikuri warmodgena adamianis fsiqikaze da TviTanalizis SesaZlo xarisx- ebze. am tipis metyveleba niSnavs dauqvemdebarebel irib Tu pirdapir naTq- vamSi personaJis fiqrebis aRweras maTi warmoSobis droidanve mTxroblis yovelgvari Carevis gareSe. is cvlis e. w. fsiqologiur analizs. es aris personaJis cnobierebis _ azrebisa da suraTebis fsiqologiuri gamox- atva, cda martomyofi adamianis fsiqikuri moZraobis xelaxla Seqmnisa. Tanamedrove mxatvrul literaturaSi yuradRebas iqcevs iribi me- tyvelebis axali forma, romelsac frangulad Le style indirect libre-s uwodeben, rusulad - . zemoT Cven is pirobiTad `dauqvemdebarebel irib stilad~ movixsenieT, radgan is irib naTqvamSi au- qmebs yovelgvar daqvemdebarebas. am tipis metyvelebaSi ori `xma~ Tavsdeba avtorisa da personaJisa. is icavs droTa SeTanxmebas da gancxadebiTi formiT gamoirCeva. igi zogjer avtonomias aRwevs. fr. moriaki xSirad iyenebs `dauqvemdebarebel irib stils~, rac per- `subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika 27 sonaJis fiqrs warmoadgens. roca romanisti ereva pirdapiri naTqvamis pasaJebSi, raTa qcevebze miuTiTos, is Tavs ar izRudavs, bihevioristuli *
xasiaTis komentaris gakeTebiT. moriakis stilis progresi mdgomareobs personaJis saqmeSi ukanonod Carevisgan Tavis Sekavebasa da romanistis logikuri metyvelebis Sinagan metyvelebad gadaqcevaSi. gadataniTi anu iribi metyveleba, Seicavs ra personaJis naTqvams iribi formiT, axloa warmoTqmuli sityvebis sizustesTan: personaJis mier war- moTqmuli sityvebi TxrobiTi kilos mier ifiltreba. vfiqrobT, am mxriv, CvenTvis sayuradReboa moriakis romani `tereza dekeiru~, romlis introspeqtul TxrobaSi terezas Tvalsazrisi domini- rebs. Txroba mxolod mis mogonebebs mihyveba, raSic CarTulia mTavari per- sonaJis fiqri Tu warmosaxva. marto myofi tereza Tavis TavSia Caketili da sakuTar Tavs uRrmavdeba. amdenad, mis cnobierebis nakads didi adgili eTmoba TxrobaSi. fiqrebi gadmocemulia xan iribi naTqvamiT (`terezas eCveneba, rom~) da xan dauqvemdebarebeli iribi stiliT (`ras etyoda is mas~). romanis moqmedebis warsulsa da awmyos terezas meSveobiT vigebT. mis Tvalsazriss mwerali aZlierebs erTi mxriv imiT, rom ukan ixevs Tavisi gmiris aRwerisas, Tan zogjer Tavis mosazrebasac urTavs (`terezas axs- ovs, rom~), xolo meore mxriv, Txrobis `kerebs~ amravlebs. xdeba isec, rom moriaki uyuradRebod tovebs Tavis gmirs da sxva personaJze gadadis, vinc Tavis fiqrebs gadmoscems. mwerali zogjer Tamamad urTavs iq sakuTar msjelobas maqsimebis saxiT. movitanTT avtorisa da personaJis Tvalsazrisebis urTierTSerwymis magaliTi, sadac I piris III piriT Canacvleba bevrs arafers cvlis da av- toris mier gamoyenebuli `dauqvemdebarebeli iribi naTqvami~ isev Sinagani metyvelebis erTgvari gagrZelebaa: `tereza kvlav fiqrTa xlarTebs mihyveba: rogor STavagono bernars, rom me is vaJi arasodes myvarebia? [...] rogorc yvela adamians, visTvisac siyvaruli ucxoa, hgonia, rom Cem mier Cadenili danaSauli vnebiT iyo na- karnaxevi. bernarma unda gaigos, rom imJamad tereza misadmi ar ganicdida siZulvils. es kia, rom xSirad autanlad eCveneboda, magram fiqradac ar hqonia dardis gaqarveba sxva mamakacTan~. (moriaki 1983: 47) Cveni msjelobis Tema citirebuli metyveleba, sakuTar TavTan saubris erT-erTi saxe, rac ase xSirad gamoiyeneba XX s. romanis personaJebis mier, aris sityvis dialoguri ganzomilebidan gadaxveva, romelic gamom- dinareobs literaturaSi subieqtis bed-iRblis Seswavlidan. is wamoWris araerT teqnikur da Teoriul problemas, romlis nawilobriv gadaWras qvemoT SevecdebiT. * bihevioristuli adamianis yofaqcevis obieqturi kvlevismieri. Tamar CixlaZe 28 fiqrebis gadmocemis sakiTxis irgvliv sakmaod mwvaved kamaToben Teore- tikosebi. maT Sromebs Soris gamoirCeva frangi d. konis `Sinagani gamWvir- valeba~, sadac aRniSnulia, rom fsiqikuri cxovrebis gamoxatva Txrobis mxriv specialur midgomas saWiroebs. J. Jeneti miiCnevs, rom TxrobisaT- vis mxolod movlenebia cnobili, metyveleba movlenebis gansakuTrebuli saxeobaa da SeuZlia pirdapir citirebuli iyos sityvier TxrobaSi. misi azriT fiqrTa Txroba ar ganirCeva sityvieri Txrobisagan. `fiqri Cumi sityvaa, rogor aRdgeba fiqrebi sityvebis gareSe?~ aRniSnavs kritikosi. (Jeneti 1973: 97) aRniSnul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, d. koni Tavis gamokvlevebSi ganmar- tavs, rom e.w. fsiqoTxroba (psychorcit) warmodgenilia personaJis Sina- gani samyaros mcodne avtorisagan. SemTxvevas, rodesac is distancias ani- Webs upiratesobas, konis azriT, SeiZleba ewodos `SesamCnevi disonansi~. am dros mTxrobeli naTlad emijneba subieqturi SefasebiT personaJs, romlis Sinagan samyaroSic aRwevs; xolo SemTxvevas, rodesac mTxrobeli irCevs `siaxloves~, ewodeba `SesamCnevi konsonansi~. aq mTxrobeli nei- tralur poziciazea. SevadaroT erTmaneTs ori winadadeba: 1. `sabralo kacma ifiqra, rom daRupuli iyo~. 2. `man ifiqra, rom daRupuli iyo~. pirvel magaliTSi avtori subieqturad aRwers movlenas da personaJsac uaryofiTad afasebs (sabralo kaci), meoreSi ki, icavs ra neitralitets, araviTar msjelobas ar iZleva masze. `naratiuli monologi~ (frang. monologue narrative) * gadadis dauqvem- debarebel irib stilze imisda mixedviT, mTxrobeli `siSores~ irCevs Tu `siaxloves~. `citirebuli monologi~ (frang. monologue rapport) aRniSnavs person- aJis Sinagan saubars ucvlelad, romelic SeiZleba gadmoices ironiulad an neitralurad. magaliTad: 1. `sabralo kacma ifiqra: `daRupuli var~ (ironiuli) 2. `man ifiqra: `daRupuli var~ (neitraluri). koni aseTi tipis monologs akavSirebs `avtonomiur monologTan~ (frang. monologue autonome) anu `Sinagan monologTan~ (frang. Monolo- gue intrieur). aq yovelTvis saqme exeba personaJis fiqrebis pirdapir citi- rebas, magram ar Cans mTxrobeli, romelsac isini mkiTxvelamde miaqvs. isev ganvixiloT magaliTi: `is uceb gaCerda. me daRupuli var~. konteqstidan gamomdinare, meore fraza SeiZleba daemTxvas personaJis * termini ekuTvnis J. Jenets. (Genette Gerard. Figures III. Seuil. 1973). `subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika 29 fiqrebs. aqac es aris manera, romliTac personaJi saxeldeba zemoT mota- nil magaliTSi da romelic nebas gvaZlevs, gamovavlinoT SesaZlo ironia an neitraliteti mTxroblisa. qvemoT warmovadgenT fsiqikuri cxovrebis asaxvis xerxebs konis mixed- viT. (koni 1981: 232). fsiqo-Txroba (Sinagani cxovrebis asaxva yovlis-mcodne avtorisagan) distancia (SesamCnevi disonansi) siaxlove (SesamCnevi konsonansi) naratiuli monologi distancia (ironiuli tonaloba) siaxlove (araironiuli tonaloba) Sinagani monologi (personaJis fiqrebis zusti citireba) distancia (monologis ironiulad gadmocema) siaxlove (ironiis gareSe gadmocema) aRniSnul msjelobaze dayrdnobiT da sxva kvlevebis damowmebiT, Cven yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT citirebuli monologisa (monologue rapport) da Sinagani monologis (Monologue intrieur) msgavseba-gansxavebaze, SevecdebiT, gavarkvioT, ramdenad axlo dganan isini erTmaneTTan da movixmoT Sesabam- isi magaliTebi. rogorc zemoT davinaxeT, subieqturi Txroba mTlianad aris damokide- buli personaJis Tvalsazrisze, mis fiqrsa da metyvelebaze. rogor SeiZleba warmogvidginos mTxrobelma personaJi, romelic mTlianad ikavebs subieqturi romanis Txrobis areals? sazogadod, vfiqrobT, rom romanis personaJi oTxi saxiT SeiZleba iqnes warmodgenili: 1. Tavisive Tavis mier, 2. sxva personaJis mier, 3. mTxroblis mier, 4. Tavisive Tavis, sxva personaJebisa da mTxroblis mier erTad. maT- gan subieqturi Txroba eyrdnoba pirvels, personaJis warmodgenas Tavi- sive Tavis mier. imisaTvis, rom personaJma sakuTari Tavi warmogvidginos, is mas kargad unda icnobdes. SeiZleba mkiTxveli mowme gaxdes imisa, Tu rogor iwyebs personaJi Tavisi Tavis Secnobas. TviTanalizis gakeTeba er- Tob Znelia, vinaidan is subieqturobis viwro sazRvrebSia datyvevebuli. mas ar ZaluZs, ganze gadges Tavisive Tavidan da gansajos igi. `romel Tvals SeuZlia sakuTari Tavi dainaxos?~ _ kiTxulobs stendali `anri briu- larSi~. adamians ar ZaluZs Tavis Tavs miapyros is civi mzera, rogorc amas sxvaze gaakeTebda, da Tu es SeeZleboda, misi erTaderTi mzera damaxinjde- boda, TvalTagan dahkargavda figuris erTianobas da win wamoswevda imgvar Strixebs, romelic SesaZloa, ar yofiliyo dominanturi. mwerali saku- Tari Sinagani samyaros Cvenebas met-naklebad yovelTvis mimarTavda. amas is Tamar CixlaZe 30 saucxood axerxebda iseTi Janris meSveobiT, rogoricaa aRsareba. aRsare- bis Janris didostatebad arian miCneulni avgustine, abeliari, ruso. amg- var romanSi avtori saqveynod aSiSvlebs sakuTar Tavs, dafarul, intimur moZraobebs. misi mizania, gaerkves sakuTar TavSi, dainaxos Tavisi nakli, Tqvas aRsareba da amiT eswrafvos srulyofilebas, idealur pirovnebad qcevas. es procesi aris `garegani~ adamianidan `Sinagani~ adamianisken Semo- bruneba. `me~ cvalebadia, Wirveuli an sulac, Seucnobeli. rogorc h. hese ambobda. adamianma is unda ipovnos, Seimecnos da amaRldes `mdabal me~-dan `zenaar me~-mde. mxolod aRsareba an avtobiografia ver axdens mTeli sinamdvilis mod- elirebas ise, rogorc romani. romans ganzogadebis Zala aqvs da calkeuli adamianis beds zogadad, adamianis bedad aqcevs. aRsareba subieqturi re- alobaa da aqvs dasasruli, romans ki SeuZlia darCes dausrulebeli da momavlis mimarT gaxsnili. subieqturi Txrobis erT-erTi forma SesaZloa, iyos piradi dRiuri. igi iseT principzea agebuli, rom yoveldRiurad asaxavs Sinagan cxovre- bas misi msvlelobis dros. dRiuris forma aniWebs erT saerTo mniSvnels iseT romanebs, rogoricaa sartris `gulzidva~, moriakis `aspitTa bude~ an bernanosis `soflis mRvdlis dRiuri~. amgvari forma mniSvnelovnad amcirebs ra gansxvavebas damwerlobasa da realur cxovrebas Soris, cdi- lobs gamoxatos yoveldRiurobaSi CaZiruli cnobierebis ganviTareba. epistolarul romanSi es gansxvaveba kidev ufro mcirea, vinaidan per- sonaJi wers maSin, rodesac moqmedebis procesSi imyofeba. piradi dRi- urisgan gansxvavebiT, werils surs, miaRwios adresatamde. werilis avtor- ma SeiZleba zustad ver an ar gadmosces `Tavisi Sinagani yofa~ yvelafris gamJRavnebis SiSiT an adresatze zrunvis gamo. adresati ki an pasuxobs an Cumdeba. dRiuri xSirad bevr rames sesxulobs memuarebisagan ise, rogorc me- muarebi SeiZleba gaxdes piradi dRiuri. XX s. romanistebi xSirad amdi- dreben sakuTar nawerebs dRiurebiTa Tu epistolaruli nimuSebiT. nawar- moebSi piradi werilebis CarTva mis personaJebs met idumalebas da saku- Tari Tavis ukeT `gaxsnis~ saSualebas aZlevs. fsiqologiuri xasiaTis metyveleba aqcents akeTebs lingvistur modalobebze, romlebic `gulebis codnas~ exeba. es metyveleba pirvel rigSi romanis formazea damokidebuli. Cven mier CamoTvlili Janrebi swored rom subieqturi Txrobis princips eyrdnoba, sadac did adgils ikavebs Sinagani metyveleba. ukve iTqva, rom is ramdenime saxisaa. dauqvemdebarebeli iribi stili, romelic floberma da jein ustenma SeimuSaves, citirebul monologs ar Seicavs. is moTxro- `subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika 31 bili, sxvisi piriT gadmocemuli monologia. aris agreTve narativizebuli monologi (frang. - monologue narrativis; ingl. _ narrated monologue) anu iseTi metyveleba, romelic ekuTvnis personaJs, magram mas mTxrobeli gad- mogvcems III pirSi da warsul droSi. frangi Teoretikosi, pol rikoeri, romelmac aRniSnuli meTodebi gam- oikvlia, Tavis statiaSi `fiqrebisa da grZnobebis pirdapiri Txroba~, gamoyo ori aseTi SemTxveva: avtoTxroba (autorcit), rasac eyrdnoba aR- sareba Tu memuarebi da fsiqoTxroba (psychorcit). misi TqmiT,, romanuli fiqcia, garda grZnobebisa da fiqrebis pirdapiri gadmocemisa, eyrdnoba or teqnikas: 1) citirebul monologs (frangulad monologue rapport, inglisurad _ quoted monologue), rac niSnavs sxvisi fiqciuri Sinagani metyvelebis citirebas mTxoblis mier an Tavis TavTan raime azris damowmebas (frang. _ se citer) TviT personaJis mierve ise, rogorc TviTcitirebul monologSi. 2) TviTcitirebul monologs (frang. monologue autorapport, ing. self- quoted monologue), sadac mTxrobeli mxolod azustebs citirebul sityvebs fiqrebis warmoqmnis procesSi. qarTul literaturaTmcodneobaSi termini _ monologue rapport cnobi- lia `gancdili metyvelebis~ saxeliT. * citirebuli da TviTcitirebuli monologebis erTmaneTisgan garCevva rTulia, vinaidan isini SeniRbulni arian. magaliTad, narativizebuli mo- nologi rom citirebul monologad gadavaqcioT, unda aRvadginoT per- sonaJebi Sesaferis droSi. sxva siZnele imaSi mdgomareobs, rac joisis mkiTxvelma kargad icis. es iseTi teqstebia, sadac aRar arsebobs sazRvari mTxroblisa da personaJis metyvelebas Soris. narativizebuli monolo- gis es saukeTeso kobminacia axorcielebs sxvisi sityvebisa da fiqrebis yvelaze srulyofil integracias TxrobiT qsovilSi: mTxroblis sityva Tavis Tavze iRebs personaJis sityvas ise, rom Tavis xmas mas aZlevs da mTxrobeli personaJis tons emorCileba. saerTod, Sinagani monologis ormagi xasiaTi xSirad gamoiyeneba in- glisur literaturaSi: aaSkaravebs mentaluri cxovrebis miudgomel da gamoukvlevel doneebs sxvadasxva saSualebebiT da aCvenebs, rogor SeigrZ- nobs samyaros adamianis cnobiereba. amis moTxovnileba TviT drom moitana da literaturaSi gaCnda cneba `cnobierebis nakadisa~, romlis Semadge- neli nawili swored Sinagani monologia meTodi Sinagani gacnobierebu- lobis Cvenebisa. 1931w. gamoqveynebul eseSi frangma mweralma e. diuJardenma Sinagani mo- nologis pirveli ganmarteba mogvca. es is mweralia, romlis romanSic j. * ix. d. fanjikiZe, Targmanis Teoria da praqtika. Tb.: 1988. gv. 68. Tamar CixlaZe 32 joisma Sinagani monologis Canasaxebi naxa da Semdeg es xerxi Tavis `uli- seSi~ gamoiyena gacilebiT srulyofili literaturuli teqnikis saxiT.. ai, es ganmartebac: `Sinagani monologi poetikis disciplinaSi aris msmenelis gareSe arse- buli metyveleba, romliTac personaJi warmouTqmelad gamoxatavs aracno- bierTan yvelaze axlo myof intimur fiqrs yovelgvari logikuri wyobis gareSe, anu warmoqmnisTanave, sintaqsur minimumamde dayvanili pirdapiri frazebis saSualebiT, TiTqos gonebaSi am wuTas mosuli fiqris STabeWdi- lebas iZleodes~ (diuJardeni 1977: 88) diuJardeni miuTiTebs, rom mTavari siaxle, rac Sinaganma monologma moitana, iyo fiqrTa uwyveti dinebis mexsierebaSi aRdgena imave wesrigiT, rogorc personaJis gonebaSi warmoiSobodnen. avtoris azriT, Sinagani mo- nologisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sityvaTa SerCevis, Tanmimdevrobis ararse- boba, racionaluri, logikuri niSnebis gaqroba. vityviT, rom mogvianebiT diuJardenis ganmarteba dromoWmuli da mwi- ri aRmoCndeba im Sinagani monologebisaTvis, romlebmac XX s. I naxevris cnobierebis nakadis literatura mTlianad moicva, gansakuTrebiT ki II naxevris romanSi ganviTarebuli monologebisaTvis. ramdenadac literatura adamianis samyaros, fsiqikas asaxavs, misi Sec- noba martivi ar aris. mxatvruli sityva grZnobebTan aris Sesisxlxor- cebuli da adamianze zemoqmedebis unari aqvs. mwerlis geniis wyalobiT sakmaod banaluri ambavi zogadkacobriul masStabebs aRwevs da sacnauri xdeba yvelasaTvis, vxedavT imas, rasac Cveulebrivi TvaliT ver davinaxa- vdiT _ gmirTa sulebis uRrmes Sreebs, sulier Tavgadasavlebs. mxatvruli sityvis meSveobiT adamianis sulis ukeT warmosaCenad cnobierebis nakadis xerxi iqna gamoyenebuli, romelic warsuli grZnobebis gaRvivebas emsaxure- ba. cnobierebis nakadi gmiriseul Txrobas gulisxmobs, magram yovelTvis ara. es gansakuTrebiT maSin aris SeuZlebeli, Tu am TxrobaSi rame grZnoba ki ar Cans, aramed mogoneba, romelic mwerlis mier gacnobierebuli da gaazrebulia. Tu personaJi Tavis warsul gancdaze gviambobs, es iqneba mxo- lod misi axlandeli Sexeduleba maSindeli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. Tumca, am gziTac mkiTxveli mSvenivrad gebulobs personaJis saidumlos, romli- Tac misi sulia moculi, ecnoba mis Tavgadasavals. cnobierebis nakadi am yovelives cota sxvagvarad aRwers. aRniSnuli literaturuli mimdinareobis farTo mimoxilvas aq saWi- rod ar miviCnevT, vinaidan masze ukve sakmaod dawerila. vityviT mxolod, rom cnobierebis nakadis Sinagani monologi asociaciuri Txrobis elemen- tebiTaa datvirTuli, sadac, erT SemTxvevaSi asociacia eyrdnoba gmiris an mTxroblis cnobierebis dinebaSi arsebul, Tundac erTi SexedviT erTma- `subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika 33 neTTan daukavSirebel `niSansvetebs~, romlebic am dinebas axali asocia- ciebisaken mimarTaven da, meore _ asociacia mTlianad mwerlis mxatvrul koncefciaSi Sedis da miedineba gmiris fizikuri arsebobis gamomxatveli faqtebisa Tu mis sulier cxovrebasTan uSualo kavSirSi myofi movlene- bisagan damoukideblad. aseTi asociaciis niSansvetebi gmiris Sinagan mo- nologSi Tavsdeba da, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, im mxatvruli komentarebis organuli nawilia, romlebsac mwerali urTavs personaJTa nafiqralsa da gancdils, raTa gafantuli asociaciebi ZiriTad saTqmels daukavSiros. joisis `ulise~ stilisa da literaturuli qaragmebis mravalferovne- bis amsaxvelia. masTan, ise, rogorc folknerTan, waSlilia zRvari `sxvis~ sityvas, avtoriseul remarkasa da personaJis Sinagan monologs Soris. arc joisi da arc folkneri brWyalebs ar xmarobs. joisTan dialogi da mono- logi `daSlilia~, erTmaneTis gverdiT Tavsdeba garegnulad daukavSirebeli asociaciebi da warmodgenebi. Tumca, zogjer Sinagani monologis SinaarsSi mcire logikurobisa da realur planTan kavSiris povnac SeiZleba. Sinagan monologze saubari CvenTvis sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac mas zogi ram saerTo aqvs citirebul metyvelebasTan. movitanoT magali- Tebi personaJTa tradiciuli da aratradiciuli monologebidan da erT- maneTs SevadaroT: `ulises~ personaJi, stiveni gakveTilze algebris amocanis amoxsnaSi exmareba erT-erT moswavles. stivenis cnobierebaSi mimdinare movlenebi, Sinagani monologi da avtoris sityvebi erTmaneTisgan araviTari niSnebiT ar gamoiyofa: `_ axla gaigeT? SegiZliaT meore TviTon amoxsnaT? _ diax, ser. grZeli, uSno xazebiT sarjentma amocanis piroba gadawera [...] mkrTali kani sircxvilisagan odnav Seefarkla. Amor matris: subieqturi da obieq- turi naTesaobiTi brunva wyal-wyala sisxliTa da aWrili rZiT gamokveba da aravisTvis daunaxvebia misi saxvevebi. mec aseTi viyavi. es daSvebuli mxrebi, es mouqneloba, Cemi bavSvoba waxrila Cems gverdiT. metismetad Sorsaa, [...] Cemi Sorsaa, misi ki Cveni TvalebiviT saidumloebiT moculi. saidumloebani, dadumebulni, gaqva- vebulni, Cveni saidumloebani: tiranebi, romelTac swadiaT, rom vinmem daamxos isini. amocana amoixsna~. (joisi 1983: 38) rogorc vxedavT, stivenis Sinagan metyvelebaSi logikurad Camoyalibe- bul fiqrebs warmosaxviTi suraTebi sWarbobs. axla movixmoT erTi epizodi Tanamedrove frangi mwerali qalis ko- letis romanidan `mawanwala~. misi mTavari moqmedi piris renes cnobie- Tamar CixlaZe 34 reba cekvisas Semdeg fiqrebs daupyria: `me maT vxedav, Cemda uneburad vxedav... cekvis dros, trialisas, vxedav da vcnob. win! win! am saRamos goneba naTeli maqvs... vcekvav... araferi ma- viwydeba, Tavs veuflebi. midi! midi! arsebobs ki es xalxi? ara, ara. rea- loba mxolod cekvaa, Suqi, Tavisufleba, musika... realuri mxolod misi fiqris ritmebis gadmocemaa, misi gansaxiereba lamaz JestebSi... am wuTs mxolod maTi moxibvla msurs! cota Zala kidev: TmebiTa da samkaulebiT datvirTuli maTi Tavebi morCilad da nela ixrebian da momyvebian... ai, iRimebian, es moxibluli sulelebi~... (koleti 1910: 53-54) aq personaJis fiqrebis dinebas romanisti xels ar uSlis, arc erT ko- mentars ar urTavs, vinaidan TiToeuli sityva naTlad xsnis gmiris sulier ganwyobilebas da warmodgenas gvaZlevs, imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeba, rogorc `SigniT~, ise `gareT~. saxezea aratradiciuli da tradiciuli monologebi, romelTa Soris gansxvavebacaa da msgavsebac. pirvel rigSi sayuradReboa is, Tu ras aCvenebs avtori, aracnobiers Tu cnobiers, Semdeg misi pozicia. Cvens SemTxve- vebSi avtorTa poziciebi neitraluria. rac Seexeba dros, saqme gvaqvs su- bieqturi awmyo drois asaxvasTan, magram pirvel magaliTSi Txrobis drois nacvlad mxolod Sinagani droa, xolo sivrce ganusazRvreli. meoreSi droc da sivrcec sruliad konkretulia. punqtuaciuri niSnebis arseboba aq logikuri Txrobis atributebs warmoadgens. tradiciul Sinagan mono- logs axasiaTebs elifsebis, zmna `yofnis~ araerTi formis anu e.w. prezen- tativis `es aris~, anaforis, kiTxviTi winadadebis xSirad xmareba da aratradiciulis msgavsad, dialogisa da monologis urTierTSerwyma. aR- saniSnavia, rom Txrobis teqnikaze dramaturgiuli koncefciis gavrceleba aratradiciuli monologisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar aris. kidev ganvixiloT citirebuli metyvelebis magaliTi deniz dezi Jikeris romanidan `sofi~, raTa davrwmundeT zemoT motanili msjelobis siswo- reSi: `me yvelaze mSvenieri var[...]Sen Tavs cudad grZnob[...]eleni me miyu- rebs[...]Tu avixedav, is iqiT gaixedavs da gawiTldeba. momwons, roca wiTl- deba[...]Jizeli ambobs, rom elens namdvili maqmanebiani sacvlebi acvia, arc mkerdsakravi, arc korseti. [...]saidan gaigo es yvelaferi Jizelma?~ (denizi 2006: 22) maSasadame, citirebul monologsa da avtonomiur anu Sinagan monologs Soris gansxvavebas konteqsti gansazRvravs, sadac mTxrobeli personaJis Sinagani metyvelebis citirebas sxvadasxvagvarad axdens. folknerTan, ma- galiTad, vxvdebiT rogorc avtonomiur, ise avtobiografiul monologebs (marteni 1999: 2). kventini aRsasrulis dRis movlenebs am ukanaskneli ti- `subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika 35 pis metyvelebis saSualebiT gadmogvcems. aq qronologiuri Tanmimdevroba daculia, magram aseT monologSi SesaZloa, uxeSad SeiWras warsuli dro. folkneri mraval teqnikur saSualebas iyenebs, raTa teqstSi Seitanos rit- mis cvalebadoba. Sinagan monologs daqvemdebarebuli aqvs sxvadasxva ti- pis monologi da amdenad iqmneba cnobierebis gadajaWvuli dineba. teqstSi orazrovnebas da orWofobas iwvevs avtoris mier gakeTebuli gadasvlebi sxvisken fokalizaciaze, yovlismcodne avtoris aRwerilobebidan perso- naJis Sinagan metyvelebaze. yvela es sakiTxebi literaturaTmcodneobaSi sakmaod kargadaa Seswa- vlili, magram interesi kvlavac didia. motanili magaliTebidan Cans, rom citirebuli metyveleba, romel- sac, raRa Tqma unda, monologis saxe aqvs, warmoadgens stendaliseuli an dostoevskiseuli monologebis gaRrmavebul, daxvewil da gaumjobesebul formebs, sintaqsurad mowesrigebul, Tanmimdevruli winadadebebisa da si- tyvebis wyobas, gansazRvrul drosa da sivrceSi moTavsebul moqmedebaTa erTobliobas da logikurad axsnad da SemadgenlobiT rTul fiqrTa di- nebebs. am yovelives iSviaTad SevxvdebiT folkneris, vulfis, mogvianebiT ki, TiTqmis aRar - biutoris, beketis, koenis SemoqmedebaSi. monologebi maTTan warsuls aqcevs wamis, erTi momentis Tanaziarad, yvela es mono- logi gamoxatavs awmyoSi Caketilobas. s. beketis romanSi `moloi~, ori personaJi monologebiT saubrobs. isini darwmunebulni ar arian imaSi, rac adre moxda. maTTvis arc momavalia garkveuli. sityvis Tqma mkiTxvels ekisreba, raTa es personaJebi erTmaneTisgan gaarCios. aq personaJi uecrad ararad iqceva. teqstic imdenad mcirdeba ise, rom `meti aRaraferi~ xde- ba. Tanamedrove romanebi amsxvrevs Cvens Cveulebebs, interesi gamoviCinoT teqstis mimarT, magram igive romanebi gviCvenebs, dialogisa da monologis opoziciaSi realurad rogor qreba maTi sazRvrebi, raTa gamoxatos drois gansakuTrebuli koncefcia. v. vulfis romani `talRebi~ mTeli Tanmimdevrobaa Sinagani monologe- bis seriisa, romelSic ibadeba sxvadasxva personaJi sxvadasxva poeturi aRwerilobiT. aq iseve axloa mkiTxveli subieqtur realobasa da persona- Jis cnobierebasTan, rogorc obieqtur realobaSi _ faqtTan. am teqnikis uxerxuloba is aris, rom spobs personaJis Sinagani drois qronologiur Tanmimdevrobas. vulfi xSirad mimarTavs ra Sinagani molologis teqnikas, uxeSad ar eqceva mkiTxvels Tavisi triukebiT. is icavs Txrobis ostatobas da Tavs uflebas aZlevs, isargeblos ormagi privilegiiT: SeaRwios gmiris cnobie- rebaSi da gamoavlinos igi erTmaneTis miyolebiT. magram mas Semdeg, rac romanisti ayalibebs Sinagan molologs, is riskavs mivides garkveul zR- Tamar CixlaZe 36 vramde. igi moxerxebulad alamazebs monologebs TavSekavebuli miTiTebe- biT, romlebic mkiTxvels xelaxla arsebobis saSualebas aZlevs aRniSnul situaciaSi. Sinagani molologi gvxvdeba T. manis `jadosnur mTaSic~, magram mokr- Zalebulad maSin, roca `uliseSi~ moqmedebis nacvlad mxolod Sinagani metyvelebaa, aq xazgasmulia drois subieqturi aspeqti, rac damokidebu- lia gancdebze. a. kamius `dacema~ mTlianad monologuri romania, sityvis erTgvari Tavgadasavali. misi gadasxvafereba an Sewyveta mxolod sxva personaJs SeeZ- leboda. amave avtoris pirveli romani `ucxoc~ rogorc monologi, ise iwyeba. sityvebi `dRes~, `xval~, `guSin~ gviqmnian STabeWdilebas, TiTqos mTxrobeli-personaJis dRevandelobaSi, awmyoSi vimyofebiT, romelic mis fiqrebs mihyveba iseTi TanmimdevrobiT, rogori TanmimdevrobiTac isini mis TavSi ibadeba. magram romanis pirvel nawilSive zogjer icvleba martivi monologis forma. unda iTqvas, rom 50-iani wlebis dasavlur romanSi Sinagani monologi gansakuTrebul saxes iRebs, sadac fraza Zlivs aris moxazuli. mwerlebi cdiloben, gaauqmon winadadebis wyobis wesebi da misi yvela niSani mospon punqtuaciasTan erTad. movitanoT erTi fraza, ufro sworad, frazis em- brioni beketis romanidan `es rogor?~: `cxovrebas / cxovrebas / sxva / naTelSi / romelic SeiZleboda mqonoda / erTi wamiT / isev ver daviwyeb~. (beketi 1968: 10) es aris gansakuTrebuli tipis teqstis segmentebi, romlebic nakleb in- tegrirebadia ermaneTTan da ar ZaluZT erTmaneTis daxmarebiT arseboba. es iseTi sityva-frazis nimuSia, romelsac olofrazas (holophrase) uwo- deben. misi specifikuroba, frazis Canasaxi TvalSi sacemi maSin iqneba, Tu mas cezurebiT da dasrulebuli melodiurobiT warmovTqvamT. aRniSnuli fraza daaxloebiT aseTi unda yofiliyo: `namdvil cxovrebas, romelmac uarmyo, naTelSi cxovrebas, romelic SeiZleboda mqonoda, Tundac erTi wamiT isev ver daviwyeb~. olofraza eyrdnoba Jests, mimikas, winalingvistur formas, romlebic aseve cnobierebis gamovlinebebia. franguli `axali romani~ mkiTxvels pirdapir ayenebs moqmedebis cen- trSi gamogonili ambebisa, romlebic aRmoCndeba qaoturi realobisa da sakuTari Tavis gaSifvris pasuxismgeblobis winaSe. misi mTavari siaxle ki mainc enasa da weris reformaSi iqneba, xolo siZvele _ samyarosa da adamianis warmodgenis subieqturobaSi. aqac romanisti uars ityvis Tavis uflebebze personaJis sasargeblod. aq warmoCndeba iseTi Txroba, rome- lic Camoyalibebis procesSi iqneba. miSel biutoris prozis saxiT Cven `subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika 37 gvaqvs Txrobis absoluturad Tanamedrove forma, romlis Caketili cno- bierebis gaxsna mxolod II pirs SeuZlia. mis romanSi `modifikaciebi~ mxo- lod meore piria gamoyenebuli. xom ar aris es Taviseburi gamoxatuleba Sinagani monologisa, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom `axali romani~ mkiTxvelis aqtiur monawileobas moiTxovs da mas mwerlis oreulad aqcevs? unda vi- varaudoT, rom es asea. Cven SevecadeT, kidev erTxel gveCvenebina citirebuli da cnobierebis nakadis Sinagani monologebis ganviTarebis Taviseburebani Tanamedrove da- savlur romanSi, maTi msgavseba-gansxvaveba da yuradReba gagvemaxvilebina terminze `citirebuli~, vinaidan migvaCnia, rom amgvari metyvelebiT per- sonaJis fiqrebis, gancdebisa da emociebis, swored rom citireba xdeba mTxrobelis an TviT personaJis mier, raTa sxvasac mieces saSualeba, Tavis warmosaxvaSi gaacocxlos misi subieqturi cxovrebis amsaxveli ambebi. ki- dev erTxel ganvmarteT literaturis TeoriaSi damkvidrebuli terminebis mniSvneloba, romlebic dabneulobas kvlav iwvevs. maSasadame, fsiqo-Txro- ba psycho-rcit es aris aRweriloba yovlismcodne avtoris mier, xolo citirebuli monologi monologue rapport warmoadgens pirvel an mesame pirSi mTxroblis mier citirebul mentalur anu warmouTqmel pirdapir naTqvams. monologue rapport konma daakavSira monologue autonome Tan (av- tonomiuri ewodeba imitom, rom is aRar ukavSirdeba TxrobiT konteqsts. aq avtori anu Sinagani saubris gadmomcemi gauCinarebulia), igive Sinagan monologTan, rasac Jenetmac ase uwoda: monologue interieur, xolo monolo- gue rapport-s discours rapport (morisi 1996: 182-201). erT-erTi Tavisebu- reba, rac citirebul monologebSi SeimCneva, aris maTi agebis xelovneba. is SeiZleba romanis nebismier adgilas Caisvas: dialogebSi, avtoriseul TxrobaSi abzacis gareSe. maTi garCeva Zneli ar aris, vinaidan brWyalebSia moTavsebuli an kursiviTaa dawerili. dabolos, SevniSnavT, rom aRniSnuli meTodis srulyofilad Seswavlis mravali mcdeloba da, zogadad, mis mimarT gamowveuli interesi missave moTxovnilebaze metyvelebs. sagulisxmoa, rom es teqnika momavalSic daex- mareba mwerlebs adamianis Sinagani bunebis ukeT Secnobasa da warmoCenaSi, aseve, romanis axali problemebis gadawyvetaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, arc literaturis Teoriasa da kritikaSi Sewydeba kvleva-Zieba mis irgvliv da gaCndeba rogorc axali terminologia, ise axali Tvalsazrisebi. damowmebani: alberesi: 1990: Alberes R.M. Histoire du Roman moderne. Alin Miuchel. Paris. 1962. amoni 1989: Hamon P. Le personnel du roman. 1989. Tamar CixlaZe 38 analizi 2002: Lanalyse littraire, notion et refres. Bordas. Nathan. 2002. bailoni 1996: Baylon Ch. Sociolinguistique.Socit, langue et discours. Nathan. 1996. barti 1977: Barthes R., Kayser W., Wayn C. Booth. Potique du rcit. Paris: Seuil. 1977. baxtini 1973: Bakhtine M. Epope et roman. Ltude du roman Questions de Mthodologie. 1973. beketi 1968: Beckett. S. Comment cest. ed. Minuit. 1968. berTelo 2001: Berthelot F. Parole et dialogue dans le roman. Nathan Universit. 2001. denizi 2006: Denyse dsy Gicure. Sophie. Rcit suivi dune rfexion thorique.veb gver- di ganTavsebulia 2006 w. mis: http://manuscitdepot.com/livres-gratuits/pdt- livres/n.denyse-desy-giguere.2pdf. diuameli 1925: Duhamel G. Essais sur le roman. Lesage. 1925. diuJardeni 1977: Dujardin E. Les Lauries sont coups, suivi du Monologue intrieur. Rome: Bulzoni, 1977. diqsioneri 1997: Dictionnaire des genres et notions littraire. Albin Michel, Encyclopaedia Uni- versalis. Paris. 1997. enciklopedia 2001: . .: 2001. kerbarti 1990: Kerbart-Orecchioni Catherine. LEnonciation de la subjectivit dans le langage. Armand Colin. 1990. klodi 1991: Claudes P., Reuter Yves, Personnage et histoire littraire. Toulouse. PUM. 1991. koleti 1910: Colette. La Vagabonde. Ed. Albin Michel. 1910. koni 1981: Conh D. La Transparance intrieur. Paris: Seuil. 1981. maJisteri 2002: Majister. Le Monologue interieur. veb. gverdi ganTavsebulia 2002 w. mis: http//www.site-majister.com//trarec5.htm marteni 1999: Martin H. Le monologue interieur dans The Sound and the Fury de William Fauner. vebgverdiganTavsebulia 1999 w. mis:http://www.erudit.org/revue/ vi1989/v14/n3/200080/ar.pdt.. mengeno 1997: Maingueneau D. Pragmatique pour le discours littraire. Dumod. 1997. moriaki 1983: moriaki fr. tereza dekeiru.. Tb.: `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1986. morisi 1996: Maurice D. Monologue rapport. veb gverdi ganTavsebulia 1996 w. mis : http://books.google.com/books?id=Md6ah7LKUsC&/pg=PA181&/pg=monol oguerapporte&source=web&ots=x96 otie 1995: Authier J. Ces mots qui ne vont pas de soi. Boucles rfexives et non-coinciden- ces du dire. Paris. Larousse. 2 tomes.1995. prozorovi 1999: . . . . 1999 puioni 1996: Poullot J. Temps et roman. Gallimard. 1996. Jeneti 1973: Genette G. Figures III.. Seuil. 1973. Jeneti 1983: Genette G. Nouveau discours du rcit. Seuil 1983. Jeneti 2004: Genette G. Fiction et diction. Seuil 2004. `subieqturi Txroba da citirebuli metyveleba~: istoria, Teoria da praqtika 39 Juvi 1992: Jouve V. LEffet-personnage dans le roman. PUF. 1992. Juvi 1997: Jouve V. La potique du roman. SEDES. 1997. ransieri 1998: Rancire J. La Parole muette. Essai sur les contradictions de la littrature. Ha- chette. 1998. rei 1997: Rey P.L. Le Roman. Hachette. 1997. roberi 2000: Le Robert des grands crivains de la langue franaise. Dictionnaires Le Robert. 2000. frankoeri 1976: Francoeur L. Pour une typologie du monologue intrieur. Neohelicon. Vol. IV. (3-4). 1976. Cerneci 1999: . . . .: 1999 joisi 1983: joisi j. ulise.. Tb.: `merani~, 1983. Tamar Chikhladze `Subjective Narrative and Cited Speech~: History, Theory and Practice (according to XX century West-European novel) Summary The work deals with the issues of literary theory, such as the character of contemporary West-European novel narrative and types of personages speech. Emphases are made on fnding exact Georgian equivalents for newly established terminology. The above men- tioned problem is discussed within the scope of history of literature, as well as theory and practice. In XX century, a novel expressing more sincerity of feelings and emotions, reached unimaginable scales of its possibilities. In addition to refection of thoughts, revealing and painting deep layers of humans spiritual world by previously unknown means was wit- nessed in art. Subjective approach replaced objective narrative. The author of the article discusses peculiarities of subjective narrative and forms of personages speech, attitude of a novelist towards past events and a speaker, shows the at- mosphere of those works, where facts are no longer revealed and the protagonist has to tell about his life with the help of his thoughts and memories. Against this background, charac- ters language, inner speech that can be of several types, attracts our attention. Monologue rapporte (French), to which the author refers to as cited monologue, is singled out among them. Author defnes it as a manner of narration in frst person, taking place in associative- subjective present tense, which is syntactically organized, but contains a number of char- acteristic features of the stream of consciousness interior monologue. Examples from XX century European novelists works serve as a proof for this discussion. It is acknowledged that narrated story includes three layers: events, words or speech and thoughts. The author regards it vital to defne to what extent is the narrator distant or Tamar CixlaZe 40 near to the expressed facts. In other words, distance determines the degree of narrators intervention in the story that he tells. Difference between novels is in the expression of distance of events, speech and thoughts. The opposition between nearness and distant- ness leads us towards the existing irrelevance between objective and subjective, to what we have showing or saying. As for the techniques of subjective realism, it is determined by vision by one of the characters (vision avec French), which has con- quered contemporary novel. Speech and peculiarities of psychological diction are defned in the given article. View- point is also discussed in the work, as it is regarded as a defning element of syntactical and semantic parts of speech. The author considers that the study of emotions expressed with the help of a text is a part of literary analysis. Emotionality and its expression are essential for speech, which is showed by psychological analysis and linguistics of expres- sion, though feelings are displayed more with the help of words. This linguistics requires specialized vocabulary and morphology, which belongs to the so called expressive mo- dalization. A class of feeling expressing modalization is singled out, expressing subjects condition of spirit, these are: verbs, general nouns, adjectives and adverbs. In general, feeling expressing modalization is based on positive and negative evaluation of expressed things and situations. Sensitivity-emotionality is a complex phenomenon, and can be dis- cussed from several viewpoints, mostly by means of description and text analysis. If it can be approached from psychological analysis, then it should be based on semio-linguistic analysis. Condition of Spirit is represented not only by relevant vocabulary, but also by general terminology: feeling, emotion or aspiration. The author of the article widely discusses the history for establishment of means for refecting psychic life and their theoretical value. Based on the researches of scientists, the author emphasizes similarities and differences between cited monologue (monologue rap- porte) and interior monologue. The author introduces Georgian equivalents for foreign terminology: noticeable dis- sonance, noticeable consonance, narrative monologue, cited monologue and auto- nomic or interior monologue. During the research he mainly uses the conclusions of French, English and Russian literary critics. 41 rusudan canava metafora da metamorfoza metafora, mecnierTa didi nawilis azriT, ZiriTadi tropia; sxva tropebs swored metaforasTan mimarTebiT ganixilaven. r. iakobsoni, k. levi-stro- si amtkiceben, rom metafora da metonimia erTimeoris mimarT simetriul opozicias, Sesabamisad, or struqurul RerZs qmnis _ paradigmatulsa da substituciurs. rac Seexeba sxva tropebsa da metyvelebis figurebs, isini am ori mTavari RerZis garSemo lagdebian (ZiriTadad, metaforis). sxva mosazrebiT, metonimia `Sedis~ metaforaSi (m-jgufi). met-naklebad garkveulia mimarTebebi metaforasa da Sedarebas, metaforasa da sim- bolos, sinekdoqes, ironias, alegorias, gamocanas, hiperbolas, kataxr- ezas Soris. amJamad Cven gvainteresebs metaforisa da metamorfozis mimarTebis sakiTxi. saqme isaa, rom literaturis TeoriaSi gansazRvrulia poeturi stilistikis zemoT CamoTvlili terminebis funqciebi da adgili. meta- morfozis SemTxvevaSi saqme sxvagvaradaa imitom, rom metamorfoza arc tropia, arc metyvelebis figura; amitom, upirveles yovlisa, swored is unda dadgindes, Tu ra statusiT SevadarebT mas metaforas. miTologiaSi matamorfoza (met a-movrf wsi~) niSnavs cocxali arsebe- bis an nivTebis gardasaxvas sxva arsebebad an nivTebad. metamorfozebis arqauli formebi asaxaven adreuli miToepikuri poeturi azris yvelaze arsebiT Strixebs, kerZod, warmodgenas, rom erTi SeiZleba gamovlindes dauTvleli, Semoufarglavi, mravlobiTi saxiT. metamorfoza gadalaxavs sazRvrebs sxvadasxva sknelebs Soris. yvelaze arqauli metamorfozebi to- temistur warmodgenebs ukavSirdeba. mas arsebiTi funqcia ekisreba kosmog- oniur miTosSi. msoflios uZvelesi kulturebis matarebeli xalxebisTvis kargadaa cnobili miTi, rogor Seiqmna samyaro mokluli da danawevrebuli adamianis (RvTaebis, goliaTis, an romelime arsebis) sxeulis nawilebi- sgan. erT-erTi popularuli motivia RvTaebebis droebiTi metamorfozebi. TvalsaCinoa etiologiuri miTebisa da metamorfozebis organuli kavSiri, aseve usulo sagnebis gasulierebisa da gardasaxvis motivi. metamorfoza formiT metemfsiqozis religiur doqtrinasac emsgavseba. metamorfozebi gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo literaturaSi, mxatv- robasa da skulpturaSi. poetikis mixedviT metamorfoza arc tropia, arc metyvelebis figura, magram mniSvnelovani funqcia ekisreba mxatvrul teqstebSi. ismis kiTxva: ra datvirTva aqvs metamorfozas poetikis konteqstSi? Cemi azriT, meta- rusudan canava 42 morfoza warmarTuli religiuri azrovnebisa da miTopoeturi azrovnebis SemaerTebeli rgolia. metamorfoza aris saazrovno meqanizmi, Tu gnebavT, universaluri formula, romelic SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc qvecno- bierisa da samyaros wvdomis fenomeni. metamorfozaSi kodirebulia urT- ierToba aRmniSvnelsa da aRsaniSns Soris. igi (metamorfoza) xels uwyobs `xatis~, `simbolos~, `figuris~ warmoSobas. ver vityviT, rom metaforisa da metamorfozis mimarTebis sakiTxi mec- nierebaSi cxare diskusiis sagnad iqca. gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi ase Sei- Zleba davajgufoT: 1. metafora da metamorfoza sruliad gansxvavebuli fenomenebia da maTi msgavseba mxolod zedapirulia (v. vinogradovi, n. aruTiunova). metafora- Si ar aris araviTari elferi sagnis gardasaxvisa. piriqiT, `orplaniano- ba~, sityvieri mimsgavseba erTi `sagnisa~ meoresTan (misgan mkveTrad gansx- vavebulTan) metaforis ganuyofeli nawilia. aqedan gamomdinare, saWiroa (metamorfoza r.c.) gaemijnos metaforasa da Sedarebas. v. vinogradovi moixmobs fragments axmatovas leqsidan: `sul axlaxan Tavisufal mercx- lad ifrine... am frenas me mxolod simRerad Semovafrindi, dilis sxivebiT naferebi~ (Targmani sityvasityviTia. r.c.). vinogradovis azriT: `yvela am SemTxvevaSi saxezea ara sufTa sityvieri metaforebi, aramed miTologi- uri azrovnebis~ gamoZaxili. yvela es `gardasaxva~ gmiris (personaJis) mier aRiqmeba, rogorc realoba. rogorc Cans, aq saxezea ara enobrivi metamorfozebi, aramed samyaros aRqmis saSualeba~ (vinogradovi 1976: 411- 412). Cemi azriT, es msjeloba dasabuTebuli ar aris. v. vinogradovi Tavad ambobs, rom mercxlad da simRerad gardasaxva miTologiuri azrovnebis gamoZaxilia, kerZod, metamorfoza. Semdeg ki wers, rom es ar aris meta- morfoza, aramed _ samyaros aRqmis saSualeba (e. i. metafora). jer erTi, metamorfozac samyaros wvdomis saSualebaa. meorec, metamorfozaSic sruliad sapirispiro sidideebis (kategoriebis, klasebis) moulodneli identifikacia xdeba. metamorfozebis amsaxveli miTebi xsnian amgvari gar- dasaxvebis pirvelmizezebs (etiologias), erTjerad an ramdenime msgavs variants gvTavazoben, raTa gasagebi gaxdes poetur figurad qceuli meta- morfozuli saxis Sinaarsi. cxadia, yvela metamorfoza ar gardaisaxeba metaforad. rig SemTxvevebSi metamorfozebi inarCuneben TviTmyofadobas da damoukidebel saxeebad gvevlinebian. n. aruTiunova vinogradovis Tvalsazriss amatebs argumentebs, romelTa mixedviT mkafiod unda gaimijnos metafora da metamorfoza: metamorfo- za `aCvenebs~ gardasaxul samyaros; mag.: `rux ciyvad Sevxtebi muryanze, damfrTxal mercxlad gavifren, gedad mogixmob... ratom momaCveneb Tavs xan qarad, xan qvad, xan Citad? (a. axmatova. Targmani mxolod Sesabami- metafora da metamorfoza 43 si formebis zustad gadmocemas isaxavs miznad. r.c.). igi dasZens: meta- morfoza epizodia, scena, movlena, metafora ki msWvalavs mTel siuJets (aruTiunova 1990: 29). es msjelobac ar aris damajerebeli. ras niSnavs _ metamorfoza asaxavs scenas da movlenas? nuTu aq moxmobili saxeebi ar `msWvalaven siuJets?~ Semdegi argumenti: metaforas axasiaTebs semantikis sferoSi SeRweva, rac ar axasiaTebs metamorfozas. avtori moixmobs v. potebnias Tvalsaz- riss, rom metamorfoza miuTiTebs ra `substanciasTan kerZo damTxvevas~ ar ileqeba enaSi, rogorc gardaqmnisa da mniSvnelobebis warmoqmnis gansa- kuTrebuli saSualeba. Tumca aqve aRniSnavs, rom metamorfozasac gaaCnia semantikaSi `gasvlis~ saSualeba; es gasvla miuTiTebs kavSirze subieqtis moqmedebasTan (mag.: CorTiT sirbili; israd frena; dawalikebiT svla; mdin- ared dena). rogorc ki iqmneba aseTi Sewyvileba, xdeba saxelis adverbal- izacia da vRebulobT axal azrs. msgavs SemTxvevaSi saubroben metaforaze da ara metamorfozaze (aruTiunova 1990: 30). Cemi azriT, Tavad arutiunova miuTiTebs rom metamorfozuli `masalidan~ SeiZleba metaforis miReba (am sakiTxs qvemoT davubrundebiT). 2. metafora da metamorfoza, faqtobrivad, erTi da igivea (v. stivensi, m. kuini). stivensis azriT, poezia aris metamorfoza, poeti gonebis gamWriaxobiT `aRmoaCens~ transformaciebis saSualebebs da sityvis ZaliT aCvenebs ga- darCenis axal gzebs. metafora saSualebas gvaZlevs ganvamtkicoT da dav- icvaT Cveni gamocdilebis faqizi cvalebadi Strixebi, misi naxevartonebi, radganac sityvebi, romlebsac viyenebT maTi standartuli mniSvnelobiT, samyaros ufro sworxazovnad asaxaven. sruli simarTle iqneba Tu vityviT, rom metaforebi afarToeben Cvens enobriv SesaZleblobebs. poetebi, Segneb- ulad Tu Seugneblad, miakvleven ra sicocxlisa Tu samyaros ama Tu im Taviseburebas, eZeben rac SeiZleba gaazrebul cocxal da cincxal saSu- alebebs TavianTi `ganbrZobis~ Sedegebis gadmosacemad. isini eZieben si- tyvebs da SeanivTeben mas saxesTan, raTa am dros warmoqmnilma metaforebma mxolod poetis intuicia ki ar gamoxaton, aramed sicocxle STaberon axal SesaZlo azrebs. v. stivensi metaforas xSirad aigivebs metamorfozasTan; zog konteqstSi igi wers: metafora an metamorfoza. misi azriT: `SeiZleba iTqvas, poezia um- eteswilad aRmocendeba rogorc metyvelebis figurebis gamoyenebis rezul- tati, an (rac igivea) rogorc erTi warmosaxvis meoreze zemoqmedebis Sedegi metaforis saSualebiT. metaforisa da metamorfozis gaigiveba aris am Tval- sazrisis gamoxatvis Semoklebuli gza~ (stivensi 1951: 117-118). stivensze ufro kategoriulia m. kuinis pozicia. misi azriT, metamorfoza aris elementi, rusudan canava 44 romelic warmoadgens yovelgvari poeziis arss. rogorc meTodi, (metamor- foza) Segnebulad gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove poeziaSi (kuini 1955: 27). am mosazrebasTan axlosaa e.w. `miTologiuri skolis~ (i. da v. grimebis) koncefcia, romelic ar aris gaziarebuli Tanamedrove mkvlevarebis mier. stivensisa da kuinis Tvalsazrisis nakli isaa, rom arc erTi mecnieri ar asabuTebs metaforisa da metamorfozis `igiveobas~; isini am faqts iRe- ben, a priori WeSmaritebad. 3. axla Sevecdebi Camovayalibo varaudi, romelic iTvaliswinebs ramden- ime mecniris konceptualur xedvas. saqme isaa, rom qvemoT warmodgenili mosazrebebi pirdapir ar exeba metaforisa da metamorfozis urTierTmi- marTebis sakiTxs, magram, Cemi azriT, am ori fenomenis arsebiTad msgavs sa- fuZvlebsa da principebze miuTiTebs. mxedvelobaSi maqvs e. kasireris `sa- bazo metaforebis~ koncefcia, romelic garkveulwilad exmianeba a. los- evis `absoluturi miTis~ * Teorias; k. levi-strosis kodebisa da matricis Teoria, agreTve sxva Tvalsazrisebi. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, es mecnierebi aSkarad ar laparakoben metamorfozis mimarTebaze metaforasTan, magram Tu kargad davukvirdebiT, sabazo//absoluturi miTi, transformirebadi kodebi, sityvier TamaSebze dafuZnebuli pirveli saazrovno modelebi swored meta- morfozebia (etiologiuri, kosmogoniuri, kosmologiuri miTebi). ernst kasirerma Tavisi koncefcia Camoayaliba samtomian monografiaSi `simboluri formebis filosofia~ (kasireri 1925), romlis II tomia `mi- Tologiuri azrovneba~. igi miTologias ganixilavs enasTan da kulturasTan erTad. misi TvalTaxedviT, miTologia aris Caketili simboluri sistema, romelSic simboloebi gaerTianebulia funqcionirebis xasiaTiT da gare- samyaros modelirebis saSualebebiT. miTologiuri azrovnebis Tavisebure- bas kasireri xedavs realurisa da idealuris, sagnisa da saxis, sxeulisa da Tvisebis, `sawyisisa~ da `principis~ ganurCevlobad, ris safuZvelzec msgavseba an momijnaveoba gardaisaxeba mizezobriv TanmimdevrulobaSi, miz- ezobriv-SedegobiT process ki aqvs materialuri metamorfozis xasiaTi. urTierTobebi ki ar sinTezirdeba, aramed igivdeba. nawili funqcionalu- rad mTelis igiveobrivia. mTeli kosmosi mowyobilia erTi modeliT da gam- oixateba opoziciiT _ `wminda~ da `profanuli~. cxovrebis erTianobis miTosuri gancda gamovlindeba adamianTa calkeuli jgufebis erTianobaSi (erTobaSi) cxovelTa calkeul jgufebTan (totemizmi). * a. losevi saubrobs miTebis mTavar tipebze; igi erTmaneTs upirispirebs absolutur da SedarebiT miTologiebs. absoluturi miTologia arsebobs, rogorc msoflios erTaderTi SesaZlo suraTi da misi arc erTi principi ar eqvemdebareba klebas (damcrobas). absoluturi miTologia viTar- deba sakuTari Tavidan da arafers scnobs sakuTari Tavis garda. absoluturi miTologia aris ab- soluturi yofiereba, romelmac Tavi gamoavlina absolutur miTSi; yofiereba, romelmac miaRwia miTis dones, amasTan arc am yofierebas, arc am miTs ar SeiZleba hqondes arc sazRvari, arc _ wi- naaRmdegoba. absoluturi miTis dialeqtika, arsebiTad, aris sruliad Cveulebrivi dialeqtika. metafora da metamorfoza 45 e.kasireris kvleva efuZneba: struqturalistur, semiologiur meTodebs. miTosuri Semecneba mogvagonebs kods, romlisTvisac saWiroa gasaRebi. kasireris (axla Cven yuradRebas ar vamaxvilebT kasireris mcdar debule- bebze) azriT, ena da miTi saerTo Ziridan aRmocendnen. am saerTos Ziebas ki metaforul azrovnebamde mivyavarT. amitom Tu gvinda gaviazroT, miTosuri da enobrivi samyaroebis, erTi mxriv, erTianoba, meore mxriv, gansxvaveba, aucile- belia CavwvdeT metaforis arssa da azrs. am mxriv gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba e.w. `bazisur (sabazo) metaforebs~. * swored sabazo metaforebs ukav- Sirdeba enisa da miTosuri warmodgenebis aRmoceneba (warmoSoba). es procesi kasirers ase warmoudgenia: yvelaze martivi enobrivi gamoxatuleba moiTxovs garkveuli msoflmxedvelobrivi an emociuri Sinaarsis gardasaxvas bgerad, anu misTvis mtrul Seusabamo Sinaarsad (emociis, azris gadatana bgerad aris procesi _ metav+ f orev w). es emociebi pirvelyofil adamians garesamyarosTan urTierTobisas uCndeba; SiSi, aRtaceba Tu sxva tipis emocia (anu warmosax- vaSi aRZruli `xati~) badebs survils, sxvebsac gauziaron igi. am dros iqmneba sametyvelo ena. aseve miTosuri saxe aRmocendeba transformaciis saSualebiT, romlis wyalobiTac yoveldRiurobisgan miRebuli Cveulebrivi yofiTi, yovel- dRiuri _ profanuli _ STabeWdilebebi amaRldeba `wmindas~ rangSi. aq xdeba ara mxolod gadatana, aramed WeSmariti gardasaxva sxva gvarad. ena da miTi imTaviTve imyofebian erTmaneTTan ganuyofel kavSirSi, mxolod Semdeg gancalkevdebian, rogorc damoukidebeli elementebi. isini (ena da miTi) warmoadgenen erTi da imave totis sxvadasxva ylortebs, romlebic warmoiSvnen sulieri gadamuSavebis erTi da imave aqtidan. am gardasaxvis aqtis dasrulebi- sas ixsneba Sinagani daZabuloba. adamiani misi survilisgan damoukideblad, iZulebuli iyo elaparaka metaforulad; da ara imitom, rom ar SeeZlo Tavisi poeturi fantaziis daokeba, aramed imitom, rom unda daeZaba igi (fantazia) ukidures zomamde, raTa gamoexata Tavisi sulis mzardi moTxovnileba. anu sa- bazo metafora monawileobs sityvebis warmoqmnis procesSi, saxeldebaSi. ami- tom aris ena da metafora erTi Ziridan, Semdgom ki sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT viTardebian. kasireri ar asaxelebs sabazo metaforis magaliTebs, imitom, rom sabazo metafora SeiZleba yofiliyo nebismieri sityva, romelsac aqvs daZabu- loba da `tevadoba~, mag.: `bRavana~ (kasireri 1925: 41). ** * sabazo (bazisur )metaforebs gamoyofs e. makkormakic. MacCormac E., A Cognitive Theory of Meta- phor, MIT Press, Cambridge _ London, 1985. ** kasireri imowmebs uzeneris mier moxmobil magaliTebs: litvur Teofaniur saxelebSi Tovlis RmerT- kasireri imowmebs uzeneris mier moxmobil magaliTebs: litvur Teofaniur saxelebSi Tovlis RmerT- Tan erTad arsebobs naxiris RmerTi _ bRavana (vinc bRavis), futkrebis RmerTi _ bzuila, miwisZvris RmerTi _ mryeveli. rogorc ki naxiris RmerTma miiRo bRavanas saxe, igi unda SeecnoT sruliad sxvadasxva movlenebSi: misTvis moesminaT lomis bdRvinvaSi, qariSxlis RrialSi, okeanis xmaurSi. am TvalsazrisiT miTi isev da isev cocxldeba da mdidrdeba enis wyalobiT, ena ki miTiT. am mudmivi urTierTzemoqmedebiTa da urTierTgamsWvalviT dasturdeba sulieri sawyisis erToba, romlisganac warmoiSvnen isini _ sxvadasxva gamoxatulebebiTa da safexurebiT. (kasireri, ibid. 41). rusudan canava 46 metaforis ganviTarebas aqvs 2 mTavari stadia: 1. formirebis _ enaSi saxeobisa da gvaris aRmniSvneli terminebis Seqmna (e. w. sabazo metafore- bis etapi). 2. Semdgomi ganviTarebis _ ukve Seqmnili saxeebis SigniT (an saxidan gvarze) niSan-TvisebaTa gadatana. kasireris azriT, aq Cans adamianis azrovnebis sxvadasxva tendencia: Tu meore SemTxvevaSi xdeba warmodgenaTa gafarToebis procesi (wyalSi Cagdebuli qvis garSemo wreebis gafarToebis principiT), I SemTxvevaSi _ piriqiT farTo wre viwrovdeba (wyalSi Cagde- buli qvis Sebrunebuli kadri) _ emociaTa da STabeWdilebaTa koncentri- reba erT sityvaSi. verasdros gavigebT miTologias, Tu kargad ar gaviazrebT imas, rasac vu- wodebT anTropomorfizms, personifikacias an gasulierebas. SeuZlebeli iqneboda garemomcveli samyaros aTviseba sabazo metaforis _ am universa- luri miTologiis gareSe. es aris saganTa qaosSi adamianis mier Caberili suli, yofasTan adamianis misadagebis saSualeba. am meore Sesaqmes dasabami iyo sityva. da mainc, Semdgomi ganviTarebisas es egzom mWidro, da rogorc Cans, aucilebeli kavSiri TandaTan sustdeba da wydeba. rameTu ena ar mie- kuTvneba mxolod miTebis samefos, masSi (enaSi) dasabamidanve moqmedebs sxva Zalac _ logosis Zala. enis ganviTarebis Semdgom etapebze sityva Tanda- Tan xdeba mxolod cnebis niSani. am Zalis gamoyofisa da gamoTavisuflebis paralelurad mimdinareobs sxva procesic. xelovneba, iseve, rogorc ena, mWidrod ewvneba miTs. miTi, ena da xelovneba gamomdinareoben konkretuli daunawevrebeli erTobidan (erTianobisgan), romelic SemdgomSi TandaTan daiSala sulieri moRvaweobis sam sxvadasxva sferod. enobriv da miTosur azrovnebaSi batonobs kanoni, romelsac SeiZleba vu- wodoT specifikuri gansxvavebebis nivelirebisa da ganzavebis kanoni. yoveli nawili mTelis ekvivalenturia, egzemplari ki saxis an gvaris. yovel nawils SeuZlia ara mxolod mTelis reprezentacia (individs _ saxeobisa da gva- risa), aramed nawili moiazreba, rogorc mTeli. nawilebi Tavis TavSi moicaven `mTelis~ Zalas, mniSvnelobas, qmediTobas. aq upriania gavixsenoT enobrivi da miTologiuri `metaforis~ mTavari principi, romelic asea formuli- rebuli pars pro toto (nawili viTarca mTeli). rogorc cnobilia, am umTavres princips eqvemdebareba mTeli magiuri azrovneba. is, vinc marTavs mTelis raRac nawils, magiuri azrovnebis mixedviT, batonobs mTelze. * * kasirers mohyavs magaliTebi miTosidan da magiuri ritualebidan. mag.: imisaTvis, rom moipovo sxva adamianze magiuri zemoqmedebis unari, sakmarisia moipovo im adamianis frCxili, Tma, nerwyvi... igive funqcia aqvs adamianis Crdils an gamosaxulebas sarkeSi. am princips efuZneba mTeli `sim- paTiuri magia~ (ix. j.freizeri). magram, amasTanave miTiTebulia, rom am warmodgenebis mixedviT, mxedvelobaSi aqvT ara ubralod analogia, aramed realuri identuroba. magaliTad moxmobilia wvimis gamoxmobisa da Sewyvetis ritualebi, rodesac wylis wveTi asocirebulia wvimasTan. wvima, rogorc miTosuri Zala, an wvimis `demoni~ mopkurebuli wylis yvela wveTSia. iseve, rogorc qe- ris yvela TavTavSi (da marcvalSi) aris RvTaeba. metafora da metamorfoza 47 Zvel ritorikas metaforis ZiriTad saxed mohyavs gvaris Secvla saxeo- biT, mTelisa _ nawiliT, an piriqiT. aq savsebiT TvalsaCinod Cans, ram- denad uSualod momdinareobs metaforis es forma miTis sulieri arsidan. amavdroulad cxadi xdeba, rom Tavad miTSi laparakia raRac sruliad gansxvavebulze da gacilebiT didze, vidre ubralod `Secvlaa~ (Senacv- leba) _ ritorikul-enobrivi figura. imas, rasac Cven, ufro gviandeli refleqsiiT, ubralo gadatanad miviCnevT, misTvis (ZvelTaTvis r.c.) war- moadgens realur da bunebriv identurobas. *
miTologiuri metaforis es umTavresi Strixi saSualebas gvaZlevs ufro zustad ganvsazRvroT da gavigoT azri da moqmedeba imisa, rasac Cveulebriv uwodeben enis metaforul funqcias. jer kidev kvintiliane miuTiTebda, rom es funqcia enis nawili ki ar aris, aramed misiT gamsWva- lulia adamianTa mTeli metyveleba. Tu marTalia, rom saerTo gagebiT metafora unda ganvixiloT ara rogorc metyvelebis garkveuli movlena, aramed enis arsebobis erT-erTi konstituciuri piroba, maSin mis gasage- bad xelaxla unda davubrundeT cnebaTa Seqmnis mTavar formas enaSi. sabo- loo jamSi, isini warmoiSobian koncentraciis aqtisgan, grZnobaTa kom- presiis gamocdilebisgan, romlebic qmnian aucilebel winapirobas yoveli enobrivi cnebis formirebisTvis. yovel jer kidev bundovan STabeWdilebas, romelic jer ar aris asaxuli enaSi, SeuZlia saxis (RmerTis, misi nomi- naciis) Seqmnis stimulireba. am analizidan Cans, rom kasireris mier sabazo metaforebis magaliTebad moxmobili miTosuri masala, faqtobrivad, metamorfozebis nimuSebia. CvenTvis sayuradRebo aspeqtebs wamoswevs a. losevi miTsa da poeziaze msjelobisas. mkvlevari gamoyofs miTisa da poeziis msgavsebis 3 niSans: 1. miTosuri da poeturi saxeebi _ orive gamomsaxvelobiTia. cneba `gamo- msaxveloba~ Zalian mniSvnelovania; a. losevis ganmartebiT: gamosaxva aris `Sinaganisa~ da `gareganis~ sinTezi _ Zala, romelic `Sinagans~ aiZulebs, rom gamovlindes, `garegans~ ki eqaCeba (eweva) `Sinaganis~ siRrmeSi SesaRw- evad. gamosaxva (gamoxatva) yovelTvis dinamikuri procesia; moZraoba xor- cieldeba rogorc `Signidan~ `gareT~, ise garedan `SigniT~. xatovnad rom vTqvaT, gamosaxva aris ori energiis Sexvedris arena (Sinaganisa da * miTosur-magiuri azrovnebisaTvis ar arsebobs `ubralo~ gamosaxuleba (anu, ubralod, gamo- miTosur-magiuri azrovnebisaTvis ar arsebobs `ubralo~ gamosaxuleba (anu, ubralod, gamo- miTosur-magiuri azrovnebisaTvis ar arsebobs `ubralo~ gamosaxuleba (anu, ubralod, gamo- saxuleba); yoveli saxe ganasaxierebs sagnis `arsebas~, anu demons, anu `suls~ mag. egviptelTa warmodgeniT, saxeli, emblema, Tu RmerTis an demonis gamosaxuleba SeiZleba iqces Zalis mqone damcvel amuletad imisTvis, vinc mas atarebs. es damcveli Zala moqmedebs manam, sanam arsebobs is masala, romlisganac isini arian Seqmnilni. egviptelebs sjerodaT, rom mamakacis, qalis an cxovelis figuras SeiZleba gadaeces im arsebis suli, romelsac igi warmoadgens misi yvela TvisebiTa da atributiT. taZarSi dadgmuli RmerTis figura `Seicavda~ Sesabamisi RmerTis suls. egviptelebs uxsovari droidan sjerodaT, rom nebismier qandakebasa da figuraSi Cabudebuli iyo suli. igive warmodgenebi cocxlobs primitiuli xalxebSi. rusudan canava 48 gareganis) da maTi Serwyma erT mTelSi, romelic erTdroulad erTicaa da meorec. termini gamo-saxva (gamo-xatva) miuTiTebs aqtiur mimarTu- lobaze, TviTgardasaxvaze. poeziis mTavari iaraRi _ sityva _ gamomsax- velia, igi `perspeqtiulia~ da ara `brtyeli~. asevea miTic; igi `gamomx- atvelia~, yovelTvis Cans, rom miTSi ori an meti Srea. maT amsgavsebs isic, rom miTosuri da poeturi saxeebi SeiZleba iyvnen sqemebic, alegoriebic da simboloebic. 2. miTosic da poeziac arsiT, erTnairi doziT arian ara mxolod gamomsaxvelni, aramed inteligencia (intel-lego-dan `SegrZneba, aR- qma, SemCneva; Secnoba; azrovneba; garkveva~) anu `gasulierebuli gamoxatva~. yoveli poeturi forma yovelTvis aris raRac `sulCaberili~, `Signidan~ xiluli cxovreba. asea miTosic. igi an pirdapir mogviTxrobs cocxal arsebebze, an aracocxalze mogviTxrobs ise, rom Cans misi Tavdapirveli sulieri arseba. poeturia ara Tavad sagani, aramed misi gamoxatvis, gagebis saSualeba. igive unda iTqvas miTosze. miTosuri saxe ar arsebobs, rogorc nivTi, romelic TavisTavad aris mSvenieri. miTosuri saxe miTiuria misi gaformebis anu gamosaxvis dozis Sesabamisad. miTic da poeziac `cocxlo- ben~ gasulierebul samyaroSi da es gasuliereba sagnis gamovlenis saSu- alebaa. 3. poeziaSic da miTSic saxe ar saWiroebs rame logikur sistemebs, igi cxadi da xilulia. orivesTvis damaxasiaTebelia xiluli suraTovneba _ Sinagani da garegnuli. poeziisa da miTossis ganmasxvavebelia gamijvna (gankerZoeba, ganyeneba) igi, erTi mxriv, poeziisa da miTosis saerTo niSania, meore mxriv, isini swored aq Sordebian erTmaneTs principulad da sabolood. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom, losevis azriT, poezia SeuZlebelia miTosis gareSe, maSin rodesac miTi poeziis gareSec arsebobs (losevi 1991: 41-68). r. iakobsoni ganasxvavebs poetur funqcias da poezias. poeturi funqcia emTxveva, yovel SemTxvevaSi, nawilobriv, imas, rasac ombredani (fsiqologi- is poziciidan) uwodebs enis TamaSebriv funqcias. am TvalsazrisiT Zalian mniSvnelovania i. haizingas Tvalsazrisi, romelic warmodgenila naSromSi `kaci moTamaSe~ (`Homo Ludens). sityvis gamomsaxvelobiT potenciaze r. barti wers: ena ar daiyvaneba mis mier `Sobil~ Setyobinebaze. mas SeuZlia ukan moitovos es Setyobineba da araiSviaTad Cvenamde moitanos mrisxane guguni raRac sxvisa, vidre is, rac Tavad Setyobinebis SinaarsSia; raRac iseTi, rac TiTqos zed edeba subieqtis Segnebul, racionalur xmas _ Zalmosili, daJinebuli xma Tavad struqturisa; xma, romelic gvarovnuli kategoriiT alaparakda (barti 1989: 549). k.levi-strosis saanalizo masalis (miTebis) didi nawili transforma- ciebs efuZneba. mkvlevaris azriT, am transformaciebis safuZvelSi Zevs metafora da metamorfoza 49 metaforizmi. metaforizmi Zalian afarToebs sazRvrebs sxvadasxva saxeeb- is, motivebis da siuJeturi svlebis dasaaxloeblad. levi-stross miaCnia, rom metafora eyrdnoba logikuri urTierTobebis intuicias sxvadasxva sferos Soris. amasTan, Tavad miTologiuri logika Rrmad metaforulia, ris demonstrirebasac k. levi-strosi axerxebs totemisturi masalis klasifikaciis safuZvelze. aerTianebs ra uamrav miTs miTosur sistemebSi, levi-strosi erT miTs ganixilavs, rogorc meoris `metaforas~. magaliTad: miTi Taflis dResaswaulis warmoSobaze aris metafora Taflis warmoSo- bis miTTan mimarTebiT. TaflTan dakavSirebuli metaforebi Zalian Zvelia. vedebis himnebSi Tafli asocirebulia rZesTan. bibliis mixedviT, aRTqmu- li miwa Taflisa da rZis siuxviT gamoirCeva. uflis sityvebi `Taflze tk- bilia~. babilonSi Tafli RmerTisadmi gankuTvnil gansakuTrebul ZRvnad iTvleboda. `iliadis~ mixedviT, Tixis WurWelSi Casxmuli Tafli micvale- bulebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. cnobilia gamoTqmebi: `TafliviT tkbili~, `Taflis mdinareebi~, `Taflobis Tve~ da sxva. amerikel indielTa miTebSi (levi-strosi swored am miTebs ikvlevda) Tafli warmoadgens `saWmlis~ metaforas, romelic Caenacvleba seqsualobas (tapiri, qalis bukvaluri macdunebeli, Sepirispirebulia TaflTan _ metaforul macdunebelTan. indielTa miTebis personaJi qalis bukvaluri TavSeukavebloba Taflisad- mi Sedarebulia sxva personaJis dauokebel swrafvasTan akrZaluli kav- Sirebisadmi) e. i. xdeba kodis Secvla. `miTologiurebSi~ metaforizaciis Sedegad kodis Secvlis uamravi magaliTia moyvanili. magaliTad, miTebis personaJi qali susai aris sammagi inversia gogonasi, romelsac Zalian uyvars Tafli: igi iRebs pasuxismgeblobas pleadebis (Tanavarskvlavedis) warmoSobaze; is aris mravalSviliani deda, aris moRalate coli. amgvarad, metaforizacias Zalian xSirad moyveba kodis Secvla (levi-strosi 2000:15, 253). k.levi-strosi yvela miTSi gamoyofs `armaturas~ anu TaviseburebaTa er- Tobliobas, romelic saerToa (ucvlelia) or an ramdenime miTSi, gamoyofs `kods~ anu funqciaTa sistemas, romelTa saSualebiTac aRiniSnebian es Taviseburebebi da `Setyobinebas~, romelic, SeiZleba iTqvas, mocemuli mi- Tis Sinaarsia. faqtobrivad, Setyobineba miTebSi, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, Seesabameba etiologiur Temas (kulturisa da bunebis sxvadasxva faseu- lobaTa warmoSoba). magaliTad: `Jes~ tomSi miTi cecxlis warmoSobis Ses- axeb bororos tomSi transformirdeba wvimisa da qariSxlis warmoSobad; gareuli Rorebis warmoSobis miTi tupis tomSi gardaisaxeba samkaulebisa da sxva Zvirfasi nivTebis warmoSobis miTad. etiologiuri Temis Secvla aris Tavad Setyobinebis Secvla. aq `armaturebs~ Seadgens moyvrebis, anu `mimcemebisa~ da `mimRebTa~, urTierToba (colebis miReba sxva nivTebze rusudan canava 50 gacvliT da sxva). rodesac colebs `gascemen~ adamianebi, maT miiReben mxecebi; rodesac mimRebebi arian adamianebi, gascemen _ sulebi. Zalian xSirad miTidan miTze gadasvlisas armatura da kodi rCeba, icvleba Set- yobineba. Setyobineba SeiZleba Seicvalos sruli inversiis donezec. Set- yobineba gadaicema kodebiT, romelTac aqvT TavianTi gramatika da leqsika. invariantulia maTi gramatika da ara leqsika da, ra Tqma unda, ara Set- yobineba. k.levi-strosi mivida empiriul daskvnemde: ori naxevradtrans- formacia Setyobinebis doneze Seesabameba erTs leqsikis doneze. k.levi-strosma detalurad Seiswavla kodidan kodze gadasvla da maTi urTulesi gadajaWvulobebi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva im miTe- bis analizi, romlebic exeba sikvdilsa da sicocxles. aq erTi da igive Setyobineba gadaecema ramdenime kodiT, romlebic Seesabamebian grZnobis 5 organos. saintereso gamodga samedicino praqtikis (indielTa yofis am umniSvnelo- vanesi sferos) Sejereba miTebTan da ritualebTan, agreTve fsiqologebisa da fsiqiatrebis dakvirvebebi (magaliTad, fsiqologi dezoi wers, rom fsiqopaTologiuri aSlilobebis gadmocema SeiZleba mxolod simboloTa eniT. amitom igi Tavis avadmyofebTan simboloebis gamoyenebiT saubrobs. es simboloebi, Tavis mxriv, sityvieri metaforebi arian). miTi da mimdinare movlenebi qmnian wyvils, romelSic xorcieldeba avadmyofisa da eqimis du- alizmi. SizofreniiT daavadebisas moqmedebs eqimi, avadmyofi ki qmnis miTs. Samanuri (mkurnalobis yvelaze Zveli praqtika) mkurnalobis praqtikaSi miTs yveba eqimi, avadmyofi ki moqmedebs. mkurnalobis Tanamedrove da Sa- manuri meTodebi erTsa da imave principebs efuZneba, romlis mizania avad- myofobis struqturis Secvla. induqciis am procesSi monawileobs meta- fora. aq ar SeiZleba ar mogvagondes artur rembos gamonaTqvami: `metafo- ris saSualebiT samyaros Secvla SeiZleba~ (levi-strosi 1985: 179-180). levi-strosis azriT, miTebis wyalobiT Cven vxvdebiT, rom metafora eyrdnoba logikuri urTierTobebis intuiciur winaTgrZnobas romeliRac erT sferosa da sxvebs Soris. metaforis saSualebiT xerxdeba pirvelis `Seyvana~ sxvebSi miuxedavad refleqsirebadi azrisa, romelic jiutad cdilobs maT daSoriSorebas. metafora ar aris enis samSvenisi, yoveli metafora wmends enas da aamaRlebs mas Tavdapirvel bunebamde (erTi wuTiT waSlis erT-erTs mravalricxovan sinekdoqeTagan). miTosuri azri imeorebs raRac Zalian mniSvnelovan process, romelic xdeba enaSi (levi-strosi 1999: 322). Cveni sakvlevi sakiTxis Semdgomi gaSlisTvis Zalian sainteresoa metaforis ganxilva modelTan da analogiasTan mimarTebiT. zogi mecn- ieri fiqrobs, rom modelebi gafarToebuli metaforebia, analogiebi ki metafora da metamorfoza 51 modelebis meqanizmebi. m. blekis azriT, modelebi (gansxvavebiT calkeu- li metaforuli winadadebebisgan) aerTianeben Sedarebebis ufro farTo bades. erTi mTliani metaforuli qselis aRsaniSnad bleks Semoaqvs ter- mini `arqetipi~. es arqetipi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT analogiad sxva SemTx- vevebisaTvis (bleki 1960: 12-13). p. rikiori, blekisgan gansxvavebiT, arqe- tipis sanacvlod iyenebs termins `metaforuli qseli~ (raTa ar moxdes aRreva iungiseul arqetipTan) (rikiori 1977: 43). ganasxvaveben modelis 2 tips: I. erTi sagnis modelebi (mag.: TviTmfrinavis an avtomobilis sxva- dasxva modeli), II. atomi, rogorc mzis sistemis modeli; an Tavis tvini, rogorc kompiuteris modeli. is, rom atomi aris mzis sistemis modeli, an tvini muSaobs, rogorc kompiuteri, arafriT gansxvavdeba metaforisgan. analogiuri modeli `sasargebloa~ imitom, rom gvexmareba `ucnobs~ mi- vudgeT `cnobilis~ saSualebiT da saSualebas gvaZlevs, gavakeToT naxtomi azrovnebaSi. am azriT, modelebi aris metaforebi ufro farTo gagebiT da maT safuZvlad udevT sabazo metaforebi (sRurudi 2003: 352). sabazo metaforebis (kodebis, metaforuli qselis) kvalobaze SegviZlia gamovyoT sabazo metamorfozebi, metamorfozuli kodebi. `myar~ (mudmiv) metamorfozaSi gardasaxva xdeba erTxel da samudamod mag.: adamianis sxeulis nawilebisgan samyaros da pirvelnivTebis Seqmna; sxvadasxva frinvelebis, cxovelebisa da mcenareebis warmoSoba gardasaxve- bis saSualebiT: oboba, yvavi, narcisi da a.S. amgvari myari metamorfozebi, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgenen modelebs (kodebs) sxva metamorfozebisaTvis. am tipis metamorfozebi etiologiuri xasiaTisaa da miTisqmnadobis uZveles periods miekuTvneba. aseT TxrobebSi erTmaneTs ejaWveba pirvelyofili warmodgenebi samyaros Sesaqmeze, yofiTi, filosofiuri da fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi. es yvelaferi adamianis qveSecneulis doneze daileqa (Seiqmna arqetipebi). metamorfozebis wored es universaluri modelebi dganan metaforis gverdiT. moZravi, aramyari metamorfozebi azris ganviTarebis sxva etaps esadageba. magaliTad, RmerTebs SeuZliaT sxvadasxva ieris miReba. tiresiasi jer qal- ad gardaisaxa, mere isev kacad. adamians SeuZlia mcire xniT saxe icvalos: gardaisaxos cxovelad, frinvelad mcenared da a. S. mxatvruli litera- tura orive formas iyenebs: adamiani Tavis TavSi `grZnobs~ romelime sxva arsebas _ cxovels, frinvels, mwers, e. i. xdeba embrionis romeliRac fazis gaaqtiureba (dabadebamde adamiani xom evoluciis yvela ZiriTad etaps gaiv- lis); gaoreba. grZnobebis, gancdebis, Seqmnili situaciis Sesabamisad, adami- ani Tavis Tavs usadagebs ara marto ama Tu im nivTs, arsebas, aramed ganyenebul cnebas: fers, suns da a.S. am procesebis dasabami ki aris qveSecneulSi arse- buli metamorfozis idea. es procesi SeiZleba SevadaroT almasisgan bril- rusudan canava 52 iantis miRebas. yvela almasi ar gardaiqmneba briliantad, aramed mxolod is, romelsac ostati mohkidebs xels da daawaxnagebs. metamorfoza almasia poetis xelSi. Tu poets surs, misgan metaforas `gaakeTebs~. metamorfoza aCvenebs azris moZraobis veqtors, process, mimarTule- bas, amitom misi buneba predikatulia. ase rom, metaforis `dabadebaSi~ arc Tu ukanasknel funqcias asrulebs metamorfoza. metafora `ibadeba~ pirvelyofili miTo-religiuri warmod- genebis warmoSobisas, igi msoflaRqmis saSualebaa. metamorfoza metafo- ris `meqanizmia~. literaturul metamorfozebs Soris gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs ovidiusis `metamorfozebs~, romelSic, Cemi azriT, Cans avtoris damok- idebuleba `gardaqmnebisadmi~ poetikis TvalsazrisiTac. `metamorfozebSi~ (nazoni 1980: 1932) damuSavebulia 250-mde berZnuli da italikur-etruskul-romauli miTi; yvela maTgani gardasaxvaze (meta- morfozaze) mogviTxrobs. poemaSi Txroba Tanmimdevrulia da erT mTlian sistemas warmoadgens: iwyeba qaosidan kosmosis warmoSobiT, rasac mohyveba kosmogoniuri metamorfozebi; Semdgom aRwerilia olimpiuri panTeonis formireba, ciklebi da uamravi CarTuli ambavi, romlebic metamorfozebis yvela SesaZlo SemTxvevas moicavs. `metamorfozebi~ ovidiusis simwifis periodis nawarmoebia. ismis kiTxva: risTvis dasWirda mwerals yvelasTvis kargad nacnobi miTebis `galeqsva~? saqme isaa, rom ovidiusamdec arsebobda miTebis uamravi krebuli da saxelmZRvanelo (prozaulic, da rogorc gad- mogvcemen, poeturic). mecnierebaSi am faqts ase xsnian: ovidiuss surda me- temfsiqozis piTagoraseuli koncefciis gamyareba miTologiuri masaliT. marTlac, poemis XV wignSi, romelic piTagoras eZRvneba, ovidiusi vr- clad msjelobs sulTa gadasaxlebis Teoriaze. am Tvalsazriss savsebiT viziareb, magram, Cemi azriT, `metamorfozebSi~ Cadebulia gacilebiT meti, vidre metemfsiqozis koncefciis populariza- cia. ufro sworad, ovidiusma moaxerxa metemfsiqozis filosofiur-re- ligiuri koncefciis dakavSireba poetikasTan. saqme is aris, rom, misive Txzulebebdan gamomdinare, kargad Cans, ramdens fiqrobda ovidiusi poet- uri sityvis zemoqmedebis Zalaze. Tavad suliT xorcamde poets Tavisi bi- ografiis araerT umZimes momentSi mxsnelad swored leqsi moevlina (gansa- kuTrebiT niSandoblivia sasowarkveTa, romelic mas daeufla gadasaxlebis misjisas. tomasken mimavali poeti, romelsac zRvaze saSineli qariSxalic daatyda, sikvdils natrobda. mas surda aqafebul talRebSi gadaSvebu- liyo, magram swored am dros igrZno, rogor daulagda gonebaSi Tavisi tragikuli gancdebi saleqso striqonebad. poeziam, muzam gadamarCinao, _ wers ovidiusi). metafora da metamorfoza 53 Cemi azriT, ovidiusma `metamorfozebSi~ mkiTxvels almasis sabado `gauxsna~. genialurma poetma zustad miakvlia metaforuli xatebis erT- erT umTavres `sacavs~ da STamomavlobas saqme gauiola imiT, rom `daalaga~ metamorfozuli etiologiebis variantebi da maTgan gamomavali daskvna- figurebi, maT Cven SegviZlia vuwodoT `sabazo~ metamorfozebi (sabazo metaforebis kvalobaze): niobe-kldea, araqne _ oboba, zevsi _ arwivi, xari, wvima, elva da quxili; hera _ SroSani, dionise _ vazi, mtevani da sxva. am saxeTa analogiiT iolad SeiZleba Seiqmnas axali variantebi. `metamorfo- zebi~ sruliad garkveuli principiT da mizniT Seiqmna. `metamorfozebi~ aris udidesi `gaWra~ literaturaSi. ovidiusis mier SemoTavazebuli po- eturi saxismetyvelebis ulevi wyaro. `metamorfozebi~ mTavrdeba poetis anderZiT, romelic Zalian hgavs horaciusis cnobil odas `melpomenesadmi~: `davidgi Zegli brinjaoze maradiuli, mefeTa saZvle piramidebs aRmatebuli da mis damxobis arvin aris aw SemZlebeli arc qariSxali, arca warRvna daundobeli, arc uTvalavi welTa rigi da dro msrboleli. (leqsis fragmenti Targmnilia Cem mier).
qvis (brinjaos) Zeglis, rogorc ukvdavebis metaforis (horaciusi, ovidiusi, puSkini. galaktionma am `hangze gaawyo~ leqsi `maRal mTaze- da avage sasaxle axal-axali~) `sabazo~ miTia niobes metamorfoza qvad. aqedan erTi nabijia pigmalionis miTamde (Semdgom ki jadosnuri zRapris modelamde gaqvavebuli adamianebis Sesaxeb). qvis gasulierebas (adamianis gaqvavebas) ramdenime aspeqtiT SeiZleba mivudgeT; umTavresi ki aris is, rom qvaSi, qandakebaSi moiazreba vitaluri substancia (ukvdaveba). *
`sabazo~ metamorfozebad SeiZleba CavTvaloT RmerTebisa da adamiane- * galaktion tabiZem leqsSi `buneba moqandakea~ es procesi ase aRwera: `klde aWarisa, Tixa xandakis, xelsawyo _ bevri _ yovel xelxebas am moqandakis hqvia Sedevri! xedav orfeoss, nimfas, dioniss niWTa mlocvari _ Sors reliefi kavkasionis, gasaocari! TiTqo simSvide ciskrian tevrze basri da mWevri krTis grigalidan _ yovel Sedevrze didi Sedevri!~ rusudan canava 54 bis gardasaxvebi sxvadasxva cxovelebad da frinvelebad (pirvelyofili totemisturi rwmenis gamoxatuleba). ovidiusTan zevsi gardaisaxeba arwi- vad, xarad, wvimad; hera _gugulad, Zroxad, yvavilad. anu, yvela RmerTs `Tavisi~ cxoveli, frinveli, mcenare an bunebis esa Tu is movlena Seesabam- eba. es, erTi mxriv, miuTiTebs, rom amgvari metamorfozebi ar aris nebis- mieri da garkveul Zalian siRrmiseul qvecnobier erTobas efuZneba. meore mxriv, berZen-romael mweralTa mier damkvidrebuli `modelebi~ Tavisebur `sabazo~ metamorfozebad iqcnen Semdgomi epoqebis adamianebisTvis arwivi- zevsi rig SemTxvevaSi simboloa, mag. heraldikaSi; rig SemTxvevaSi gamar- jvebis metafora. gaaCnia, ras moisurvebs mwerali da rogor `daamuSavebs~ am poetur saxes. magram is, Tu ratom aris arwivi `saxe~, amis ganmartebas gvaZlevs miTi zevsis arwivad metamorfozis Sesaxeb. metamorfozisa da metaforis mimarTebis sakiTxi sainteresod aisaxa antikur prozaSic. saberZneTSi filosofiuri proza ufro adre Camoyali- bda, vidre mxatvruli. heraklites swavlebis mixedviT, gansxvavebulTagan iSveba srulyofili harmonia. es Teza garkveuli logikuri aucileblo- biT airekleba enazec. heraklites naSromis signatura antiTezaa, romelic poeziaSi empedoklem, prozaSi gorgiasma ganaviTares. gamodis, rom rito- rikis aRmoceneba filosofiuri saqmianobis `gverdiTi produqtebis~ formalizaciaa. iniciativa ekuTvnoda filosofias. filosofia gamovida miTiT, kultiT, yofiT sanqcirebuli dResaswaulidan, raTa Seeqmna saku- Tari arakalendaruli dResaswauli, imitom rom Tavad gamxdariyo dResas- wauli (haidegeri 1961: 14-15). tradiciuli sistemis SigniT adamianTa yofa daiyo kalendarul dResaswaulebad da Cveulebriv dReebad. sityvaTa Tama- Si aris azris, ase vTqvaT, sadResaswaulo samosi da ritualuri cekva. *
rogorc irkveva, winafilosofiuri da winaliteraturuli azris dabadeba (sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, `sibrZnis~ literatura _ formiT saTamaSo, Si- naarsiT _ didaqtikuri) saerTokacobriuli fenomenia, damaxasiaTebeli ara mxolod elinuri samyarosTvis, aramed mTeli axlo aRmosavleTisTvis. amgvarad, ukve winafilosofia warmoSobs faqiz, moZrav sityvas, romelic mzadaa bgeraTa TamaSisa da metaforuli gardasaxvisaTvis (averincevi 1979: 65-66). gza winafilosofiuri enidan filosofiurisken namdvili revolu- ciaa. revoluciaa imitom, rom es aris orerTiani _ dapirispirebuli, ma- gram erTimeoris momcveli, urTierTganmapirobebeli procesi. platonis dialogebSi sokrate gamoyvanilia, rogorc sityvaze, cnebe- * Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi xorcieldeba saintereso mcdelobebi miTis `gamoTqmis~, `gamoxatvis~ rekonstruqciisa arqauli berZnuli teqstebidan. s. deligiorgisis dakvirvebiT, `Tqmis~ (`Txro- bis~) arqauli tipi dakavSirebulia adamianis sametyvelo aparatis fiziologiasTan. sametyvelo aparatis fiziologia saintereso kavSirs avlens somaturi gamoxatvis iseT formasTan, rogori- caa ritualuri cekvebi. S. deligiorgis, Alternative Myth, AILC, 1976:8. metafora da metamorfoza 55 bze azartuli `monadire~. igi isev da isev usvams kiTxvebs Tanamosaubreebs: ras niSnavs sinamdvileSi mosaubris mier gamoyenebuli sityva; es WeSmari- tad `romeliRac mamxilebeli RmerTia~, romelic `gamoavlens da amxels daudevrebs metyvelebaSi~ (Sophista 216 b). sityvaTqmnadobis procesi Sei- Zleba SevadaroT liTonis nakeTobis Seqmnas; liTonis wrTobis msgavsad, sityva jer `xurdeba~ sametyvelo fantaziis TamaSiT, Semdgom mkveTrad civdeba inteleqtualuri kritikis zemoqmedebiT. vitgenStainis SeniSvniT, `mTeli filosofia enis kritikaa~ (vitgenStaini 1959: 44). enis kritika moniSnavs sazRvars, igi gadaWris Wiplars, romelic aerTebs filoso- fias winarefilosofiis sxeulTan. aq ikveTeba gansxvaveba filosofiasa da poezias Soris, razec werda platoni (Resp. X, 607 b). aviRoT magaliTad pindares poezia, romelic iTvleba `sibrZnis~ mwvervalad mTeli Tavisi sityvieri morTulobis sazeimo uCveulobiT _ ufro swored, am sazeimo uCveulobis wyalobiT _ igi (pindare) ritualurad asaxavda ra samyaros, rogorc mocemulobas, amavdroulad, xotbis Sesxmisas (am aqtiT) ritu- alurad amkvidrebda enas, rogorc mocemulobas. filosofiur refleqsias ar SeeZlo distancireba ar moexdina amgvari poziciisgan. saboloo jamSi aman migviyvana ZiriTadi filosofiuri terminebis sistemis Camoyalibe- bamde. platoniseul `enis kritikas~ mivyavarT sityvebis WeSmariti da da- sabamieri mniSvnelobis mikvlevasTan; yoveli sityvis fuZis Tavdapirveli semantikuri intensivobis `gamococxlebasTan~. * sainteresoa mosazrebebi waSlil metaforebze. platoni msjelobs `umZimes SurisZiebaze~, rogorc `msubuq da frTian sityvaze~. aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT, rom metafora `fr- Tiani sityvebi~ (e]pea pt eroevnt a) gvxvdeba jer kidev homerosTan `ili- adaSi~ 46-jer, `odiseaSi~_ 58-jer. yvela `pirveladi~ (pirvelad ganxorcielebuli) metamorfoza iyo mou- lodneli, unikaluri da Sokismomgvreli; zustad iseTi efeqtis mqone, rasac iwvevs `cincxali~ metafora. metaforisa da metamorfozis gzebi pirvelad maSin gadaikveTa, rodesac adamianis gonebaSi daibada gardasax- vis SesaZleblobis idea da Semdgom am azrma `gaaqtiurebuli~ sityva war- moSva. gaaqtiurebul sityvaSi igulisxmeba ara sagnebis nominacia, aramed predikatuli konstruqcia, rodesac sityva `mzad aris~ `moqmedebisaTvis~. metaforisa da metamorfozis `Sexvedra~ Tu `amosvla~ erTi sawyisidan am ori fenomenis Zalian Rrma konceptualur pirvelmizezebze (safuZvelze) mianiSnebs. magram Semdgom movlenebi ise ganviTarda, rom metamorfoza miTSi `CarCa~, misi ganviTareba metemfsiqozis formalistur aspeqts ver * am sakiTxis analizi warmodgenilia naSromSi: Classen C.J. Sprachliche Deutung als Triebkraft pla- tonischen und sokratischen Philosophierens. Mu>nchen 1959. klasenma pirvelma Caatara platonis te- qstebis seriozuli analizi swored im TvalsazrisiT, Tu rogor muSaobda platoni im sityvebze, romlebic ar iqcnen filosofiur terminebad. rusudan canava 56 gascda, metaforam ki `frTa gaSala~ da samyaros aRqmis saSualebad iqca. metaforebis im tips, romlebic statiaSi ganvixileT, pirobiTad Sei- Zleba vuwodoT `miTosuri metaforebi~ (eseni, faqtobrivad, epiforebia, romlebSic semantikuri Zvra ganxorcielda saxidan saxeze, gvaridan sax- eze, saxidan gvarze gadatanis safuZvelze. am metaforebs axasiaTebs gansa- kuTrebuli siaxlove gapirovnebasa da simbolosTan), magram es ise ar unda gavigoT, rom aRniSnuli metaforebi mxolod antikuri epoqis mweralTa TxzulebebSi gvxvdeba. axla warmovadgen galaktion tabiZis erTi leqsis analizs, romelic, Cemi azriT, `miTosuri~ metaforis nimuSia: `cxeniT xidze~ `cxeni miangrevs xideebs CliqiT, magram uecrad scqvita yurebi, misi Tvalebi aivssen _ iqiT adamianur ubedurebiT... mis Tvalwin gakrTa msubuqi mwkrivi: eTamaSeba nakadebs Tevzi. iyo mxedari _ Cveulebrivi _ kaci _ viT kaci, da ara zevsi~. am leqsis erTaderTi personaJi cxenia: swored is `miangrevs xideebs CliqiT~, man `sqvita~ yurebi da misi Tvalebi `aivsnen~ `adamianur ube- durebiT~. analizs viwyebT fraziT: `mis Tvalwin gakrTa msubuqi mwkrivi~. romel mwkrivzea laparaki? leqsis Semdgom sam taepSi naxsenebi _ `Tevzi~, `mxedari~ da `zevsi~ gvafiqrebineben, rom poetis gonebaSi cnobili meta- morfozuli saxeebi axal poetur metaforad gardaisaxa: kerZod, I plani: cxeni zRvaTa mbrZaneblis _ poseidonis (//neptunis) cxovelia. poseidonis zoomorfuli ikonografia iseve ukavSirdeba cxens, rogorc zevsisa _ xars. poseidons emorCileba zRvis yvela binadari da, ra Tqma unda, `na- kadebTan moTamaSe Tevzi~ (Tevzis xseneba aZlierebs cxenis kavSirs wylis stiqiasTan). II plani _ `Tvalwin gamkrTal mwkrivSi~ cxeni mxedaricaa. III plani _ miuxedavad imisa, rom xari da cxeni uzenaesi RvTaebebis zoomor- fuli hipostasebia, isini mainc naklebi `Rirsebis~ arian, vidre Tavad Rv- `Rirsebis~ arian, vidre Tavad Rv- Rirsebis~ arian, vidre Tavad Rv- Taebebi. cnobili gamoTmaa: `rac zevss epatieba, xars ar epatieba~. aqedan: `iyo mxedari _ Cveulebrivi _ / kaci _ viT kaci, da ara zevsi~. ase rom sami miTosuri plastis SereviT, romelTagan ori (zevsi da poseidoni, Sesa- bamisad, cxeni da xari) metamorfozaa, iqmneba poeturi figura. metafora da metamorfoza 57 damowmebani: averincevi 1979: . . - . .: . .: 1979. arutiunova 1990: . . . .: 1990. barti 1989: . . , . .: 1989. bleki 1960: Black M. Models and Metaphors. Cornell University Press 1960. vinogradovi 1976: . . . .: 1976. vitgenSteini 1959: . - . . . .: 1959. kasireri 1925: Cassirer E. Philosophie des symbolischen Formen. Zweiter Teil, Berlin, 1925. kuini 1955: Quinn M. Bernetta. The Metamorphic Tradition in Modern Poetry. Rutgers Univ. Press, 1955. levi-strosi 1985: - . . . . .: 1985. levi-strosi 1999: - . . . . .: 1999. levi-strosi 2000: - . . . . . . II, 2000. losevi 1991: . . , , . .: 1991. nazoni 1960: nazoni publius ovidius metamorfozebi. redaqcia, Sesavali werili da komentarebi ak. uruSaZis. Tb.: 1980. P. Ovidii Nasonis. Carmina, ed. R. Ehwald, V. Lery. T. 1-3, Lipsiae 1915-1932. rikiori 1977: Ricoeur P. The Rule of Metaphor. University of Toronto Press, 1977. stivensi 1951: Stevens W. The Necessary Angel. Knopf, 1951. sRurudi 2003: Sgouroudh D. H metaf ora kai h sumbol h th~sth gl wssa. Aqhv na: 2003. haidegeri 1961: Heidegger M. Neietzsch., Pfullingen, 1961. Rusudan Tsanava Metaphor and Metamorphosis Summary The study of metaphor, the central trope responsible for the artistic quality of a text, started in the times of Aristotle. Since then, many scholarly opinions have been ventured and several theories have been developed. One of the principle objectives of metaphor studies is admitted to be its relationship with other tropes: simile and metonymy. Along with this, scholars have been exploring interrelationships between metaphor and meta- morphosis. The so-called transformations are prevalent in the artistic thought. They offer a vivid picture of the authors (characters) spiritual state and very often determine chief merits of artistic images found in a text. Virtual or imaginary transformations are associ- ated with mythic metamorphoses. It should also be noted that unlike simile and metonymy, rusudan canava 58 metamorphosis is not a trope. Another noteworthy fact is that the majority of scholars draw a clear line between metaphor and metamorphosis. This viewpoint is supported by two ar- guments: 1. Metaphor implies nothing that could suggest transformation. On the contrary, bidimensionality, conceptual likening of two altogether different items is inherent with metaphor. On the other hand, metamorphosis is the repercussion of mythological thought when every type of transformation is perceived as a real fact. Hence, transformation is a means of world perception. 2. Metaphor is distinguished for its tendency to penetrate the feld of semantics, which is not characteristic of metamorphosis. In my opinion, the erroneous conceptual basis of such reasoning lies in limiting meta- morphosis solely to the domain of mythological thought. Close analysis of the nature and kinds of metamorphosis revealed that the latter implies an unanticipated identifcation of absolutely opposite values (categories, classes). And the myths refecting a metamorpho- sis explain the prime cause (etiology) of unanticipated transformations. These universal etiological myths offer a single or several similar versions throwing light on the semantics of a metamorphosal image, turned into a poetic fgure. In fact, ancient creative thinking is mostly based exactly on metamorphosal images. Metamorphosis, an output of the earli- est, most archaic thinking, is to a greater extent a source of ancient metaphor. This thinking incorporates every manifestation of primeval syncretism religion, thought, generalization and creativity; integration and disintegration. Naturally, not all metamorphoses develop into a metaphor; sometimes metamorphoses retain their original nature and appear as in- dependent elements. These processes can be compared to the treatment of diamonds. Not every piece of rough diamond will turn into a fne cultivated gem but only those cut by a skillful master. Metamorphosis is a rough diamond in the hands of a master, who can cut it into a metaphor if he wishes so. The aim of the paper is to determine the function of metamorphosis in differentiating between new and old (ancient) metaphors. Conceptual analysis of Ovids Metamorphoses will help to fnd an answer to the posed question. The Metamorphoses is a most signifcant break-through in the literary theory. The poet offered to the readers (as well as to the au- thors) of every epoch and taste an inexhaustible source of poetic tropology the archetypes of the so-called fxed metaphors etiological metamorphoses which, to put it meta- phorically, never ceases to fow in the veins of old as well as new metaphors. Every primary metamorphosis was unexpected, unique and astonishing, having the same effect as a fresh metaphor. Metaphor and metamorphosis frst met when the idea of the possible transformation was born in human mind, which afterwards generated acti- vated word. Activated word refers not to the nomination of things but to the readiness of a word for activity. The encounter of metaphor and metamorphosis, or their stem- ming from the same origin, points to the deep conceptual cause of the two phenomena. However, the following events took such a turn that metamorphosis remained confned to myth, failing to expand beyond the formalistic aspect of metempsychosis, while metaphor metafora da metamorfoza 59 enjoyed further development and became a means of world perception. The types of metaphor considered in the article can be conventionally called mythic metaphors (in fact, they are epiphors, in which semantic shift is due to its transfer from species to species, from genus to species, from species to genus. These metaphors are especially close to personifcation and symbol). However, it should not be understood as if the above-mentioned metaphors were used only by ancient authors. The article presents an analysis of a poem by Galaktion Tabidze, which, I reckon, is the example of a mythic metaphor: Astride On a Bridge A horse rushes ahead crushing bridges with his hoofs, But suddenly pricked up his ears, His eyes flled up over there With human misfortune A light row passed swiftly before his eyes; A fsh is playing with streams He was a horseman an ordinary horseman a man like a man, and not Zeus.` The only character of the poem is the horse. It is him who rushes ahead crushing bridges with his hoofs; he pricked up his ears and his eyes flled up with human misfor- tune. The analysis starts with the following phrase: A light row passed swiftly before his eyes. What row does the poet speak about? Fish, horseman and Zeus mentioned in the following three lines prompt us to think that the well-known metamorphosal phrases trans- formed in the poets mind into a new poetic metaphor: in particular, perspective I: Horse is the animal of Poseidon, the lord of the sea. The zoomorphic iconography of Poseidon is associated with horse in the same way as that of Zeus with bull (the mentioning of the fsh intensifes the relationship between the horse and the water element). Perspective II as a light row passes swiftly before his eyes, the steed is the horseman as well. Perspective III Although bull and horse are the zoomorphic hypostases of the supreme deities, they are of lower nobility than the deities. According to the well-known saying, what is forgivable for Zeus, is not forgivable for the bull. Hence, He was a horseman an ordinary horse- man a man like a man, and not Zeus. So, through the fusion of three mythic layers, two of which (Zeus and Poseidon, and correspondingly, the horse and the bull) are metamor- phoses, a poetic fgure is created. 60 solomon tabucaZe avtori da gmiri istoriuli poetikis WrilSi cnobili rusi filosofosis, filologis, literaturaTmcodnisa da kulturis Teoretikosis mixail baxtinis (18951975) naSromebma gansa- kuTrebuli rezonansi gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebis bolos da 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi SeiZina da es moxda mas Semdeg, rac 1979 wels, avtoris gardacvalebidan oTxi wlis Tavze gamovida wigni `sityvieri xelovnebis esTetika~. 60ian wlebSi (1965 w.) daibeWda misi wigni `fransua rables Semoqmedeba da Sua saukuneebisa da renesansis xalxuri kultura~, mogvi- anebiT ki naSromi dostoevskis Semoqmedebisa da poetikis problemebze, magram yvelaze meti gamoxmaureba _ yovel SemTxvevaSi qarTul litera- turaTmcodneobiT sivrceSi _ `sityvieri xelovnebis esTetikas~ mohyva. am wignSi centraluri adgili ukavia 20ian wlebSi dawyebul, dausrulebel da saarqivo masalebSi SemorCenil naSroms `avtori da gmiri esTetikur qmedebaSi~. swavlulis arqivsave Semounaxavs filosofiuri xasiaTis Tx- zuleba imave problematikaze, romelic imdenad dazianebuli aRmoCnda, rom mis mxolod fragmentebze Tu SeiZleba laparaki. mkvlevaris teqste- bis amgvari istoria piradad CemTvis imdenadaa sagulisxmo, ramdenadac igi `gaSlil~ da `gadaWimul~ sabWoeTSi marginalizebuli adamianis bedsa da cxovrebiseul gzas ukavSirdeba. ver viviwyeb 70 ian wlebSi, uxarisxo sagazeTo qaRaldze, saranskSi dabeWdil krebuls, romelSic mixail bax- tinis fotocaa gamoqveynebuli; fotosuraTidan yvelaze `demokratiul transportze~ _ velosipedze fexSemodgmuli filosofosi Semogvyurebs, rac, sxva rom ara vicodeT ra am kacis biografiidan, me piradad bevris- metyvel faqtad mesaxeba im gariyulobis gaTvaliswinebiT, raic, Tundac am vizualur dokumentzea asaxuli: dRes ukve sayovelTaod aRiarebuli literaturaTmcodne, sabWouri provinciis `glubinkaSi~, aTxrili, or- moebiani da tborebiT `gamSvenebuli~ gzis piras dgas da, rogorc Cans, moyvaruli fotografis mier Seyovnebuli wamis Semdeg, kvlav Tavis peda- gogiur, uCinar moRvaweobas gaagrZelebs mordoviis universitetSi. esec Cveuli movlena unda iyos da, rogorc Cans, ara mxolod sabWoeTSi... hu- manitaruli ideebis bedi da bediswera, albaT, imTaviTve iyo dakavSirebuli yaribobiTa da uqonlobiT gaspetakebuli sulis mimoxvrasTan. asea Tu ise, `mixail baxtini~ dRes ukve qrestomaTiuli saxelia da misi zemoxsenebuli naSromic _ `avtori da gmiri esTetikur qmedebaSi~ _ filosofiuri es- Tetikis TviTmyofadi nimuSia. Tu ufro davazustebT, es aris esTetikisa da zneobis filosofiis mijnaze, anu im sivrceSi myofi naSromi, romel- avtori da gmiri istoriuli poetikis WrilSi 61 sac Tavad baxtini adamianis qmediTi `movlenis~, `saqcielis~ samyaros uwodebs. naSromis safuZvelmdebi eTikuri kategoriaa `pasuxismgebloba~, romlis konkretizaciac xdeba cnebaSi `ualiboba yofierebaSi~: adamians ara aqvs `alibis~, anu gadaxris ufleba im zneobrivi pasuxismgeblobisagan, rom- lis yofierebaSi realizaciac misi erTaderTi da ganumeorebeli `adgilia~, ganumerebeli saqcielia, romlis eqstrapolirebac unda moxdes mTel mis cxovrebaze; ese igi, adamianis cxovreba erTi mTliani saqcielia_ pasux- ismgeblobiT gamsWvaluli saqcieli. mixail baxtinis erTi yvelaze adreuli naSromTagani swore asea dasaTaurebuli _ `saqcielis filosofiisaTvis~. mis dialogur koncefcias, kerZod, `me Cemi sxvai~ * -s problemas swored aq daedo safuZveli da SemdgomSi ufro detalurad damuSavda naSromSi avtorsa da gmirze. avtorisa da gmiris urTierTmimarTeba aris subieqtis mimarTeba subieqtTan. rodesac baxtinma esTetikur obieqtSi gamoacalkeva `dialogis~ kategoria, igi am obieqts ganixilavda ara sagnobrivbunebriv fenomenad, aramed sruliad axal yofiT -esTetikur warmonaqmnad, romel- ic dafuZnebulia `me~-sa da `Cemi sxvai~-s subieqtebis, personologiur da imanentursocialur anu avtorisa da gmiris urTierTmimarTebaze. sagulisxmoa `me~ da `Cemi sxvais~ ganxilva istoriuli poetikis ga- naserSi. poetikis istoriis pirvel stadias aleqsandr veselovski sink- retizmis epoqas uwodebda. sinkretizmi, rogorc mxatvruli principi, sam- yaros ganuwvalebel aRqmas da Sasabamisad ganuwvalebel esTetikur cno- bierebasac gulisxmobs. arqauli adamiani sinkretulad aRiqvams grZnobis organoTa monacemebs, sakuTar Tavsa da bunebas, `me~-sa da `...sxvai~-s, si- tyvasa da misiT aRniSnul sagans, ritualur da yofiT qmedebas, xelovne- bas da cxovrebas. erTi sityviT, rogorc aleqsandr veselovski aRniSnavs Tavis qrestomaTiul naSromSi, sinkretizmi gamoxatavs arqaul cnobiere- bas, romelic samyaros erT mTlianobad warmoidgens da romlisTvisac sruliad ucxoa ganyenebuli, ganwilvadi da refleqsiuri azrovneba. mkvl- evarma Tvali gaadevna am principis gamovlinebas poeturi enisa da stilis sferoSi, mxatvruli saxis struqturaSi, literaturis gvarebisa da Jan- rebis winare istoriaSi, avtorobis formirebaSi, motivsa da siuJetSi da sxva. erTi sityviT, sinkretulobis principi literaturis centraluri kategoriebis cxavSi gatarebis Semdeg, yvelaze sicocxlisunariani po- etur saxeTa sferoSi aRmoCnda. amitom, SemdgomSi, rodesac sinkretizmze visaubrebT, mxedvelobaSi gveqneba ara konkretuli epoqis gamomxatveli mxatvruli faqti, aramed sazogadod xelovneba, romlis saxeobriv struq- turasac sinkretizmis principi ganapirobebs. saqme is aris, rom esTetikur obieqts sinkretuli statusi ara mxolod arqaikaSi aqvs, aramed igi, ama * viyenebT --s gr. robaqiZiseul Targmanebs. solomon tabucaZe 62 Tu im formiT, poetikis ganviTarebis sxva stadiebzec iCens Tavs. saguli- syuroa, rom am problemaze, oRond mis sxva aspeqtze, saubrobs merab ma- mardaSvili marsel prustis Semoqmedebis ganxilvisas: `cnobierebis rome- liRaca doneze _ da am doneze gadamwyveti cxovrebuseuli movlenebi ukve arseboben _ yvelaferi gveZleva erTgvaris sinkretulis saxiT~. litera- turas cnobierebis swored am saxeobasTan mivyavarT da amitom sinkretizmi misi istoriuli saSo ki ar aris, aramed erTgvari arqetupuli Tviseba, romlis kvlav da kvlavwarmoeba xdeba. sinkretizmis fenomenis metaisto- riul mniSvnelobasac es ganapirobebs. es istoriuli eqskursi mxolod imitom dagvWirda, rom `subieqturi sinkretizmis~ cnebamde mivsuliyaviT. Tavad termini poetikosma samson broitmanma Semoitana gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, magram am fenomenis arsebobis faqtebi, ra Tqma unda, adrec aRiniSneboda. Teoriulma poetikam karga xani gaarkvia, rom esTetikuri obieqti mov- lenis bunebisaa (movlenobrivia), raic gulisxmobs, rom misi arqiteqtinika ganpirobebulia esTetikuri movlenis subieqtebis _ avtoris, gmirisa da mkiTxvel-msmenelis urTierTobiTa da urTierTmimarTebiT. swored am urT- ierTobaTa struqturidan amoizrdeba Txzulebis arqiteqtonikaca da sxva gamomxatveli kompoziciuri formebic. arqauli folklori, Zveli literaturebi da tradiciuli xalxuri Semoqmedeba, swored anonimuri principisa gamo, avtoris cnebas ar icnobs, magram yovelTvis da yvelgan SeiniSneba raRaca iseTi movlena, rac Tana- medrove `avtorisa~ da `gmiris~ cnebaTa ekvivalentad SeiZleba miviCnioT. esaa, magaliTad, Txrobisas aramotivirebuli da uecari gadasvla mesame piridan pirvelze da Semdeg kvlav Txrobis pirvandel poziciaze dabruneba. ese igi pirdapiri Txrobis Canacvleba pirobiTad pirdapiri metyvelebiT _ yovelgvari daTqmisa da gafrTxilebis gareSe. es faqti polineziuri folkloris mkvlevarebma SeniSnes da, maTive varaudiT, uZveles saazrov- no principze damyarebuli am movlenis sazrisi is aris, rom subieqturi struqtura enobrivi formiT swored ase vlindeba. mokled, saqme gvaqvs subieqturi sinkretizmis eqstralingvistur faqtorebTan. folklorul cnobierebaSi `me~-sa da `...sxvai~-s, anu avtorisa da gmiris sferoebi ganu- wvalebelia da maT Siris sazRvari imdenad `gaumagrebelia~, rom Txroba Zaldautaneblad gadadis erTidan meoreSi. subieqturi sinkretizmis gamomxatveli forma karga xania Cabarda is- torias da subieqturi organizaciis odesRac dominanturi (gabatonebuli) principi dRes mxolod reliqtad unda warmovidginoT, magram saqme is aris, rom al. veselovski `qoroseuli sinkretizmis~ fenomenis Seswavlisas mis gasaRebs swored subieqturi organizaciis formaSi eZiebda. saqme is aris, avtori da gmiri istoriuli poetikis WrilSi 63 rom igi qoros upirovno avtorad ganixilavda, saidanac TandaTan gamoiyo- foda da gamocalkevdeboda pirovnuli avtoris saxe da swored am procesSi warmoiSoboda stiluri, Janruli da kompoziciuri formebi. qoro _ av- torisa da gmiris urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi mkvlevars ar dauyenebia. qorosa da sxva arqauli formebis avtor-gmiris ipostass gansakuTreb- uli yuradReba miaqcies olga freidenbergma da mixail baxtinma, Tumca am problemisadmi maTac gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba hqondaT. Tu vesel- ovskisTvis centraluri sakiTxi sinkretizmis pirovnuli da qoroseuli sawyisTa urTierTmimarTeba iyo, olga freidenbergi sakvanZo problemad subieqtis obieqtTan mimartebas ganixilavda, xolo mixail baxtini `me~- sa da `...sxvai~-s urTierTmimarTebas gamoyofda. subieqt-obieqtis da sub- ieqt-subieqtis gansxvavebul aspeqtTa amgvarma aqcentebma ganapiroba kvle- vis SedegTa sxvaobac. olga freidenbergi, veselovskisdakvalad, xazs usvamda pirvelyofili adamianis bunebisgan da sociumisgan ganuwvaleblobas da am faqtis Sina- gan da arsobriv korelatad (Tanafardad) is miaCnda, rom al. veselovski ar acalkevebda subieqts obieqtisagan da ar axdenda masTan dakavSirebu- li aqtiuri da pasiuri statusebis diferencirebas. antikuri kulturis mkvlevaris azriT, cnobierebis amgvari struqturaa asaxuli sityvieri Semoqmedebis erT-erT uZveles formaSi _ miTSi, sadac Tavad mTxrobeli identuria Tavisi monaTxrobisa: subieqtobriv (aqtiur) aspeqtSi igi _ `avtoria~, anu zemoqmedi RmerTia, obieqtobrivSi (pasiurSi) ki _ `gmiri~, anu RmerTi, romelic Tavad ganicdis zemoqmedebas, Tumca es ori aspeqti miTSi ganuyofelia. amrigad, qmedebis funqciaSi RmerTi aris is aqtiuri subieqti, romelic SemdgomSi `avtorad~ iqceva. amis Taobaze sergei averincevi wers: Auctor (`avtori`) _ nomen agentis-ia, anu aRniSnavs moqmedebis subueqts; auctoritas (`avtoriteti~) _ ki am subieqtis romeliRac Tvisebis aRmniSvneli. TviT qmedeba aRiniSneba zmniT augeo, erTi im zmnaTaganiT, romelic, goeTese- burad Tu vityviT, laTinuri enis Taurzmnaa (Urvorte), romlis azrobrivi sizrqec ver gadmoicema saleqsikono statiaSi. Augeo _ es aris RmerTebis, viTarca kosmiuri iniciativis wyarosTavis maxasiaTebeli, niSandoblivi qmedeba: `ganvamravleb~, `Tanavmoqmedeb~ an, ubralod, `sCavdivar~_ raRac momyavs yofierebaSi (vayofiereb) anda arsebuls vmateb wonas, moculobas an potencias (averincevi 1994: 105). magram igive RmerTi pasiuri (obieqtobrivi) ipostasiT, ganmcdeli- sa (TviTon rom ganicdis zemoqmedebas) da kvdomis funqciiT _ es ukve `gmiria~. klav olga freidenbergis magaliTebs Tu moviSveliebT, berZnebT- an `kvdomisa~ da `gmirad qcevis~ cnebebs sinonimuri gageba hqonda _ `kv- solomon tabucaZe 64 doma~ niSnavda `gmirad qcevas~. gmiri imTavad adamiani ki ar iyo, aramed momakvdavi RvTaeba, TviT kosmosi an `totemi Casvenebis mdgomareobaSi, qve-sknelSi~. swored amitom gmiris pirvelsawyisuri da dasabamuri mniS- vneloba, sruliad gansxvavebulia misi Tanamedrove gagebisagan. meamboxur bunebasa da mamacur xasiaTs gmiri mogvianebiT SeiZens, rode- SeiZens, rode- iZens, rode- sac igi qvesknelsa da jojoxeTSi sagmiro saqmeebs sCadis _ SeeWideba sikvdils da, `Zlevai sakvirvelis~ kvalad, xelaxla iSvis da ibadeba cxovrebaSi. saTqmelia isic, rom, rogorc `avtoris~ cnebaSi SeinarCuna kulturulma mexsierebam `RmerTis~ xsovna, arc sityva `gmirSi~ gawyve- tila kavSir -mimarTeba `sikvdilTan~. mexsierebis amgvarma faqtma avtoris gmirTan da mis samyarosTan esTetikuri mimarTebis sakiTxze msjelobisas, mixail baxtins safuZveli misca eTqva, rom es aris damokidebuleba sikv- eTqva, rom es aris damokidebuleba sikv- , rom es aris damokidebuleba sikv- dilad midrekilisadmi. miTSi subieqt-obieqtis ganuwvaleblobis aRwerisas, olga freidenber- gis mixedviT, ar arsebobs gansxvaveba imaT Soris Tu vin mogviTxrobs, ra moiTxroba da vis moeTxroba. vinc yveba, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ganuwvalebeli avtori _ gmiri _ RmerTia; magram saqme is aris, rom msmenelic RmerTia; Txroba, romelsac locvis forma aqvs, mimarTulia RvTisadmi da imavdroulad msmenelisa da mayureblisadmi, romelTa Tvalwinac mimdinareobs movlena. Tavis mxriv, is, raic moiTxroba (siuJeti da Tavad moTxroba, romelic erTgvar `sxeu- lad~, `tanad~ unda vigulvoT) aris sakurTxevelze mitanili msxverpli. es saxe calsaxad mianiSnebs, rom moTxroba hgavs samsxverplo cxovels, anu kvlav da kvlav RvTaebas Tavisi pasiuri mdgomareobis Jams (cnobilia, rom miTologiur siRrmeebSi `qurumi da msxverpli _ erTi da igivea~, bevr miTologiaSi RmerTs sakuTarive Tavi miaqvs msxverplad). am arqaul subieqtur struqturas TviT berZnul literaturaSic ki ar amiuwuravs Tavisi Tavi. yvelaze ukeT igi Semoinaxa dramam, aseve lirikamac da TviT iseTma gviandelma Janrmac ki, rogoricaa romani. uZvelesi kome- diis ganmsazRvreli Tavisebureba isicaa, rom moqmed pirad gamodis TviT avtori, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs subieqtur-obieqtobriv, erTeul- mravlobiT, qoroul formebs da inarCunebs RvTaebriv da imavdroulad zoomorful bunebas. rasac dRes gmiri ewodeba, uZveles komediaSi iyo niRabi, romelic `personaJul~ kategorias ki ar ganekuTvneba, aramed re- alurs, cocxals da literaturamdels. aRaras vambobT berZnuli lirikis arqaul struqturaze, sadac mRe- rac, cekvac da Txrobac avtoriseulia; erTi sityviT, yvelafers avtori `akeTebs~, magram avtori erTeuli ki ara, mravlobiTis formiT gvevlineba da, miuxedavad amisa, igi Tavis Tavs pirveli piris mxoloobiTi formiT avtori da gmiri istoriuli poetikis WrilSi 65 moixseniebs da is, rac moiTxroba, mas ki ar exeba, aramed RmerTs [`igi laparakobs RvTis nacvlad da amiTve laparakobs Tavis Tavze~ (freiden- bergi 1978: )]. avtoris aRweris subieqt-obieqtobrivi kriteriumebis freidenbergi- seuli versia mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo problemis siRrmiseuli gaazrebis gzaze. amgvari midgomisas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba SeiZina pirovnulisa da `qoros~ urTierTobis ara `raodenobrivma~ urTierTmimarTebam, aramed aqtiur-subieqtobrivi da pasiur-obieqtobrivi pozicia _ rolebis masJa- mindeli (dasabamiuri) ganuwvaleblobisa da da samomavlo potenciuri gan- viTarebis Taviseburebebma. mniSvnelovani aRmoCena iyo RvTaebrivi intenciis amokiTxva avtoriseul da gmiriseul poziciaSi (am intenciis Tanamedrove gamovlinebaa Cvens warmodgenaSi arsebuli avtor-Semoqmedis saxe). da mainc subieqt-obieqtobriv kriteriumebs Tavisi sazRvrebi gaaCnia. davsvaT sakiTxi amgvarad: aris Tu ara gmiri (RvTaebis pasiuri mdgo- mareoba) obieqtobrivi, am sityvis gviandeli gagebiT? zemonaTqvamidan gamomdinereobs, rom olga freidenbergs gmiri subieqtisa da subieqto- brivis gamovlinebis Tavisebur formad warmoedgina. aseve esmoda prob- lema mixail baxtinsac, romelic aqcents akeTebda subieqt-subieqtobriv urTierTmimarTebaze esTetikuri obieqtis arqiteqtinikaSi. subieqtobrivi struqturisadmi baxtiniseuli midgoma mWidrod ukavSirdeba mkvlevaris zogad meTodologiur mizandasaxulobebs. am mimarTulebiT Ziebisas misi erT-erTi amosavali wanamZRvari iyo adamianis arsebobis realur formad `me Cemi sxvai~-s orerTianoba da ara `abstraqtuli me~. `sityvieri xe- lovnebis esTetikaSi~ igi wers, rom rogorc dedis saSoSi xdeba adamianis formireba _ aseve iRviZebs mis cnobierebaSi Sefaruli ucxo cnobiereba. esTetikuri Semoqmedeba erTi cnobierebis farglebSi ar xdeba. esTetikur movlenaSi ramdenime monawilea da orerTiani `me ...sxvai~ `avtori-gmiri~- s formiT warmogvidgeba. xelovnebis ganviTarebis adreul etapze, rodesac esTetikuri cnobiereba is-is iyo iRviZebda da yalibdeboda, warmoSobis procesSi myofi avtori, zedmiwevniTi gagebiT, sxvaTa cnobierebaSi iyo Tav- Sefarebuli. es iyo `sxvaTa qoro~, romlis mxardaWerisa da damowmebis gareSe esTetikuri aqti SeuZlebelia. qoros substrati kargad vlindeba uZveles literaturul gvarSi _ lirikaSi: `lirika _ es aris sakuTar TavSi Sinagani `me~-s emociuri TvaliT xedva da Sinagani `.. sxvai~-s emociuri xmis smena. me vusmen Cems Tavs sxvaSi, sxvebTan erTad da sxvebisTvis... <...> me vpoulob Cem Tavs emo- <...> me vpoulob Cem Tavs emo- ciurad mTrTolvare ucxo xmaSi, ganvasaxovneb/ganvfen Cems Tavs xotbis aRmvlenel ucxo xmaSi, vpoulob masSi sakuTari Sinagani TrTolvisadmi avtoritetul midgomas~ (baxtini 1979: 149). solomon tabucaZe 66 cxadia, sakiTxis amgvari dasmisas mixail baxtini aqcents akeTebs ara pirovnebis masisgan ganuwvaleblobaze an subieqtis obieqtisgan ganusxvave- blobaze, aramed yuradRebas amaxvilebs cnobierebaSi (igulisxmeba esTeti- kuri cnobiereba) subieqturi sinkretizmis fundamentur dafuZnebuloba- ze, `...sxvai~-s `me~-saTvis principul aucileblobasa da saWiroebaze. es aucileblobaa rom badebs da warmoSobs xelovnebas da amave aucileblobis uSualo da TvalsaCino gamovlinebaa qoro. amave dros `avtoris avtorite- ti aris qoros avtoriteti~ (baxtini 1979: 149), romelic, imavdroulad `sxvaTa~ anu gmirTa qorodac gvevlineba. aRsaniSnavia, rom avtor-gmiri baxtinTanac da freidenbergTanac Rmer- Tia, romelic pirdapir da `obieqtobrivad~ ki ar vlindeba, aramed in- tenciis imgvari gansakuTrebuli formiT, uromlisidac avtoroba rogorc aseTi _ SeuZlebelia. baxtini mas uwodebs `cxovrebisgare aqtiur pozi- cias~ da `pirovnuli yofnis esTetikuri gaformebisaTvis aucilebel pi- robas~. mxatvari swored isaa, vinc cxovrebisgarea aqtiuri... igi cxovre- bis Sinamos (Signidan) gamgebi da misi Tanaziari ki araa mxolos, aramed mas igi `undis` iq, sadac cxovreba TavisTvis da TavisTavad arc aris, sadac igi miqceulia Tavis gareT da saWiroebs garemyof aqtivobas. es azri rom ufro naTeli gaxdes, polifoniuri romanis baxtiniseuli Teoria unda gavixsenoT, sadac igi dialoguri sityvis cnebaze saurobs. dialoguri midgoma SesaZlebelia erTeuli movlenisadmic, _ Tuki igi aRiqmeba ara rogorc enis upirovno sityva, aramed rogorc ucxo sazriso- brivi poziciis niSani da ucxo gamonaTqvamis warmomadgeneli, ese igi, Tuki masSi gvesmis ucxo xma. amitom dialoguri urTierTobebi SeiZleba msWva- lavdes mTlianad gamoTqmas (mag., romans) da TviT calkeul gamoTqmasac ki _ Tuki masSi dialogurad ejaxeba ori xma. unda warmovidginoT dialogi, sadac replikebi imgvaradaa gamotovebuli, rom saerTo sazrisi odnavadac ar irRveva da es mianiSnebs, rom meore mosaubre eswreba dauswreblad, uCi- narad; misi sityvebi ar ismis, magram misi naubris nakvalevs gansazRvravs yvela arsebuli sityva pirveli mosaubrisa. Cven vgrZnobT, rom es saubaria da Tanac daZabuli, radgan yoveli sityva mTeli Tavisi arsebiT exmianeba da reagirebs uCinar Tanamosaubreze da yoveli maTgani miuTiTebs da mianiSnebs Tavis gareT arsebulze, Tavisi sazRvrebis miRma (gareT) myof, warmouTqmel ucxo sityvaze. mixail baxtinis mier Camoyalibebuli Tvalsazrisi `sinkretuli~ av- torobis stadiasTan dakavSirebiT, iTvaliswinebs am gansazRvruli formis mTels evolucias. swored am niadagze SeiZleboda aRmocenebuliyo sub- ieqturi mTlianobis/erTianobis gansakuTrebuli saxe, romelmac ar icis diqotomia, `ugrZnobia~ dapirispirebulobaTa mimarT da Tavis TavSi avtori da gmiri istoriuli poetikis WrilSi 67 moicavs garecxovrebasa da aqtivobas. baxtiniseuli avtorobis problemis amgvarad dasma imitom aris produqtiuli, rom mis pirobas mkvlevari pirovnuli sawyisis raodenobriv ganviTarebaSi ki ar xedavs, aramed Rire- bulebrivi piziciis GgansakuTrebuli saxis SeZenaSi. dRes ukve cnobilia, rom avtoroba jer kidev TviTRirebulebrivi pirovnebis fenomenis Camoyalibebamdea warmoqmnili, magram `avtoroba _ sakuTrivi mniSvnelobiT~ dResac pirovnul avtorobad gvesmis da mis up- irveles maxasiaTeblad `SemoqmedebiT iniciativis ganumereblobas~ da `in- dividualur maneras~ miviCnevT. baxtinis Tvalsazrisi gvexmareba da xels gviwyobs imis gagebaSi, Tu ratom arsebobda esTetikurad srulfasovani avtori im kulturebSi, romlebSic pirovneba jer kidev ar iyo sociumi- dan gamoyofili da ar hqonda TviTRirebulebrivi statusi; kulturebSi, romlebSic gamomuSavda esTetikuri poziciis is saxe da sxeuli, romelsac mkvlevari cxovrebis gare aqtivobas (garemyofelobas) uwodebs. amrigad, istoriuli poetikis farglebSi damuSavda is problematika, sadac garkveul iqna, rom avtorisa da gmiris subieqtobrivi sinkretzmi arqaul cnobierebasa da xelovnebaSi dafuZnebulia `me~-sa da `Cemi sxvai~-s specifikur ganuwvaleblobaze. damowmebani: averincevi 1994: .. . wignSi: : - . .: 1994. baxtini 1979: .. ..: 19 freidenbergi 1978: .. . .: 1978 freidenbergi 1997: .. . .: , 1997. elmisamarTi: http://www.infoliolib.info/philol/freidenberg/2_0.html#1 Solomon Tabutsadze Author and Character within the Scope of Historical Poetics Summary The article deals with Mikhail Bakhtins concept of author and character within the scope of historical poetics. Authors and characters interrelation is subjects relation to- wards subject. When Bakhtin singled out the category of dialogue in aesthetic object, he regarded this phenomenon of object not as natural-subjective but as a brand new being- aesthetic formation based on the relation of subjects ego and alter ego, personal and immanent-social, or of author and hero. solomon tabucaZe 68 It is truth universally acknowledged that authorship was formed prior to the establish- ment of the phenomenon of self-valued identity, but authorship-with its own meaning is still understood as personal authorship and we consider uniqueness of creative initiative and individual manner as its primary signs. Afetr analyzing the concept of author-character in the theories of Aleksandr Veselovsky, Olga Freidenberg and Mikhail Bakhtin, we can conclude why there existed aesthetically valuable author in the culture, where the person was not singled out yet and did not have self-valued status. The perception of world by human is principally syncretic and appears while creating image structure of art. Syncretism, as artistic principle, means perception of the world, which includes aesthetic consciousness as well. Creativity does not happen within the boundaries of one consciousness. There are a number of participants in aesthetic event and it is revealed in the form of ego-alter ego author-character. At the early stage of the development of art, when aesthetic consciousness was beginning to awaken and be formed, the author, being in the process of formation, found shelter in others consciousness. Mikhail Bakhtin, who made emphasis on the subject-subjective interrelation in archi- tectonics of aesthetic object, regarded ego-alter ego and not abstract I as the form of real existence. This principle formed basis for his general methodological researches and we should regard scientifc actualization of principle of subjective syncretism as his es- sential discovery. 69 poetikuri praqtikebi Temur kobaxiZe sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hipopota- mi~ da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ eliotis adreuli krebulis, `leqsebi 1920~-is ZiriTadi Taviseburebaa farTod gaazrebuli ironiuli kontrasti, romelic masSi Semavali yvela nawarmoebis mxatvrul qsovils msWvalavs. am krebulze dayrdnobiT, zogi mkvlevari eliots poet-satirikosadac ki miiCnevs, rac Secdomaa `oTxi kvertetis~ avtori satirikosi arasodes yofila. elioti am adreul krebulSic ufro siRrmiseul msoflmxedvelobriv ganzoga-debaTa po- etad, mWvretelobiTi (Tumc ironiuli) muzis msaxurad gvevlineba, vidre satirikosis kalmiT aRWurvil, `mamxilebel~ Semoqmedad. marTalia, saxeTa Zerwvisas is uxvad iyenebs grotesks, zogjer (da ara marto am krebulSi) iseT motivebsac, rac TiTqos socialur satirad aRiqmeba, magram sabo- lood, elioti yovelTvis eliotad rCeba yvela metnaklebad `konkre- tul~ konfliqts is globalur, sayovelTao, maradiul problemaTa planSi ganazogadebs. misi leqsis yovel sityvasa Tu intonacias iseTi siRrmiseu- li da sagangebo mniSvneloba eniWeba, rom sabolood, uSualo-ironiuli efeqtis nacvlad, wina planze rTuli azrobriv-emociuri qveteqstiT dat- virTuli, mravalwaxnagovani mxatvruli struqtura wamoiweva, romlis aR- qmac mxolod satirisa an ironiis niSniT SeuZlebelia. gamonakliss albaT erTaderTi leqsi, `hippopotami~ (1917) Seadgens, romelic naklebadaa gad- atvirTuli asociaciebiT da romlis mZafri ironia uSualod kaTolikur eklesias exeba. `hipopotamis~ ironia da sarkazmi momakvdinebelia, Tumca misi kiTxvisas mxedvelobaSia misaRebi, rom arsebiTad, leqsi arc aTeisturia da arc antire- ligiuri, is antiklerikaluria. unda iTqvas, rom analogiuri ganwyobilebi- Taa aRsavse imave periodSi Seqmnili bevrad ufro rTuli, reminiscenciebiT daxunZluli leqsi `b-n eliotis sakvirao wirvac~, sadac poeti ukve sul sxva, Teologiur siRrmeebs swvdeba. magram Tu `sakvirao wirvaSi~ saxeTa kontrastuloba rTulad aris niuansirebuli da asociaciur narTaulebSi gabneulia, `hipopotamSi~ ironia TvalSi sacemi, xolo satira da groteski Zalze mkafio da konkretulia. leqsSi uxvadaa iumoric _ `cota msubuqi, saxumaro raRac davwereo~ (elioti: 1988, 213), aRniSnavs poeti dedisadmi mi- Temur kobaxiZe 70 weril werilSi, Tumca unda vivaraudoT, rom imJamindeli postviqtorianuli ingliseli mkiTxvelis mier `hipopotamis~ iumori mTlad ase `msubuqad~ ver aRiqmeboda. aSkara komikurobasTan erTad, leqsi aRsavsea gesliani groteskiT, rac viqtorianuli poeziis mSvid da maameblur tradiciebze gazrdili mkiTx- velisaTvis uTuod moulodneli da ucxo iqneboda. miTumetes, rodesac es groteski arc meti, arc naklebi, eklesias Seexeboda. dRes `hipopotami~ aRiqmeba, rogorc maxvilgonivruli, mZafrad iro- niuli leqsi, romlis antiklerikaluri Tematika odnav ucnauri, magram modernistuli poetikis zogad konteqstSi savsebiT moazrebadi formiTaa gadmocemuli. is namdvilad ar warmoadgens aTeistur pampflets, magram aSkaraa, rom eklesias, qristes mistikur sxeuls (corpus Domini nostri) da amqveynad sulieri sawisis gansaxierebas, eliots lamis karikaturuli saxiT warmosaxavs. imave sakvirao wirvisagan gansxvavebiT, `hipopotamSi~ ironiisa da sarkazmis obieqtad Teologiuri doqtrinebi da maTi avtorebi ki ar warmogvidgeba, aramed eklesiis socialuri saxe, sazogadoebaSi misi roli da daniSnuleba. upirveles yovlisa, poetis ironia exeba eklesias, rogorc socialur instituts. amgvari `socilogizmi~ eliotis poeziaSi iSviaTia da `hipopotami~ am mxrivac erTgvar gamonaklisad aRiqmeba. aq Tavs iCens kaTolikuri eklesiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli axalgazrda eliotis Sinagani protestic (WeSmariti eklesia, the True Church teqstSi mTavruli asoebiT aris gamoyofili, rac kaTolikur tradicias Seesabameba da ara anglikanurs, an protestantuls (sauTemi 1994: 107)). leqsis mTlian konteqstSi usazRvrod ironiuliulad JRers epi- grafi, romelic wm. egnate antioqielis epistoles fragments warmoad- gens. es fragmenti dedanSic gamorCeulad RvTismsaxurebs exeba (is mrev- lis erTgvari darigebaa imis Taobaze, Tu ra mowiwebiT unda moepyran isini mRvdlebs), Tumca rogorc eliotis epigrafi, is sruliad sapirispiro suliskveTebas gamoxatavs: `Sesabamisad, yvelam Tayvani eciT diakvnebs iseve, rogorc Tayvans scemT ieso qristes, radgan episkoposi uflis saxea, xolo mRvdlebi ki RvTis sakrebulo da mociqulTa dasi. amaT gareSe saxelwodba `eklesia~ ar dairqmeva. me darwmunebuli var, rom Tqvenc ase fiqrobT~. saqmec is aris, rom `hipopotamis~ gamomsaxvelobiT saSualebeTa mTeli erToblioba swored imis gamoxatvisaken aris mimarTuli, rom misi avtori sul sxvanairad `fiqrobs~. aseve ironiulia da konteqstualurad sruli- ad saxeSecvlili mociqul pavles epistoles fragmentic (kolaselTa mi- marT 4: 16), romelic leqss meore epigrafad aqvs wamZRvarebuli: `roca am werils waikiTxaven TqvenTan, ise moiqeciT, rom lavdikielTa eklesiaSic waikiTxon, [xolo romelic lavdikielTaTvisaa gagzavnili, Tqvenc wai- kiTxeT.]~, rac imis miniSnebaa, rom Tumca leqsi kaTolikur samRvdeloebas sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hipopotami~ da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ 71 exeba, asebiTad is anglikanur samRvdeloebasac gulisxmobs. lavdikielTa eklesia ki swored is `nel-tfili~, anu moraluri saxis armqone eklesiaa, romlis Sesaxebac qriste ambobs ioanes gamocxadebaSi: `vicni saqmeni Senni, rameTu arca grili xar, arca tfili. jer-iyo, raTamca, anu grili iyav, anu tfili. aramed esreT nel-tfili xar da arca grili, arca tfili. meg- ulebis aRmogdeba Seni pirisagan Cemisa~ (3:15-16). anu arsebiTad, qriste lavdikielTa eklesias swored zneobriv faseulobaTa degradaciaSi sdebs brals da monaniebisaken mouwodebs. Tematurad, leqsi sakmaod martivia: is warmoadgens hipopotamisa da eklesiis gavrcobil Sedarebas, sadac pozitiuri datvirTva mTlianad hipo- gavrcobil Sedarebas, sadac pozitiuri datvirTva mTlianad hipo- gavrcobil Sedarebas, sadac pozitiuri datvirTva mTlianad hipo- Sedarebas, sadac pozitiuri datvirTva mTlianad hipo- Sedarebas, sadac pozitiuri datvirTva mTlianad hipo- , sadac pozitiuri datvirTva mTlianad hipo- sadac pozitiuri datvirTva mTlianad hipo- pozitiuri datvirTva mTlianad hipo- pozitiuri datvirTva mTlianad hipo- datvirTva mTlianad hipo- datvirTva mTlianad hipo- mTlianad hipo- mTlianad hipo- potamis saxezea gadatanili. uwyinari cxoveli zantad isvenebs wumpeSi, is, rogorc yvela RvTisgan Seqmnili arseba, mxolod sisxli da xorcia, `dune da xrwnadi~. eklesia ki, amasoflad zeciuri sasufevlis simbolo, sali kldesaviT mtkicea, rameTu mas swored `kldeSi gaudgams fuZe~ (saxarebis ironiuli reminiscenciaa: `da me geubnebi Sen, rom: Sen xar petre, da am kldeze avaSeneb Cems eklesias~. maTe, 16:18).
zurgganieri hipopotami talaxSi wevs da isvenebs zantad TiTqos mkvrivia imisi tani, ra aris sisxlis da xorcis garda. sisxli da xorci dune da xrwnadi mgrZnobiarea da Soks ver uZlebs; uflis taZari awvdila camdis radganac kldeSi gaudgams fuZe. (aq da Semdgom medea zaaliSvilis Targmani) eklesiis usazRvro SesaZleblobebisa da misi yovlismomcveli TviTk- mayofilebis fonze hipopotami umweo da daucvelia; misTvis yoveldRiuri sazrdos Sovnac problemaa, is mangosac ki ver swvdeba xeze. eklesias ki Soreuli qveynebidan atmebiT da broweulebiT amarageben da is isea gam- sunagebuli, rom ukve ZilSic Seeqceva sakvebs. gulubryvilo hipopotams mxolod dawyvilebis Jams Tu aRmoxdeba ucnauri `modulaciebi~, Cven ki yovel kviras vismenT, Tu rogor zeimobs eklesia RmerTTan uryev kavSirs: At mating time the hippos voice Betrays infexions hoarse and odd, But every week we hear rejoice The Church, at being one with God. Temur kobaxiZe 72 The hippopotamuss day Is passed in sleep; at night he hunts; God works in a mysterious way -- The Church can sleep and feed at once hipopotami sinaTles dRisas ZilSi atarebs; sazrdoobs RamiT, idumalia gangeba RvTisa mis taZars ZilSic mada aqvs Wamis ironia aq `solomonis qebaTa qebis~ faruli reminiscenciiTac gamoix- ateba: hipopotams swored Sewyvilebis sezonSi aRmoxdeba xolme Tavisi `modulaciebi~, eklesia ki (`qebaTa qebis~ tradiciuli interpretaciis Tanaxmad, igive `qristes sasZlo~), sistematurad zeimobs RmerTTan Tavis erTobasa da uryev kavSirs. leqsis finalSi hipopotami, kaTolike wmindanis msgavsad, zecas amaRldeba da apoTeozs aRwevs, mas angelozebi osanas uga- loben, xolo eklesia ki qvemoT rCeba, `momwamvlel burusSi gaxveuli~. eliotis ramdenime sxva leqsis msgavsad, `hipopotamic~ Seiqmna, rogorc teofil goties (1811-1875) xsovnisadmi erTgvari saxumaro `miZRvna~. axalgazr- da eliots izidavda frangi poetis martivi leqsTwyoba (tradiciuli sazomiT gamarTuli, gariTmuli strofebi) da man, ezra paundis rCeviT, Seqmna goties erTgvari `mibaZvebi~, romlebic mogvianebiT krebulSi Sevida. am mibaZvaTagan yvelaze TvalSisacemi swored `hipopotamia~, radgan is uSualod goties imave saxelwodebis leqss (`LHippopotame~, 1833-38) ukavSirdeba, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom erTi saxaliso detals garda, es msgavseba saTauriTa da leqsTwyobis imi- taciiT amoiwureba. saxaliso detali ki is aris, rom goties msgavsad, romel- ic Tavis leqsSi sakuTar Tavs hipopotams adarebs (Je suis comme lhippopotame), eliotsac mohyavs faruli asociacia, romelic missa da hipopotamis ironiul Sedarebas Seicavs. Tu neoromantikosi gotie epataJs iwvevda frang mkiTxvelSi hipopotamTan Sedarebis uSualo delkarirebiT, eliots, imJamad loidis bankis rigiT klerks, leqsSi luis kerolis (1832-1892) `giJimebaRis simReris~ aso- ciacia Seaqvs, sadac swored bankis klerkia gaigivebuli hipopotamTan:
He thought he saw a Bankers Clerk Descending from the bus: He looked again, and found it was A Hippopotamus. `If this should stay to dine, he said There wont be much for us!~ sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hipopotami~ da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ 73 es axalgazrda poetis erTgvari Rimiliani `mokiTxvaa~, romelsac is wina saukunis poeziis metrs, `emalebisa da kameebis~ avtors, parnasel teofil goties ugzavnis. cxadia, avangardisa da postmodernis eqscentrikiT ganebivrebul dRevandel inteleqtuals eliotis uCveulo Sedarebebi naklebad gaak- virvebs, magram leqsis dakvirvebuli aRqmisas TviT yvelaze momTxovn mkiTxvels nawarmoebis sruliad moulodneli gancdiT-inteleqtulari siRrme warmoudgeba Tvalwin. erTi SexedviT sakmaod martivi `hipopota- mi~ ramdenime bibliuri da literaturuli reminiscenciis garda, Zmebi hubert da ian van eikebis mier Seqmnili gentis cnobili sakurTxevlis (`mistikuri kravis Tayvaniscema~ (1427-1428)), metad mniSvnelovan fer- werul asociaciasac Seicavs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sxva yvelaferTan er- Tad, `hipopotami~ Crdilouri renesansis am yvelaze cnobili ferweru- li nawarmoebis erTgvar parodiasac warmoadgens. cnobilia, rom gentis sakurTxeveli ioanes saxarebisa da apokalifsisis (ioanes gamocxadebis) Tavisufali ferweruli interpretaciaa, xolo ioanes gamocxadeba ki (iseve, rogorc saxareba) Tavis mxriv, eliotis `hipopotamis~ erT-erT asociaciur fons Seadgens.. jeimz mileris cnobiT (mileri 2007: 192-193), pirveli msoflio omis dawye- bis win poetma moinaxula genti da belgiis sxva, didi mxatvruli tradicie- biT cnobili qalaqebi. `flandria... unikaluria da misi ferweruli tiloebi gansacvifrebeli, _ werda aRtacebuli poeti konrad eikens, maTgan mxolod erTia genialuri, gentSi (xazi Cemia T.k.), magram mTeli ganZia brugeSi, antvepenSi, briuselSi. memlingi, van eiki metsiu, broigeli, rubensi es yve- laferi saswaulia~ (elioti 1988: 42). rogorc Cans, gentis sakurTxevels po- etze didi STabeWdileba mouxdenia, radgan leqsSi uxvadaa gabneuli masTan dakavSirebuli asociaciuri detalebi. hipopotami swroed kravis sisxliT ganibaneba `TovliviT TeTrad~, mas `yvela wamebuli qalwuli eamboreba~, is Cans wmindanTa garemocvaSic, sadac `oqros qnarze ukravs~. angelozTa gundi mas `hosanas ugalobs~, xolo rodesac is `frTebs gamoibams~ da zecad am- aRldeba, mama RmerTis `zeciurni mklavni~ swored mas moexvevian:
I saw the potamus take wing Ascending from the damp savannas, And quiring angels round him sing The praise of God, in loud hosannas. Blood of the Lamb shall wash him clean And him shall heavenly arms enfold, Temur kobaxiZe 74 Among the saints he shall be seen Performing on a harp of gold. He shall be washed as white as snow, By all the martyrd virgins kist
yvela am poeturi saxisa Tu detalis vizualuri analogebi aRbeWdilia gentis sakurTxevelze (Smidti 2001: 31). gansakuTrebiT saxieria wamebul qalwulTa dasi, swored is wamebuli qalwulebi, eliotis leqsSi hipopot- ams rom eamborebian. centraluri panelis xelmarcxniv gamosaxulia wmind- anebad Seracxul religiur moRvaweTa (romis papebi, kardinalebi, episko- posebi, diakvnebi) gundi, anu Tavad eklesia, romelic Seadgens eliotis ironiis ZiriTad obieqts. mTavari panelis centrSi gamosaxulia kravi, romelsac gulidan sisxli sdis xsnis simbolo da swored is sisxli, romliTac eliotis hipopotami `ganibaneba~ (`gairecxes TavianTi samosi da gaaspetakes isini kravis sisxliT~ (gamocxadeba, 7_14)). sakurTxevlis zeda panelebi mgalobelsa da orRanze damkvrel angelozTa gunds warmosaxavs. maTgan erT-erTi oqros qnarzec ukravs (eliotTan Performing on a harp of gold). erTi sityviT, leqsSi asociaciurad motanilia mravali ferwer- uli detali, romelic gentis sakurTxevlis sxvadasxva nawils Seesabame- ba, xolod TviT kravi `Canacvlebulia~ hipopotamis groteskuli saxiT. kompoziciurad, sakurTxevlis ferweruli detalebi iseve `gars akravs~ centrSi gamosaxul kravs, rogorc am detalTa amsaxveli asociaciuri po- eturi saxeebi _ eliotis leqsSi warmosaxul hipopotams. interteqstualuri efeqti aq is aris, rom sinTezi, romelic sabolood mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi aRibeWdeba, araerTgvarovan struqturaTa aso- ciaciur sinTezs warmoadgens esaa ferwerisa da poeziis, apologiisa da parodiis, religiuri aRtkinebisa da ironiuli groteskis erTianoba, romelic asociaciur saxeTa sivrceSi gamoixateba. ferweruli tilos nasesxeb detalebs elioti Tavis teqstSi parodiul, groteskul saxee- bad iyenebs. faqtiurad, sakurTxevlis ferwerul asociaciaSi poets `Se- mohyavs~ literturuli saxe hipopotami, romelic, cxadia, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iqceva am `asociaciuri sakurTxevlis~ nawilad, Tu saqme realur sakurTxevels ki ar exeba, aramed eliotis leqsSi mis verbalur ekvivalentebs (parodiul krav _ hipopotams, wamebul qalwulebs, ekle- sias, mgalobel angelozebs, qnarze damkvrelebs da a.S.). Sedegad, eliotis poeziaSi Caxeduli mkiTxvelisaTvis gentis sakurTxevlis aRqmisas, `hipo- potamis~ asociacia TiTqmis iseve `cocxalia~, rogorc ferweris mcodne mkiTxvelisaTvis _ sakurTxevlis asociacia, rodesac is `hipopotams~ sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hipopotami~ da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ 75 kiTxulobs. cnobil niderlandel mkvlevars, r. ingelbiens pirad werilSi aRniSnuli aqvs, rom gentSi, `kravis TayvaniscemiT~ tkbobisas, is eliotis SesaZlebel aluziebze fiqrobda `.... da es gansacvifrebeli iyo... uceb eliotis hipopotamma Semoabija taZarSi~. Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad `amdidrebs~ yovelive es TviT gentis sakurTx- evlis aRqmas, magram faqtia, rom eliotis poeziaSi Caxedul mkiTvels, Zmebi van eikebis Sedevris xilvisas uciloblad gauRvivdeba `hipopotamis~ Rrmad parodiuli, ironiuli ganwyobilebac, rac meoce saukunis modern- izmisa da me-15 saukunis Crdilouri renesansis epoqaTa Soris uSvele- beli kontrastis gamomxatvelia da cxadia, Sesabamis emociasac aRZravs. rogorc TviT elioti aRniSnavs eseSi `ritikis daniSnuleba~, Tanadrouli literatura zustad iseTsave gavlenas axdens warsulis SedevrTa aRqmaze, rogorc warsulis mxatvruli qmnilebebi gansazRvraven literaturis Tan- amedrove saxes (elioti 1861: 23). mTeli am ferwerul-religiuri asociaciuri sirTulis miuxedavad, `hi- popotamSi~ ironiul kontrasts metad uSualo xasiaTi aqvs; aq is nakle- badaa garTulebuli da konkretuli publicisturi miznis Sesabamisad, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, nawarmoebis `zedapirzea~ gadmotanili. Seumzadebel mkiTxvels yvela am asociaciaTa gauTvaliswinebladac SeuZlia aRiqvas leq- sis mZafri ironiuli suliskveTeba. `hipopotamisagan~ gansxvavebiT, eliotis sxva leqsebSi ironia da kontrasti ufro farulia; xSirad es Tvisebebi rTul literaturul da miTologiur reminiscenciaTa gadaxlarTviT mi- iRweva da avtoriseuli poziciac am leqsebSi ufro gaSualebulia, `Zne- lad misagnebia~. aseTi azrobriv-emociuri sirTulis Sesabamisad, gancdiTi efeqtic ufro Rrma xasiaTs iZens, Tumca aRsaqmeladac ufro Zneli xdeba da mkiTxvelisagan safuZvlian momzadebasa da sibejiTes iTxovs. magaliTad, `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ (1918), romelic daaxloebiT `hip- ipotamTan~ erTdrulad Seiqmna, erTi SexedviT, aseve TvalSi sacemi iro- niuli kontrastebisagan Sedgeba. meore mxriv (da rogorc es xSirad xdeba xolme eliotis poeziaSi), leqsis moCvenebiTi simartive SesaZloa gadaulaxav sirTuled warmoudges Seumzadebel mkiTxvels, romelic mis se- riozul aRqma-gaazrebas ganizraxavs. suraTi aqac, rogorc `hipopotamSi~, erTi SexedviT, sakmaod martivia. leqsSi aRwerilia ironiuli kontrasti SemoqmedebiTi Ziebis amaRlebul mniSvnelobasa da zneobrivad nivelirebul yofas Soris. me-17 saukunis ingliseli avtorebis uiliam uebsterisa da jon donis sulieri miswrafebani, maTi survili, amaRldnen empiriul sinamdvileze da zegrZnobad, transcendentur yofierebas eziaron, mZafr ironiul kontrastSia Tanamedrove meZavis, vinme griSkinas portretsa da misi yofis aRwerasTan: Temur kobaxiZe 76 Webster was much possessed by death And saw the skull beneath the skin; And breastless creatures under ground Leaned backward with a lipless grin. Donne, I suppose, was such another Who found no substitute for sense; To seize and clutch and penetrate; Expert beyond experience, uebsters ipyrobda sikvdilze fiqri da kanqveS igi qalas xedavda, xolo miwis qveS umkerdo ConCxebs da utuCebo RreWas cxedarTa.
vfiqrob, rom donic sxva iyo qveynad sxva Zala ver scno gonebis meti Ziebis, povnis, yovlis wvdomisTvis; cdis miRma sferos iyo eqsperti. leqsis saTauri uordsuorTis cnobili odis (Intimations of Immortality~) parodiul miniSnebas Seicavs, rac Tavidanve xazs usvams nawarmoebis sit- uaciisa da problematikis mkveTrad antiromantikul, ironiul-parodiul xasiaTs. `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ isea agebuli, rom ZiriTadi kontrasti Taname- drove meZavsa da warsulis did SemoqmedTa Soris kontrastul saxeTa mTeli ierarqiis TavSia moqceuli. elioti Tavis nawarmoebs or nawilad hyofs da pirveli nawilis xatovanebas meoris saxeebTan mZafr ironiul dapirispire- baSi warmosaxavs. erTi mxriv, `miwis qveS umkerdo ConCxebi~, `utuCebo RreWa cxedarTa~, `TvalTa ukaklo upeebi~ da a. S., xolo meore mxriv
Grishkin is nice: her Russian eye Is underlined for emphasis; Uncorseted, her friendly bust Gives promise of pneumatic bliss.
kargi ram aris griSkina: rusul Tvalebs feradi xaziT gamohyofs da ukorseto, Tbili biustiT moaqvs pnevmatur tkbobis samoTxe. sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hipopotami~ da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ 77 sabolood, saxeTa amgvari kontrastuloba nawarmoebis azrobrivi siste- misaTvis ganmsazRvrel, eTikur planSi gaazrebul dualistur winaaRmde- gobas gulisxmobs doni `cdis miRma mdebare sferoTa eqspertia~, xolo griSkina TviT am `cdismier~ samyaros ganasaxierebs. donis `wmindanTa nawilebSi~ da `saRvTo sonetebSi~ siyvaruli zemateruialur yofierebas erwymis, griSkina ki mdabal instinqtTa mozvavebiT iaguarsa da maimuns aWarbebs. am or situaciaTa Sedareba Zalze axlos dgas idealur da mate- rialur sawyisTa dapirispirebasTan, sagnobrivi realobisa da sulis yofi- erebis dualistur antagonizmTan. aSkaraa, rom tradiciul, religiur- dogmatur sqemas elioti nawarmoebis kompoziciur RerZad iyenebs, daax- loebiT im mxatvrul funqcias aniWebs mas, romelic momdevno nawarmoe- bebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki `unayofo miwaSi~ ukve miToss daekisreba. is, rom elioti mxolod `iyenebs~ am sqemas da ara `swams~ misi, Tundac iqidan Cans, rom ironias is orive mxares erTnairad unawilebs. `ukvdavbis CurCulis~ saintereso Tavisebureba isaa, rom donis sasiyvarulo lirikis nimuSTa msgavsad, aqac poetis subieqtur pozicias, leqsis problematikasTan mis uSualo mimrTebas kontrastuli xatovanebis ironuli Rimili `efareba~. is, rom `uebsters ipyrobda sikvdilze fiqri / da kanqveS igi qa- las xedavda, / xolo miwisqveS umkerdo ConCxebs / da utuCebo Rre- Was cxedarTa~, literaturaTmcodneobaSi miCneulia uebsteris drama- turgiis erT-erT yvelaze Rrma da lakonur daxasiaTebad. miuxedavad imisa, rom es azri poeturi strofis saxiT aris gadmocemuli, is Tavs uyris uebsteris dramaturgiis umTavres Tvisebebs: pirquS fiqrs amao- ebaze, sikvdilze da mis saboloo, naklebadesTetikur, Tumca realursa da saocrad `materialistur~ arsze. `Possessed by death~ (sikvdilze fiqriT Sepryobili) eliotis asociaciur poetikaSi ueWvelad aRiqme- ueWvelad aRiqme- aRiqme- ba, rogorc `obsessed by death~-`sikvdilis akviatebuli azris mqones~ evfemizmi (templini 1997: 140). anu is, rom uebsteri `sivdilze fiqriT iyo Sepyrobili~ faruli ironiis ZaliT imasac niSnavs, rom misTvis `sikvdili akviatebuli azri iyo~. magram skvdili, kvdoma, kvdomis pro- cesi, TviT sityva `to die~, Tavis mxriv, meCvidmete saukunis salitera- turo enaze iseve, rogoc imJamindeli maRali sazogadoebis Jargonze, seqsisa da sakuTriv, orgazmis metafora iyo da misi evfemizmi (mohaksi 1984: 387-412). mas uxvad iyenebdnen poeziaSi, iyenebda jon donic Tavis maxvilgonivrul paradoqsebSi `to die~ misTvisac xSirad ormxrivi konotaciis Semcveli kalamburia (ix. leqsi `kanonizacia~: We can die by it, if not live by love). cxadia, am simbolur-azrobriv konteqstSi imis mtkiceba, rom `uebsters ipyrobda sikvdilze fiqri~, rom is iyo `possessed (obsessed?) by death~, usasrulo ironiiT aris aRsavse, radgan Temur kobaxiZe 78 qveteqsti aq isaa, rom mas swored seqsi hqonda idee fixe-ad qceuli da ara sikvdili. TviT donsac, romelmac `qveynad sxva Zala ver scno gonebis meti~ imis garda, rom `[xeli] CasWidos, waavlos da SeaRwios~ (to seize and clutch and penetrate) elioti orazrovnad axasiaTebs, radga- nac `CaWidva~, `xelis wavleba~ da gansakuTrebiT, `SeRweva~ (penetrate) aSkarad orazrovania da ormxriv konotacias Seicavs, sqesobrivi aqtis gamomxatvel metaforikas warmoadgens. yovel SemTxvevaSi, SemecnebiT, inteleqtualur an SemoqmedebiT process es poeturi fraza naklebad mogvagonebs, an mogvagonebs mxolod Tavis seqsualur konotaciasTan erTad. poetikuri TvalsazrisiT, leqsi isec SeiZleba wavikiTxoT, rogorc eliotis mier `grZnobad-inteleqtualuri aRqmis mTlianobis~ (unifed sensibility) rRvevis kritika. aq is `metafizikosi~ poetebisa da upirve- lesad, TviT donisaTvis damaxasiaTebel grZnobisa da emociis sinTezs upirispirebs Tanamedrove poezias, sadac es sinTezi darRveulia. `rodesac poetis cnobiereba mzad aris samuSaos Sesasruleblad, _ werda elioti eseSei `metafizikosi poetebi~, _ is ganuwyvetliv aerTianebs erTmaneTTan SeuTavebel STabeWdilebebs. Cveulebrivi adamianis STabeWdilebebi qao- turia, mouwesrigebelia, fragmentulia. mas an Seuyvardeba vinme, an is spinozas kiTxulobs da am STabeWdilebebs araferi aqvT saerTo arc erT- maneTTan da arc sabeWdi manqanis xmaurTan, an samzareulodan gamosul saW- mlis sunTan. poetis cnobierebaSi ki es STabeWdilebebi yovelTvis axal mTlianobas hqmnian (elioti 1951: 287). mogvianebiT, Teoriul nawerebSi (A Note on Two Odes of Cowley, 1938) is ukve gansazRvravs am Tvisebas, rogorc metafizikur maxvilgonierebas (wit) da `ukvdavebis CurCulis~ ZiriTa- di, faruli suliskveTebac am `maxvigonivruli~ esTetikuri mTlianobis daSlas-Tan dakavSirebuli erTob ironiuli sinanulia. `metafizikur~ maxvilgonierebas, elioti gansazRvravs, rogorc `az- ris uSalo, grZnobad gancdas, anu azris emociad qcevas~ (elioti 1951: 286). donTan da uebsterTan dakavSirebli xatovanebis ZiriTadi, poeti- kuri aspeqtic swored `azris uSualo, grZnobad gancdas~ gulisxmobs: poeti rTuli, gavrcobili metaforis (e.w. `conceit~) saSualebiT axdens imis demonstracias, Tu rogor SeiZleba azrisa da gancdis sinTezireba. sikvdilis `analitikuri~, pirwmindad inteleqtualuri gageba donTan da uebsterTan imavdroulad aSkara seqsualuri konotacis Seicavs, rac ukve gancdaTa sferos ganekuTvneba: gr.smiti aRniSnavs, rom `leqsi dawerilia seqsze, rogorc sikvdilis gacnobierebis saSualebaze saSualebaze, rom- lis gamoyenebac mxolod mefe iakobis avxorc eopqaSi Tu iqneboda Sesa- Zlebeli~ (smiti 1966: 41). amgvarad, `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ ara mxolod sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hipopotami~ da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ 79 praqtikuli magaliTia me-17 saukunis poetTa `gaerTianebuli mgrZnobelo- bisa~ aramed is erTgvari `receptis~ elementebsac Seicavs imis Taobaze, Tu rogor unda iqnas miRweuli es metad faseuli Tviseba, romelic, rogorc elioti sTvlida, barokos epoqis aqeT, inglisuri poeziisaTvis dakar- gula. `saqme is aris, rom sadRac meCvidmete saukuneSi moxda am grZnobad- inteleqtualuri aRqmis mTlianobis rRveva, rasac mere ukve veRarasodes ver davaRwieT Tavi~ (elioti 1951: 288). sagulisxmoa, rom igive sinTezs Seicavs griSkinTan dakavSirebuli meta- forikac. griSkinis prototipi iyo serJ diagilevis sabaleto dasis wevri, rusi balerina serafima astafieva (1876-1934), romlic sacxovreblad lon- donSi darCa da romelic eliots ezra paundma gaacno im imediT, rom am Sexvedridan leqsi `gamocxveboda~ (TviT paundi orjer sagangebod axsenebs mas Tavis 77-e da 79-e `pizanur kantoebSi~). paundi ar Semcdara da Tumca re- e da 79-e `pizanur kantoebSi~). paundi ar Semcdara da Tumca re- da 79-e `pizanur kantoebSi~). paundi ar Semcdara da Tumca re- da 79-e `pizanur kantoebSi~). paundi ar Semcdara da Tumca re- 79-e `pizanur kantoebSi~). paundi ar Semcdara da Tumca re- -e `pizanur kantoebSi~). paundi ar Semcdara da Tumca re- `pizanur kantoebSi~). paundi ar Semcdara da Tumca re- `pizanur kantoebSi~). paundi ar Semcdara da Tumca re- paundi ar Semcdara da Tumca re- aluri astafieva TiTqmis arafriT ar hgavda griSkins, am Sexvedram, rogorc Cans, biZgi misca `ukvdavebis CurCulis~ Seqmnas. eliotis griSkini mTlianad seqszea `momarTuli~ xelovnebasTan, miTumetes baletTan, an raime saxis sulierebasTan mas araferi akavSirebs da faqtobrivad, misi sagangebod vul- garuli warmosaxva leqsSi sxva araferia, Tu ara meZavis portreti. magram saqme aqac Rrma orazrovbnebaSia, romelsac elioti sityvebis sxva, sim- bolur, farul, an etimologiur mniSvnelobaTa xazgasmiT aRwevs. is `pnev- maturi netareba~, romelic griSkinas mimzidvel biusts, unda vifiqroT, yvela xelgaSlili msurvelisaTvis moaqvs, mTeli groteskul-ironiuli skabrezulobis miuxedavad, agreTve ormag konotacias Seicavs. Tanamedrov mkiTxvelSi pnevmaturi burRis, an CaquCis asociaciis aRmZvreli es sity- va warmoqmnilia ZvelberZnuli `pnevma~-dan, () romelic `sunTqvas~ niSnavs. terminologiurad, Sua saukuneebis RvTismetyvelebam is jer kidev filon aleqsandrielis (Zv.w. 20 ax.w. 40) nawerebidan aitaca da qristian- uli gagebiT `sulis~ aRmniSvnel sityvad aqcia. `pnevmatologia~ dasavlur RvTismetyvelebaSi saerTod, suliwmindas Semswavleli Teologiuri disci- plinaa. ase rom griSkinTan dakavSirebiT, suliereba da inteleqtualizmi zustad isevea miniSnebuli, rogorc uebsterisa da donis sulier miswrafe- bebSi seqsualuri ltolva. gamodis, rom materialuri da sulieri samyaro erTmaneTs mkveTrad upirispirdeba, magram meore mxriv orive erTmaneTis Ca- nasaxs Seicavs, msgavsad Cinuri inis da ianisa. leqsi efuZneba sakmaod rTul, `oTxmag~ metaforas: uebsteris da donis sulier sferoTa eqspertoba iseT- save parodiul-seqsualr konotacias Seicavs, rogorc griSkinas meZavuri momxibvleloba da mTeli misi erTob skabrezuli portreti - parodiul sulierebas. erTi mxriv, leqsSi suli da xorci (mxatvruli Semoqmedeba da meZavis yofa, mTeli misi `saqmianoba~) dapirispirebulia erTmaneTTan, meroe Temur kobaxiZe 80 mxriv erTmaneTisgan ganuyofeli. eliotis usasrulo ironiac swored amaSi gamoixateba: Tu griSkinas moTanTale biusti `pnevmas~, anu sulsa da `sulierebas~ Seicavs, xolo donis da uebsteris amaRlebuli miswrafebebi sqesobriv ltolvasa da `mdabio instinqts~, maSin sadRaa, saerTod, zneo- brivi faseulobebi? sadRaa religia, mxatvruli Semoqmedebs amaRlebuli zeSTagoneba, sadRaa suliereba? cdunebiT aRsavse `abstraqtuli mocemu- lobani~ gars uvlian griSkinis biwier xibls da mxolod `Cevni saZmo-Ra mixoxavs gamxmar neknebze~, rom `Tbilad Segvinaxos~ Cvenive metafizika: And even the Abstract Entities Circumambulate her charm; But our lot crawls between dry ribs To keep our metaphysics warm. simbolur-azrobrivi datvirTvis sawyisiTa Ziebas aq metad Sors mivye- varT parodiuli froidistuli narTaulebidan (mxatvruli Semoqmedebis seqsualuri determinirebuloba), TviT imis mtkicebamde, rom erTi SexedviT dapirispirebuli sawyisebi arsebiTad erTi da igivea, an erTmaneTis `sarCu- lia~. faqtia, rom am gziT elioti ironiulad `auqmebs~ sulisa da xorcis tradiciul diqotomias da sulier faseulobaTa TavisTavadobasTan, maT avtonomiurobasTan dakavSirebiT Rrma skefsiss gamoxatavs. parodiuli erosi (griSkina, rogorc siZvis `qurumi~) da parodiuli tanatosi (ueb- steris `micvalebulTa xatovaneba~) faqtobrivad, erTi da igivea orive parodiaa. faseulobebi nivelirebulia, magram es dRes da guSin ki ar momx- dara, ase iyo ukve donis da uebsteris droidn. elioti erTmaneTs ki ar upirispirbs epoqebs, aramed maT arsebiT identurobaze pesimisturi daskv- na gamoaqvs. radganac es pesimizmi usazRvrod ironiulia, sarkastulic ki, leqsis aRqmisas xSirad iqmneba `TamaSis~, avtoriseuli `araseriozulo- bis~ zedapiruli STabeWdileba, romelic ifanteba am Rrmad seriozuli nawarmoebis siRrmiseuli gansjisas. arsebiTad, es swored is `amaRlebuli seriozulobaa~, romelzedac Tavis droze wrda didi kritikosi meTiu ar- noldi da romelsac, maxvilgo-nierebasTan erTad, qlinT bruqsma Tavis cnobil wignSi mTeli Tavi miuZRvna (bruqsi 1939: 18-38). eliotis, iseve, rogorc Tavis droze donis, `metafizikuri~ ironia im skefsiss gamoxatavs, romliTac es krizisuli xanis Semoqmedebi xSirad ekidebodnen sinamdviles. skefsisi da is Rrma pesimizmi, romelTa saboloo daZlevac eliotma mxolod mogvianebiT, religiur faseulobaTa aRiare- bis gziT SesZlo, misi adreuli poeziisaTvis sakmaod damaxasiaaTebelia. meore mxriv, Znelia eliots, Tundac adreuls, Tanmimdevruli skeptikosi sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hipopotami~ da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ 81 uwodoT es misi poeziis erT-erTi Strixi, an ufro erT-erTi xerxia Semoq- medebiTi gzis dasawyisSi. rogorc `hipopotami~, ise `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ pirveli msoflio omis wlebSi Seiqmna, gaCaRebuli brZolebis dros da es niSandoblivia. gasuli saukunis damdegi da ociani wlebi xom is dro iyo, rodesac bevri didi Semoqmedi Zalze mtkivneulad aRiqvamda kacobriobis istoriis erTi udidesi periodis epilogs. sruldeboda renesansuli hu- manizmisa da misi memkvidre ganmanaTleblobis, Semdeg _ romantizmis ide- alTa daqveiTebisa da saboloo degradaciis xangrZlivi procesi. warsuls Cabarda `viqtorias epoqac~ - klasikuri britanuli liberalizmisa da `sazogadoebrivi harmoniis~ xana. mxatvrul literaturaSi kars iyo mom- dgari `unayofo miwis~, `kacis fitulebis~, joisis `ulises~ da kafkas `procesis~ epoqa. evropul mxatvrul azrovnebaSi optimistur, liber- alur-humanistur warmodgenebs masoflmxed-velobrivi Cixis gamZafrebu- li gancda Caenacvla. damowmebani: bruqsi 1939: Brooks Cl, Modern Poetry and the tradition. Chapel Hill NC: Crolina UP, 1939 elioti 1951: Eliot T. S. Selected Essays. London: Faber & Faber, 1951. elioti 1988: Eliot T. S. The Letters of T. S. Eliot. Ed. by Valerie Eliot. Vol. I, London: Har- court Brce Jovannovich, 1988. mileri 2007: Miller J. E. T.S.Eliot: The Making of an American Poet, 1888-1922. Pennsylva- nia State UP, 2007. mohaksi 1984: Mohacsy Il. The Legend of the Unicorn: An Illumination of the Maternal Split. Journal of American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry, (1984). sauTemi 1984: Southam B. C. A Guide to the Selected Poems of T. S. Eliot. London: Harcourt Brace & Co, 1994. smiti 1966: Smith Gr. T. S. Eliots Poetry and Plays. A Study in Sources and Meaning. Chi- cago: Chicago UP, 1966 . templini 1997: Tamplin R. A Preface to T. S. Eliot. London: Longman, 1997. Smidti 2001: Schmidt P. The Ghent Altarpiece. Ghent, Amsterdam: Ludion, 2001. (?)12: Likewise, in sixteenth- to eighteenth-century England, to die was a euphe- mism for orgasm. Temur kobaxiZe 82 Temur Kobakhidze Dichotomy of Body and Soul: T.S.Eliots The Hippopotamus and Whispers of Immortality Summary Whispers of Immortality and The Hippopotamus were composed in the middle of the World War 2, while Eliot stayed in London. Sharp ironical, grotesque imagery and even caricature are characteristic of both poems as is their rich allusiveness. They share much of their subject-matter and the theme, although that is hardly recognizable on the surface. Each in its own way, they both deal with the dichotomy of body and soul, the subject that would have been obviously religious had not Eliot regarded it with a great deal of ironic distance and skepticism of an erudite poet-analyst, and by no means with reverence of a devotional poet. Within the basic antithesis of The Hippopotamus, that of the hippopotamus and the True Church, smaller antitheses are developed by the major opposites. For example, the hippopotamus seems frm but is frail, while the True Church presents no such opposi- tion; yet this antithesis proves to be truer of the church. The mysterious way in which God works, gives us not only the satiric wonder of the sleeping church but also the sympathetic wonder of the limited hippopotamus taking wing and ascending to heaven. Striking similarities between the poem and Jan van Eycks Ghent Altarpiece (Adoration of the Mystic Lamb) prove that part of Eliots design was to draw a parody analogy with this world famous piece of painting by borrowing from it some of the crucial imagery for his poem. All those quiring angels and martyrd virgins, by whom the hippopotamus shall be kist, the harp of gold, on which the hippopotamus performs, blood of the Lamb, by which he will be cleaned, and the True Church itself, personifed by a group of high ranked clerics in papal tiaras, etc. are depicted in van Eyck altarpiece, which is commonly considered to be one of the most important masterpieces of the 16th century Northern Renaissance painting. Behind all the external irony and grotesque, Eliots poem can doubtlessly be perceived as an inter textual context, where by means of a parallel extra textual associations, the motif of the Ghent Altarpiece is explicitly recognized. Par- ody of the Ghent Altarpiece in The Hippopotamus can be identifed as part of the main current in Modernist aesthetics and its ideology, which repudiated root and branch the Renaissance values together with what was called humanitarianism in T.S.Eliots time. The attention, however, is drawn to what we now call the period of relative decline of the High Renaissance values, and the introduction of Mannerism and Baroque, strongly exemplifed by the 17th century metaphysical poetry and the Jacobean drama. Whispers of Immortality makes the use of both bodily lust and spiritual aspirations just like The Hippopotamus refers to The Adoration of the Mystic Lamb in its imagery. In sulisa da xorcis diqotomia: tomas eliotis `hipopotami~ da `ukvdavebis CurCuli~ 83 fact, both Webster and Donne are possessed by death and see the skull beneath the skin, but ironically, in Eliots system of values, possessed is quite naturally perceived as ob- sessed, and obsession by death acquires a highly dubious meaning. In the 17th century lyr- ics, as well as in the high society jargon of the time to die often constituted an euphemism for sexual climax (Cf. Donnes Canonization: We can die by it, if not live by love), the ironic innuendo here doubtless being that Webster appears to be sex-obsessed. Donns spiritual exercises too, especially his aptness to seize, and clutch, and penetrate, bear strong resemblance to a sexual contact, being in fact, its metaphorical description. It is obvious that the soul and body are merged in both Donne and Webster, as are their spir- itual intentions and the underlying ironic sexuality. Poetically, this also is a metaphysical poem, exemplifying Eliots thesis of dissociation of sensibility, which took place by the end of the 17th century and from which we never recovered. At a frst glance, the Elizabethan and Jacobean authors are taken against moderns. In contrast to the spiritual aspirations of Donne and Webster, we are much possessed by Grishkin , no breastless creature, but giving promise of pneumotic bliss. Alien, overwhelming animal, and rank, the fesh now dominates man. Unlike Webster or Donne, we have to separate thought and sense, otherwise living sense will conquer our feeble metaphysics: But our lot crawls between dry ribs To keep our metaphysics warm. Grishkin (whose prototype has been a Russian ballet girl Serafma Astafeva of Diaghi- levs company, who stayed in London after Diaghilev had left) with her friendly bust, which gives pneumotic bliss seem to represent the fesh per se, the body as opposed to soul, and so it does at a frst galnce. But the latent meaning of Eliots phrasing goes much deeper and reveals an absolutely different and even paradoxical attitude. Pneuma (the of pneumotic bliss) is the Greek word for breath but the Christian tradition start- ing with Philon of Alexandria, has attributed to it the meaning of soul. In fact, pneuma- tology is a discipline in Western theology, which is dedicated to the studies of the Holy Spirit. It seems quite obvious, that just like the metaphysical and highly spiritual striving of Donne and Webster have a strong sexually determined underfow, Grishkins uncorseted and friendly bust contains pneuma, and hence the most exceptional spirituality, associated with the Holy Spirit. In fact, in Whispers of Immortality the dichotomy of body and soul is canceled, and the cancellation represented with bitter irony if not sarcasm. Body and soul coexist, if not in harmony, but for Eliot of the 1910s, they serve as each others manifesta- tions. Death is not a spiritual, but a biological matter marked with strong sexual implica- tions, and life is lust personifed in Grishkin, who is a carrier of pneumatic spirituality. Eliots metaphysical irony is part of general skepticism refected in his early poetry, the quality reaching its climax in The Hollow Men, where there is no room even for irony Temur kobaxiZe 84 anymore. The turn of the century and the 1910s were the time when many distinguished men of letters reacted most painfully to the end of one of the longest and most productive periods in Western cultural history. World War II and its consequences exemplifed to them the end of the long Renaissance history, succeeded by the Age of Reason and Romanticism. In European minds, the culture of Victorian era, known for its show-off social harmony and hypocrite morals was also coming to an end. Upcoming was the composition of The Waste Land and The Hollow Men, of Joyces Ulysses and Kafkas The Trial. The West- ern creative thought was dominated with the sensation of an overwhelming cultural and psychological deadlock and the premonition of crisis. 85 literaturaTmcodneobis qrestomaTia mixail baxtini karnavalizebuli literatura karnavalis (sxvadasxvagvar dResaswaulTa da karnavaluri tipis wes- CveulebaTa da formaTa erTobliobis gagebiT), misi arsis, pirvelyofil sazogadoebasa da adamianis pirvelyofil azrovnebaSi misi Rrma fesvebis, klasobriv sazogadoebaSi misi ganviTarebis, iSviaTi sicocxlisunari- anobisa da waruSleli xiblis problema kulturis istoriis erT-erTi urTulesi da usainteresoesi sakiTxTagania. safuZvlianad mas aq, cxadia, ver ganvixilavT. aq Cven karnavalizebis, anu literaturaze, Tanac mis Jan- rul mxareze karnavalis zemoqmedebis problema gvainteresebs. TviTon karnavali (vimeorebT: karnavaluri tipis yvelanair dResaswaulTa er- Tobliobis azriT), cxadia, ar aris literaturuli movlena. igi sawesCveulebo xasiaTis sinkretuli sanaxaobrivi formaa. es aris Zalian rTuli, mravalmxrivi forma, romelic epoqebis, erebisa da sxvadasxva dResaswaulebis Sesabamisad, saerTo karnavalur safuZvelTan erTad, sxvadasxva nairsaxeobiTa da elferiT xasiaTdeba. karnavalma simbolur cxadad xelSesaxeb formaTa ena SeimuSava, didi da rTuli masobrivi msvlelobebiT dawyebuli da calkeuli karnavaluri JestebiT damTavrebuli. es ena diferencirebulad, SeiZleba iTqvas, danawevrebu- lad (nebismieri enis msgavsad) erTian (magram rTul) karnavalur msoflgancdas gamoxatavda, romliTac gamsWvaluli iyo yvela misi forma. SeuZlebelia am enis ramdenadme srulad da adekvaturad gadatana sityvierebis enaze, miT umetes _ ganyenebul cnebaTa enaze, magram igi eqvemdebareba konkretul-grZnobadi niSniT masTan naTesaur kavSirSi myofi mxatvruli saxeebis, anu literaturis enaze gadatanas. karnavalis gadatanas literaturis enaze Cven mis karnavalizebas vu- wodebT. am transportirebis TvalsazrisiT, qvemoT karnavalis calkeul momen- tebsa da Taviseburebebs gamovyofT da ganvixilavT. karnavali aris sanaxaoba rampisa da Semsruleblebad da mayureblebad dayofis gareSe. karnavalSi yvela uSualo monawilea, karnavaluri qmede- bis Tanaziaria. karnavals ar ucqeren da, mkacrad rom vTqvaT, mis gaTama- Sebas ki ar axdenen, aramed cxovroben masSi, cxovroben misi kanonebiT, vidre es kanonebi moqmedeben, anu karnavalur cxovrebas ewevian. TviTon karnavaluri cxovreba aris iseTi cxovreba, romelic amogdebulia Cveu- lebrivi kalapotidan, anu erTgvari `ukuRma cxovrebaa~, `gadmobrunebuli samyaroa~ (`monde lenvers~). mixail baxtini 86 karnavalis dros uqmdeba wesebi, akrZalvebi da SezRudvebi, romlebic Cveulebrivi, anu arakarnavaluri cxovrebis dinebasa da wyobas gansaz- vraven; upirvelesad uqmdeba ierarqiuli wyoba da masTan dakavSirebuli SiSis, mokrZalebis, pietetis, eTiketis da a.S. formebi, anu yovelive is, rasac adamianTa socialur-ierarqiuli da yvela sxvagvari (maT Soris asakobrivi) uTanasworoba ganapirobebs. uqmdeba yovelgvari distancia adamianebs Soris da ZalaSi Sedis gansakuTrebuli karnavaluri kategoria _ laRi familaruli kontaqti adamianebs Soris. es aris karnavaluri mso- flgancdis Zalian mniSvnelovani momenti. adamianebi, romlebic cxovre- baSi Seuvali ierarqiuli barierebiT arian dayofilni, karnavalur moe- danze erTmaneTTan Tavisufal familarul kavSirs amyareben. familaruli kavSiris es kategoria rogorc masobriv qmedebaTa organizaciis xasiaTs, aseve Tavisufal karnavalur Jestikulaciasa da gulwrfel karnavalur si- tyvas gansazRvravs. karnavalSi konkretul-emociuri da naxevrad realuri da naxevrad gaTa- maSebuli formiT adamianis adamianTan urTierTobaTa axali modusi yalib- deba, romelic arakarnavaluri cxovrebis umZlavres socialur-ierarqiul urTierTobebs upirispirdeba. adamianis qceva, Jesti da sityva Tavisufl- deba yovelgvari ierarqiuli mdgomareobis (wodebis, Tanamdebobis, asakis, qonebrivi mdgomareobis) Zalisagan, romelic mTlianad ganapirobebda maT xasiaTs arakarnavalur cxovrebaSi, da amitomac isini, Cveulebrivi arakar- navaluri cxovrebisaTvis logikis TvalsazrisiT, eqscentruli, Seusabamo xdebian. eqscentruloba karnavaluri msoflgancdis gansakuTrebuli kat- egoriaa, romelic organulad aris dakavSirebuli familaruli kontaqtis kategoriasTan; igi adamianis bunebis faruli Sreebis gamoxatvisa da gamov- lenis saSualebas iZleva. familarulobasTan aris dakavSirebuli karnavaluri msoflgancdis me- same kategoriac _ karnavaluri mezalansebi. laRi familaruli damok- idebuleba yvelaferze vrceldeba: yvela Rirebulebaze, azrze, movlenasa da saganze. karnavaluri kontaqti da SeTavseba myardeba yvelafers Soris, rac arakarnavaluri ierarqiuli msoflgancdiT daxSuli, Caketili, gan- calkevebuli da erTamaneTisagan dacilebuli iyo. karnavali aaxlovebs, aerTianebs, SeauRlebs da SeaTavsebs wmindas profanulTan, maRals dabal- Tan, diads mdaresTan, brZnuls sulelurTan da a.S. amasTan aris dakavSirebuli meoTxe karnavaluri kategoriac _ profa- nacia: karnavaluri mkrexelobani, karnavalur damdablebaTa da damiwebaTa mTeli sistema, miwisa da sxeulis mwarmoeblur ZalebTan dakavSirebuli karnavaluri uxamsobani, karnavaluri parodiebi wminda teqstebsa da gamonaTqvamebze da a.S. [...] karnavalizebuli literatura 87 es karnavaluri kategoriebi da upirvelesad _ adamianisa da qveyniere- bis laRi familarizebis kategoria, aTaswleulebis manZilze litera- turaSi, gansakuTrebiT _ prozauli romanis dialogur xazSi gadadioda. familarizeba xels uwyobda epikuri da tragikuli distanciis rRvevas da asaxvis yvela sagnis gadatanas familaruli kontaqtis zonaSi; igi arsebi- Tad vlindeboda siuJetisa da siuJetur viTarebaTa organizaciaSi, gana- pirobebda avtoris poziciis gansakuTrebul familarul damokidebulebas gmirebisadmi (rac SeuZlebelia maRal JanrebSi), nergavda mezalansebisa da maprofanirebel damdablebaTa logikas da bolos _ udides gardamqnel zegavlenas axdenda literaturis Tavad sityvier stilze. [...] mTavari karnavaluri qmedeba aris karnavaluri xelmwifis gamasxreba, misi Semkoba da ganmkoba. [...] mefis gvirgviniT Semkobasa da mis mocilebaSi ganfenilia karnavaluri msoflgancdis TviT birTvi _ cvlilebaTa da gardaqmnaTa, sikvdilisa da ganaxlebis paTosi. karnavali yovlis momspobi da yovlis ganmaxlebeli drois zeimia [...] Semkoba-ganmkoba ormxrivi ambivalenturi wes-Cveulebaa, romelic gamoxatavs cvla-ganaxlebis garduvalobasa da amavdroulad _ mis cxovelmyofelobas, yovelgvari wyobisa da wesrigis, yovelgvari Zalauflebisa da yovelgvari mdgomareobis (ierarqiulis) mxiarul far- dobiTobas. Semkoba imTaviTve gulisxmobs Semdgom ganmkobas: igi Tavidanve ambivalenturia. mimdinareobs namdvili xelmwifis _ misi monis an masxaris Semkoba, da amiT xdeba gadmotrialebuli karnavaluri samyaros gaxsna da sakralizeba. Semkobis wes-CveulebaSi ceremonialis yvela momenti, Zalau- flebis simboloebi, romlebic Sesamkobels gadaecema, is samosi, romli- Tac igi imoseba, ambivalenturi xdeba, mxiaruli fardobiTobis xasiaTs iZens, TiTqmis butaforuli xdeba (magram es sawesCveulebo butaforiaa); maTi simboluri mniSvneloba orplanianobas iZens (rogorc Zalauflebis realuri simboloebi, anu arakarnavalur samyaroSi isini erTplanianebi, absoluturebi, damZimebuli da monoliTurad seriozuli arian). dagvir- gvinebaSi imTaviTve gamosWvivis gangvirgvineba. aseTia yvela karnavaluri simbolo: isini yovelTvis Seicaven uaryofis (sikvdilis) perspeqtivas an piriqiT. dabadeba moaswavebs sikvdils, sikvdili _ axal dabadebas. kar- navali arafris absolutizebas ar axdens, igi yvelafris fardobas iu- wyeba. [...] karnavalisaTvis ucxoa rogorc absoluturi uaryofa, aseve absoluturi mtkiceba. metic, swored gangvirgvinebis wes-CveulebaSi gansakuTrebiT cxadad Canda cvlisa da ganaxlebis paTosi, aRmaSenebeli sikvdilis saxe. amitomac literaturaSi yvelaze xSirad gangvirgvinebis wes-Cveuleba gadmohqondaT. magram, vimeorebT, Semkoba-ganmkoba ganuyofe- lia, isini orbunebovani arian da erTmaneTSi gadadian; absolutur gan- mixail baxtini 88 calkevebisas mTlianad ikargeba maTi karnavaluri azri. [...] dagvirgvineba- gangvirgvinebis wes-Cveulebam didi zegavlena iqonia literaturul-mxat- vrul azrovnebaze. man ganapiroba mxatvruli saxeebisa da mTlianad nawar- moebebis agebis gansakuTrebuli ganmagvirgvinebeli saxeoba, Tanac iseTi, rodesac gangvirgvineba arsebiTad ambivalenturi da orplaniania. magram Tu gangvirgvinebis saxeebSi karnavaluri ambivalenturoba ikargeboda, ma- Sin aseTi saxeebi knindebodnen, uaryofiTi gangvirgvinebis wminda moralur Tu socialur-politikuri xasiaTs iZendnen, erTplaniani xdebodnen, hkar- gavdnen TavianT mxatvrulobas da liton publicistikas emsgavsebodnen. erTxel kidev unda SevexoT karnavaluri saxeebis ambivalentur bunebas. karnavalis yvela saxe ormxrivia, TavianT TavSi cvlisa da krizisis orive poluss aerTianebs: dabadebasa da sikvdils (orsuli sikvdilis saxe), kurTxevas da wyevlas (damlocveli karnavaluri wyevlebi sikvdilisa da aRdgomis erTdrouli surviliT), qebasa da lanZRvas, siymawvilesa da si- beres, qvenasa da zenas, winasa da ukanas, sicruesa da sibrZnes. karnavaluri azrovnebisaTvis uaRresad damaxasiaTebelia wyvili saxeebi, romlebic kontrastis (maRali _ dabali, msuqani _ gamxdari da a. S.) da msgavsebis niSniT (oreulebi _ wyvilebi) arian SerCeulni. damaxasiaTebelia agreTve sagnebis piruku gamoyeneba: samosis ukuRma (an piruku) Cacma, magaliTad, Sarvali _ Tavze, WurWeli _ qudis nacvlad, saojaxo nivTebis iaraRad gamoyeneba da a.S.yovelive es eqscentriulobis karnavaluri kategoriis gamovlinebaa, sayovelTaod miRebulisa da aRiarebulis darRveva da Cveu- lebrivi kalapotidan amovardnili cxovrebaa. karnavalSi uaRresad ambivalenturia cecxlis saxe. es iseTi cecxlia, romelic erTdroulad Tan anadgurebs da Tan aaxlebs qveynierebas. ev- ropul karnavalebSi yovelTvis iyenebdnen ganskuTrebul nagebobas (Cveu- lebriv _ urems sxvadasxvagvari karnavaluri bargiT), romelsac `jojox- eTs~ uwodebdnen; karnavalis dasasruls am `jojoxeTs~ sazeimod cecxls ukidebnen (zogjer karnavaluri `jojoxeTi~ karnavalurad iyo SeTavseb- uli siuxvis rqasTan). damaxasiaTebelia romauli karnavalis `moccoli~-s wes-Cveuleba: karnavalis yovel monawiles xelSi anTebuli sanTeli (`namw- vi~) eWira, Tanac yvela cdilobda sxvisi sanTlis Caqrobas SeZaxiliT `Sia ammazzato!~ (`sikvdili Sen!~). romis karnavalis Tavis cnobil aRweraSi (`italiur mogzaurobaSi~) goeTe, romelic cdilobs, axsnas karnavaluri saxeebis Rrma azri, aseT uaRresad simbolur scenas aRwers: `moccoli~-s dros biWuna aqrobs mamamisis sanTels mxiaruli karnavaluri ZaxiliT: `Sia ammazzato, il Signiore Padre!~ (`sikvdili Sen, mama batono!~). aseve uaRresad ambivalenturia TviTon karnavaluri sicili. geneti- kurad igi ritualuri sicilis uZveles formebTan aris dakavSirebuli. karnavalizebuli literatura 89 ritualuri sicili mimarTuli iyo uzenaesisaken: lanZRavdnen da dascino- dnen mzes (umaRles RvTaebas), sxva RmerTebs, umaRles miwier Zalaufle- bas, raTa aeZulebinaT isini ganaxlebuliyvnen. ritualuri sicilis yvela forma sikvdilTan da aRorZinebasTan, Seqmnis aqtTan, Seqmnis Zalis sim- boloebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. ritualuri sicili reagirebda mzis sic- ocxlis krizisebze mzis (mzis wrebrunva) cxovrebaSi, RvTaebis sicocxlis, samyarosa da adamianis cxovrebis krizisebze (samgloviaro sicili). masSi dacinva Serwymuli iyo aRtacebasTan. ritualuri sicilis am uZvelesma mimarTebam uzenaesisken (RvTaeba da Zalaufleba) ganapiroba sicilis privilegias antikurobasa da Sua sau- kuneebSi. sicilis formiT nebadarTuli iyo bevri ram iseTi, rac serio- zuli formiT ikrZalebida. Sua saukuneebSi sicilis nebadarTuli formis safariT SesaZlebeli iyo `parodia sacra~, anu parodia wminda teqstebsa da ritualebze. karnavaluri sicilic uzenaesisken _ xelisufalTa da simarTlis, mso- flwesrigis cvlis mimarT aris mimarTuli. sicili cvlis orive poluss moicavs, mimarTulia Tavad cvlis procesisadmi, Tavad krizisisadmi. kar- navaluri sicilis aqtSi SeTavsebulia sikvdili da aRorZineba, uaryofa (dacinva) da damkvidreba (aRtacebuli sicili). es aris uaRresad mso- flmxedvelobrivi da universaluri sicili. unda SevexoT sicilTan dakacSirebiT kidev erT sakiTxs _ parodiis kar- navalur bunebas. parodia `menipes satirisa~ da saerTod yvelanairi kar- navaluri Janris ganuyofeli nawilia. wminda JanrebisaTvis (eposi, trage- dia) parodia ucxoa, xolo karnavaluri JanrebisaTvis, piriqiT, organulad niSandoblivia. antikur xanaSi parodia ganuyoflad iyo dakavSirebuli kar- navalur msoflgancdasTan. parodireba didebis Saravandedis mamxilebeli oreulis Seqmnaa, igive `ukuRma samyaroa~. amitom parodia ambivalenturia. antikuroba, arsebiTad, yvelafris parodirebas axdenda: magaliTad, satir- uli drama misi winamorbedi tragikuli trilogiis parodiuli sasacilo aspeqti iyo. parodia, cxadia, ar iyo parodiis sagnis calsaxad uaryofa. yvelafers aqvs Tavisi parodia, anu _ sasacilo aspeqti, vinaidan sikvdi- lis gziT yvelaferi aRorZinebasa da ganaxlebas eqvemdebareba. romSi par- odia iyo rogorc samgloviaro, aseve triumfaluri sicilis aucilebeli momenti iyo (cxadia, erTic da meorec karnavaluri tipis wes-Cveulebas war- moadgenda). karnavalSi parodireba Zalian uxvad gamoiyeneboda da mas sxva- dasxva forma da xarisxi hqonda: sxvadasxva saxeebi (magaliTad, sxvadasx- vagvari karnavaluri wyvilebi) sxvadasxvanairad da gansxvavebuli kuTxidan axdendnen erTmaneTis parodirebas; igi damagrZelebeli, damapataravebeli, damamaxinjebeli mrude sarkeebis msgavsi mTeli sistema iyo. mixail baxtini 90 parodiuli oreulebi aseve xSir movlenad iqca karnavalizebul liter- aturaSi. es gansakuTrebiT cxadad Cans dostoevskisTan, _ misi romanebis TiTqmis yvela mTavar gmirs ramdenime oreuli hyavs, romlebic sxvadasx- vagvarad axdenen mis parodirebas: raskolnikovisaTvis _ svidrigailovi, luJini, lebeziatnikovi, stavroginisaTvis _ piotr verxovenski, Satovi, kirilovi, ivane karamazovisaTvis _ smerdiakovi, eSmaki, rakitini. yovel maTganSi (yovel oreulSi) gmiri kvdeba (anu xdeba misi uaryofa), raTa ga- naxldes (anu, rom ganiwmindos da Tavis Tavze amaRldes). axali drois viwrod formalur literaturul parodiaSi kavSiri kar- navalur msoflaRqmasTan TiTqmis mTlianad gawyvetilia. magram aRorZinebia epoqis parodiebSi (erazmTan, rablesTan da sxv.) karnavaluri cecxli jer kidev gizgizebda: parodia ambivalenturi iyo da acnobierebda Tavis kav- Sirs sikvdil-ganaxlebasTan. amitom gaxda SesaZlebeli karnavalis wiaRSi dabadebuliyo erT-erTi udidesi da yvelaze karnavaluri romani msoflio literaturaSi _ servantesis `don-kixoti~. [...] karnavaluri tipis dResaswaulebs udidesi adgili ekava antikurobis farTo saxalxo masebis cxovrebaSi _ rogorc berZnulis, aseve gansa- kuTrebiT _ romaulis, sadac karnavaluri tipis centraluri (magram ara erTaderTi) dResaswauli saturnaliebi iyo. aranaklebi (da SesaZloa _ kidev ufro meti) mniSvneloba hqonda am dResaswaulebs Suasaukuneobriv evropasa da aRorZinebis epoqaSi, rodesac isini nawilobriv uSualod ro- mauli saturnaliebis cocxal gagrZelebas warmoadgendnen. saxalxo kar- navaluri kulturis sferoSi antikurobasa da Sua saukuneebs Soris ar yofila tradiciis raime wyveta. karnavaluri tipis dResaswaulebi maTi ganviTarebis yvela epoqaSi uzarmazar, dRemde arasakmarisad Sefasebul da Seswavlil zegavlenas axdendnen mTeli kulturis ganviTarebaze, maT So- ris _ literaturis, romlis zogierTma Janrma da mimarTulebam gansa- kuTrebiT mZlavri karnavalizeba ganicada. antikur epoqaSi gansakuTrebiT Zlieri karnavalizeba Zvelma atikurma komediam da seriozul-sasacilos mTelma dargma ganicada. romSi satirisa da epigramis yvela nairsaxeoba organizaciulad iyo dakavSirebuli saturnaliebTan, saturnaliebisaT- vis iqmneboda anda, yovel SemTxvevaSi, am dResaswaulis dakanonebul kar- navalur silaReTa safarvelis qveS iqmneboda (ase, magaliTad, marcialis mTeli Semoqmedeba uSualod aris dakavSirebuli saturnaliebTan). Sua saukuneebSi uvrcesi sasacilo da parodiuli literatura xalxur enebze da laTinurad ase Tu ise karnavaluri tipis dResaswaulebTan iyo dakavSirebuli _ sakuTriv karnavalTan, `briyvTa dResaswaulTan~, laR `saaRdgomo sicilTan~ (`risus paschalis~) da sxv. Sua saukuneebSi TiTqmis yovel saeklesio dResaswauls (gansakuTrebiT iseTebs, rogoricaa uflis karnavalizebuli literatura 91 sisxlisa da xorcis dResaswauli) saxalxo Tavyrilobebis karnavali ieri dahkravda. mraval imgvar erovnul dResaswauls, rogorcaa, magaliTad, xarebTan brZola, aSkarad karnavaluri xasiaTi hqonda. karnavaluri gan- wyoba sufevda bazrobis, rTvelis dReebSi, miraklebis, misteriebis, so- tis da a.S. dadgmis dReebSi; Sua saukuneebis mTel Teatralur-sanaxaobriv cxovrebas karnavaluri xasiaTi hqonda. gviandeli Sua saukuneebis did qalaqebSi (iseTebSi, rogoricaa romi, neapoli, venecia, parizi, lioni, ni- urnbergi, kiolni da sxv.) saerTo jamSi yovel wels sam Tvemde (zogjer _ metxans) sruli karnavaluri cxovreba sufevda. SeiZleba iTqvas (cxadia, garkveuli dazustebebiT), rom Sua saukuneebis adamiani orgvar cxovrebas eweoda: erTi iyo oficialuri, monoliTurad seriozuli da moRuSuli cxovreba, romelic mkacr ierarqiul wesrigs eqvemdebareboda da SiSiT, dogmatizmiT, mokrZalebiTa da pietetiT iyo aRsavse, xolo meore iyo kar- navaluri moednebis laRi cxovreba, romelic aRsavse iyo ambivalenturi siciliT, mkrexelobebiT, yvelaferi wmindas profanaciebiT, damdablebiTa da uxamsobiT, yvelasTan da yvelafrisadmi Sinauruli damokidebulebiT gamsWvaluli. es orive cxovreba dakanonebuli da drois mkacri sazRvrebiT iyo gamijnuli erTmaneTisagan. cxovrebisa da azrovnebis am ori sistemis (oficialurisa da kar- navaluris) monacvleobisa da gamijnulobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe ve- rasodes gavigebT Sua saukuneebis adamianis kulturul cnobierebas, ve- rasodes CavwvdebiT bolomde Sua saukuneebis literaturis mraval iseT movlenas, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `parodia sacra~. orgvari cxovreba _ oficialuri da karnavaluri _ antikur samyaroSic arsebobda, magram iq (gansakuTrebiT _ saberZneTSi) isini arasodes yofila ase mkveTrad gami- jnuli). Sua saukuneebSi xdeboda agreTve evropel xalxTa sametyvelo cxovre- bis karnavalizeba: enis calkeuli Sreebi _ e.w. moednebis familaruli metyveleba _ karnavaluri msoflgancdiT iyo gamsWvaluli; iqmneboda agreTve laRi karnavaluri Jestikulaciis uzarmazari fondi. yvela evro- peli xalxis familaruli metyveleba, gansakuTrebiT uxamsi da damcinavi, Cvens dromde aRsavsea karnavaluri reliqtebiT; Tanamdrove uxamsi da dam- cinavi Jestikulaciac aRsavsea karnavaluri simbolikiT. aRorZinebis epoqaSi karnavalurma stiqiam, SeiZleba iTqvas,Pwaleka zRudeebi da oficialuri cxovrebisa da msoflgagebis mraval sferoSi SeiWra. upirvelesad didi literaturis TiTqmis yvela Janri moicva, rom- lebic arsebiTad gardaqmna. moxda mTeli mxatvruli literaturis uaR- resad Rrma da TiTqmis sruli karnavalizeba. karnavaluri msoflgancda da misi kategoriebi, karnavaluri sicili, Semkoba-ganmkobis, cvlisa da gad- mixail baxtini 92 acmis karnavalur qmedebaTa simbolika, karnavaluri ambivalenturoba da familaruli, cinikur-gulaxdilis, eqscentrulis, saxotbo-salanZRavi laRi karnavaluri sityvis yvela niuansma Rrmad SeaRwia mxatvruli lit- eraturis TiTqmis yvela JanrSi. renesansuli msoflmxedvelobis rTuli formebic karnavaluri msoflgancdis safuZvelze yalibdeba. garkveul- wilad karnavaluri msoflgancdis prizmaSi xdeboda humanistebis mier SeTvisebuli antikurobis gardatexa. aRorZineba karnavaluri cxovrebis mwvervalia. Semdeg daRmasvla iwyeba. XVII saukunidan dawyebuli saxalxo karnavaluri cxovreba ukan ixevs, TiTqmis mTlianad hkargavs sayovelTao xalxurobas, misi xvedriTi wili adamianTa cxovrebaSi mkveTrad klebulobs, misi formebi Raribdeba, knin- deba da suls Rafavs. jer kidev aRorZinebis droidan ganviTarebas iwyebs sakaro-sazeimo maskaraduli kultura, romelmac araerTi karnavaluri (ZiriTadad garegnuli dekoratiuli xasiaTis) forma da simbolo SeiT- visa. Semdeg ganviTarebas iwyebs dResaswaulTa da garTobaTa ufro far- To (amjerad _ ara saxalxo) xazi, romelsac SeiZleba maskaraduli xazi ewodos; masSi karnavaluri msoflgancdis zogierTi silaRe da Soreuli elferi SemorCa. mravali karnavaluri forma moswyda Tavis saxalxo sa- fuZvlebs da moednidan kamerul maskaradul xazSi gadainacvla, romelic dRemde arsebobs. karnavalis mravali Zveli forma dResac ganagrZobs arse- bobasa da ganviTarebas moednebis balaganur komikSi, da agreTve _ cirkSi. [...] zogi ram karnavaluri atmosferodan garkveul pirobebSi Tavs inarCu- nebda bohemaSi, romelic umeteswilad karnavali msoflgancdis gadagva- reba da Sebilwvaa (masSi xom natamalic aRar aris darCenili sayovelTao xalxurobis karnavaluri suliskveTebisagan). [...] ra Tqma unda, karnavalic am sityvis zusti mniSvnelobiT da karnavaluri tipis sxva zeimebi (magaliTad, xarebTan brZola), agreTve maskaraduli xazi, balaganuri masxaraoba da karnavaluri folkloris sxva formebi garkveul uSualo zemoqmedebas literaturaze Cvens dromde ganagrZoben. magram es zegavlena umeteswilad nawarmoebebis SinaarsiT ifargleba da ar exeba maT Janrul safuZvels, anu moklebulia Janris warmomqmnel unars. axla SegviZlia davubrundeT Janrebis karnavalizebas seriozul-sasaci- lo sferoSi, romlis saxelwodebac ki karnavalurad ambivalenturad JR- ers. `sokrates dialogis~ karnavaluri safuZveli, misi erTob rTuli lit- eraturuli formisa da filosofiuri siRrmis miuxedavad, eWvs ar iwvevs. am Janris Tavdapirvel birTvs safuZvlad daedo cvlisa da mxiaruli far- dobiTobis suliskveTebiT gamsWvaluli saxalxo-karnavaluri `paeqroba~ sikvdilsa da sicocxles, sibnelesa da sinaTles, zafxulsa da zamTars karnavalizebuli literatura 93 da a.S. Soris, paeqroba, romelic azrs saSualebas ar aZlevs calmxriv seriozulobis, uvargisi garkveulobisa da erTniSnadobis gaqvavebuli saxe miiRos. amiT `sokrates dialogi~ gansxvavdeba rogorc wminda ritori- kuli dialogisagan, aseve tragikuli dialogisagan, magram karnavaluri safuZveli mas ramdenadme sofronis mimebTan aaxlovebs. TviT azrisa da WeSmaritebis dialoguri bunebis sokratiseuli aRmoCena gulisxmobs di- alogis monawileTa urTierTobis karnavalur familarizebas, maT Soris yovelgvari distanciis gauqmebas; metic, Tavad gansjis saganisadmi, ragind diadi da mniSvnelovani iyos, da Tavad WeSmaritebisadmi damokidebulebaTa familarizebas gulisxmobs. platonis zogierTi dialogi Semkoba-ganmkobis karnavaluri principiT aris agebuli. [...] saerTod, karnavaluri legendebi arsebiTad gansxvavdebian heroizebisaken mimarTuli epikuri Tqmulebebisa- gan: isini amdableben gmirs, miwaze dahyavT igi, axdenen mis familarizebas, daaxloebas da gaadamianurebas; ambivalenturi karnavaluri sicili nacar- tutad aqcevs yvelafers, rac gacveTili da gaSeSebulia, magram ar spobs saxis namdvil gmirul birTvs. unda iTqvas, rom romanis gmirTa saxeebic (gargantua, ulenSpigeli, don kixoti, fausti, simplicisimusi da sxvebi) karnavaluri legendebis atmosferoSi iqmnebodnen. kidev ufro cxadad Cans menipes karnavaluri buneba. karnavalizebiT aris gamsWvaluli misi gare Sreebic da Sina siRrmiseuli birTvic. zogierT menipeSi karnavaluri tipis dResaswaulebia asaxuli (magaliTad, varon- Tan or satiraSi naCvenebia romauli dResaswaulebi; iuliane gandgomi- lis erT-erT menipeSi olimpoze gamarTuli saturnaliebis dResaswauli iyo naCvenebi). es jer kidev garegnuli (ase vTqvaT, Tematuri), magram mainc kavSiria. gacilebiT ufro sagulisxmoa menipes sami planis _ olimpos, qvesknelisa da miwis _ karnavaluri gaazreba. olimpos gamosaxulebas aSkarad karnavaluri xasiaTi aqvs: menipes olimposaTvis damaxasiaTebelia laRi familarizeba, skandalebi da eqscentruloba, Semkoba-ganmkoba. olim- po lamis karnavalur moedans emsgavseba (ix., magaliTad, lukianes `tragi- kuli zevsi~). zogjer olimpiuri scenebi karnavalur damdablebaTa da damiwebaTa planSia mocemuli (imave lukianesTan). kidev ufro saintereso da Tanamimdevrulia qvesknelis karnavalizeba. qveskneli aTanabrebs yvela amqveyniur mdgomareobaTa warmomadgenels, aq Tanabari uflebiT xvdebian da familarul kontaqts amyareben erTmaneTTan imperatori da mona, mdi- dari da maTxovari da a.S.; sikvdili ganZarcvavs yvelas, vinc cxovrebisas Semkobili iyo. xSirad qvesknelis gamosaxvisas `ukuRma samyaros~ logika gamoiyeneboda: imperatori qvesknelSi mona xdeba, mona _ iperatori da a.S. menipes karnavalizebuli qveskneli ganapirobebda Sua saukuneebis mxiaru- li jojoxeTis gamosaxulebebs, ramac Tavisi daboloeba rablesTan pova. am mixail baxtini 94 Suasaukuneobrivi tradiciisaTvis antikuri qvesknelisa da qristianuli jojoxeTis mizandasaxuli SeTavsebaa damaxasiaTebeli. misteriebSi eSmake- bic (`diableriebSi~) aseve Tanamimdevrulad karnavalizebuli arian. menipeSi miwieri planic karnavalizebulia: TiTqmis yvela scenisa da re- aluri cxovrebis movlenis miRma, romlebic umeteswilad naturalistur- ad aris gamosaxuli, gamosWvivis met-naklebad cxadi karnavaluri moedani da familaruli kontaqtebis, mezalansebis, gadacmebisa da mistifikacieb- is, kontrastuli wyvili saxeebis, skandalebis, Semkoba-ganmkobis specifi- kuri karnavaluri logika. ase, magaliTad, `satirikonis~ qoxmaxebis yvela naturalisturi scenis miRma met-naklebi sicxadiT karnavaluri moedani gamosWvivis. `satirikonis~ siuJetic Tanamimdevrulad karnavalizebulia. amis mowmeni varT agreTve apuleusis `metamorfozebSi (`oqros virSi~). zogjer karnavalizeba ufro Rrma SreebSia ganfenili da aseT SemTxveva- Si mxolod calkeuli saxeebisa da movlenebis karnavalur obertonebze saubris saSualeba gveZleva. magram zogjer igi garegnuladac vlindeba, magaliTad, zRurblze mkvlelobis wminda karnavalur epizodSi, rodesac luciusi adamianebis nacvlad Rvinis tikebs gangmiravs da daRvrili Rvino sisxli hgonia; igive iTqmis momdevno scenaze, rodesac misi mistificire- buli karnavaluri gasamarTleba xdeba. karnavaluri obertonebi ismis agreTve tonalobis mxriv iseT seriozul menipeSi, rogoricaa boeciusis `filosofosis nugeSi~. karnavalizeba menipes TviT uRrmes filosofiur-dailogur birTvamde aRwevs. rogorc vnaxeT, am JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sikvdil-sicocx- lis ukanaskneli kiTxvebis mTeli simwvaviT wamoWra da garkveuli univer- salobac (kerZo problemebi da gaSlili filosofiuri argumentireba mis- Tvis ucxoa). karnavaluri azri ganfenilia ukanaskneli kiTxvebis sfero- Si, romlebsac igi ara ganyenebul-filosofiuri an religiur-dogmaturi TvalsazrisiT aSuqebs, aramed axdens maT gaTamaSebas karnavalur qmede- baTa da saxeTa konkretul-xelSesaxebi formiT. amitom karnavalizeba saSu- alebas iZleoda ukanaskneli kiTxvebi ganyenebul-filosofiur sferodan karnavalurad dinamiuri, mravalgvari da elvare saxeebisa da movlenebis konkretul-xelSesaxeb planSi yofiliyo gadatanili. karnavalizeba saSu- alebas iZleoda `filosofia heteras Wreli samosiT yofiliyo Semosili~. karnavaluri msoflgancda aRmZravi Rvedia ideasa da avantiurul mxatvrul saxes Soris. axali drois evropul literaturaSi amis naTeli magaliTia volteris filosofiuri moTxrobebi maTi ideuri universalizmiTa da kar- navaluri dinamikiTa da siWreliT (magaliTad, `kandidi~); am moTxrobebSi Zalian cxadad vlindeba menipeisa da karnavalizebis tradiciebi. amgvarad, karnavalizeba menipes TviT filosofiur birTvamde aRwevs. karnavalizebuli literatura 95 amgvarad, menipeSi TiTqosda nairsaxovani da SeuTavsebeli elementebis saocari SeTavseba moCans: filosofiuri dialogis, avanturisa da fantas- tikis, qoxmaxebis naturalizmis, utopiis da a.S. axla ukve SegviZlia vTq- vaT, rom is iSviaTi Zalis mqone SemakavSirebeli sawyisi, rac am nairsaxo- van elementebs Janris organul mTlianobaSi moaqcevs, karnavali da kar- navaluri msoflgancdaa. evropuli literaturis ganviTarebis momdevno etapzec karnavalizebam xeli Seuwyo Janrebs, azrTa daxurul sistemebs, sxvadasxva stilebs da a.S. Soris zRudeebis moSlas; igi auqmebda yovel- gvar daxSulobas da urTierTugulvebelyofas, aaxlovebda daSorebuls, aerTianebda gancalkevebuls. es aris karnavalizebis didi funqcia lit- eraturis istoriaSi. axla oriode sityva menipesa da karnavalizebis Sesaxeb qristianul niadagze. menipem da mis orbitaSi ganviTarebulma monaTesave Janrebma garkveuli zegavlena iqonies Camoyalibebis procesSi myof Zvel berZnul, romaul da bizantiur mwerlobaze. Zveli qristianuli mwerlobis ZiriTadi TxrobiTi Janrebi _ `saxare- bani~, `kaTolike epistoleni~, `apokalifsisi~ da `wmindanTa da wamebulTa cxovrebani~ _ dakavSirebulia antikur aretalogiasTan, romelic Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi menipes orbitaSi viTardeboda. qris- tianul JanrebSi, gansakuTrebiT _ mravalricxovan `saxarebebsa~ da mo- ciqulTa `epistoleebSi~ yalibdeba qristianuli dialoguri sinkrizebi: is, visac acTuneben (qriste, wmindani) da macduri, morwmune da urjulo, wmindani da codvili, mdidari da Raribi, qristes mimdevari da fariseveli, mociquli (qristiani) da warmarTi da sxv. [...] aseTi antikuri Zirebi, `saw- yisebi~ (`arqaika~) aqvs im Janrul tradicias, romlis erT-erT mwvervali dostoevskis Semoqmedebaa. es `sawyisebi~ mis SemoqmedebaSi ganaxlebuli saxiTaa warmodgenili. magram am saTaveebisagan dostoevskis ori aTaswleuli aSorebs, romlis ganmavlobaSi Janruli tradicia ganagrZobda ganviTarebas, rTuli xdeboda da saxes icvlida (Tumca inarCunebda mTlianobasa da uwyvetelobas). ori- ode sityviT menipes Semdgom ganviTarebaze. rogorc vnaxeT, ukve antikur da adreqristianul niadagze menipe amJRavnebda iSviaT `protevsisebur~ Tvisebas, icvlida garegnul formas (Tumca inarCunebda Sinagan Janrul Tvisebriobas), romanis srul mocu- lobas iZenda, iTavsebda monaTesave Janrebs, mkvidrdeboda sxva did Jan- rebSi (magaliTad, berZnul da adreqristianul romanSi). es Tavisebureba Tavs iCens menipes ganviTarebis Semdgom etapze, rogorc Sua saukuneebSi, aseve axal droSi. mixail baxtini 96 Sua saukuneebSi menipes Janruli Taviseburebani laTinuri saeklesio mwerlobis zogierT dargSi ganagrZobdnen arsebobas da ganaxlebas, rom- lebic, ganskuTrebiT mowameTa cxovrebis zogierT nairsaxeobaSi, uSualod agrZelebdnen Zveli qristianuli literaturis tradiciebs. ufro Tavisu- fali da originaluri saxiT menipe Sua saukuneebis iseT dialogizebul da karnavalizebul JanrebSi cocxlobda, rogoricaa `kamaTi~, `paeqroba~, am- bivalenturi `xotba~ (desputaisons, dits, dbats), moralite da mirakli, xolo gviandel saukuneebSi _ misteria da soti. menipes elementebi ig- rZnoba Sua saukuneebis mkveTrad karnavalizebul parodiul da naxevradp- arodiul literaturaSi: imqveyniur parodiul xilvebSi, parodiul `sax- arebaTa sakiTxavebSi~ da a.S. da bolos, am Janruli tradiciis ganviTarebis Zalian mniSvnelovani momentia Sua saukuneebisa da adreuli aRorZinebis xanis novelisturi literatura, romelic Zlier aris gamsWvaluli kar- navalizebuli menipes elementebiT. aRorZinebis xanaSi _ mTeli literaturisa da msoflmxedvelobis Rrma da TiTqmis sayovelTao karnavalizebis epoqaSi _ menipe yvela did JanrSi (rablesTan, servantesTan, grimilshauzenTan da sxvebTan) mkvidrdeba, amas- Tanave viTardeba menipes sxvadasxvagvari renesansuli formebi, romlebSic umetes SemTxvevaSi SeTavsebulia am Janris antikuri da Suasaukuneobrivi tradiciebi: deperies `mSvidobis winwili~, erazmis `qeba sisulelisa~, servantesis `samoZRvrebo novelebi~, `Satyre Menippe de la vertue du Catholi- con dEspagne~ (`menipes satira espaneli kaTolikonis Rirsebebze~, 1594 w., erT-erTi udidesi politikuri satira msoflio literaturaSi), grim- ilshauzenis, kevedosa da sxvebis satirebi. axal droSi menipe ara mxolod sxva karnavalizebul JanrebSi mkvidrde- ba, aramed sxvadasxva variantiTa da saxelwodebiT damoukidebladac ganagrZobs ganviTarebas: `lukianes dialogi~, `saubrebi micvalebulTa samefoSi~ (antikuri tradiciiT aRbeWdili nairsaxeoba), `filosofiuri moTxroba~ (menipes nairsaxeoba, romelic damaxasiaTebelia ganmanaTle- blobis xanisaTvis), `fantastikuri moTxroba~ da `filosofiuri zRapari~ (romantizmisaTvis, magaliTad, hofmanisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli formebi) da sxv. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom axal droSi menipes Janrul Taviseburebebs sxvadasxva literaturuli mimdinareobebio da SemoqmedebiTi meTodebi iyenebdnen da sxvadasxvagvarad aviTarebdnen mas. ase, magaliTad, volteris racionalisturi `filosofiuri moTxroba~ da hofmanis romantikuli `filosofiuri zRapari~, maTi mxatvruli arsis, ideuri Sinaarsisa da, cxadia, SemoqmedebiTi individualobis didi sxvaobis miuxedavad (sakmari- sia, magaliTad, SevadaroT `mikromegasi~ da `pawia caxesi~), menipes saerTo Janruli niSan-TvisebebiT xasiaTdebian da orive mkveTad karnavalizebu- karnavalizebuli literatura 97 lia. unda iTqvas, rom axali drois literaturaSi menipe karnavalizebis yvelaze mZlavri da elvare formebis ZiriTadi matarebeli iyo. da bolos saWiroa imis aRniSvna, rom Janruli saxelwodeba `menipe~, iseve rogorc yvela sxva antikuri Janruli saxelwodeba _ `epopea~, `tra- gedia~, `idilia~ da sxv., _ axali drois literaturis mimarT gamoyenebi- sas, antikurobisagan gansxvavebiT, ara garkveuli Janruli kanonis, aramed Janruli arsis aRsaniSnad ixmareba. (magram Tu iseTi Janruli terminebi, rogoricaa `epopea~, `tragedia~ da `idilia~, axali drois literaturis mimarT gamoyenebisas sayovelTaodaa miRebuli, Cveulebrivia da, ar gveuc- naureba, rodesac `omsa da mSvidobas~ epopeas, `boris godunovs~ _ tra- gedias, xolo `Zveli drois memamuleni~ _ idilias vuwodebT. magram Jan- ruli termini `menipe~ uCveuloa (gansakuTrebiT _ Cvens literaturaTm- codneobaSi) da amitom misi gamoyeneba axali drois literaturis nawar- moebTa (magaliTad, dostoevskis) mimarT SesaZloa ramdenadme ucnauri da naZaladevi mogveCvenos). Cveni eqskursis dros ukve aRvniSneT, rom menipesa da misi monaTesave Janrebis Cvens mier mocemuli daxasiaTeba mTlianad vrceldeba dostoevs- kis Semeqmedebis Janrul Taviseburebebze. [...] gavixsenoT is uzarmazari mniSvneloba, romelic dostoevskisaTvis hqonda volterisa da didros dialogur kulturas, romlis saTaveebs sokrates dialogTan, antikur menipesTan da _ nawilobriv _ diatrib- asTan da soliloqviumTan mivyavarT. Tavisufali menipes meore nairsaxeoba, fantastikuri da zRapruli elementebiT, gvxvdeba hofmanTan, romelmac mniSvnelovani zegavlena iqonia adrindel dostoevskize. dostoevskis yuradReba miiqcies agreTve edgar pos moTxrobebma, romlebic TavianTi arsiaT axlos arian menipesTan. [...] Tavisi TematikiT `sasacilo adamianis sizmari~ dostoevskis wamyvani Te- mebis erTgvari sruli enciklopediaa; amasTanave es Temebi da maTi mxatvru- li xorcSesxmis wesi erTob damaxasiaTebelia menipes JanrisaTvis. `sasaci- lo adamianis~ centralur figuraSi cxadad gamosWvivis karnavalizebuli literaturis `brZeni briyvis~ da `tragikuli masxaras~ ambivalenturi seriozul-sasacilo saxe. [...] `sasacilo adamianis sizmari~ menipesaTvis uaRresad damxasiaTebeli TemiT iwyeba, _ es aris Tema iseTi adamianisa, romelmac erTaderTma icis WeSmariteba da amitom mas yvela dascinis, rogorc giJs. [...] SevexebiT dostoevskis kidev ramdenime sxva tipis nawar- moebs, romlebic TavianTi arsiT axlos arian menipesTan, magram pirdapir ar Seicaven fantastikur elements. aseTia upirvelesad moTxroba `Tvin- ieri qalwuli~, romelSic JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mwvave siuJeturi anakriza, mkveTri kontrastebiT, mezalansebiTa da moraluri eqsperiment- mixail baxtini 98 ebiT, soliloqviumis saxiTaa gaformebuli. moTxrobis gmiri Tavis Tavze ambobs: `me dumiliT saubris ostati var, me mTeli Cemi cxovreba dumiliT Cavilaparake da mTeli tragediebi dumiliT gavatare Cems TavTan~. gmiris saxe Tavis Tavisadmi swored dialoguri damokidebulebiT aris gaxsnili. [...] amgvar menipesTan, arsebiTad, axlos aris agreTve `baraTebi iatakqve- SeTidan~ (1864), romelic agebulia rogorc diatriba (saubari dauswreb- el mosaubresTan); igi Ria da faruli polemikiT aris gamsWvaluli da aRsarebis arsebis elementebs Seicavs. am nawarmoebSi menipes sxva nacnobi elementebic moCans: mwvave dialogur sinkrizebi, familarizeba da pro- fanireba, qoxmaxebis naturalizmi da sxv. SevexebiT dostoevskis kidev erT nawarmoebs erTob damaxasiaTebeli saTauriT _ `uxamsi anekdoti~ (1862). es Rrmad karnavalizebuli moTxrobac axlosaa menipesTanA(magram varonis tipis menipesTan). aq yvelaferi aRsavsea mkveTri karnavaluri kontraste- biT, mezelansebiT, ambivalenturobiT, damdablebiTa da ganmkobiT. romanSi `danaSauli da sasjeli~ sonia raskolnikovis mier sonias pirveli monaxulebis cnobili scena (saxarebis kiTxviT) lamis sruli qris- tianizebuli menipea: mwvave dialoguri sinkrizebi (rwmena urwmenobasTan, morCileba siamayesTan), mwvave anakriza, oqsimoronuli SeTavsebebi (moaz- rovne _ borotmoqmedi, meZavi _ wmindani), ukanasknel kiTxvaTa Riad dasma da saxarebis kiTxva qoxmaxis garemoSi. menipeebia raskolnikovis sizmrebi da agreTve svidrigailovis sizmari TviTmkvlelobis win. `idiotSi~ menipe aris ipolites aRsareba (`Cemi aucilebeli axsna- ganmarteba~), romelic terasaze Tavad miSkinis dialogis scenis CarCoSia Casmuli da ipolites TviTmkvlelobis sceniT mTavrdeba. `eSmakebSi~ ase- Tia stavroginis aRsareba am aRsarebis CarCo _ dialogi stavroginsa da tixons Soris. `ymawvilSi~ aseTia versilovis sizmari. `Zmebi karamazovebSi~ SesaniSnavi menipe aris ivanesa da alioSas saubari mivardnili dabis savaWro moedanze traqtirSi `dedaqalaqis qalaqi~. aq traqtiris orRanis xmaze, biliardis burTebisa da ludis boTlebis sa- cobTa tkacunSi beri da aTeisti msoflios ukanasknel sakiTxebs wyveten. am `menipes satiraSi~ Casmulia meore satira _ `legenda did inkvizitorze~, romelsac damoukidebeli mniSvneloba aqvs da qristesa da eSmakis saxare- biseuli sinkrizis mixedviTaa agebuli. es orive urTierTdakavSirebuli `menipes satira~ msoflio mxatvrul-filosofiuri literaturis udides nawarmoebTa rigs ganekuTvneba. da bolos, aseve Rrma menipea ivane karamazo- vis saubari eSmakTan (Tavi: `eSmaki, ivane feodoroviCis koSmari~). [...] karnavalizebis movlena dostoevskis SemoqmedebaSi, cxadia, scildeba menipes farglebs da mas damatebiTi Janruli wyaroebi aqvs, romlebic cal- ke ganxilvas saWiroeben. dostoevskize, isve rogorc XVII-XIX saukunee- karnavalizebuli literatura 99 bis mraval mweralze, karnavalizeba upirvelesad literaturul-Janruli tradiciis saxiT zemoqmedebda, xolo karnavalizebis araliteraturuli wyaro, anu _ karnavali, mTeli sicxadiT, SesaZloa, arc ki hqonia gacno- bierebuli. magram karnavali, misi formebi da simboloebi, da upirvelesad Tavad karnavaluri msoflgancda mraval literaturul JanrSi iWreboda, mTlianad msWvalavda da ayalibebda maT Taviseburebebs, maTi erTgvari ganuyofeli nawili xdeboda. literaturis enaze gadatanili karnavaluri formebi cxovrebis mxatvruli wvdomis mZlavr iaraRad, gansakuTrebul enad iqcnen, romlis sityvebsa da formebs simboluri ganzogadebis, anu siRrmeSi ganzogadebis udidesi Zala SeswevT. [...] XVII, XVIII da XIX sau- kuneebis literaturisaTvis karnavalizebis umTavres wyaros aRorZinebis xanis mwerlebi warmoadgendnen _ upirvelesad bokaCo, rable, Seqspiri, servantesi da grimilshauzeni (es ukanaskneli scildeba aRorZinebis far- glebs, magram mis SemoqmedebaSi karnavalis Rrma gavlena aranaklebad ig- rZnoba, vidre SeqspirTan da servantesTan). aseTsave wyaros warmoadgenda agreTve (uSualod karnavalizebuli) pikareskuli romani. garda amisa, am saukuneTa mwerlebisaTvis karnavalizebis wyaro, cxadia, antikurobisa (maT Soris _ `menipes satira~) da Sua saukuneebis karnavalizebuli lit- eratura iyo. dostoevskisaTvis karnavaluri tradiciis aTvisebisas didi mniSvnelo- ba hqonda XVIII saukunis literaturas da upirvelesad _ voltersa da didros, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia karnavalizebis SeTavseba anti- kurobisa da aRorZinebis xanis dialogebiT nasazrdoeb maRal dialogur kulturasTan. [...] karnavaluri tradiciis ufro Rrma SeTvisebis magaliTi hpova dosto- evskim balzakTan, JorJ sandTan da viqtor hiugosTan, romlebTanac nakle- bad gvxvdeba karnavalizebis garegnuli gamovlinebebi, magram samagierod karnavalizebiT Rrmad aris gamsWvaluli didi da Zlieri xasiaTebisa da vnebaTaRelvis agebuleba. vnebaTa karnavalizeba upirvelesad maT ambiva- lenturobaSi vlindeba: siyvaruli SeTavsebulia siZulvilTan, siZunwe _ uangarobasTan, Zalauflebis siyvaruli _ TvidakninebasTan da a.S. karnavalizebis SeTavsebas cxovrebis sentimentalur aRqmasTan dos- toevski poulobda sternTan da dikensTan. da bolos, karnavalizebis SeT- avseba romantikuli (da ara racionalisturis, rogorc volterTan da didrosTan) saxis ideasTan dostoevskim edgar posTan da gansakuTrebiT _ hofmanTan pova. calke unda iTqvas rusul tradiciaze. aq, gogolis garda, unda vaxsenoT dostoevskize puSkinis Rrmad karnavalizebuli nawarmoebe- bis _ `boris godunovis~, belkinis moTxrobebis, boldinos tragediebisa da `pikis qalis~ uzarmazari zegavlena. mixail baxtini 100 karnavalizebis am mokle mimoxilvas odnavadac ara aqvs sisrulis pre- tenzia. CvenTvis mTavari iyo tradiciis ZiriTadi xazebis Cveneba. erTxel kidev xazgasmiT aRvniSnavT, rom Cven gvainteresebs ara calkeuli mwer- lebis, calkeuli Temebis, ideebisa da saxeebis zegavlena, aramed uSualod TviT Janruli tradiciis zegavlena, romelsac igi am mwerlebidan iT- visebda. [...]. karnavalizebis problemis swori gagebisaTvis Tavi unda davaRwioT karnavalis gamartivebul gagebas, mis gaigivebas axali drois maskaradul xazTan da miT umetes mis uxams bohemur gaazrebas. karnavali gardasuli diadi aTaswleulebis sruliad saxalxo msoflgancdaa. es msoflgancda, romelic Tavisufalia SiSisagan, maqsimalurad aaxlovebs qveyanas adami- anTan, da adamians adamianTan (yvelani laRi familaruli kontaqtis zo- naSi arian moqceulni) da cvlaTa sixaruliTa da mxiaruli fardobiTobiT upirispirdeba SiSiT danergil, dogmatur da axlis warmoqmnisadmi mtru- lad ganwyobil calmxriv da moRuSul oficialur seriozulobas, romel- ic arsebuli mdgomareobisa da sazogadoebrivi yofis absolutizirebisaken miiswrafvis. karnavaluri msoflgancda swored amgvari seriozulobisagan Tavisuflebas iZleoda. magram yovelive amaSi odnavadac ar aris fuqsava- toba da uxamsi bohemuri individualizmi. aseve unda gavemijnoT karnavalis Teatralur-sanaxaobriv koncefcias, rac erTob damaxasiaTebelia axali droisaTvis. karnavalis swori gagebisaTvis unda mivmarToT mis saTaveebsa da mwvervalebs, anu antikurobas, Sua saukuneebsa, da bolos, aRorZinebis epoqas. [...] Cven ukve aRvniSneT reducirebuli sicilis didi mniSvneloba msoflio literaturaSi. sicili aris Taviseburi, magram logikuri eniT gamoux- atavi esTetikuri damokidebuleba sinamdvlisadmi, anu misi mxatvruli xe- dvisa da wvdomis garkveuli saSualeba da, maSasadame, agreTve mxatvruli saxis, siuJetis, Janris agebis garkveuli xerxi. ambivalentur karnavalur sicils uzarmazari SemoqmedebiTi _ Tanac Janris warmomqmneli _ Zala hqonda. amgvari sicili movlenas cvlisa da gadasvlis procesSi iWerda da wvdeboda, movlenaSi Camoyalibebis orive poluss da maT uwyvet da cx- ovelmyofel, ganaxlebisaken midrekil cvalebadobas aRnusxavda: sikvdil- Si ganWvretilia dabadeba, dabadebaSi _ sikvdili, gamarjvebaSi _ dama- rcxeba, damarcxebaSi _ gamarjveba, SemkobaSi _ganmkoba a.S. karnavaluri sicili arc erT am moments ar aZlevs calmxriv seriozulobaSi gaqvavebis saSualebas. Cven aq Zalauneburad vaxdenT karnavaluri ambivalenturobis logizire- basa da damaxinjebas; rodesac vambobT, rom sikvdilSi `ganWvretilia~ da- badeba, amiT Zalauneburad vxleCT da ramdenadme vacilebT erTmaneTisagan karnavalizebuli literatura 101 sikvdilsa da dabadebas. cocxal karnavalur saxeebSi ki TviT sikvdili orsuladaa da mSobiarobs, xolo mSobiare dedis wiaRi sikvdilad gvev- lineba. swored amgvar saxeebs badebs SemoqmedebiTi karnavaluri sicili, romelSic ganuyoflad arian Serwymuli dacinva da aRtaceba, Zageba da qeba. rodesac literaturaSi karnavalisa da karnavaluri sicilis gada- tana xdeba, isini met-naklebad saxes icvlian mxatvrul-literaturuli amocanebis Sesabamisad. magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi da nebismieri xasi- aTis gardamqmnis SemTxvevaSi ambivalenturoba da sicili mxatvrul sax- eSi mainc rCeba. amasTanave garkveul pirobebsa da garkveul JanrebSi Sesa- Zloa moxdes sicilis reducireba. sicili kvlavac ganapirobebs saxis struqturas, magram TviTon minimumamde daxSulia: asaxuli sinamdvilis struqturaSi Cven, marTalia, vamCnevT sicilis kvals, magram TviT sicili ar gvesmis. ase, magaliTad, platonis (pirveli periodis) `sokrates dia- logebSi~ sicili reducirebulia (Tumca ara mTlianad), magram igi rCeba mTavari gmiris (sokrates) saxis struqturaSi, dialogis wayvanis meTodSi, da rac mTavaria, inarCunebs arsebobas sruliad WeSmarit (da ara ritori- kul) dialogurobaSi, romelic azrs Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi yofi- erebis laR fardobiTobaSi moaqcevs da ar aZlevs mas abstraqtul-dogma- tur (monologur) uZraobaSi gaqvavebis saSualebas. aRorZinebis xanis literaturaSi sazogadod ar xdeba sicilis re- ducireba, Tumca misi `xmis simaRles~ aq uTuod sxvadasxva gradaciebi aqvs. rablesTan, magaliTad, igi saqveynod ismis. ukve servantesTan igi saqveynod aRar ismis, marTalia, `don kixotis~ pirvel wignSi sicili jer kidev sak- maod xmamaRla gaismis, xolo meoreSi, pirvel wignTan SedarebiT, sakmaod reducirebulia. es reducireba mTavari gmiris struqturasa da siuJetis cvlilebebTanac aris dakavSirebuli. XVIII da XIX saukuneebis litera- turaSi sicili, rogorc wesi, sakmaod daxSulia _ ironiamde, iumoramde da reducirebuli sicilis sxva formebamde. (dasasruli. dasawyisi wina nomerSi). rusulidan Targmna Tamar nucubiZem. wignidan: . _ , , 1968. M. Bakhtin Problems of Dostoevskys Poetics. Translated by Tamar Nutsubidze. 102 leqsmcodneoba Teimuraz doiaSvili sikeTis yvavilebi visac qarTuli leqsi uyvars da versifikaciis kvlevac ainteresebs, akaki xinTibiZis saxeli nacnobicaa da axlobelic. `akakis leqsisa~ da `galaktionis poetikis~ avtorma naxevar saukuneze meti miuZRvna leqsm- codneobis problemebis mecnierul Seswavlas, Tavis interesTa Tvalsawi- erSi moaqcia xangrZlivi, TiTqmis aTaswlovani periodi qarTuli poeziis ganviTarebisa rusTvelis epoqidan Tanamedroveobamde da araerTi is- toriulad mniSvnelovani da Teoriulad Rirebuli sakiTxi gaarkvia. * * * akaki xinTibiZes momadlebuli hqonda poeziisa da leqsis mkvlevari- saTvis iseTi aucilebeli Tvisebani, rogoricaa intuicia da analitikuri unari, warmosaxva da gemovneba, erudicia, magram me mainc gansakuTrebiT maocebda misi gulmodgineba, iSviaTi niWi Sromisa, Tanamimdevroba da moT- mineba miznisaken mimaval gzaze. es mizani sapirado arasodes yofila. akaki xinTibiZes mxolod erTi ram amoZravebda mudam da yovelTvis! qarTuli mwerlobis msaxurebis survili. mosavalic xvavrieli hqonda: mravali, wigni, aseulobiT gamokvleva da literaturuli werili. * * * batoni akakis saarsebo atmosfero kvleva da azris gaziareba iyo. misi pirovnuli buneba yvelaze ukeT maSin Canda, rodesac kolegebs Tu farTo auditorias Ziebis Sedegebs acnobda. es ar iyo mxolod saqmis mcodne pro- fesionalis gamosvla moxseneba axali, saintereso Temaze. baton akakis hqonda midrekileba, mecnieruli komunikaciis procesi erTgvar ritual- ad, sulieri gandobis aqtad eqcia, romlis drosac TanamdgomT qarTuli leqsis morig, mis mier mignebul saidumlos aziarebda. * * * akaki xinTibiZem TiTqmis yvela klasikos poetze dagvitova poetikuri narkvevi: SoTa, sulxan-saba, guramiSvili, besiki, romantikosebi, ilia, sikeTis yvavilebi 103 akaki, vaJa, gamorCeulad ki mainc galaktions afasebda galaktionis po- ezia iyo misi aRtacebisa da mudmivi gaocebis sagani. Tavisi `didi sameulic~ hqonda. SoTa vaJa galaktioni, xolo Tu versifikaciul jadoqrobaze midgeboda saqme, aq ufro kategoriuli iyo: rusTaveli da galaktioni Tanabrad! siyvaruls galaktionisadmi saqmiT adasturebda. amaze metyvelebs wer- ilebis vrceli seria did poetze, agreTve grandiozuli `galaktionis riTmis leqsikoni~, romelic akaki xinTibiZis Taosnobis Seiqmna da, sam- wuxarod, dRemde gamoucemelia. * * * batoni akaki bunebiT saTno, keTilmosurne adamiani iyo, magram mtkice da Seuvalic; veraviTari safrTxe da usiamovneba, veraviTari koniunqtura ver Seacvlevinebda Tvalsazriss, Tu mis WeSmaritebas irwmunebda. albaT, esec aris mizezi imisa, rom qarTvel literatorTagan iSviaTad ganucdia vinmes imdeni daumsaxurebeli wyena Tu usafuZvlo Tavdasxma, ramdenic baton akakis. me minaxavs igi umZimes wuTebSi, mopaeqreTa uRirsi gamox- domebiT gaognebuli, magram am viTarebaSic TavSekavebuli da gawonas- worebuli. is, rogorc zneobis kaci, arasodes kargavda Rirsebis grZnobas, profesionalis patiosnebiT icavda polemikis wesebs mxolod argumen- tirebis logikas aRiarebda. * * * bolo xanebSi, rodesac avadmyofoba mieZala da gareT gamosvla gau- Wirda, xSirad vsaubrobdiT telefoniT. ainteresebda, ras vakeTebdi, Tvi- Tonac emociurad miambobda, raze muSaobda imJamad. zogjer raimes mo- Zebna-dazustebasac mTxovda fundamenturi monografiisaTvis `qarTuli leqsis istoria da Teoria~, romlis saboloo redaqtireba moaswro ki- dec. TiTqos ver grZnobda Savi aCrdilis siaxloves, ise iqceoda: weras ar wyvetda, iumors ar Ralatobda, rac mTavaria, gansacdels ar gauborote- bia uTqmelad sevdiani, ufro Tbili da alersiani gaxda. erT dRes gulis morigi Setevisgan gamobrunebulma dareka. yurmili Cemma meuRlem aiRo. batonma akakim uguneboba Seatyo da mizezi hkiTxa SviliSvils wiTela gaurTulda da ojaxSi dazafrulni viyaviT. batonma akakim gagvamxneva, bavSvs axlave movrCeno da... yurmilSi simRera gaisma: `batonebo, mouoxeT~. es simRera adreT bevrjer momismenia, batoni akaki mas didi krZalviT da grZnobiT galobda xolme megobrebTan erTad. axla, uRono da dasustebuli, TiTqmis uxmod amoTqvamda sityvebs, mainc mRero- da _ bavSvs umReroda! gaognebulni vusmendiT... Teimuraz doiaSvili 104 saocreba moxda Temurikos imave Rames ukeTesoba daetyo. gaixara ba- tonma akakim, sityvasac gadamikravda xolme, rogoraa saqme, xom mogirCine SviliSvilio?! * * * akaki xinTibiZisagan bevri sikeTe maxsovs, safiqralic bevri damitova da mosagonaric. amis droc mova. axla ki, am mcire werilis werisas, isev Camesmis CurCuliT, vedrebiT namReri sityvebi: `mouoxeT... ia da vardi hfe- nia...~ me ase mgonia: batoni akakis saflavze mudmivad hyvavis sikeTis uxilavi yvavilebi ia da vardi. maTi xilva yvelas SeuZlia, vinc amqveynad sikeTis rwmeniT cxovrobs. Warbi riTmis gagebisaTvis 105 akaki xinTibiZe Warbi riTmis gagebisaTvis Warbi riTmis cneba SemuSavebuli ar aris. igi pirdapiri azriT esmiT: `vefxistyaosnis~ maRalsa da dabal SairSi or da sammarcvliani riTmebia, xolo oTx-xuTmarcvlianebi Warbia. es gageba mcdaria. `vefxistyaosnis~ oTxmarcvliani riTma: naTurqalsa-nasuqalsa-nabu- qalsa (56), xuTmarcvliani _ moisminebda-moiwyinebda-moilxinebda-Tina- Tinebda (52), iseve, rogorc galaktionis akademia-nakadebia (`goties~) Warb riTmebad ar CaiTvleba. zogi mkvlevari qarTul leqsSi sammarcvlianze (`daqtilurze~) grZel riTmas ver xedavs da zemoT motanili riTmebi `zedaqtilurad~ miaCnia. zogis azriT ki, qarTulSi xuTmarcvlianze ugrZesi riTma saerTod ar arsebobs. qarTul leqss midrekileba aqvs grZeli riTmebisaken. guramiSvilis riTma: Savberdi-gavhmtverdebi-davmterdebi-davjerdebi oTxmarcvliani, griSaSvilis: akakiseburs-akiskisebuls-xuTmarcvliani; lado asaTianisa gadabrialebiT-SavbrialebiT _ Savnabdianebi _ eqvs- marcvliani, gvxvdeba rvamarcvliani riTmac: gagvaWoriWorebeno _ dagva- SoriSorebeno (xalxuri). arc erTi es riTma Warbi ar aris. riTmis siWarbis ganmsazRvreli metruli sqemaa, metrul sqemasTan Se- satyvisoba. `vefxistyaosnis~ 98-e strofi, romlis metruli sqemaa 44/44 ormar- cvliani riTmiT iwyeba: cxensa-Cvensa da oTxmarcvlianze gadadis: anafren- sa-wanarbensa, magram 130-e strofSi es simetria darRveulia: getyvia-Se- mityvia-gisetyvia-dautyvia. strofi maRali Sairisaa (44/44) da riTma an ormarcvliani unda hqondes, an oTxmarcvliani. Tu Semityvia-gisetyvia-dautyvias ormarcvliani evfoniuri Tanxmoba aqvs (tyvia), getyvia-gesityviaSi bgeriTi Tanxmoba aSkarad sammarcvliania (etyvia). am uswormasworobas mkiTxveli ver grZnobs, radgan igi leqsis ritms mihyveba da am SemTxvevaSi luw (or) marcvlian riTmas aRiqvams. Tumca gety- gety- via-gisetyvias sammarcvlianobas ver gaeqcevi da, amdenad, igi Warbi riTmaa. aseve, poemis meore strofi metruli sqemis Sesabamisad (53/53) moiTxovs sam an xuTmarcvlian riTmas; magram misi riTma oTxmarcvliania, e.i. War- xuTmarcvlian riTmas; magram misi riTma oTxmarcvliania, e.i. War- riTmas; magram misi riTma oTxmarcvliania, e.i. War- oTxmarcvliania, e.i. War- e.i. War- bia: yovlisa tanisa-satanisa-gasatanisa-wasatanisa. 85-e strofSi, romelic maRali SairiTaa dawerili da luwmarcvlian akaki xinTibiZe 106 riTmas saWiroebs, misi oTxive cali sammarcvliania. sariTmo sityvebs: pirsa, gmirsa TavSi winare sityvaTa a xmovani erTvis: wylisa pirsa-viTa gmirsa-unagirsa-anatirsa. gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa: a gmirsa-agirsa. es riTmac Warbia. 87-e strofis riTmaSi; gulmduRarisad-molizRarisad-Rari sad-aRarisad sariTmo erTeulia sammarcvliani arisad, magram ra vuyoT riTmis mesame-meo- Txe calebSi oTxmarcvlian bgeriT Tanxmobas: giSrisa Rari sad aRarisad? rogor SevelioT riTmis am srul identurobas: a Rari sad aRarisad? 134-e strofSi riTmis sami cali oTxmarcvliania: raca qmari-dasanTq- mari-asaqmari, magram pirvel da meore calebSi sammarcvliani riTma iki- Txeba: raca qmari-Senaqmari (aqmari), rac metrul sqemasTan (44/44) Seusa- bamobis gamo, Warbia. galaktionis leqsSi `Tovli~ kadencia xuTmarcvliania variaciebiT 23, 32 (ufro bunebrivi 2 3-ia), amitomac ZiriTadi riTma (katrenis II-IV striqonebisa) TiTqmis yovelTvis sami marcvliT ifargleba: vberdebi- naxaverdebi, cxovreba-memaxsovreba, dafnaSi-udabnoSi, damTova-mimatova, broleba-gamoqroleba, binaSi-winaSe. xididan fena-dawvenac leqsis adrindel variantebSi (gaz. `saxalxo sa- fena-dawvenac leqsis adrindel variantebSi (gaz. `saxalxo sa- leqsis adrindel variantebSi (gaz. `saxalxo sa- (gaz. `saxalxo sa- `saxalxo sa- qme~, `artistuli yvavilebi~) sammarcvliani iyo: xididan cvena-dawvena, magram 1927 wlis krebulSi cvena fenam Secvala. ioseb griSaSvili werda: `galaktionma moixsna Teqa provincialuri. adre hqonda cvena~ (Tumca cve- na provinciuli forma ar aris: foTolcvena). sammarcvlovani riTma ormarcvlianze Camovida: fena-dawvena, rogorc es pirvel strofSi: fena-moTmena. riTma gaRaribda. metrul sqemasac ver moergo, Warbi gaxda. Warbia galaktionis `orxideebis~ oTxmarcvliani riTma: dasevdili-isev diliTYsqemis mixedviT (5/4/5) riTma unda yofiliyo an xuTmarcvliani, an sam (or) marcvliani. arada, iseTi sasiamovno evfoniuri Tanxmobaa dasevdi- li-isev diliT, rom misi ormarcvlianze gadayvana dasevdili-diliT an, miTumetes, sammarcvlianze (evdili ev diliT) arasgziT ar SeiZleba. maSasadame, riTmis siWarbe mis grZliobasTan ki ara, saleqso sqemasTanaa dakavSirebuli, sqemis moTxovnas ar Seesabameba: an grZelia masze, an - mokle. albaT, mkiTxveli Semomedaveba: sityvas `Warbi~ negatiuri Sinaarsi aqvs, Warbi riTma ki usiamovno SegrZnebas ar iwvevso. sruli WeSmaritebaa! poetebic ar eridebian Warb riTmebs. riTmis metrul sqemasTan Sesaba- misobas mis evfoniur simdidres amjobineben. galaktionis oTxmarcvlian riTmebSi ufro xSirad sammarcvliani bgeriTi Tanxmobaa, xolo xuTmar- cvlianebSi oTxmarcvliani. Warbi riTmis gagebisaTvis 107 Warbi riTma, faqtobrivad, mkiTxvelis cnobierebis miRmaa, radgan leqsi ritms mihyavs; ritmis gareSe ar arsebobs (verlibrsac Tavisi ritmi aqvs), riTmis gareSe ki ramdenic gnebavT. riTma, Warbi iqneba Tu metrul sqemasTan gawonasworebuli, leqsis xa- siaTs ver cvlis. es gansakuTrebiT Warb riTmaze iTqmis, romelic mxolod fonikazea dafu- Znebuli, radgan riTmas sxva parametrebic aqvs: kerZod, ritmi da semantika, romelic riTmis Rirsebis erTi pirveli msazRvrelia, fonikaze metic. riTmis semantika ki mTliani sityvebis Sewyobas gulisxmobs da ara si- tyvaTa nawilebisas, rac Warb riTmaSia. amitom: a gmirsa _ agirsa, a Rari sad aRarisad riTmebi ar aris. es cdomileba qarTuli riTmis silabur-tonuri Teoriidan momdinare- obs, romlis mixedviT, riTmad klauzulebia miCneuli, sariTmo sityvaTa maxvilisSemdgomi nawilebi. amrigad, Warbi riTma leqsze uaryofiT gavlenas ver axdens, mis Rirsebas ar amcirebs, amitom poetebic ar eridebian mas (TviT rusTaveli da galaktioni!). Tumca lado asaTianis leqsebSi Zalze iSviaTia Warbi riTmebi. TiTqmis yvela misi riTma metruli sqemis Sesatyvisia: niSnianebi-moSrialeben, es alublebi-vesaubrebi, ZaZa bunebas-daZabuneba, siaruli-mxiaruli: rusTavelis prospeqtze siaruli nu momiSalos RmerTma; viyo mudam ase mxiaruli, qarTveli poeti merqvas. samwuxarod, didxans ar dascalda lado asaTians rusTvelis prospe- rusTvelis prospe- prospe- qtze siaruli. Akaki Khintibidze Towards Understanding Excessiveness of Rhyme Summary The notion of excessive rhyme is not worked out yet. It is understood in its direct sense: There are two and three-syllable rhymes in The Knight in the Panthers Skins high and low verses, four-syllable rhymes are regarded as excessive. Such kind of interpretation is wrong. Four-syllable rhyme of The Knight in the Panthers Skin: naturqalsa-nasukalsa-nabu- qalsa (56), fve-syllable rhyme: moismenda-moitkenda-moilkhenda-tinatinebda (52), like akaki xinTibiZe 108 Galaktionis academy-nacadamy (To Gothie) will not be considered as excessive. Some researchers cannot see longer than three-syllable rhymes (dactylic) and consider the above mentioned rhymes as Super-dactylic. Some of them think that there are not rhymes longer than fve-syllable in Georgian. Georgian verses are inclined towards long rhymes. Guramishvilis rhyme: shavberdebi-gavhmtverdebi-davmterdebi-davjerdebi - four syl- lable, Grishashvilis: akikisebuls-akiskisebuls fve-syllable; Lado Asatianis: gadabri- alebit-shavbrialebit-shavnabdianebi six-syllable, there are eight-syllable rhymes as well: gagvachorichorinebeno-dagvashorishorebeno (folklore). None of these rhymes are excessive. Metric scheme is defning feature for excessiveness of rhyme, correspondence with metric scheme, it does not correspond to the requirement of the scheme: is either shorter or longer it. Probably, the reader will argue with me: the word excessive has a negative connota- tion, but excessive rhyme does not provoke unpleasant feelings. It is true! Poets do not try to avoid excessive rhymes. They prefer its euphonic richness rather than its correspondence with metric scheme. In Galaktionis four-syllable rhymes there is more often three-syllable sound assent, in fve-syllable rhymes four-syllable. Excessive rhyme is actually beyond readers consciousness, as rhythm leads the poem; it does not exist without rhythm, but it is possible without rhyme. Rhyme, be it excessive or in correspondence with the metric scheme, cannot change the character of the verse. This it especially true for excessive rhyme, which is based only on phonics, as rhyme has some other parameters as well: rhythm and semantics, which are the primary defning features of its dignity, more than phonic. The semantics of rhyme means the collocation of whole words and not of parts of words, as in excessive rhyme. This misinterpretation comes from syllabic-tonic theory of Georgian rhyme, according to which, parts that come after stressed syllables in rhymed words are regarded as rhyme. Therefore, excessive rhyme does not have a negative impact on the verse, does not diminish its dignity that is why poets do not try to avoid using it (even Rustaveli and Galaktioni). Although, excessive rhymes are extremely rare in Lado Asatianis poems. Almost all of his rhymes correspond to the metric scheme. Almost all its rhymes correspond to metric scheme. 109 Tamar barbaqaZe galaktionis monorimi (`ieri~, `ferad-feradi~) galaktion tabiZis TxzulebaTa uaxles gamocemaSi (tabiZe 2005: 372) poetis cnobili leqsi `ieri~ dabeWdilia Zveli TariRiT (1915 w.): iyo dila mSvenieri, dila feradi, magram uceb wamovida caieradi. ase iyo Seni dilac bedisweramdi, sanam yofnis ar dagkravda caieradi. rom iWeqa, gza dayruvda seriT seramdi, da maisis wamovida caieradi. eh, wamodi, Cemo wvimav, mgoni, meRirsa, moTminebiT megrZno risxva Seni mexisa rom Sens elvas SeuerTdes lurja merani, caierads Cemi Cangis, caieradi. iyos qrola maradisi, magram verraTi ver daacxros droTa CvenTa caieradi. zemoxsenebul gamocemaSi am leqsis Taobaze vkiTxulobT, rom mis avtografs (a 5570) axlavs avtoris xelmowera da mis mier gadaxazulia saTauri `caieradi~, magram daculia poetis minaweri: `ca ierad~. aqvea minawerebi: `. ~, `feradi, veraTi, feravdi~. zemoxsenebul gamocemaSi, rogorc vTqviT, `ieri~ 1915 wliT aris daTariRebuli, rac, ra Tqma unda, saeWvoa. Tamar barbaqaZe 110 minawerebma: `feradi, veraTi, feravdi~ logikurad gagvaxsena galaktio- nis 1938 wels dawerili leqsi: `ferad-feradi~: me xom sxva var, dRe cismare, maxvils vferavdi, Sen ki gqonda dReT sizmari ferad-feradi. miyvars am xmis gagoneba, radgan verraTi ver wavSale mogoneba ferad-feradi. Semiyvarda eg xma tkbili bedisweramdi, sad ar damdevs misi Crdili ferad-feradi. iyos ise, rogorc darCa amieramdi, _ CemTvis ZonZi, SenTvis farCa ferad-feradi. orive leqsi monoriTmiania. `ieris~ sayrden riTmad warmogvidgeba si- tyva `caieradi~, romelic 5-jer meordeba 24-striqonian leqsSi. monori- mis danarCeni sariTmo erTeulebia: feradi-bedisweramdi-seramdi-merani- verraTi. gamonaklisia sariTmo wyvili: meRirsa-mexisa. `ferad-feradis~ kompozicia eyrdnoba fuZegaorkecebul, polilogur kompozits: ferad-feradi: vferavdiferad-feradi-verraTi-ferad-fera- di-bedisweramdi-amieramdi-ferad-feradi. 8-jerad riTmaSi oTxjer ga- meorebulia: `ferad-feradi~, xolo ori cali riTmisa: vferavdi-veraTi, rogorc viciT, ukve moniSnuli hqonda galaktions `ieris~ avtografSi. sazomi orive monorimisa erTnairia: cametmarcvledi (4/4/5) ase iSviaTi galaktionis poeziaSi. cametmarcvledi, rogorc cnobilia, aRorZinebis periodidan iRebs saTaves, gansakuTrebiT xSirad ki misi sxvadasxva varia- cia (35/5, 4/4/5, 43/24 (24/43) daviT guramiSvilis leqsebSi gvxvdeba. ga- laktionis poeziaSi cametmarcvledi, izosilabur sazomTa Soris, gamoye- nebis sixSiriT, erT-erT bolo adgilzea: variaciiT 33/43 sul ori leqsi dauweria poets, xolo zemoxsenebuli 44/5 oTx leqsSi gvxvdeba. 1927 wlis krebulSi Sesuli leqsebic: `daiRupa is xomaldi~ da `zRvis fskeridan~ swored 445-iT aris Sesrulebuli: galaktionis monorimi (`ieri~, `ferad-feradi~) 111 daiRupa is xomaldi didi xania, o, ramdeni mwuxareba amitania. (`daiRupa is xomaldi~) ak. xinTibiZe wers: `Semdeg poetma es izosilaburi striqonebi datexa (`ieri~) (xinTibiZe 1987: 212). rogorc vxedavT, galaktionis poetikis, misi metrikis cnobili mkvle- vari ueWvelad miiCnevs, rom `ieri~ 1927 wlis mere unda iyos dawerili. Cven ar gveeWveba, rom `ieri~ da `ferad-feradi~ erTmaneTs enaTesaveba da Tu `ferad-feradis~ TariRi eWvs ar iwvevs, namdvilad 1938 wels aris dawer- ili, `ieri~ 1928-1938 wlebiT unda daTariRdes. SeuZlebelia, 1915 wels daewera galaktions `ieri~ da igi ar Seetana arc `artistul yvavilebSi~ (1919 w.) da arc 1927 wlis krebulSi. rogorc miuTiTeben, `1928-58 wlebSi galaktioni... pirdapiri azriT, awarmoebda namdvil teqstologiur oms sakuTari teqstebis winaaRmdeg cvlida atribucias, axal teqsts awerda Zvel TariRs da a.S. garkveuli azriT, man moigo es `30-wliani omi~ (1928-1958 w.w.). man gaimarjva, radganac `gadawera~ ara mxolod warsuli, aramed momavalic, momaval mkvlevarTa reaqciebi~ (SaTiriSvili 2004: 23-24). Cans, galaktionis meore saleqso reforma, romelic `20-30-iani wlebis mijnaze daiwyo da poetis bolo periodis lirikaSi Tvisebrivad axali mxatvruli sistemis SeqmniT dasrulda~ (doiaSvili 1995: 34), Seexo poe- tis metrikasa da riTmasac. kerZod, cametmarcvledisa da monorimisaTvis galaktions 30-ian wlebamde yuradReba ar miuqcevia. es sazomic (44/5) da monorimic siaxlea galaktionis 30-iani wlebis versifikaciaSi. galaktionis meore saleqso reforma iTvaliswinebda `sinamdvilis, rogorc esTetikuri obieqtis, aRiarebas da Sesabamis koreqtivebs poe- ziis arsis gagebaSi. aRorZinda poetisa da xalxis, poeziisa da xalxis interesebis ganuyoflobis idea, gadaisinja poetur enasa da stilTan dakavSirebiT damokidebuleba, poeturoba unda daefuZnos ara rTul, elitur enas, ara rCeul sityvebs, aramed yoveldRiur sasaubro me- tyvelebas, poeziisaTvis umTavresia sada, gasagebi stili, xalxuri ena, msubuqi leqsi~ (doiaSvili 1995: 35) aseTi iyo saxalxo poetis, galaktion tabiZis azri poetisa da poeziis daniSnulebaze 30-50-ian wlebSi: `...Cvens simRerebSi ismis xalxis guliscema, xalxis Zlieri, naTeli da mgznebare xma~ (tabiZe 1975: 198). g. tabiZis 30-ian wlebis Ca- nawerebSi poeti sakuTar Tavs miznad usaxavda `organiulad SeTvisebas masiuri, xalxuri Semoqmedebisas, romelic idealuria mravali formis mxriv...~ (tabiZe 1975: 312) Tamar barbaqaZe 112 sayuradReboa, rom `ferad-feradis~ kompozicia, monorimTan erTad, kidev erT^ burjs, sityva `xmas~ eyrdnoba: `miyvars am xmis gagoneba~, `Se- miyvarda eg xma tkbili~. `xma~ xalxuri leqsisa da simReris kilos unda gulisxmobdes da igi galaktionis 1934-1941 wlebis monorimebSi Tavise- burad ametyvelda. am Svidi wlis ganmavlobaSi galaktions 18 monorimi dauweria, mesamedi (6 leqsi) ki swored 1938 wliT aris daTariRebuli. sa- gulisxmoa, `xmasTan~ mimarTebiT, 1939 wels dawerili leqsi: `xmamaRla~: Cems gulSi arc winaT, arc axla, arc SiSi yofila, arc daRla. aJRerdiT, Cangebo, xelaxla: xmamaRla, xmamaRla, xmamaRla! xolo 1938 wels galaktioni monorimiT wers Tavis umSvenieres, dRes ukve popularul simRerad qceul, leqss: `ar var oboli am qveyanaze~. es monorimi `xmis~, `hangis~ Zlevamosilebas eZRvneba: ar var oboli am qveyanaze, 1. Sen megulebi nugeSad sanam... ra aris tkbili dedis nanaze, me mimatova adre im nanam. mainc davdivar am qveyanaze. sul ar vivlidi am qveyanaze, 2. nugeSad rom ar megulebode, dae, mgosnobiT mraval nanaze zogs vyvarebode, zogs vZulebode oblad Tavs ar vTvli am qveyanaze. ar var oboli am qveyanaze, 3. ager qnarebi, ager gulebi... zRvao, is hangi Sen gaanaze, kvlav vityvi: raki Sen megulebi, oblad Tavs ar vTvli am qveyanaze. es samstrofiani monorimi sayuradReboa formis siaxliT: kentstriqo- nian strofebad danawevrebuli monorimi iSviaTia: monoriTmiani leqse- galaktionis monorimi (`ieri~, `ferad-feradi~) 113 bis umravlesoba stroful danawevrebas ar cnobs. asea dawerili `ieri~ da `ferad-feradi~, asea vaJa-fSavelas monoriTmiani leqsebis umravle- soba (barbaqaZe 1984: 138); galaktioni ki xuTstriqoniani strofebiT wers Sedevrs _ monorims dedis nanaze, romelic poetis STagonebas kvebavs cx- ovrebis (`zRvao, is hangi Sen gaanaze...~) xmebiT. `xmasTan~ erTad, galak- tionis monorimis Tanamgzavri sityvebia: Cangebi, qnarebi, gulebi..., magram umTavresi am monorimebisaTvis aris xma `caieradisa, anu xma maisis uecari wvimisa, rasac `caierads~ uwodeben poetis mSobliur imereTSi. am sityvas (`caieradi~) ori aTeuli wlis winaT mixeil alaviZem miaqcia yuradReba da ganmarta, rom igi maisis wvimas _ uecars, Sxapunas _ unda aRniSnavdes (alaviZe 1982: 130). monorimi `ieri~ sityva `caieradis~ swored am mniSvnelobas unda gulisxmobdes. sayuradReboa, rom sityva `ca-ierad~ pirvelad `artistul yvavilebSi~ gvxvdeba leqsSi `SiSi~: ... da rogor mxedrebi, rogorc ca-ierad. mewyerad, samumad gvedeba es Wiri. (tabiZe 1919: 113) sul ki sityva: `caieradi~ galaktionis poeziaSi xuTjer gvxvdeba: oTxjer `ierSi~, xolo erTxel - `SiSSi~. ueWvelia, rom galaktions uyvars Tavisi siyrmisdroindeli sityva, ufrTxildeba mas, radgan `caieradis~ xma dedis nanasTan aris gaTanabre- buli. sulis musika, Sinagani harmoniis, sidiadis SegrZneba ki poets exma- reba amqveyniuri aurzaurisa da uxerxulobis daZlevaSi. `ferad-feradi~ kontrastul wyvils gulisxmobs: `me~ da `Sen~ dapirispireba gansazRvravs leqsis kompozicias, romelic ferad-feradi mogonebebis fonze iqmneba: Tu gavixsenebT `ieris~ avtografis (a 5570) minawerebs: `caierad~, `feradi, veraTi, feravdi~ unda vifiqroT, rom poeti erTma mogonebam meoresTan miiyvana, meorem mravali sxva ram gaaxsena. `ca-ierad~ `artistuli yva- vilebis~ leqsis `SiSis~ gaxsenebam gaaxmiana, xolo `caieradi~ `ferad- ferads~ daedo safuZvlad; rac Seexeba minawers zemoxsnebul avtografSi: `. ~, SesaZloa, is SemTxveviT aRmoCnda im furcelze, romelzec `ieria~ Sesrulebuli. magram maniqevelobis Taobaze msjeloba qarTul istoriografiaSi, filosofiasa da literaturismcod- neobaSi (iv. javaxiSvili, S. nucubiZe, p. ingoroyva) swored 20-30-iani wle- bis mijnas ukavSirdeba; Sesabamisad, `ieri~ 30-iani wlebis kuTvnilebaa da ara 1915 wlisa. Tamar barbaqaZe 114 galaktionis monorimis kvleva amjerad am ori, saanalizo leqsis (`ieri~, `ferad-feradi~) mixedviT warmovadgineT da, Sesabamisad, galaktionis TxzulebaTa uaxlesi gamocemis II da V tomebiT SemovisazRvreT. savaraudo iyo, rom monorimi galaktionis poeziisaTvis organuli ar iqneboda da, amitomac, iSviaTad Segvxvdeboda Tavidan bolomde erTi riT- miT gamarTuli leqsi. pirveli qarTuli poetikuri traqtatis `WaSnikis~ avtori monorims `boloerTs~ uwodebs da mis nimuSsac gvTavazobs: `mefis Tqmuli boloerTi~ (`me Sevamke ca, qveyana, zRva, mTa, veli, nayofT gvari, ...~) xuTi, erTi saerTo riTmiT Sekruli strofisagan Sedgeba da amitomac hqvia `bolo erTi~. aseve boloerTia `mefis Tqmulic~ (`SuriT aRivsnen ugbilni~), grZelSairiT (53/53) Sesrulebuli (baraTaSvili 1981: 23); mo- noriTmiani leqsebi sagangebod SeviswavleT vaJa-fSavelas poeziaSi, radgan xalxur xmebs eyrdnoboda igi, monoriTmianobac mosalodneli iyo vaJas lirikisaTvis (barbaqaZe 1984: 135). galaktionis poeziaSi ki, rogorc vTqviT, sul ar velodebodiT mono- riTmiani leqsebis amgvar simravles: II tomSi (1915-1921 wlebi) 15 `bolo- erTi~ leqsia Setanili, xolo V tomSi (1932-1940 wlebi) 18 monorimi; sul 14 weliwadSi 33 monorimi. sagulisxmoa, rom monorimebis: `Cemi simRera, (`zogs oqromkediT mo- naqsovari~), `hquxda xmovani qari mravali~, `xmamaRla~, `melanqoliuri mesimRere~, `srolis xma mTaSi~ - saTaurebi `xmas~ ukavSirdeba, xolo mo- norimebi: `ar var oboli amqveyanaze~ da `verxvebi~ didi xania popularul simRerebad aris qceuli saqarTveloSi. mcire gadaxveva: galaktioni, sruliad samarTlianad, amayobda, rom kar- gi xma hqonda. igi igonebs: `... arasodes iseTi `mravalJamieri~ ar maxsovs, Cven sami rom vmRerodiT: me, vano sarajiSvili da daviT pavliaSvili~ (ta- biZe 1975: 213). cnobilia, rom galaktioni niko sulxaniSvilis momReral- Ta gundis wevri iyo 1910 wlidan. galaktioni igonebs: `niko iRebs gammas, sruliad ubralo gammas, do, re, mi... me vyvebi jer sruliad ubralod. Semdeg gadadis variaciebze da Cemi xma umaRlesi notidan gadmodis dabalze. dablidan maRalze da ase Semdeg didxans. kompozitori guldasmiT amowmebs yovelives. ukanaskneli akordi miwyda. gamocda damTavrda. yvela sulganabulia. mec vucdi sulxaniSvilis daskvnas, ukanasknel ga- naCens. is cota xans sdums da Semdeg dajerebis, aRtacebuli ieriT xmaSi (xazgasma Cvenia T.b.) ambobs: _ ra sufTa altia, gasaocari xaverdovani da wkriala, Zlieri alti! unazesi lirikaa! ramdeni wlisa xarT? _ TxuTmetisa, batono niko! galaktionis monorimi (`ieri~, `ferad-feradi~) 115 _ rodesac ocs wels gadascdebiT, es Tqveni altic baritonad iqceva. Cveulebrivad ase xdeba. darCiT Cems gundSi, vimReroT erTad! xalisianad sTqva man da mxarze xeli damkra~ (tabiZe 1975: 240-241). zemoxsenebuli mogoneba isedac sainteresoa, magram gansakuTrebiT mniS- vnelovania aq galaktionis mier ierisa da xmis dakavSireba: `aRtacebuli ieriT xmaSi ambobs...~ e.i. xmas aqvs Tavisi ieri, intonacia, iseve, rogorc saxes aqvs ieri, gamometyveleba. xmis ieri gansakuTrebulia galaktionis monorimisaTvis. damowmebani: baraTaSvili 1981: baraTaSvili m. swavla leqsis Tqmisa. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis ga- momcemloba, 1981. barbaqaZe 1984: barbaqaZe T. vaJa-fSavelas monoriTmiani leqsebi. WaSniki. qarTuli le- qsmcodneobis sakiTxebi. Tb.: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1984. doiaSvili 1995: doiaSvili T. galaktion tabiZis saxeobrivi azrovneba. sadisertacio macne filologiis mecn. doqtoris samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tb.: 1995. tabiZe 1975: tabiZe g. Txzulebani. t.XII, Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1975. tabiZe 2005: tabiZe g. saarqivo gamocema ocdaxuT wignad. w. II, leqsebi (1915 - 1921), Tb.: gamomcemloba `literaturis matiane~, 2005. SaTiriSvili 2004: SaTiriSvili z. galaktionis poetika da ritorika. 1915-1927. Tb.: ga- z. galaktionis poetika da ritorika. 1915-1927. Tb.: ga- galaktionis poetika da ritorika. 1915-1927. Tb.: ga- 1915-1927. Tb.: ga- Tb.: ga- Tb.: ga- ga- momcemloba `logos presi~, 2004. Tamar Barbakadze Galaktions Monorhhyme Summary The article deals with the fact that even in the brand new editions of Galaktion Tabidzes works we come across the same dating of verses without taking into consideration their style, poetics and versifcation. The research reveals: the peculiarity of Galaktions second poetic reform: Approach to the voice of folk poetry, dialect was refected in verses with common rhyme written in 1928-1958. It is so called mono rhyme, which traditionally belongs to folk poetry. Tabidzes well-known mono rhyme Expression (Ieri) is dated by 1915 which in not correct. This poem is directly linked or precedes poets mono rhyme: Colourful-Colour- ful (Peradi-Peradi), which was written, without doubt, in 1938. Tamar barbaqaZe 116 Galaktions second poetic reform (20-30s of XX century) was about poets metrics and rhyme. Galaktioni had paid no attention to thirteen-syllable words and mono-rhyme until 30s. This criterion (44/5) and mono-rhyme is innovation in Galaktions versifcation. It should be noted, that the composition of Perad-Peradi (Colourful-Colourful), is based not only on mono-rhyme but on the word voice as well: I like hearing this voice, I fell in love with this sweat voice. Dialect should be meant in the voice of folk verses and songs and it found its expression in Galaktions 1934-1941 mono-rhymes. Galaktioni managed to write 18 mono-rhymes during these 7 years, third of them (6) are dated by 1938. The word Tsaieradi, which is repeated 5 times in 24-line verse, represents the poems Expression (Ieri) key rhyme element. The composition of Perad-Peradi(Colourful-Colourful) uses double rooted, poly- logic composites as a base: vperavdi-perad-peradi-versati-perad-peradi-bedistseramdi- amieramdi-perad-peradi. perad-peradi is repeated for four times. Thirteen-syllable starts from the epoch of Renaissance, its variations (35/5, 4/4/5, 43/24, 24/43) are most frequently met in Guramishvilis works. By means of frequency of use 4/4/5 is in the last place. The basis for versifcation interrelation of analysed mono-rhymes are found. Likeness of Ieri and perad-peradi, is shown not only with the help of identity of mono-rhymes lexical units but with same meter: both mono-rhymes are written by rare criterion thir- teen-syllable 44/5, which Galaktioni has not used until 30s. The author focuses on the word form that forms compositional basis for Galaktions mono-rhyme Ieri: rare, exotic, dialectic form: Tsaieradi, denoting sudden, poring rain of May. Galaktioni has once mentioned this word in the collection Artistic Flowers, then repeats it for four times in Ieri. The sound of the rain is connected with folk, childhood sounds, recollecting of which defnes Galaktions song mood. 117 giorgi lobJaniZe arabuli leqsis ganaxlebisaTvis brZolis II etapi (momxreebi da mowinaaRmdegeni) arabuli leqsis struqturuli da Tematuri ganaxlebis procesSi mkv- levrebi ramdenime etaps gamohyofen
1998a: 94-107), rom mdedrobiTi sqesis a sufiqsis uZvelesi saxea al sufiqsi, romelic dasturdeba giorgi monazonis `xronigrafis~ gelaTuri stiliT Sesru- lebul TargmanSi. aq moyvanilia citata eklesiastedan (92,78), romelSic gvxvdeba forma momReralebni momRernis sapirispirod: movignen monani da mevalni, da saxlis-wulni iqmnnes Cemda mraval ufros yovelTa yo- filTasa uwinares Cemda ierusalms. da Sevkribe vecxlica da oqro da simdidre mefeTa da yanaTa da ganvawyven momRerni da momReralebni da saSuebelni Zisa kacisani, mwdeni da mwdeani.~ aq formebi momRerni (momRe- ri mamr. sqesi) da momReralebni (Tavdapirvel formad moiazreba momRera mdedr. sqesi) erTmaneTisagan sqesiT ganirCevian. eklesiastes ganmartebis gelaTur TargmanebSi igive muxlebSi (II Tavis 8-9) sqesis garCeva xdeba ara afiqsuri warmoebiT, aramed - leqsikuri erTeulebiT: vyven Cemdad memRerni mamani da dedani saSuebelad Zisa kacisa, mewdieni mamani da dedani. da gan- vdiden da SevsZine ufros yovelTa pirvelTa CemTa ierusalims Sina [48. I]. rogorc vxedavT, aq dakonkretebulia rogorc memRerni, ise mewdieni sqesis gamomxatveli konkretuli sityvebiT _ mamani da dedani. gelaTis biblia- Si, konkretulad ieremias winaswar-metyvelebaSi, dasturdeba formebi, romlebsac erTvis mdedrobiTi sqesis a mawarmoebeli: da moaq[c]ies Semd- gomad gavlinebisa mis da ukun-iqcnes yrmani da yrmaani, romelni ganevlin- nes Tavisuflad da dautevebdes maT yrmebad da yrmaebad 34,11. Sdr. ierusa- limuri nusxa (J): da moiqces Semdgomad ganvlinebisa mis da ukun-iqcnnes monani da mevalni, romelni-igi ganavlines Tavisuflebad da Seidgenebdes maT monad da mevlad. 34,11; daimorCileniT igini yofad Tquenda yrmebad da yrmaaebad. 34,16. 34,11. Sdr. J: daimorCileT igini, raTa iyvnen Tquenda monad da mevlad. 34,16 (danelia 1992b). citirebul monakveTebSi yrma, fuZekvecadi saxeli, Sekvecili saxiTaa warmodgenili -ebiani mravlobiTis sufiqsis darTvisas. pirvel SemTxveva- Si yrm-eb-ad (mamr. sq. ara aqvs mawarmoebeli), meore SemTxvevaSi yrm- a-eb-ad, am SemTxvevaSi a sufiqss md. sqesis gamoxatvis funqcia aqvs. meore nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe 156 citatSi, rogorc vnaxeT, fuZec sruladaa warmodgenili da darTulia sqe- sis mawarmoebeli sufiqsic - yrma-a-eb-ad. gelaTis bibliaSi a sufiqsian warmoebasTan erTad (ebraela ier. 34,10; ufala es. 24,2; moxucebula zaq. 8,4) gvaqvs id sufiqsiani mdedrobiTi sqesis saxelebi: Wabukidi (ara ipoos qalwulebaWabukidisa,~ II Sj. 22,21), yrmidi (hrqua: romeli ars yrmidi ese,~ ruT. 2.5) da a. S. sqesis gamoxatva qarTuli saliteraturo enisaTvis arabunebrivi da miuRebeli aRmoCnda, mTargmnel-redaqtorTa amgvari mcdeloba naZala- devi, sqesis gamomxatveli sufiqsebi ki, rogorc k. danelia uwodebda `gramatikuli barbarizmebi.~ amdenad, gramatikuli sqesi, romelic arc erTxel ar dasturdeba eklesiastes ganmartebis gelaTur TargmanebSi, ver damkvidrda qarTul saliteraturo enaSi. yofiT-leqsikuri sferodan ZeglSi intensiurad gvxvdeba egera forma, romelic saliteraturo qarTulSi efrem mciris Semotanili Cans, aseve xSiria sadme, sadame da mobs formebs gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi, dasturdeba agreTve, azmnobs formis gamoyenebis ramdenime SemTxvevac; termini mimde- mi, romlis terminologiuri mniSvnelobiT gamoyeneba arsen iyalToels unda ukavSirdebodes, ZeglSi orgzis gvxvdeba, magram orivejer yofiT- leqsikuri da ara - cnebiT-terminologiuri mniSvnelobiT; eklesiastes TargmanebaSi yofiT-leqsikuri mniSvnelobiT dasturdeba, agreTve, gioba da jerCineba formebi. statikuri maxasiaTeblebis cxrilis gamoyenebam kidev erTxel cxad-yo, rom eklesiastes ganmartebaTa sakvlevi Zegli gelaTis salite- raturo skolis moRvawis mieraa Targmnili. yofiT-leqsikur, terminolo- giur da enobriv formebze dakvirvebis Sedegad Semdegi suraTi gamoikveTa: # mTargmneli anonimi ioane WimWimeli avtorebi mitrofane, olimp. aleqsandr. Teofilaqte bulgareli nusxa A 61 A 102; A 103 enobr. norm. teqstebi eklesiastes Targmaneba markozisa da lukas saxarebaTa ganmarteba 1 -ye - ~ 2 -eb + + 3 -ia + - 4 -admi; -isami - + 5 naT.+ ZliT + + 6 mebr +(1) - 7 mdedr. sqesi - + mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi 157 8 -esTa - - 9 egera + + 10 sad(a)me + + 11 medad - 12 mimdemi +(1) + 13 Znad - + 14 mowleoba + 15 sazrisi - 16 cebna + - 17 midreka + - 18 Zrva, moZraoba + + 19 Segulissityua - 20 TanSesityua - 21 mobs + + 22 azmnobs +(2) 23 gioba + 24 jerCineba + 25 ganmkacreba + Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze Zeglis mTargmnelad ver miviCnevT ioane WimWimels, rogorc amas varaudobda k. kekeliZe (ioane WimWimelisa da Cven mier sakvlevi Zeglis mTargmnelis stilis sxvaoba gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad vlindeba admi, -isami Tandebuliani formebis gamoyenebisas. es formebi intensiurad ixmareba saxarebaTa Teofilaqte bulgareliseuli ganmarte- bebis qarTul TargmanebSi da erTxelac ar dasturdeba eklesiastes gan- martebaTa sakvlev ZeglSi. sxvaoba Tavs iCens gramatikuli sqesis gamoxa- tvis aspeqtiTac). eklesiastes ganmartebaTa gelaTuri Targmanebis mTargmnels anonimad miiCnevs e. WeliZe. naSromSi `Zveli qarTuli saRvTismetyvelo terminolo- gia~ mkvlevari sxva terminTa rigSi ganixilavs berZnuli gnosic leqsemis Targmnis Taviseburebas da SeniSnavs: `rac Seexeba grigol akrakantelisa *
da olimpiodores ganmartebebs eklesiastes Sesaxeb, agreTve, ioane Wim- * eklesiates ganmartebis mitrofaneseuli teqstis avtorad, minis (PG) gamocemis safuZvelze, e. WeliZe grigol akrakantels miiCnevs. garkveuli periodis manZilze Cvenc amave Tvalsazriss vizi- arebdiT. uaxloes momavalSi sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT gamoqveyndeba Cveni naSromi, romelic sakiTxs axali mimarTulebiT gaaSuqebs (n. m.). nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe 158 Wimelis mier Targmnil Teofilaqte bulgarelis evangeliur komentarebs (markozisa da lukas Tavebi), romlebic, rogorc aRvniSneT, did naTesaobas amJRavneben efrem mciris terminologiasTan (eWvi ar aris, rom ioane Wim- Wimelica da eklesiastes zemoaRniSnul ganmartebaTa ucnobi mTargmnelic, romelsac k. kekeliZe imave ioane WimWimelTan aigivebs, uTuod efrem mciris mowafeebi arian) maTSi berZnuli gnwsic TiTqmis ugamonaklisod Targmni- lia, rogorc `mecniereba~ (WeliZe
1996: 454). eklesiastes ganmartebaTa sakvlevi Zeglis mTargmnelis stilebrivi na- Tesaoba efrem mciresTan aSkaraa, amasTan, aSkaraa mTargmnelis individua- lobac. is terminebi, romlebic saliteraturo enaSi efrem mciris damkvi- drebuli Cans, garkveuli odenobiT dasturdeba ZeglSi, magram xSirad maT gverdiT maTive paralelur formebad moiazreba neologizmebi, romlebiTac zogadad mdidaria XII-XIII saukuneebis qarTuli saliteraturo ena. ekle- siastes ganmartebaTa mTargmnelis stili erTgvar gardamaval safexurs warmoadgens efrem mciris stilsa da Semdgomi periodis gelaTis salite- raturo skolis moRvaweTa stils Soris. diferenciuli enobrivi niSnebis mixedviT Zegli yvelaze met siaxloes petre gelaTelis enasTan avlens. magram im mkveTri sxvaobebis gamo, romlebic SeiniSneba amave mTargmnelTan mimarTebaSi, petre gelaTeli namdvilad ver iqneba am Zeglis mTargmneli. zemowarmodgenili kvlevis gaTvaliswinebiT, sakiTxi eklesiastes gan- martebaTa miTiTebuli Zeglis mTargmnelis vinaobis Sesaxeb Riad rCeba da moiTxovs damatebiTi safuZvliani argumentebis Ziebas mTargmnelis vinao- bis gansasazRvrad. vnaxoT ra suraTi gamoikveTeba wm. barbares wamebis agiografiul Ze- glze am TvalsazrisiT dakvirvebisas. wm. barbares wamebis qarTuli metafrasuli redaqciebis mTargmnel SemdgenelTa Sesaxeb mkvlevarTa mier winaswar gamoTqmuli mosazrebiT A128/Ath.2 redaqcia petriwis Tqmulia (kekeliZe 1957: 165), H1347/Gel.5 ki _ arsen iyalToelisa (aRweriloba 1989: 5). redaqciis mTargmnelis Se- aRweriloba 1989: 5). redaqciis mTargmnelis Se- ). redaqciis mTargmnelis Se- saxeb cnobas gvawvdis A koleqciis 878-e xelnaweri: ,,ese merkviris wameba da varvarisi petriwis Tqmulia, amisTvis orive erTad davswere, Tumca wr- felTaTvs Znelsasmenel Cans, garna sityuaTa mosurneTaTvs didad tkbilia da mecnierTagan Rrmad sasurvel enamzeoba petriwisa. ra aZlevs amgva- ri ganacxadis safuZvels A 878 xelnaweris gadamwers, CvenTvis ucnobia. Cveni azriT, grigol mRvdelmonazoni (xelnaweri A 878-is gadamweri) enis sirTulisa da Znelsasmenlobis gamo ukavSirebs barbares wamebas petri- wis saxels. Tavis mxriv, swored grigol mRvdelmonazonis zemomomxobil daskvnas imowmebs k. kekeliZe, roca brZanebs: Znelsasmenelobas da enam- zeobasac rom ar mivaqcioT yuradReba, TviT berZnuli forma varvara mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi 159 erTi maCvenebelTagania ioane petriwis samwerlo normebisao (kekeliZe 1918: XIV). aqve aRvniSnavT, rom enamzeobis gamo gelaTis skolis ara- erT xelnawers usafuZvlod miawerdnen petriws. argumentad ver gamodgeba forma varvarac, radgan es saxeli yvela Zvel xelnawerSi (garda A 878-sa) baniTaa warmodgenili (barbara). vini am xelnawerSi (igulisxmeba A 878) rusulis (da ara berZnulis!) gavleniTaa gaCenili (rac XIX s.-is krebu- lisaTvis Cveulebrivia da ara _ moulodneli). amgvarad, verc grigol mRvdelmonazonis da, Sesabamisad, verc k. kekeliZis am mosazrebas A128/ Ath.2-is mTargmnelis Sesaxeb ver gaviazrebT. redaqciis mTargmnelad H 1347 xelnaweris minawerebze dayrdnobiT ar- sen iyalToels miiCneven. H 1347 krebulis gadamweri 159r da 203r-ze ixse- niebs vinme arsenis: wmidao RvTismSobelo,.. meox meyav winaSe Zisa Senisa friad codvilsa arsenis... da wmidao pirveldiakono stefane... meox meyav friad codvilsa arsenis, xolo 72r ki iyalTels: ekrZale mkiTxvelo, iyalTelsa hlocvidi. uSualod Cvens xelnawers anderZi ar erTvis. kre- bulSi miTiTebuli araa iyalToeli (an arseni, Tuki es saxeli da zewodeba erTsa da imave pirs miemarTeba) krebulis damkveT-Semdgenelia, gadamweri Tu konkretuli statiis mTargmneli (an avtori). samecniero literatu- raSi araferia naTqvami TviT krebulis paleografiul maxasiaTeblebze. amdenad, verc Cven vimsjelebT imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad emTxveva Zeglis gadamweris xeli arsenisas. rogorc qarTul xelnawerTa aRwerilobis H fondis III tomSia miTiTebuli, H1347 XI-XII s.s metafrasuli krebulia, es ki swored is droa, roca cxovrobda da moRvaweobda arsen iyalToeli. miuxedavad amisa, Tuki qarTul xelnawerTa aRwerilobaSi gamoTqmuli var- audi krebulis Sedgenis Sesaxeb paleografiuli niSnebiTaa gamyarebuli da H 1347 xelnaweri marTlac XI-XII saukuneebis metafrasuli krebulia, xolo krebulis minawerebze dayrdnobiT wmida barbares wamebis Targmanis arsen iyalToelisaTvis mikuTvnebas bolomde argumentirebulad mainc ver CavTvliT (radgan minaweri uSualod Cvens xelnawers ar erTvis). 2) mom- devno xanis mwerlobaSi wmida barbares wamebis metafrasul redaqciaTa Sesaxeb cnobebi Semonaxuli ar aris. 3) rakiRa pirdapiri sabuTi an lite- raturuli wyaros mowmoba Zeglis mTargmnelis Sesaxeb ar gvaqvs, amjerad- ac unda daveyrdnoT enobriv Taviseburebebs da leqsikur mxares. CvenTvis saintereso orive xelnaweri garkveulwilad avlens erTmaneTTan msgavsebas, rac ganpirobebulia imiT, rom orive mTargmneli gelaTis literaturuli skolis warmomadgenelia. mTargmnelTa dadgena-identifikaciisaTvis gaci- lebiT mniSvnelovani da Rirebuli or xelnawers Soris arsebuli gansxva- vebebia. TvalsaCino rom iyos A128/Ath.2 xelnawerebisa da ioane platon- uri filosofosis Sromebis da H1347/Gel.5 redaqciisa da arsen iyal- nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe 160 Toelis TargmanTa Soris arsebuli stiluri da enobriv-terminologiuri sxvaobani, Sesadareblad movuxmoT am mTargmnelTa ucilobel naSromebs da maTi kvlevis Sedegad miRebul daskvnebs (nemesios emeselis anTropolo- giuri da prokle diadoxosis Teologiuri traqtatebi, ioane damaskelis gardamocema da giorgi amartolis xronoRrafi). I. gramatikuli sxvaobani: 1. barbares wamebis a redaqciaSi vxvdebiT ebiani mravlobiTis gamoy- enebis 18 SemTxvevas, rac sakmaod xSiria iseTi mcire zomis ZeglisTvis, rogoric CvenTvis saintereso xelnaweria. miuTiTeben, rom ioane petri- wis SromebSi ebiani mravlobiTis xmarebis 24 SemTxvevaa dadasturebuli. amaTgan 20 gvxvdeba ,,ganmartebaTa bolosityvaobaSi, romelic XVIII sau- kunis xeliT aris aRdgenili, e.i. petriwis enas ar axasiaTebs -ebiani mrav- lobiTis formebi (rafava 1983: 058). Cveni xelnawerisTvis -eb mravlobiTis iseTive aqtiuri mawarmoebelia, rogoric nar-Taniani (TumcaRa, erT SemTx- vevaSi -eb gvxvdeba Tanian mravlobiTTan kombinaciaSic, rac damaxasiaTebe- lia gardamavali periodisaTvis: ,,viTarca eliseman yrmebTa). 2. gelaTis skolis Zeglebs micemiTSi dasmuli saxelis mravlobiTis aR- saniSnavad axasiaTebs -ye sufiqsoidis xmareba (ZiriTadad grZnoba-aRqmis da yola-qonebis gamomxatvel inversiul zmnebSi), rac ar SeiniSneba barba- res wamebis arc erT redaqciaSi. -ye sufiqsi ucxoa petriwisTvisac. 3. a redaqciis orive da b gelaTur (Gel.5) xelnawerebSi gvaqvs gaforme- buli moTxrobiTi sakuTar saxelebTan (eliseman, dioskoreman...). SeniSnaven, rom ,,kavSirTa Targmansa da ganmartebaSi moTxrobiTi brunva gauformebla- daa warmodgenili (meliqiSvili 1975: 15). 4. gelaTur teqstebSi (petriwisgan gansxvavebiT) xSiria -mi Tandebuli naTesaobiT da viTarebiT brunvebTan (petriwi am Tandebulebs mxolod or- mag naTesaobiT-viTarebiTSi xmarobs). Cveni xelnawerebi iSviaTad, magram swored arsenis jgufis da ara petriwis tradicias misdeven (Sendami da misda mimarT) -mi Tandebulebis xmarebis SemTxvevaSi. ufro metad ki sruli formiT mimarT (siZisa mimarT) iyeneben am nawilaks. Cvens xelnawerebSi ar gvaqvs -momarT nawilakis xmarebis SemTxvevebi (arc srulad da arc gamar- tivebuli saxiT). 5. petriwTan gvxvdeba -mde Tandebuli nanaTesaobiT viTarebiTTan, b re- daqciaSi gvaqvs dResamomde forma -mde TandebuliT. redaqciaSi es Tande- buli mxolod viTarebiT da ara ormag brunvas erTvis (gaTenebamde). 6. rogorc , ise b redaqciis mTargmnelebi Tanad zmnizedas prepozi- ciuri wyobiT damoukidebeli mniSvnelobiTac xmaroben (berZnul dedanSi Tanad leqsemas Seesabameba , da ). 7. ioane petriwis SromaTa enas axasiaTebs ars meSveli zmnis gamartiveba mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi 161 da winamaval sityvasTan Serwyma. es movlena Tavs iCens rogorc Sedgenil SemasmenelTan, ise TurmeobiTis formaSi. Cvens xelnawerebSi ki msgavsi magaliTebi ar gvaqvs. 8. gansxvavebiT petriwisgan, Cvens xelnawerebSi ar gvaqvs nasaxelar zmna- Ta ov xufiqsiani (saxarebiseuli perovis tipis) formebi. 9. arc erT xelnawerSi ar gvaqvs petriwisa da Tanadrouli sametyvelo enisTvis damaxasiaTebel ia daboloebiani formebi I rezultativSi (gavix- senoT vefxistyaosniseuli qvemore miTqvams, miqia-s tipis warmoeba), romelic xronoRrafSi iSviaTad, magram mainc gvxvdeba (mag. Seuracxia) (yauxCiSvili 1926: 8). 10. petriwTan I kavSirebiTis III pirSi gvaqvs odin daboloebiani forme- bi (nacvlad odian tipuri savrcobisa), rac ar axasiaTebs arc a, arc b redaqciebs (gelaTur teqstTa msgavsad). 11. ioane petriwTan Zali mxolod substantivis mniSvnelobiTaa nax- mari da terminologiuri datvirTva, potenciis gageba aqvs. rogorc a, ise redaqciis xelnawerebSi es leqsema Tandebulisa da derivaciuli fun- qciiTac gvxvdeba (es ki ucxoa ioane petriwis enisTvis) da terminis mniSv- nelobiTac. 12. ioane petriwi xSirad mimarTavs nuume, magra, maSa kavSirebs, Cveni xelnawerebis Semadgenelni am kavSirebs ar mimarTaven. 13. Tu kavSirs a redaqciis Semdgeneli xmarobs pirobiTi damokidebuli winadadebis bolos zmnis Semdeg. es movlena axasiaTebs gelaTur teqstebs (mag. maqsime aRmsareblis pirosTan sityvisgebis gelaTur Targmans) (xo- feria 1998: 59). 14. ioane petriwisTvis Cveulebrivia mebr Tandebuli berZnuli kata s Sesatyvisad prepoziciuri wyobiT: mebr JamiT, mebr guamiTa da a. S. Cvens xelnawerebSi es konstruqcia (mebr+moqm/viT.) ar gvxvdeba da Sesabamisi berZnuli windebuli gadmocemulia martivi moqmedebiTi (/viTa- rebiTi) brunvis formiT. 15. mTargmnelTa diferenciisaTvis mniSvnelovania sityvawarmoebis Tavi- seburebanic: kompozotian warmoebaSi a redaqciisaTvis produqtiuli wina, Tana, uku, adverbialuri warmoSobis prefiqsebi, uku arc erTgan ar gvx- vdeba b redaqciaSi. am mTargmnelis dialeqtisTvis damaxasiaTebeli gare prefiqsiani kompozitebia, rac ucxoa a redaqciis SemdgenelisTvis. oTxive afiqsi aqtiuria petriwisa da iyalToelis metyvelebisTvis. 16. abstraqtul saxelTa warmoebisas a redaqciis mTargmneli Tanabari aqtivobiT mimarTavs -eba/-oba sufiqsebs, b redaqciis mTargmnelisTvis ki metad produqtiulia -eba formanti (ioane petriwisgan gansxvavebiT, rome- lic oba mawarmoebels aniWebs upiratesobas). nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe 162 17. uqonlobis saxelebi b redaqciaSi sasubieqto mimReobebisgan uaryo- fiTi ar/ver nawilakebiTaa nawarmoebi. 18. a redaqciisTvis aqtiuria ca nawilaki, Cveulebriv igi erTvis sa- xelebs, magram or SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba III pirSi mdgar zmnasTanac (iyoca, ganucxadaca). iyoca forma ca nawilakiT gvaqvs xronoRragSic. 19. rogorc a redaqciis mTargmnelis, ise xronoRrafis metyvelebisT- vis damaxasiaTebelia re nawilaki. amave redaqciisTvis aqtiuria -me da Ra nawilakebic, romelnic b redaqciaSi gvxvdeba, magram iSviaTad (vidre- me, raime, arcaRa formebSi). 20. gelaTur teqstTagan gansxvavebiT, barbares wamebis arc erT redaq- ciaSi ar gvaqvs gaformebuli mdedr. sqesi (msgavsad petriwisa); am Tval- sazrisiT, gamonaklisia dioskoride forma, romelic ukonteqstodaa mox- mobili. 21. orive redaqciaSi gvaqvs a nawilaki kiTxviTi an kiTxva-Zaxilis Sinaarsis gasaZliereblad, xolo b redaqciis mTargmneli am TvalsazrisiT o nawilaksac mimarTavs (es movlena damaxasiaTebelia xronoRrafisTvi- sac). 22. petriwi da iyalToeli kai leqsemas da +c hendiadisuri wyviliT gadmogvcemen. es movlena ar gvxvdeba b redaqciaSi; a redaqciaSi, gansxva- vebiT b-sagan da +c gvaqvs, magram Zneli saTqmelia kai-s Seesabameba igi Tu ara. 23. orive redaqciaSi gvaqvs uSemasmenlo winadadebebi, romelTa ricx- vic -Si Warbobs. petriwis TargmanTagan gansxvavebiT, a redaqciaSi uSemas- menlo winadadebebi Zalze cotaa. 24. a redaqciaSi aseve cotaa pasivuri konstruqciebi, gansxvavebiT pe- triwisa da iyalToelis TargmanTa da redaqciisagan, sadac amgvari wina- dadebebi xSiria. 25. amgvarive viTarebaa infinitivur winadadebaTa gamoyenebis Tvalsaz- risiTac. a redaqciis mTargmnel-redaqtori am SemTxvevaSic zomierebas ar- Cevs. 26. gansxvavebul suraTs gvaCvenebs mimReobur konstruqciebze dakvir- veba. mas Zalze aqtiurad mimarTaven rogorc a, ise redaqciis mTargm- nelebi. TumcaRa, gansxvavebiT A128/Ath.2 xelnawerebisgan, H1347/Gel.5-Si TiTqmis ar gvaqvs metyveleba wris zmnis mimReoburi konstruqciebi. 27. madiferencirebeli gramatikuli niSnebis gamokveTisas gverds ver avuvliT berZnul leqsikur erTeulebs. esaa: a) uTargmnelad gadmosuli berZnuli leqsika (stratiotis tipisa); b) uTargmnelad gadmosuli berZ- nuli leqsika, romelTa qarTuli mawarmoeblebi aqvT darTuli (Ter- strovnoda tipisa). g) sakuTar saxelTa arasworad gadmosuli formebi, mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi 163 rac qarTul TargmanSi saxelTa gadmotanisas siWreles iwvevs (dioskore, iuliane/i/a, barbara da a.S.). d) Sinaarsis mixedviT sazogados msgavsad Targmnili sak. saxeli (mzisqalaqis tipisa). amgvari, msubuqad rom vTqvaT, Secdomebi ioane petriwis xelidan gamosul Zegls ar unda axasiaTeb- des. amitomve gveeWveba, rom redaqcia arsenis Targmania (da gamovTqvamT mokrZalebul varauds, rom Tuki mainc miviCnevT arseniseulad, maSin misi moRvaweobis adreul periods unda mivakuTvnoT). II. yofiT-leqsikuri maxasiaTeblebi: gelaTis saliteraturo skolis enobrivi stilis erTianobisa da individualurobis Sesaxeb d. meliqiS- vili SeniSnavs: yofiTi leqsikis sferoSi vgulisxmobT individualu- ri metyvelebisaTvis (sityvaTxmarebisTvis) xSirad saxmarisi semantikis sityvebs... romlebic sistematurad gvxvdeba... gelaTur xelnawerebSi da saerTod ar dasturdeba ioane petriwis metyvelebaSi (meliqiSvili 1996: 69). terminologiur-leqsikur sakiTxebze msjelobisas swored is leqsi- kuri erTeulebi gamovkveTeT, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia gelaTuri xe- lnawerisaTvis da, piriqiT, ucxoa petriwis enisaTvis. Cvens SemTxvevaSi esenia ZliTi, sadme, egera, mimdemi, Znad, iW/iW, mowleoba, gioba, Tmo- ba, zmnoba, Znoba, jerCineba, modreka/Zrva, damWirva, Tb, (aR)wba, gerSi leqsemebi, romlebic saTanado adgilas konteqstis moxmobiT araerTxel davimowmeT. gameorebis Tavidan asarideblad magaliTebis moxmobisgan Tavs SevikavebT da mxolod aRvniSnavT, rom am leqsemaTagan zogierTi orive re- daqciisaTvis saerToa, zogi ki mxolod erT-erTis kuTvnilebaa: ZliTi, midreka, Zrva, moba, zmnoba, jerCineba is leqsikuri erTeulebia, romelic orive redaqciis mTargmnelis metyvelebas axasiaTebs; Tb, (aR)wbeba (es leqsemebi gvxvdeba xronoRrafSic), xolo egera, sadme, mimdemi, (umimde- mesad), Znad, iW, mowleoba, gioba (ugiobelad), damWirva, gerSi-mxolod redaqciis yofiT-leqsikuri maxasiaTeblebia. es leqsikuri erTeulebi ioane petriws an ar axasiaTebs, an principulad sxva SinaarsiT mouxmobs maT (rogorc es ZliTi, Zrva, midreka terminTa magaliTze vnaxeT). III. terminologiuri maxasiaTeblebi: dogmatur-saRvTismetyvelo da leqsikur-terminologiur sakiTxebze msjelobisas sagangebod SevCerdiT ontologiur-metafizikur da drois mcnebis gamomxatvel terminolo- giaze rogorc a, ise redaqciebSi. rogorc SevniSneT, terminologiuri TvalsazrisiT ufro sainteresoa A128/Ath.2 redaqcia, radgan locvaTa da gamocxadeba-saswaulTa siWarbis gamo a jgufis xelnawerebi datvirTulia specialuri saRvTismetyvelo leqsikiT. iqve mivuTiTeT, rom es termine- bi qmnian sruliad Camoyalibebul terminologiur sistemas, sadac yvela leqsemas Tavisi Sesatyvisi aqvs daZebnili. yofiT da specialur termino- logiur sistemaze dakvirvebam kidev erTxel migviyvana daskvnamde, rom a nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe 164 jgufis xelnawerebi ioane petriws ar ekuTvnis. amave daskvnis gamotanis SesaZleblobas iZleva terminologiur maxasiaTebelTa gamokveTa. Cveni xe- lnawerebi (rogorc a, ise jgufisa) terminologiuri maxasiaTeblebi sam ZiriTad jgufad davyaviT: a) terminologia, romelic emTxveva sakuTriv arsenis TargmanebSi dadasturebul terminebs. mag., A128/Ath.2 xelnawe- rebSi gvaqvs: ipyroben yovlobasa, gardamocemis arseniseul TargmanSi - epyrian yovelni (rogorc zemoT SevniSneT, xSir SemTxvevaSi a redaqciis mTargmnel-redaqtori dogmaturi msjelobisas gardamocemis Sesabamis epizodebs TiTqmis sityva-sityviT imowmebs). efrem mcire pyroba-s nacv- lad mimarTavs Secva zmnas da Targmnis amgvarad: Seucven yovelni. amgva- rive viTarebaa myofobiTi guaris SemTxvevaSic, rasac arsenTan igive Sewy- vileba, xolo efremTan TvTeba Seesabameba; erTsa da imave konteqstSi berZ- nuli ktisic efremTan dabadebulis, xelnaweris mTargmnelTagan ki, arse- nis msgavsad, agebulis Sesatyvisia. orive xelnaweris mTargmneli mimarTavs termins jerCineba berZnuli -s Sesabamisad, nacvlad efremiseuli terminebisa da a.S. b) terminologia, romelic imeorebs Zvel tradiciul leqsikas (mag. efrem mciris terminebs). amgvar leqsema-terminTa ricxvic ar aris cota: kamaran leqsema redaqciis mTargmnels efremis msgavsad pirdapir gadmoaqvs (kamara), xolo arseni mas sferissaxeobad Targmnis; berZnuli tropoc redaqciaSi saxed aris Targmnili (amave xelnawerSi saxe tropocis Sesatyvisadac gvxvdeba). tropoc saxe Sesabamisoba Cveulebri- via, rogorc efremis, ise petriwis TargmanTaTvis. amgvarsave Targmans izi- arebda Tavdapirvelad arsenic, xolo SemdegSi daamkvidra tropoc _ guari Sesatyvisoba, rac saerTo gaxda gelaTuri teqstebisaTvis (WeliZe 1995: 124). g) terminebi, romelic sakuTriv Cveni xelnawerebisTvisaa damaxasiaTe- beli. amgvar terminTa ricxvs miekuTvneba umTno, rac berZnuli aseea leqsemis Sesatyvisia da, romelsac mimarTavs orive redaqciis mTargmne- li. amgvarad, statistikuri maxasiaTeblebis meTodis gamoyenebam gvaCvena, rom barbares wamebis A 128/Ath.2 redaqcia gelaTis mTargmnelobiT sko- laSia Sesrulebuli da arc terminologiurad, arc yofiT-leqsikuri da gramatikuli niSnebiT ar asaxavs petriwis ucilobeli TargmanebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel viTarebas. igi ar unda ekuTvnodes ioane petriws. a redaq- ciis mTargmnel-redaqtori unda iyos bibliisa da (rogorc Zveli, ise axa- li aRTqmis wignTa) da ,,gardamocemis kargi mcodne (rasac gvidasturebs Zveli da axali aRTqmis saxeobrivi sistemis Sedareba-epiTetTa intensiuri moxmoba). xolo, raki Txzuleba gelaTis mTargmnelobiTi skolis prin- cipebiTaa Sesrulebuli, SesaZloa misi Semdgeneli unda veZioT gelaTis bibliis mTargmnelTa, arsenis uSualo memkvidreTa da enobriv-stilur mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi 165 tradiciaTa gamgrZeleblebs Soris. enobriv-terminologiuri maxasiaTeb- lebis mixedviT, a redaqcia axlos dgas ioane sinelis ,,klemaqsis enasTan (romelsac petre gelaTelis saxels ukavSireben). xolo redaqcia, savar- audod, arsen iyalToelis mieraa Sesrulebuli mTargmnelobiTi moRvaweo- bis adreul etapze, gardamocemis xelaxla Targmnamde. amdenad, warmodgenilma meTodikam saSualeba mogvca kritikulad ga- dagvesinja is daskvnebi, romlebic samecniero literaturaSi eklesiastes ganmartebaTa gelaTuri versiisa da barbares wamebis (a da b redaqciebis) mTargmnelTa Sesaxeb arsebobda da dagvesaxa kvlevis axali mimarTuleba. vfiqrobT, mTargmnelis problemis amgvari meTodologiuri aspeqtebiT ganxilva, romelic werilobiT wyaroebTan erTad gulisxmobs anonimuri Targmanebis enobriv-terminologiur analizs, yuradsaRebi unda iyos ms- gavsi sakiTxebiT dainteresebul pirTaTvis. damowmebani: aRweriloba 1989: aTonis qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba. xelnawerTa erovnuli centri. t. I, Tb.: 1989. bezaraSvili 2004: bezaraSvili q. ritorikisa da Targmanis Teoria da praqtika grigol RvTismetyvelis TxzulebaTa qarTuli Targmanebis mixedviT. Tb.: gamom- cemloba `mecniereba,~ 2004. danelia 1998: danelia k. gramatikuli sqesis gamoxatvis sakiTxisaTvis. narkvevebi qarTuli samwerlobo enis istoriidan. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1998. danelia 1992: danelia k. ieremias winaswarmetyvelebis Zveli qarTuli versiebi. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1992. Esbroeck 1988: Esbroeck M.v., Eutime lHagiorite: le traducteur et ses traductions.- Revue des Etu- des Georgiennes et Caucasiennes (Bedi kartlisa XL VII), vol. 4, 1988 kekeliZe 1920: kekeliZe k. Targmaneba eklesiastesi mitrofane zmrnel mitropoli- tisa. Tb.: 1920. kekeliZe 1957: kekeliZe k. qarTuli naTargmni agiografia. etiudebi. V. Tb.: 1957. kekeliZe 1918: kekeliZe k. kimeni. t. I, Tb.: 1918. lolaSvili 1978: lolaSvili iv. arsen iyalToeli (cxovreba da moRvaweoba). Tb.: 1978. meliqiSvili 1996: meliqiSvili d. gelaTis saliteraturo skolis enobrivi stilis er- meliqiSvili d. gelaTis saliteraturo skolis enobrivi stilis er- Tianobisa da individualurobis sakiTxisaTvis. gelaTis mecnierebaTa akademiis uwyebani. 2, Tb.: 1996. meliqiSvili 1975: meliqiSvili d. ioane petriwis filosofiur SromaTa ena da stili. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1975. rafava... 1983: rafava m., keWaRmaZe n. amonios ermisis Txzulebani qarTul mwerlobaSi. gamosac. moamzada, leqsikoni da gamokvleva daurTo m. rafavam. Tb.: 1983. nana mrevliSvili, eka CikvaiZe 166 WeliZe 1995: WeliZe ed. ioane petriwis cxovreba da moRvaweoba. J. religia, I-II, 1995. WeliZe 1996: WeliZe ed. Zveli qarTuli saRvTismetyvelo terminologia. I, Tb.: gamomcemloba mecniereba, 1996. xinTibiZe 1969: xinTibiZe e. bizantiur-qarTuli literaturuli urTierTobani. Tb.: Tsu gamomcemloba, 1969. xoferia 1998: xoferia l. maqsime aRmsareblis `pirosTan sityvisgebis~ qarTuli Targmanebi. sakandidato disertacia. Tb.: 1998. yauxCiSvili 1926: yauxCiSvili s. giorgi amartolis `xronoRrafis~ qarTuli Targma- ni. 2, Tb.: 1926. xelnawerebi: A 61 - Rirsisa mamisa Cvenisa mitrofane zmrnel mitropolitisa da ulmpiodore diakonisa mier aRwerili Targmanebaeklesiastisa. A128; Ath.2; H1347; Gel.5 - wmida barbares wameba. A 878 - wmida merkviris wameba. By N. Mrevlishvili, E. Chikvaidze The Challenge of Translation in Ancient Georgia and Main Methodological Aspects of the Study of the Issue Summary Evident orientation of the 11 th century Georgian system of thinking to Byzantine cultural processes signifcantly determined trends of not only specifc directions of culture, but also basic cultural trends of Georgia of that period in general. Georgian religious-philosophical concepts or the literary processes in general were developed in parallel with Byzantine cultural processes, and acquired substance accordingly. The intensity of translation activity that emerges in the reality of Georgia of this period is conditioned by the desire of Georgian translators to compare to Byzantium -- a lead- ing cultural country of the world of that period. Therefore, if Georgian writers mainly created original works at an earlier stage, this period is marked by the commencement of active translation activity. Over time, in line with the nature and requirements of the epoch, the concept of translation was formed and refned. The study of literary heritage of Georgian translators and the identifcation of in- dividual linguistic-terminological qualifers is important for in-depth research of the issue, as well as for the establishment of the identity of anonymous translators. Fre- quently the names of a translator, copyist or sponsor are intermixed. Additionally, the cases of erroneous attribution of translators of the same literary school and the same mTargmnelis problema Zvel saqarTveloSi 167 period to other translators are not rare. In such conditions, it is obvious that several fac- tors are to be taken into account for the establishment of actual identity of a translator: 1. Historical sources about the work; 2. Literary traditions; 3. Method of translation, based on which literary school and, respectively, probable time and place of the giv- en work can be ascertained. 4. For the completeness of information national stylistic norms used for this or that translation are to be studied. The following factor is to be taken into account when making a conclusion: the stage of career the translation was performed, since translators continuously elaborated and refned translation method or terminological structure. The work reviews theoretical material on the basis of two works performed pursuant to translation standards of the Gelati Theological school: Gelati version of the interpretation of Ecclesiastes and the Torturing of St. Barbara. The presented methodology (method of statistical qualifers V. Fooks, D. Melikishvi- li) has enabled us to critically review the conclusions that existed in scientifc literature about the translators of the Gelati version of Exegesis of Ecclesiastes and of the Tortur- ing of St. Barbara (Editions A and B) and set forth a new direction for the research. In our opinion, tackling the issue of a translator by way of such methodological aspects that entails the analysis of linguistic-terminological analysis of anonymous transla- tions, in addition to written sources, should be noteworthy to the people interested in similar issues. 168 folkloristika _ Tanamedrove kvlevebi dalila bedianiZe amiranis miTis kompoziciuri Taviseburebani mecnierTa Soris sakamaToa sakiTxi arsebos Tu ara amiranis miTi, Tu Cven mxolod amiranis eposTan gvaqvs saqme. amirani epikuri gmiri ki aris, magram Cveni varaudiT, misi Tavgadasavali Camoyalibebulia qarTul folklorSi rogorc eposad, aseve calkeul miTebad. Tu promeTes Tavga- dasavals miTad miviCnevT, ratom ar unda miviCnioT amiranis Tavgadasavali miTad? arsebobs araerTi Canaweri amiranis Sesaxeb, romelTaganac kompoz- iciuri mTlianobiT gamoirCeva ori svanuri varianti da erTic fSauri, Tumca leqsnarevi, magram kompoziciurad mTliani da Sekruli. amiranis Tavgadasavali msgavsebas iCens araerTi xalxis epikuri gmireb- is TavgadasavalTan, maT Soris antikuri miTosis personaJebis Tavgadasav- lebTan. Cven amjerad yuradRebas SevaCerebT berZnuli miTosis gmirebTan, heraklesTan, TezevsTan, persevsTan, peiriToesTan amiranis msgavsebaze da mxolod gakvriT SevexebiT promeTes, vinaidan promeTe-amiranis Sesaxeb bev- ri dawerila da aq axali araferi gvaqvs saTqmeli. Tavis cnobil naSromSi `miTis poetika~ eliazar meletinski exeba amiransac da aRniSnavs, rom amirani monaTesave berZnuli promeTesi, ms- gavsebas iCens persevsTan, TezevsTan, heraklesTan rogorc urCxelTa dama- marcxebeli gmiri. didi mecnieri aq mxolod erTi fraziT kmayofildeba da ar ganixilavs msgavsebis faqtebs. Cven mas veTanxmebiT da Cveni mxriv davumatebT, rom amirani peiriToesTanac iCens msgavsebas. amiranis miTis svanuri variantebis mixedviT, misi kompoziciuri de- talebi ZiriTadad aseTia: 1. amiranis mSoblebis satrfialo Tavgadasavali; 2. amiranis dabadeba; 3. mdinaris piras amiranis akvnis dadgma da monaTvla; 4. amirani mamis saxlSi; 5. amiranis mier mamis Tvalis dabruneba; 6. amiranis Sexvedra calTvala devTan; 7. amiranis da misi Zmebis brZola devebTan; 8. amiranis mier baybaydevis damarcxeba; 9. amiranis brZola devTan, romelmac igi gadaylapa (iniciacia); 10. amiranis gamosvla devis wiaRidan; 11. mze- Tunaxav qeTus (igive yamari) Zieba; 12. amirani da gmiri ambri-andrerobi; 13. kekluca keisris qalis qeTus motaceba; 14. brZola sacolis mamasTan da Zmebis sikvdili; 15. amiranis Zmebis gacocxleba; 16. amirani ficism- texeli; 17. amiranis RmerTTan Sexvedra; 18. amiranis mijaWva (Ciqovani 1947: 355-363; 363-375). amiranis miTis kompoziciuri Taviseburebani 169 amiranis miTis svanur variantebs avsebs da siRrmes matebs fSauri vari- anti, romlis kompoziciuri detalebic aseTia: 1. amiranis mama sulkalmaxs sami vaJi hyavda. umcrosi amirani iyo, qristes naTluli. amiranis dedas darejani erqva. ded-mama daexocaT bavS- vebs da maT devebi Cagravdnen. 2. sanadirod wasulT cxra mTas iqiT, meaTe mTaze iremi SexvdaT, romel- mac koSkTan miiyvana isini (Semdeg modis poeturi CanarTi koSkisa da cam- cumis Sesaxeb). 3. amirani da misi Zmebi Sexvdnen baybay devs, romelmac yamari uxsena maT. amiranis mier baybayis mokvlis Semdeg misi Tavebidan amomZvrali sami Wia sam gveleSapad iqca. 4. amiranma daxoca TeTri da wiTeli gveleSapi, Savma ki is Caylapa (ini- ciacia). amiranma mas muceli gamosWra da gamovida, oRond gaqosavebuli. 5. igris epizodi. 6. yamaris gzaze devebs hqondaT qorwili cxra Zma devs. badrma, usupma da amiranma isini daxoces da maT saxls daepatronen. 7. yamaris naxva amiranis mier, motaceba, WurWlis aSla da mdevris dadevneba. 8. amiranis da misi Zmebis brZola mdevarTan, Zmebis sikvdili, yamaris mamis mokvla yamaris daxmarebiT. 9. amiranma neka TiTis moWriT Tavi moikla, radgan Zmebi daexocnen brZo- laSi, yamarma is Tagvis magaliTze gaacocxla. gaacocxles badri da usu- pic da Sin wavidnen. 10. amiranis mteri ambri momkvdariyo misi barkali ver aswia amiranma, ambris dedam aswia da Searcxvina amirani, romelic sabnelos Cajda. 11. RmerTma amirans misi TxovniT Zala moumata, magram amirani gaboro- tda da gazviadda. 12. amiranma Tavis naTliasTan SeWideba daiJina. RmerTma samjer daaso joxi, romelic amiranma orjer moglija, mesamed ki vera. RmerTma igi am joxze miajaWva da zed gergeti da yazbegis mTa daaxura. 13. amirans Tan goSiac hyavs, romelic jaWvs lokviT aTxelebs, magram did xuTSabaTs mWedlebi grdemls uros dahkraven da jaWvi isev sqeldeba. 14. amirani erTma monadirem naxa gamoqvabulSi da moindoma misi gaTa- visufleba. igi jambara-sakidelis mosatanad wavida, rom amiranis xmali imiT daeZra, magram misma colma ar moisvena, mainc gamoelaparaka (piroba aseTi iyo monadire aravis unda dalaparakeboda). monadirem coli ki mityipa da amiranTan mivida, magram is gamoqvabulic gaqra da amiranic (Ci- qovani 1947: 312-327). Cveni yuradReba miiqcia erTma qarTulma xalxurma zRaparma `broweu- dalila bedianiZe 170 lis wyaro~ (rCeuli 1958: 42-47), romelSic gvxvdeba informacia amiranis gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb. amiranis gaTavisufleba ar aris kavSirSi mTel zRaparTan, igi calke ambad aris CarTuli zRapris SuaSi: devkaci Tavisi sulis Citis kolofs amiranis gasaRebiT aRebs. `es amiranis gasaRebi aris samyura balaxi sTqva mzeTunaxavma. didxans iyo kldeze mijaWvuli amiran gmirTagmiri, misi codviT dedamiwa iwvoda, cas da qveyanas ebraleboda, magram veravin uSvela... borkili ara tydeboda. erTxel mivida WianWvela da uTxra: mecodebi, rom magre itanjebi da, Tu damimadleb, giSvelio, agiSvebo. amirans gaecina da uTxra: dedamiwis zurgze Senze patara ara dacocavs rao, magram guli ki yvelaze didi gqo- nia da SeuZlebels iCemebo. WianWvelam uTxra. aba, me getyvi da Sen yuri damigdeo _ erTxel gvelma bayayi daiWira, Caylapva undoda, magram gaaS- vebina; bayayma Tavs uSvela, gadaxta balaxebSi, moglija matitela balaxi, daidva nakbenze da wyluli moiSuSa; me gamikvirda, mivedi matitelasTan da qeba Sevasxi: balaxi Sen yofilxar-meTqi. balaxi me kia ara var, ager rom Cems gverdiT samyura izrdeba, is aris, rom cxraklitulebs aRebs da borkilebs amtvrevs... midebis meti ara unda rao. es rom gavigone, mivedi, movglije samyuras meoTxe foToli da wamogiReo. micocda, miadva amiranis jaWvs da gaxsna borkili. amiranma Tavi aiSva da WianWvela daloca: rac tani gaq, erTi aTasad imaze meti Zala mogeceso. es samyura balaxi amirans, ra- Rai Tavi auSvia, gadaugdia, am wyeul devkacs upovnia da sadRac damaluli aqvso. miixed-moixeda ZiZiSvilma da kedels Sua Cakiruli dainaxa amiranis gasaRebi. gamoiRo, miadva kolofs, gaxsna, gamoiyvana Citi, misca xelSi xe- lmwifis Svils waaglijes Tavi da mokvda devi~ (rCeuli 1958: 45). niSan- doblivia, rom am zRaparSi naxsenebi oTxyura samyura balaxi aris magiuri mcenare da mas msoflio folklorSi saerTaSoriso simbolos mniSvneloba aqvs (bregaZe 2007: megruli). am gaTavisuflebis epizodis gaTvaliswinebiT amiranis miTi kidev ufro srul saxes iZens da ufro met msgavsebas iCens promeTes, Tezevsis da peiri- Toes miTebTan (herale da persevsi mijaWvulni ar yofilan da Sesabamisad, promeTes miTebSi gaTavisuflebis epizodic ar gvxvdeba). rogorc cno- bilia, promeTes miTTan amiranis miTs akavSirebs gmiris xasiaTi da gmiris mijaWva, zemoxsenebuli qarTuli zRapris mixedviT ki Tavs iCens msgavsebis kidev axali detali gmiris gaTavisufleba. promeTes mijaWva-gaTavisuflebaze bevri Tqmula, am sakiTxs aRar gam- ovekidebiT, axla CavxedoT Tezevsis da peiriToes miTs (kuni 1965: 201-204): Tezevsi iyo poseidonis Svili, misi mTavari gmiroba iyo minotavris mokv- la. igi daumegobrda lapiTebis meomari tomis meTaurs Zlevamosil gmirs peiriToes, romelmac colad SeirTo mSvenieri hipodamia. hipodamia male amiranis miTis kompoziciuri Taviseburebani 171 gardaicvala. peiriToem igi iglova, Semdeg ki Tezevsis daxmarebiT moitaca mSvenieri elene. elene wilisyriT Tezevss ergo da ara peiriToes. maSin peiriToem hadesis colis persefones motaceba sTxova Tezevss. Tezevss Tavzari daeca, magram megobars uari ver uTxra. isini mividnen hadesTan da colis daTmoba mosTxoves. ganrisxda hadesi, magram Tavi Seikava da gmirebs micvalebulTa samefos SemosasvlelTan kldeSi amokveTil taxtze daj- doma ubrZana. rogorc ki taxtze daeSvnen, orive gmiri zed miejaWva, wa- modgoma veRar SeZles da moZraobis unari dakarges. Tezevsi didxans darCa aCrdilTa qveyanaSi. mZime tanjvas iTmenda qvesknelSi, magram bolos herak- lem gaaTavisufla igi (niSandoblivia, rom promeTec heraklem gaaTavisuf- la). rac Seexeba peiriToes, misi bedis Sesaxeb miTSi araferia naTqvami. unda vifiqroT, rom TezevsTan erTad isic gaTavisuflda taxtze mijaWvisagan. Tezevsi skirosis mefe likomedem zRvaSi gadaagdo maRali kldidan da ase daiRupa. am mxriv Tezevsi amiranisgan gansxvavdeba, romelic promeTesaviT ukvdavia, Tumca Tezevsi amiraniviT borot ZalebTan mebrZolia man mokla minotavri da sxva gmirobebic Caidina. minotavris mokvlaSi mas daexmara masze Seyvarebuli ariadne (Sdr. amirans rogor daexmara RrubelTbatonis mokvlaSi masze Seyvarebuli yamari. es faqti sayuradReboa imiTac, rom aq gvxvdeba qali sakuTari mamis winaaRmdeg Seyvarebulis dasaxmareblad. mkrTalia, magram mainc aris aq analogi medeasa da iazonis ambavs Soris, Tumca ariadne dionises coli gaxda da ara Tezevsisa). amiranis msgavseba heraklesa, persevssa da TezevsTan (peiriToes warmo- Soba ucnobia) moicavs gmiris warmoSobasac igi RvTaebrivi warmoSobisaa, qal-RmerT dalis Svili, xolo berZen gmirebs mamebi hyavT RmerTebi (her- akles zevsi, persevsac zevsi, xolo Tezevss poseidoni). amirani herak- les hgavs imiTac, rom igi gvelTmebrZolia (gavixsenoT herakles pirveli gmiroba) da imiTac, rom igi ukvdavia (heraklesac xom ukvdaveba mianiWes olimpoze RmerTebma da colad heba SerTes). persevsis miTi msgavsebas iCens amiranis miTTan erTi detaliTac patara persevsi da dedamisi danae ar- gosis mefe akrisiam, orakulis winaswarmetyvelebiT SeSinebulma, xis ki- dobanSi Casva da monebs zRvaSi gadaagdebina. kidobani meTevze diqtisma gam- oitana zRvidan da orive dedaSvili Tavis Zmas, serifosis mefe polideqtes mihgvara, romlis karzec gaizarda persevsi. es detali Cven mogvagonebs wy- alTan dakavSirebul axalSobil miTosur gmirebs kriSnas, moses da sxva da mogvagonebs amiransac, romlis akvanic wyaros pirTan iqna dadgmuli da romelic ara mSobelma mamam gazarda. persevsis miTs im zRaprebTanac aqvs kavSiri andromedes urCxulisagan gadarCenis detaliT, romlebSic gmiri wylis mflobeli gveleSapis SeWmisagan ixsnis mzeTunaxavs, magram es ukve sxva sakiTxia. persevsi gvelmebrZol gmiradac SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rad- dalila bedianiZe 172 gan gorgona-meduzas, romelic man mokla, Tavze gvelebi asevia da meduzas sisxlis wveTebisgan Sxamiani gvelebi warmoiSvnen am mxrivac hgavs igi amirans, oRond persevsic mokvdavia, rogorc Tezevsi. amiranis miTTan kompoziciur msgavsebas iCens zogierTi berZnuli miTis dasawyisi detali `gmiris mSoblebis satrfialo Tavgadasavali~: herakles dedas alkmenes, amfitrionis meuRles, zevsisagan eyola herakle. zevsma aseve Seiyvara danae argosis mefis akrisias asuli, moevlina mas oqros wvimis saxiT da misgan danaes eyola persevsi. herakle, iseve, rogorc promeTe da amirani, RmerTebis winaaRmdeg me- brZoli gmiria. igi SeebrZola sikvdilis RmerTs Tanatoss (mefe admetes colis alkestidas gamosaxsnelad), zRvis RmerTs nerevss (hesperidebis vaSlebisken mimavali gza aswavlebina), apolons (romelTanac zevsma Seari- ga), mdinaris RmerT aqeloes (romelic gvelad iqca) igi mudam gamar- jvebuli gamodioda. Tezevsma peiriToesTvis colis, persefones daTmoba sTxova hadess, riTac mis winaaRmdeg gamovida da peiriToesTan erTad amis- aTvis mijaWvul iqna. amrigad, zemoxsenebul berZnul miTebTan herakles, persevsis, Tezevsis da peiriToes Sesaxeb amiranis miTi msgavsebas iCens mTavari gmiris xasi- aTiT, gvelTmebrZolobiT, mijaWvis da gaTavisuflebis detaliT (oRond es ukanaskneli mxolod Tezevsis da peiriToes Sesaxeb miTSi gvxvdeba, garda promeTesi). amiranis miTis Cvens mier zemoT moyvanili variantebis kompoziciuri de- talebi logikurad misdeven erTmaneTs, isini iCenen damoukideblobas sxva qveynebis miTebisagan, aRmocenebuli arian qarTuli cnobierebis niadagze da berZnul miTosTan ramodenime Sexebis wertili aqvT. dasasruls erTsac aRvniSnavdiT _ berZnebs aqvT promeTes saxelTan dakavSirebuli dResaswauli, xolo Cven, qarTvelebs, romelTac gvyavs udidesi miTiuri gmiri amirani, ara gvaqvs amiranoba. damowmebani: bregaZe 2007: megruli xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebi. J. `le kokaz iliustreSi~ _ moxseneba, wakiTxuli ilia WavWavaZis 170 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil folkloristTa samecniero konferenciaze. 13 ivnisi, 2007. kuni 1965: kuni n. a. Zveli saberZneTis legendebi da miTebi. Tb.: gamom- cemloba `ganaTleba~, 1965. rCeuli 1958: rCeuli qarTuli xalxuri zRaprebi. el. virsalaZiT redaqciiT Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1958. Ciqovani 1947: Ciqovani m. mijaWvuli amirani. Tb.: 1947. amiranis miTis kompoziciuri Taviseburebani 173 Dalila Bedianidze Compositional Peculiarities of Amiranis Myth Summary Amiranis myth is an ancient Georgian legend. There exist a number of its variations. The Svan version of the myth represents Amiranis story most precisely and clearly. According to Svan version of Amiranis myth its compositional details are the follow- ing: Love story of Amiranis parents 1. Amiranis birth 2. Placing Amiranis cradle on the bank of the river and his baptizing 3. Amirani in his fathers house 4. Amirani returns his fathers eye/ frst heroism 5. Amiranis meeting with one-eyed Ogre (Devi) 6. Amiranis and his brothers struggle with Ogres (Devis) 7. Amirani defeats Ogre (Devi) 8. Amiranis battle with dragons; swallowing of Amirani by Black Dragon 9. Amiranis coming out from dragons belly 10. Searching for Qamari 11. Amirani and hero Ambri 12. Kidnapping Qamari, a maiden unseen by the sun 13. Struggle with Qamaris father and death of Amiranis brothers 14. Amiranis suicide; Qamari restores him and his brothers to life 15. Amirani oath breaker 16. Amirani challenging the God 17. Amiranis chaining 18. Some of the compositional details of Amiranis myth have something in common with elements depicting adventures of mythic heroes of other countries. For example, there are similarities in comparison with Greek myth: Prometheus, Heracles, Theseus, Peirithous myths. Heros birth and his struggle with different evil creatures should be singled out among them. Compare Heracles struggling with snakes and Amirani with dragons, heros challenging with God or Gods and his punishment, in some cases chaining, in some cases placing under mountain / see Armenian myth Mheri, in some cases chaining on the chair / see Theseus and Peirithous The heroes of Greek myth are fnally liberated. Amirani frees himself too, but we come across this detail not in Georgian myth, but in Georgian folk epic Source of Pomegran- ates, recorded by Elene Virsaladze. 174 Dominik Irtenkauf (Deutschland) Vergleichende Mythologieforschung: Grenzverkehr zwischen Deutschland und Georgien - Amirani im Zentrum des Interesses Einleitende Worte I. Hans Blumenberg schreibt in seinem Buch Arbeit am Mythos davon, da den Gttern das Lachen verboten werden soll. Platon schreibt gegen die griechischen Dichter Homer, Hesiod und Aischylos an, die aus der Gtterwelt eine allzumenschliche machen, in der es wie zuweilen bei den Menschen auch drunter und drber zugeht. Fr meinen Artikel ist diese Auseinandersetzung in der antiken Literatur von Bedeutung, da ich entgegen des Titel dieses Artikels nicht auf eine unabhngige Forschung im Bereich der Mythologie abziele. Als Musa-Stipendiat liegt meine Absicht vielmehr darin, eine stoffgeschichtliche als auch materielle Untersuchung des Mythos anzustellen. Hans Blumenberg beschreibt meine Absicht sehr treffend mit den folgenden Stzen: Geschichten brauchen nicht bis ans Letz- te vorzustoen. Sie stehen nur unter der einen Anforderung: sie drfen nicht ausgehen. (Blumenberg 2006: S. 143) Arbeit am Mythos bedeutet im Knstlerischen: Bereitschaft zur Wandlung in der Wissenschaft: Nachweis dieser Wandlungen. Die Metamorphose durchzieht die Welt der griechischen Mythologie. Zudem besitzt die Mythologie ein immer noch unerschpfiches Reservoir an Bildern, die fr eine literarische Arbeit von Bedeutung sind. Die Wissenschaft in meinem Fall besonders die Komparatistik greift genau an jenen Schnittstellen, an denen die literarische Umarbeitung gewisse Grenzen des Stoffs zum Beispiel der Fes- selung des Prometheus an den Kaukasus zu berschreiten droht. An dieser gefhrlichen Grenzberschreitung tritt die komparatistische Wissenschaft als philologische Kontrolle auf und gibt den Rahmen der Neuinterpretation vor. Das scheint keine besondere Eigen- art schriftstellerischen Arbeitens zu sein die Integritt der Tradition fordert eine solche Vorgehensweise. Auf der anderen Seite ist es fr mich als Schriftsteller unerheblich, ob ich einen mythologischen Text aus der Vergangenheit als Unterlage meiner Arbeit nehme oder neue Bilder aus der Re-Lektre mythologischer Texte in meiner tglichen Umgebung fnde. Es kommt mir in meiner literarischen Arbeit auf die Anwendbarkeit des Mythos an. In der Wissenschaft mu man hingegen vorsichtiger im Umgang mit Mythologemen sein. Die Mythologieforschung kann bereits auf eine eigene Tradition zurckschauen. In Deutschland nimmt sie mit Christoph Martin Wieland und Gottfried Herder ihren Lauf. Eine Gesamtberblick ber ihre Geschichte kann ich aufgrund Platzmangel nicht liefern. Meine Arbeit zu Georgien soll nicht zu viel Wissenschaft enthalten. Was heit das? Vergleichende Mythologieforschung: Grenzverkehr zwischen Deutschland 175 Die vergleichende Forschung schaut sich nach Bildern um, die Roland Barthes in seinen Mythen des Alltags beschreibt. Wenn die Parallelen zwischen deutscher und georgischer Mythologie in den Blickpunkt gerckt werden, kommen die Konturen der Heldenfguren im Fall meines Buchprojekts zur besonderen Geltung. Sie werden so genau in ihren Kon- turen untersucht, um als Palimpsest fr meine eigene Literatur zu dienen eine sofortige Weiterverwendung. Die Arbeit am Mythos bestimmt sich durch die Variabilitt der Gestaltung. An beste- henden Mythen wird nach eingehender Beschftigung fortgeschrieben, was bereits in der berlieferung enthalten ist. Blumenberg spricht von einer Entgegensetzung zwischen Grundmythos und Wissen- schaft. Wissenschaft mu sich, um zu funktionieren, vom Totalittsanspruch lossagen. Ein Knstler mag Bilder gestalten, die eine breite Flche beschreiben. Sie drcken eine Aus- sage zu einem bestimmten Zeitpunkt aus, die in sich stimmig und abgeschlossen ist. Hier berhrt sich immer wieder aktualisierte Kunst mit dem Mythos, der eine Welt nicht unbe- dingt abschlieend im Sinne von vernnftig erklrt, aber ab einem bestimmten Punkt nicht hinterfragt werden mchte, da auf seinen Bildern die Sulen dieser oder einer vergangenen Welt ruhen. Die Wissenschaft ist sich ihrer Vorlufgkeit, besonders der theoretischen Konzepte, stets bewut, wenn sie sich ber ihre eigenen Strukturen bewut wird. Die wissenschaftli- chen Erkenntnisse werden immer wieder aufs neue geprft. Es sind Bausteine, auf denen Weiteres fundiert werden kann. In der Kunst kommt es nicht so sehr auf philologische Genauigkeit denn auf berzeu- gungskraft an. Von Bildern lebt sie und die Rezeptionsforschung stellt eindeutig unter Be- weis, da sich Autoren vermehrt am mythologischen Stoff bedient haben. Stoff meint hier eine abgrenzbare Situation, eine Konstellation der mythologischen Welt, die spezifsche Personagen und Beziehungen fordert. Mich interessiert bei meiner Forschung die Zusammensetzung des PALIMPSESTS unter dem sichtbaren Text an der Oberfche liegt ein anderer verborgen. Grard Genette exemp- lifziert mehrere Kategorien des intertextuellen Bezugs. Es kommt mir nicht so sehr auf die exakte Anwendung einer Theorie an, als vielmehr auf ein weiterfhrendes Verstndnis der Mythen und vor allem ihre Weiterverarbeitung in der Kunst. Es sind zwei unterschiedliche Annherungen: das wissenschaftliche Interesse unter- sucht die Typologie der mythischen Figuren und ihre Genealogie. Das knstlerische Inter- esse hingegen fragt nach der Bildhaftigkeit. Bei der nheren Beschftigung mit der Mythologie fllt auf, da sie nicht aus einem Gu geschaffen worden ist und stndiger Revision unterliegt. Besonders am Beispiel des Halbgotts und Titans Prometheus kann man die stndige Umarbeitung, Nachbearbeitung, Vernderung nachweisen. Schlielich berkommt dem Mythos eine kleine Schwche, in- sofern der franzsische Schriftsteller Andr Gide im Prometheus-Mythologem eine par- Dominik Irtenkauf (Germany) 176 odistische Note wahrnimmt und dies literarisch verarbeitet (Le Promthe mal enchain, 1899). Ich stelle mir selbst die Frage, was passiert, wenn die Gtter anfangen, zu lachen. Der Schalk treibt sich mglicherweise in das Gesicht des Forschers. Wenn der mythische Ernst, die berwindung des anfnglichen Chaos, in heiteres Spiel umbricht, verlieren die Er- kenntnisse mglicherweise an Tiefsinn, kaum aber an berzeugungskraft. Ich spreche hier das Problem der zwiegespaltenen Rede an: der Wissenschaft auf der einen und der Literatur auf der anderen Seite. Geschichten werden nicht geschrieben, um nur einem kleinen elitren Zirkel zugnglich gemacht zu werden. Wer schreibt, mchte Empfnger erreichen. In der zeitgenssischen Literatur entstehen Texte im Nu, ein stheti- sches Urteil wird ber die rasante Weiterentwicklung der Medien erschwert. Auch in bezug auf die Rezeption der Mythen im 21. Jahrhundert gilt zu vermuten, da in allen Bereichen der Gesellschaft ein vages Verstndnis anzutreffen ist. Wie bei einem Palimpsest kommt nie deutlich heraus, welche genauen Worte unter den aktuell sichtbaren niedergefat sind. Mit einer solchen medialen Praxis kann die Wissenschaft nicht leben, die Kunst schon. Die Wissenschaft fordert klare Defnitionen und Abgrenzungen. Der gra- vierende Unterschied zwischen begrndbaren Thesen und berzeugenden Bildern spricht sich meiner Meinung nach am deutlichsten in der Mediengeschichte aus. Als Schriftsteller interessiert mich vornehmlich die Verwertbarkeit des vorgefundenen Materials. In diesem Ansatz komme ich einem Bildenden Knstler nahe, der fr einen angemessenen Ausdruck nach den rechten Mitteln sucht. An dieser Schnittstelle greift mein Interesse am Mythos an: Wie schreibt sich dieser durch die Werke? Methoden fr eine solchgestaltige Analyse gibt die komparatistische Rezeptionsforschung an die Hand. Ich habe bereits von Genette gesprochen. Ein weiterer Bezugspunkt aus essayistischer Perspektive wre Roland Barthes und zwar aufgrund seiner stets bemerkbaren medialen Kompetenz. Sein Buch zur Fotografe (La chambre claire) kann nicht nur zur (theoretischen) Betrachtung von Fotos herange- zogen werden, sondern mehr noch zur Orientierung des eigenen Interesses dienen. Einer- seits geht Barthes auf eine theoretische Grundlege seiner photographischen Wahrnehmung ein; andererseits versucht der franzsische Essayist, seine persnlichen Wahrnehmungen bezglich besonderer Photographien in seine theoretische Erluterungen zum Wesen der Photographie an sich einzubringen. Dieser dialektische Sprung gelingt in einer przisen Sprache, die zugleich Raum fr persnliches Kolorit zult. Die persnliche Faszination an der Mythologie und ihrer Ausdruckskraft sollte ein Stck weit zurckgenommen werden, um nicht in falschen Pathos und ungenaue Aussagen zu verfallen. Dennoch bleibt zu konstatieren, da die Vergleichende Mythologieforschung keinesfalls ein persnliches Bekenntnis ausschlieen mu, wenn sie sich nicht allein auf die wissenschaftliche Untersuchung begrenzen mchte. Texte entstehen unter Rckbezug auf Vorgngertexte in kompositorischer Hinsicht Vergleichende Mythologieforschung: Grenzverkehr zwischen Deutschland 177 ist der Bezug auf diese Vorbilder eine vielgestaltige angewandte Praxis. Whrend der Ar- beit am Mythos verndert sich der Ursprungsstoff und geht anteilig in die Neubearbeitung ein. Jetzt mssten konkrete Beispiele folgen, um die Textarbeit zu verdeutlichen. Darauf mchte ich in meinem Artikel jedoch verzichten und stattdessen auf die Weiterverarbeitung Amiranis im Kontext meines Buchprojektes eingehen. Zum Amirani-Mythos II. Amirani wird auf persnliche Nachfrage bei Einwohnern Tbilissis als starker Mann vorgestellt. Ein Held aus Berufung, Sohn der Jagdgttin Dali und des Jgers Sukalmachi (nach der berlieferung des Chikovani-Buchs). Er setzt sich gegen die Unterdrckung des einfachen Volks ein. Als das Wortgeplnkel begann, gingen sie zum Karren und sagten zu ihrem jngsten Bruder: Bruder Amirani, du hilfst denen, die in Not und Gefahr sind. Vielen hast du wieder auf die Fe geholfen. Deinem Wesen bist du bis heute nicht untreu geworden. (Chikovani 1978: 122-123) Die Arbeit an mythologischen Stoffen fordert in der schriftstellerischen Praxis eine andere Ausrichtung als in der wissenschaftlichen Erforschung. Im Schriftstellerischen kommt es auf die dramaturgische Zuspitzung an; in der Wissenschaft auf die Darstellung der Zusammenhnge, die Offenlegung der Genealogie, die Rezeptionsgeschichte des my- thologischen Stoffs. Wenn ich mich in Georgien mit der Mythologie beschftige, hat das kein rein histori- sches oder literaturwissenschaftliches Interesse. Ich bin auf der Suche nach neuem Stoff. Lese ich georgische Romane, um mir einen Einblick in diese Nationalliteratur zu ver- schaffen, lese ich sie nicht allein als Ausdruck einer bestimmten Nation, die mit anderen Nationalliteraturen verglichen werden kann, sondern auch als Unterlage fr meine Arbeit am Palimpsest. In meiner Literatur berarbeite ich meine Forschungserkenntnisse in einen literarisch ausgearbeiteten Text. Amirani entstammt der Mrchenwelt, wie einige Parallelen zum Mrchenstoff nahele- gen. Das Mythologem besitzt eindeutig folkloristische Bezge, weist ebenfalls Bezge zur Heldensage auf (Kampf gegen Ungeheuer beziehungsweise Dewis, Eroberung einer sch- nen Frau, Auszug von der Heimat), doch stellt sich trotz der ber dreihundert Fassungen eine gewisse Beschrnkung des mythologischen Stoffs ein. Er hat sich aus der Mrchenwelt nie wirklich emanzipiert. Das Buch von Micheil Chi- kovani war bislang aufgrund mangelnder Sprachkenntnisse meine Forschungsgrundlage. Mir ist die Expansivitt der Amiranologie bewut, die Vielzahl an Textvarianten ebenso. Im Palimpsestverfahren knnen die einzelnen Schichten durcheinander geraten, jeweils Dominik Irtenkauf (Germany) 178 den Platz der anderen einnehmen. Hans Blumenberg geht in seinem Buch zum Mythos hufg auf das Prinzip der Metamorphose ein. Diese eigentliche Prinzip der Mythologie mchte ich als Erkenntnismethode bernehmen; und zwar die Arbeit am Mythos bedingt eine berarbeitung des alten Stoffs und seine Erprfung im zeitgenssischen Alltag. Die letzte Forderung stammt, so mu ich eingestehen, aus meiner eigenen Emanzipation aus der deutschen Romantik. Die Verbindung der Sagenwelt eines Landes mit den Konstellati- onen, die sich im Alltag von Zeit zu Zeit wiederholen. Die Leser werden Friedrich Schlegels Rede ber die Mythologie sicher kennen. Aus dieser ertnt die Forderung nach einer sogenannten Neuen Mythologie. Meines Erachtens kann diese immer noch bearbeitet werden und sie fndet unablssig neue Formen. In der gegenwrtigen deutschsprachigen Literatur besteht ein deutlicher Hang zu einem rein dokumentarischen Stil. Die Mythologie interessiert hierbei nicht viel, da ihr ein bil- dungsbrgerlicher Ballast, ein akademischer Zwang anhaftet. Erst durch die Vereinfachung ihrer Bildsprache auf wesentliche Figuren gewinnt die Mythologie an neuer Aussagekraft. Was fand ich nun whrend meines Aufenthalts in Georgien an Amirani? Amirani ist bodenstndiger als Prometheus. Aus den mir einsehbaren Quellen geht hervor, da Amirani allein durch seine Mutter, die Jagdgttin Dali, einen Bezug zur Gt- terwelt unterhlt. Die notierte Amiranisage ist bereits aus dem Umfeld der georgischen Mythologie herausgelst. Es gibt kein breites Gtterpantheon, in dem er sich bewegt. Ihn begleiten seine beiden Halbbrder auf seinen Fahrten und bestehen gemeinsame Abenteu- er. Das Amirani-Mythologem weist einige Zge der Heldensage auf: die Ausfahrt, das Be- stehen der Abenteuer, das Krftemessen mit Ungeheuern und dem Wolkenknig mit dem kleinen, aber gewichtigen Unterschied, da er nicht an den Ausgangspunkt zurckkehrt, sondern angekettet im Kaukasus endet. Bestraft wird Amirani letztlich fr die Herausforderung Gottes, jedoch nicht aufgrund einer Tat fr die Menschheit, deren Zweckmigkeit Zeus im griechischen Mythos immer wieder in Zweifel zieht, sondern weil er den Gott im Krftemessen herausfordert und damit seine Unterordnung nicht akzeptiert. Prometheus hingegen wird fr den Feuerraub, einer gefhrlichen Sache fr den Men- schen, in den Kaukasus verbannt. Der Kontakt zwischen griechischer und georgischer Welt ist belegt, wofr unter anderem auch die bernahme des Christentums spricht, wenn auch die Weisungen aus Byzanz, einem Auenposten der hellenischen Welt, stammten. Ehrlich eingestanden, habe ich whrend meiner schriftstellerischen Arbeit in Georgien mehr Sympathie fr Amirani empfunden, da dieser weniger bearbeitet wurde als Prome- theus. Die Spuren in der georgischen Literatur sind eher sprlich gest, ganz im Gegensatz zu Prometheus, der auch in der deutschsprachigen Literatur eine breite Resonanz gefunden hat. Am bekanntesten drfte Goethes Prometheus-Gedicht sein. Ein georgischer Amirani- Roman steht noch aus. Oder besser gesagt: ein Roman, der sich in seinem Kern auf den mythischen Helden konzentriert. Vergleichende Mythologieforschung: Grenzverkehr zwischen Deutschland 179 Da setze ich an und hinterfrage diese Vernachlssigung. Um ein Buch ber das My- thologem eines fremden Landes gewissermaen gegen ein nur oberfchliches Verstndnis abzusichern, ist die Forschung an der berlieferung notwendig. In der Amiranisage treten, wie ich bereits anfhrte, Muster der Heldensage auf. Darber hinaus kann man Amirani als ein archaisches Symptom des Heldentums verstehen. Was heit das? Amiranis Figur lt gewisse Schlsse ber die Rolle des Heldens zu. Er untersttzt die Unterdrckten und sorgt fr eine Befriedung der noch chaotisch anmutenden Welt, die von Ungeheuern und Bsewichten erfllt ist. Zieht man nun meine berlegungen zum Palimpsest in Betracht, kann der Amirani- Stoff die fundamentbildende Schicht des Palimpsests abgeben, als Hintergrund einer er- neuten Beschftigung mit georgischer Mythologie. Untersttzend kommt hierbei der bergang des Amirani-Stoffs in den Sagenschatz zugute, das heit, der Inhalt des Stoffs erfhrt durch Kinder- beziehungsweise Mrchenbcher eine weite Verbreitung. Das fllt mir auch in Geschften auf, wenn ich mich mit Lebensmitteln eindecke, da erstens der Name Amirani bekannt ist und zweitens er als starker Mann, geradezu als Draufgn- ger wahrgenommen wird und hiermit ein gewisser parodistischer Zug in die Heldensa- ge kommt. Wohlgemerkt, in der Rezeption kommt dieser parodistische Zug zur Geltung. Nicht im Textkonvolut, was einen interessanten Schlu auf die Perzeption postmodernen Heldentums zult. Im Alltag kann ber einen berstarken Helden wie Amirani blo im Gestus der Ironie gesprochen werden. Diesen parodistischen Zug mchte ich aufgreifen, denn er fungiert als Schnittstelle zur germanischen Mythologie, besser gesagt: zu einem jngeren Stoff, der aber fr die deut- sche Literatur in etwa die Bedeutung des Rustaweli-Poems Der Mann im Tigerfell ber- nimmt. Ich spreche vom Nibelungenlied und seinem Helden Siegfried, der den Drachen ttet und fr seinen Herrn Gunther manches Wagnis eingeht. Seine treuherzige Loyalitt verunmglicht eine gegenwrtige Neubearbeitung Siegfrieds als ernstzunehmenden Hel- den; in der Kunst ist allein ein parodistischer Umgang mit ihm mglich, so meine These. Diese Rezeption des Helden in der deutschen Kunst mag auf die Auswirkungen des Zwei- ten Weltkriegs zurckzufhren sein. Eine Konzentration auf bloe Kraftmeierei fhrt zu amsantem Lcheln whrend der Einkufe auf den Straen Tbilissis. Fr mich persnlich fhrt die Mythologieforschung zu einer integrativen Funktion des Mythos: durch typologische bereinstimmungen ist eine Verstndigung ber Lndergrenzen mglich. Grenzverkehr fndet statt. Meine Beschftigung mit Amirani als unterer Schicht des Palimpsests mag unter den kritischen Augen der Amiranologie, einer spezialisierten Disziplin, nicht standhalten kn- nen. Durch Textstudium bemhe ich mich um ein close reading, das jedoch den Text als Ausdruck eines bestimmten Diskurs aufiest, das heit ihm seinen Ort in der Medienge- schichte zuweist. Der Bezug auf die mediale Struktur eines Textes bildet fr meine eigenen Dominik Irtenkauf (Germany) 180 Forschungen zwischen Literatur und komparatistischer Wissenschaft ein wesentliches Bin- deglied. Er erklrt die Rezeption der Mythologie sowohl vom Produzenten als auch vom Rezipienten des Textes aus: die bernahme eines Mythologems in die Bildkomposition eines Gemldes oder in den Handlungsverlauf eines Romans lt Schlsse auf die ber- zeugungskraft des Bildes zu. Diese berzeugungskraft setzt ein vorgngiges sthetisches Urteil voraus. Das Urteil kommt auf der Rezipientenseite zustande, was ein mglicher- weise schlechtes Licht auf meine Forschung werfen mag, da mich whrend der Studie fr ein Buchprojekt auch stets die andere Seite, der Leser, interessiert, ohne den jede Literatur berfssig wre. Diese Einsicht hat keineswegs mit einer Willfhrigkeit dem Leser ge- genber zu tun, sondern mit einem ehrlich begrndeten Interesse an seiner Position. Ein kleines Land, dessen kulturelles Erbe noch nicht die Aufmerksamkeit bekommt, das es verdient, sollte nicht durch eine unverstndliche Sprache noch weiter von Mitteleuropa ge- rckt werden. Der Spagat zwischen verstndlicher und treffender Sprache kann nur durch ein Interchangieren zwischen wissenschaftlicher Forschung und literarischem Ausdruck gelingen. Mein Buch zum zeitgenssischen Amirani in Georgien versucht, georgische Mytholo- gie in Literatur zu berfhren, mit dem konkreten vierteljhrlichen Aufenthalt im Sommer 2007 verbindend. Das heuristische Prinzip der Metamorphosen untersttzt die intertextu- elle Bezugnahme der einzelnen Schichten meines Palimpsest-Buchs je nach Grad der Vernderung sind unterschiedliche Antworten mglich auf die Frage: Wer war, wer ist und wer wird Amirani sein? In der germanischen Mythologie stossen wir auf die drei Nornen, Skuld - Urd und Werdandi, die die Fden des Lebens in den Hnden halten und ber Vergangenheit, Gegen- wart und Zukunft entscheiden. Sie stehen in manchem Supermarket in der Hauptstadt, und teilen mir gewisse Geheimnisse des georgischen Alltags mit. Ich schaue zurck und sehe: Amirani. Ich schaue auf mich und sehe: einen in Georgien gestrandeten Schriftsteller. Ich schaue voraus und sehe: ein Buch ber Amirani und Georgien. Die mittlere Schicht wird vom Helden in der Fremde gestaltet. Dieser nimmt sich in der Kampfbereitschaft bewut zurck; weil es nicht um die Durchsetzung seines Willens geht und der endlose Kampf gegen eine chaotische Ordnung in einer post-mythischen Zeit nicht lnger zu seiner wichtigsten Pficht gehrt. Der Held in der Fremde tritt aus dem mythologischen Muster und nimmt das Wagnis einer Eingewhnung an. Im Palimpsest- Verfahren funktioniert die literarische Arbeit durch berarbeitung, Ausstreichung, Fort- schreibung. Die Mythologie gewinnt durch konzentrierte Textarbeit an neuem Leben, weil Amirani als bestimmtes literarisches Muster im Handlungsverlauf anwendbar ist. Jedoch gilt es trotz des Palimpsest-Verfahrens trotzdem auf die einzelnen Verknpfungen und Va- rianten zu achten. In der germanischen Mythologie lt sich ein Groteil nur durch andere Zeugnisse rekonstruieren. Hufg mu sich der Mythologieforscher bei rmischen Schreibern einen Vergleichende Mythologieforschung: Grenzverkehr zwischen Deutschland 181 Eindruck verschaffen, wie zum Beispiel bei Tacitus. Jeder Text reprsentiert sicher auch ein spezifsches Interesse an der Sache, und so mu sein diskursiver Entstehungsort stets mitbercksichtigt werden. Das Nibelungenlied nimmt Zge der germanischen Mythologie auf; es lt sich durchaus als partielle Wiederaufnahme der germanischen Mythologie ver- stehen, vermengt diese jedoch mit der im Mittelalter fortgefhrten Aventiuere, die sich an antike Heldenepen anschliet, jedoch das hfsche Ideal der Ritterlichkeit hinzufgt. Amirani ist als mythisches Substrat in einer frheren Stufe stehen geblieben, und die Vielzahl an oralen Textvarianten belegt zunchst eine gewisse Rezeptionskraft, das heit: im Reich der Mrchen und Geschichten, die man sich abends vor dem Schlafengehen er- zhlt, besitzt Amirani einen festen Platz. In der Weltliteratur hingegen verfgt er ber keine stndige Vertretung. Prometheus wird ihm mglicherweise den Rang abgelaufen haben. Amirani sendet keine Botschafter in die Welt aus. Die Grnde mgen auch in einem hhe- ren Alter des Mythologems liegen. In diesem Artikel wollte ich von meiner Arbeit am My- thos erzhlen, weniger von den spezifschen Charakteristika des Mythologems Amirani. Wenn Lvi-Strauss vorschlgt, alle erhobenen Fassungen eines Mythos in einer Blatt- struktur bereinander zu projizieren, um dadurch den Kernbestand zu ermitteln, so ist dies die Ausfllung des Zeitfaktors: alle Varianten werden einer unbestimmten Zeitebene zu- geordnet. Es ist nicht mehr das ewig Wahre, aber doch eines, fr das Zeitverlauf und Zeit- stelle gleichgltig sind. Fr eine philosophische Mythologie ist das besonders gehrtete Material des Mythos in seinem Geschichtsgang nicht zuletzt dadurch aufschlureich, da an seinem Widerstand gegen die Richtung und Strke der verformenden und destruktiven Krfte Aufschlsse fr die geschichtlichen Horizonte gewonnen werden knnen, aus denen sie einwirken. (Blumenberg 2006: S. 301) Resmee III. Mein Fazit mchte ich mit einem Zitat aus einem Brief Gottfried Benns an Kthe von Porada beginnen: Europa ist der Erdteil der Abgrnde und Schatten, denken Sie doch, da im hellsten Griechenland Prometheus an den Felsen mute und wie er litt! (zitiert bei Blumenberg 2006: S. 329) Der Kaukasus wurde vom deutschen Dichter ins helle Griechenland gerckt. Der Kau- kasus verliert an Auerordentlichkeit im geographischen, aber vor allem mythologischen Sinne. Es knnte als Lob aufgefat werden, wenn der Felsen im Kaukasus als wenn nicht Mittelpunkt, so doch als Bestandteil Europas wahrgenommen wird. Durch Prometheus rckt der Kaukasus nher an Europa, doch mchte ich nicht in den Kanon einstimmen, Amirani sei ein georgischer Prometheus. Es gibt einige Unterschiede: es fehlen die Tricks- terattribute. Amirani ist gewitzt und bermenschlich stark, doch unterliegt er letztlich der gttlichen Herausforderung. Prometheus ebenso, was die Fesselung an den Felsen bezeugt, Dominik Irtenkauf (Germany) 182 doch verliert Prometheus nicht den Rckhalt in der Gtterwelt. Herakles gelingt es letzt- lich, Prometheus in manchen Varianten des Mythos zu befreien. Bei Amirani wird diese Befreiung immer wieder vereitelt. Amirani als nationale Allegorie bietet sich fr Georgien an, und wurde im 19. Jahrhundert unter anderem von Dichtern wie Akaki Zereteli aufge- griffen. Zu sehr hnelt die von vielen blutigen Kmpfen geprgte Geschichte Georgiens dem Schicksal des Halbgotts Amirani. Amirani ist unbearbeiteter als die Mythologeme aus der griechischen Mythologie; er lt so nehme ich das in meiner schriftstellerischen als auch wissenschaftlichen Praxis wahr mehr Freiraum fr eine Neuinterpretation, die sich an der bestehenden Tradition ausrichtet. Meine Absicht in Georgien ist es, die Amiranisage als untere Schicht des Palimpsests wahrzunehmen, die Textur der Mythologie in der Kultur als auch im Alltagsleben aufzu- spren und mit Hilfe einer Arbeit am Mythos zu verstehen lernen. Hierfr nimmt meine Vorgehensweise wissenschaftliche Zge insofern an, als da ich Differenzen nicht nivellie- re, sondern in meine Arbeit einfieen lasse. Zugleich ffnet sich mein literarisches Auge den offensichtlichen nderungen an der Oberfche. Dieses Projekt dauert seit Beginn der literarischen Moderne an. Bitte verlangen Sie von mir nicht, ein Werk, einen Schrift- steller oder gar eine Jahreszahl fr diesen Umbruch zu nennen. Er macht sich bis heute bemerkbar, ist lange noch nicht ausgestanden und fordert vom wahrnehmenden Subjekt eine jeweils auf die Fragestellung abgestimmte Phnomenologie. Meine Phnomenologie speist sich aus Grard Genettes Intertextualittskonzept des Palimpsestverfahrens, Blumenbergs Arbeit am Mythos, den ich weniger philosophisch wie er, sondern medienpraktisch verstehen mchte und meinen eigenen kontingenten Erfahrun- gen in den drei Monaten, die ich in Georgien verweilte. Aus dieser trigonalen Konzeption entwickelt sich eine Untersuchung zu Amirani, ange- reichert mit Muskeldehnungen meines Kopfes, die persnliches Kolorit als auch fktiona- lisierte Erlebnisse ausdrcken, und Refektionen zur zeitgenssischen Rezeption jedweder Mythologie. Ich mchte zu Grard Genette noch einige Worte anfhren: In seinem Buch Palimpses- te. Die Literatur auf zweiter Stufe (Frankfurt am Main 1993) fhrt er anhand einer Vielzahl an Beispielen vor, in welcher Beziehung ein Hypo- zu einem Hypertext steht, wie in einem neu verfaten Text Spuren einer Vorlage auftauchen. Aus seinem Ansatz kann ich fr mei- ne eigene schriftstellerische Arbeit die Kunst der feinen Trennung erlernen, das heit mir wird bewut, da das Amirani-Mythologem ber mehrere Schichten verfgt, die jeweils zeitlich voneinander geschieden werden mssen. Zudem wird ein Gefhl der perspektivi- schen Vernderung vermittelt - wird der Rahmen einer Vorlage erweitert oder reduziert, neubearbeitet oder bernommen, variiert oder plagiiert? Diese intertextuelle Webarbeit geschieht auf dem Hintergrund einer Arbeit am Mythos, zu der ich bereits oben nheres ausgefhrt habe. Bei dieser Arbeit bleibe ich nicht am Vergleichende Mythologieforschung: Grenzverkehr zwischen Deutschland 183 Original kleben, sondern fhre es in einem anderen Medium - der Literatur - fort, um da- durch die Aussagekraft georgischer Mythologie zu testen. Auch beziehe ich andere Medien als die textuelle oder orale berlieferung ein; wie zum Beispiel die Bildende Kunst oder den internationalen Film. Auf diese Weise soll eine mglichst ausgewogene Sicht auf das mythologische Umfeld Amiranis ermglicht werden. Die Ergebnisse kann ich zum derzei- tigen Stand meiner Forschungen noch nicht absehen. Sptestens wenn das Buch zu Amirani im Rahmen des Musa-Stipendiums verffent- licht wird, werde ich nhere Details preisgeben knnen. Literatur: Barthes 1980: Barthes R. La chambre claire. notes sur la photographi. Paris : Gallimard, 1980. Blumenberg 2006: Blumenberg H. Arbeit am Mythos. Frankfurt am Main, suhrkamp verlag, 2006. Chikovani 1978: Chikovani M. (Hg.). Das Buch vom Helden Amirani. Ein altgeorgischer Sagen- kreis, bersetzt von Heinz Fhnrich, Leipzig: Kiepenheuer, 1978. Genette 1993: Genette G. Palimpseste. Die Literatur auf zweiter Stufe. Frankfurt am Main, suhrkamp verlag, 1993. dominik irtenkaufi `SedarebiTi miTologia. germania-saqarTvelos Soris sazRvris monacvleoba amirani interesTa centrSi~ reziume Cemi saboloo mizania, erTad movaqcio mecnieruli kvleva da litera- turuli interpretacia, im wignSi, sadac laparaki iqneba amiranis saxeSi gamoxatul gmirobis qarTul miTologiur motivze. winamdebare statia efuZneba leqcias, romelic Cavatare SoTa rusTavelis literaturis in- stitutSi 2007 wlis 17 oqtombers, ganaTlebis saministros mier organize- buli programis ,,muza-saqarTvelos~ farglebSi. maSin me visaubre amiranis miTologiis specifiur maxasiaTeblebze da gadavwyvite Tavi ameridebina Temisadmi gansakuTrebulad samecniero midgomisTvis. amis nacvlad, yura- dReba gavamaxvile miTologiis warmosaxviT Zalaze dRevandel yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. winamdebare statiaSi amiranis problemis kvleva, erTi mxriv, eyrdnoba Jerar jenetis palimpsestis interteqstualobis Teorias, meore mxriv, _ Dominik Irtenkauf (Germany) 184 hans blumensbergis wigns Arbeit am Mythos (miTosze muSaoba), imdenad ram- denadac me mainteresebs is miTologiuri cvlilebebi, romelic ganicada miTologiam mas Semdeg rac pirvelad gamoCnda konkretuli miTologiuri motivi _ gmiri ucxo miwaze. Cemi kvleva miTologiur Temaze SeiZleba Se- vadaroT amerikeli mecnieris Jozef kempbelis popularul wigns ,,aTasi saxis mqone gmiri~. Tavis wignebSi is yovelTvis cdilobs ipovos msgavseba msoflios sxvadasxa miTologiebs Soris. Cemi statiis da SemdgomSi, wignis, mizania gaacnos germanel mkiTxvels ara marto qarTuli miTologia, aramed yoveldRiuri cxovreba da miTologiis roli dRevandel saqarTveloSi. amis gamo, me ZiriTadad dainteresebuli var qarTuli miTologiisa da zRaprebis aRqmiT xelovnebis sxvadasxva sf- eroSi. es aris Cemi, ase vTqvaT, intermedialuri midgoma. amas garda, vc- dilob ganvaviTaro specialuri fenomenologiuri midgoma sakiTxisadmi, raTa davabalanso cru Sexedulebebi da miTis erTi mimarTulebiT aRqma. es fenomenologiuri meTodi Seicavs qarTuli miTologiis pirovnul re- interpretacias, germanuli kulturis gaTvaliswinebiT. germania-saqarT- velos Soris sazRvrebis gadakveTasTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvebi ganixileba kulturuli msgavsebebisa da gansxvavebebis aspeqtSi. amirani jer kidev ZiriTadi miTologiuri motivia, romelic unda iqnas mxatrulad reinterpretirebuli. 185 kulturis paradigmebi kaxa kacitaZe epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi dasavleTSi sul ufro intrensiurad viTardeba kvlevebis tipi, romel- Tac samxedro-kulturologiuri SeiZleba vuwodoT da romelic moicavs imis Seswavlas, Tu rogor aRiqmeboda ama Tu im kulturaSi is fenomeni, omis saxeliT rom aris cnobili. m. osovskaias, r. kardinis da sxvebis naS- romebma am mimarTulebiT sruliad axali horizonti gaxsna. warmodgenil samxedro-kulturologiuri Tematikisadmi miZRvnil statiaSi Cven Sevexe- biT omis arqauli aRqmis erT-erT yvelaze aqtualur da dramatul moments _ gmiri-beladis (SeTavsebiT epikuri samxedro gmiris) daRupvasTan dakav- Sirebul rig aspeqtebs. omi, sikvdili, sicocxle sayovelTaodaa cnobili, rom samxedro saqmes sikvdilTan specifikuri damokidebuleba aqvs. es sakiTxi dawvrilebiT gavarCieT strategiis sa- fuZvlebis bolo monakveTebSi (kacitaZe 2006: 501-520) da axla mxolod mokled gavimeorebT ZiriTad daskvnebs. arsebobs sami sfero, romelTac sikvdilisadmi specifikuri, SeiZleba iTqvas, uaRresad intimuri damokidebuleba aqvT. esenia: filosofia, ro- melic sokratuli Tu kvazisokratuli gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad (romelic XI-XIII saukuneebis qarTul filosofiur skolebze gadamwyvet gavlenas axdenda), sxva araferia, Tu ara `wurTvna sikudilisa~, `sikvdilis trei- ningi~ _ sakuTar Tavsa da sxvebSi sikvdilis SiSis gadalaxva, inteleqtu- aluri amaRleba Cven sasrulobaze, oRond sruliad sxva formiT, vidre es, vTqvaT, iaponur kulturaSi iyo; medicina sfero, romelic gulisxmobda sikvdilisgan dacvas (cxadia, es dacva yovelTvis pirobiTia, vinaidan sikvdili mainc Cveni mudmivi da Tanxmxlebi Tanamgzavria); samxedro saqme, romlis ZiriTadi saqme (`biznesi~) sikvdilia, `mokvdi- nebaa~, oRond es mokvdineba gacilebiT sxva da specifikuria, vidre, vTqvaT, `qileris~ mier Cadenili mkvleloba. samxedroc klavs, an, sul cota, kaxa kacitaZe 186 gegmavs amas, magram misi qmedeba arsebiTad gansxvavebulia da ara mxolod imitom, rom mis mier ganxorcielebuli mkvleloba saxelmwifos mieraa institucionizebuli. es SeiZleba arc ise mniSvnelovani detalia. ufro mniSvnelovania is, rom samxedros arsebobis wesi principulad gansxvavdeba qileris arsebobis wesisagan (qilers, rogorc sikvdilisadmi specialur mimarTebas, ar ganvixilavT im martivi mizezis gamo, rom is paTologiaa maSin, roca samxedros, medikosisisa an filosofosis damokidebuleba si- kvdilis mimarT normaluri adamianis damokidebulebis formaa). SesaZloa, amerikis strategiuli aviaciis devizi _ `mSvidoba Cveni profesiaa~ _ arcTu adekvaturi xumroba iyo, magram is garkveul zRvars aRniSnavs si- kvdilsa da sicocxles Soris; zRvars, romelic Zalian myifea, Tumca ar- sebobs da samxedroebs am myife zRvarze uwevT moqmedeba. magram omis arsi erTxel da samudamod mocemuli ram ar aris, is Tavis istoriul arsebobaSi sxvadasxvagvarad avlens Tavs. ase rom, icvleba da- mokidebuleba samxedro saqmis mimarT. aseve mudmivad icvleba sikvdilis adamianiseuli gageba. Sesabamisad, sxvadasxva epoqebSi adamianebis, gansaku- TrebiT samxedroebis (pirvel rigSi, bunebrivia, Cven isini gvainteresebs) mier sicocxlis, sikvdilisa da imis aRqma Tu ra iqmena sikvdilis Semdeg, sruliad sxvadasxvagvaria. am sami `ramis~ urTierTmimarTebis gageba udi- des gavlenas axdens samxedros qcevaze (Tu swams saiqios arseboba, adamiani erTgvarad SeiZleba moiqces, Tu ara swams sxvagvarad). Tavad urTierT- mimarTebas ki kulturis tipi, misi ZiriTadi parametrebi da indikatorebi gansazRvraven. esaa is uSinaganesi kavSiri kulturasa da samxedro saqmes Soris, romelic bolo dromde mkvlevarebis yuradRebis miRma rCeboda. yovel kulturas Tavisi warmodgena aqvs sikvdilze da imazec, Tu ra iqneba sikvdilis Semdeg. am mxriv gamonakliss arc Cven mier ganxiluli kulturebi warmoadgens. metic, es kulturebi erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad mi- jnaven Cveulebriv sikvdilsa da omSi daRupvas. magaliTad, Zvelirlan- diurad brZolaSi daRupvas erqva torchair, sityvasityviT _ dacema (rom vambobT xolme `brZolis velze daecao~, amis msgavsad), xolo Cveulebriv sikvdils ewodeboda et atbath sityvasityviT: sikvdiliT mokvda (warmod- warmod- genebi... 2002: 42). Cveulebriv sikvdili mravali formiT ganisazRvreboda, magaliTad: rogorc danakargi, dafarulobaSi gadasvla, wasvla, kleba, qroba da a.S. amasTan sikvdilis sxvadasxva formebisadmi damokidebuleba sxvadasxva socialuri fenebSi sxvadasxva unda yofiliyo. Tu meomrisaTvis brZolaSi moulodneli daRupva samoTxeSi moxvedris garantia iyo, miwis muSisaTvis bunebrivi mdgomareoba loginSi mSvidi sikvdvili iyo. gvianze- pirsityvieri da masze damyarebuli naratiuli tradicia saiqios Sesaxeb, romelmac Cvenamde moaRwia, samxedro aristokratias wreSi iqmneboda an, epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi 187 ukidures SemTxvevaSi, misTvis iyo gankuTvnili da sikvdilze mis Sexedu- lebebs asaxavda. aq mTavari iyo xanmokle sicocxle da iseTi sikvdili, romelic gmirad gaqcevda da saukuneebis manZilze gagiTqvamda saxels. aRa- rafers vityviT imis Taobaze, rom amgvari sikvdili saiqios, `samoTxeSi~ moxvedris garantia iyo (rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, warmarTul samoTxes ara- feri aqvs saerTo qristianulTan). magaliTad: axalgazrda RvTaeba bal- dri, erTaderTi skandinavuri RvTaeba, Tavad odinis usayvarlesi Svili, romelic regnerankamde iRupeba, germanul-skandinaviur samoTxeSi ki ar xvdeba, aramed erTgvar jojoxeTSi. mizezi erTia: is brZolaSi ar daRu- pula, sabrZolo iaraRiT ki ara, totis moxvedriT daiRupa da ver dai- mkvidrebs adgils iq, sadac mxolod omSi daRupulebi eZlevian netarebas, cxadia ise, rogorc es Zvelgermanels esmoda (Tu rogor esmoda, qvemoT vnaxavT). baldris mdgomareobas TviT mamamisi, RvTaebaTa Soris upirve- lesi _ odinic ki ver amsubuqebs. msoflio kanonis winaSe wasvla masac ar SeuZlia. amitom sruliad logikuria, rom iseTi gmirebi, rogorebic kuhulini an aqilevsi arian, siyrmidanve irCeven xanmokle, magram saxelovan sicocxles, romelsac garda saaqaoSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saxelia- nobisa, saiqioSi privilegirebuli mdgomareoba mosdevs. da es logikuri arCevania imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu CavwvdebiT _ rogor esmoda sicocxle, sikvdili da sikvdilis Semdgomi cxovreba winasaxelmwifoebrivi donis sa- mxedro aristokratias.
sikvdilis uwyeba sikvdilis mauwyebeli niSani albaT, yvelas gvaxsovs cnobili `sikvdilis niSani~ robert luis sti- vensonis `ganZis kunZulidan~.es sikvdilis niSani erTi Savad SeRebili qa- Raldia, mekobreebma rom gaugzavnes Tavis yofil kolegas. Tumca, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom sikvdilis momaswavebel niSanze, am sityvis farTo gagebiT, SegviZlia uamravi arqauli eTnosisa da folkloruli tradiciis gaTva- liswinebiT visaubroT. Zalian zogadad, esaa raRac xdomileba, movlena an maTi erToblioba, romelic, wesisamebr, personaJis, gmiris (realurad arsebulis da Semdeg miTologizebulis, an Tundac gamogonilis) aRsas- ruls moaswavebs. magaliTisaTvis SegviZlia gavixsenoT arsena, romelic, rasakvirvelia, ar aris arqauli da magiuri personaJi, magram tipologiu- rad garkveul msgavsebas avlens maTTan (gavixsenoT: `uzarbaznod ar iqneba Tqveni arsenas daWera~ da sxv.). arsenas daRupvamde ramdenime xniT adre misdis sikvdilis momaswavebeli niSani. mas esizmreba: kaxa kacitaZe 188 vnaxe wuxeli sizmari, imisTana Tqvensa mtersa, vnaxe wuxeli sizmari, sisxlSi viRebavdi wversa, wreul me xom ar movrCebi, rac rom unda gadawydesa, an TaTari miRalatebs, qarTveli ar momarCensa. aseTi uamravi magaliTi SeiZleba moiZebnos ara mxolod arqaul folklorSi, an masze damyarebul naratiul ZeglebSi, aramed iseT Txzu- lebaSic ki, rogoricaa poema simona doliZis Sesaxeb, sadac gmirs, daRu- pvamde mcire xniT adre esizmreba, rom yelze gveli axvevia. am monakveTis amocanaa sikvdilis momaswavebeli aseTi niSnebis ramdenime tipis gamoyofa da maTi gaaanalizeba. amasTan xazs vusvamT, rom, naSromis Tematikidan ga- momdinare, mxolod gmiri meomrebis magaliTebiT SemovifarglebiT. pirvel yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom am niSans Tavisi adresati hyavs, romelsac SeuZlia gaigos, rom raRac xdomileba ama Tu im piris (rogorc wesi, Tavad misi) aRsasrulis momaswavebelia (swored ase aRiqvamen sikvdi- lis niSans arsena da simona doliZe). amasTan es niSani drois an sivrcis garkveul, gansakuTrebul monakveTSi SeiZleba iqnes miRebuli. magaliTad, simona doliZis SemTxvevaSi aqcenti droiT parametrze keTdeba: cxra enkenis Tves mesizmra, viTom yels mexvia gveli, vecade, ver moviSore, ise SemeSala xeli. aranakleb cnobili abragis, mixo WuWulaSvilis sikvdilis momaswavebe- li niSani ki sivrcis monakveTTan aris dakavSirebuli: Cemi wera da ajali, sizmarSi vnaxe cxadada, Turme viyavi qiziySi, damSvidebuli wynarada, marcxena wveri momparses, marjvena damrCa calada. marjvena xelis TiTebSi, sisxli mdioda Savada. maSinve vuTxari biWebsa, ver gadavrCebi mSralada. kidev erTxel aRvniSnavT, rom arc arsena da arc revolucioneri abra- epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi 189 gebi arqauli personaJebi ar arian da genetikurad maTTan raime kavSiri Tu aqvT, imdenad Soreuli, rom misi daZebna Wirs, magram tipologiurad isini garkveul msgavsebas avlenen arqaul gmirebTan da amitom maT magaliTzec SegviZlia sikvdilis momaswavebeli niSnebis ilustrireba. oreulTan Sexvedra rogorc sikvdilis momaswavebeli niSani sikvdilis momaswavebel erT-erT niSnad sakuTar oreulTan Sexvedra SeiZleba miviCnioT. principSi oreulTan Sexvedraca da sizmarSi miRebuli sikvdilis momaswavebeli niSanic movlenaTa erT rigs ganekuTvneba. saku- Tari daRupvis momaswavebel sizmarSi gmiri, rogorc wesi, garkveul mdgo- mareobaSi Cayenebul sakuTar Tavs xedavs anu sakuTar oreuls xvdeba. amave dros oreulTan Sexvedra SeiZleba moaswavebdes pirovnebis gaorebas, misi daSlis dasawyiss, romelic sabolood misi aRsasrulis mauwyebelia. zo- gierTi mkvlevaris azriT, amave konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT sarkis gatexva, rogorc sikvdilis an raime ubedurebis momaswavebeli. sarkis gatexva xom gmiris erTiani xatis damsxvrevas, mis fragmentaciasa da, Sesabamisad, aR- sasruls moaswavebs. amave rigis movlenebs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT sikvdilis momaswavebeli erT-erT niSanTagani, romelic kuhulins evlineba: ukanask- nel brZolaSi mimavali kuhulini mdinareze gadasvlisas xedavs axalgazr- da mtiral qaliSvils, romelic gasisxlianebul tansacmelsa da abjars recxavs. kargad rom daakvirdeba, kuhulini dainaxavs, rom es misi sakuTari samosi da abjaria. gadalaxavs Tu ara gmiri mdinares, qaliSvili qreba. ase- ve, irlandiur sagaSi `da hokis saxlis dangreva~ qalRvTaeba badbi ambobs, rom recxavs lagams im mefisa, romelic daiRupeba. Tumca lagami am dros ukve sisxliania. sagulisxmoa sisxlis, rogorc sikvdilis momaswavebeli niSnis farTo gavceleba moyolebuli arsenadan, romelic sisxliT iRebavs wversa, damTavrebuli kuhuliniT. rodesac am ukanasknels sasikvdilo br- Zolis win dedamisi Rvinos miutans, es ukanaskneli sisxlad iqceva.
tabus darRveva gmiris mier raime akrZalvis, tabus darRveva agreTve SeiZleba gaxdes sikvdilis niSani. oRond am SemTxvevaSi saqme ufro specifikur viTare- basTan gvaqvs, vidre raime saxis winaswarmetyvelebisas. tabus uneblie Tu Segnebuli darRveviT gmiri ara Tu iRebs gafrTxilebas SesaZlo aRsasru- lis Sesaxeb, aramed erTgvarad axdens mis provocirebas. magaliTisaTvis SegviZlia gavixsenoT, rom arsenas sikvdils win swored `tabus~ darRveva uZRvis, rodesac is wiTel paraskevs Rvinis smas iwyebs. kaxa kacitaZe 190 tabuTa amgvari sistema, rogorc aRvniSneT, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli Zvel irlandiaSi, sadac tabus geisi ewodeboda. geisi SeiZleboda perso- naJs Tavad daewesebina sakuTari TavisaTvis, aseve SeiZleboda es geisi sxvas daedo masze. amasTan geisis darRvevam SeiZleba prognozistuli funqciac miiRos (igi moaswavebdes gmiris daRupvas) da kauzativurisac (gaxdes gmi- ris daRupvis mizezi). amasTan problemas warmoadgens is, rom gmirs SeiZ- leba ramdenime urTierTgamomricxavi geisi edos, romelTagan erTis Ses- ruleba TavisTavad iwvevdes meoris darRvevas. magaliTad kvlav kuhulinis eposi SeiZleba aviRoT. ukanasknel brZo- laSi mimaval kuhulins gzad xsenebuli kalatinis sami jojo asuli Sexv- deba, romlebic kocons arian mimsxdarni da circelis Samfurebze ZaRlis xorcs wvaven. isini kuhulins SesTavazeben am arcTu sasiamovno mwvadis ga- sinjvas. kuhulins geisi adevs, romelic ZaRlis xorcis Wamas ukrZalavs (es geisi kulanis ZaRls da Tavad gmiris saxels ukavSirdeba). magram amave dros adevs geisi, rom uari ar Tqvas sufrasTan mipatiJebaze. didxans ua- robs gmiri, magram rodesac jojoebi bralad dasdeben, rom maT Raribul sufras iwunebs, igi ZaRlis xorcs gasinjavs, ris Sedegadac Tavisi Zalis nawils kargavs. amas ki saboloo jamSi gmiris daRupva mosdevs. verbaluri winaswarmetyveleba sikvdilis erT-erT momaswavebel niSans warmoadgens mavanis mier gmi- risaTvis misi momavali daRupvis winaswarmetyveleba. aseTi winaswar metyvelebis tradicia mraval arqaul kulturaSi gvxvdeba. magaliTad: wi- naswarmetyvelebis aRmniSvneli irlandiuri sityva tairngire warmodgeba kompozitidan do-airngir, rac sityvasityviT niSnavs winaswar (air=winaswar) yvirils (gair). amasTan amgvari winaswarmetyvelebis avtori SeiZleba mxo- lod adamiani ki ar iyos, aramed nebismier cocxali arseba. aseTi arsebis rolSi SeiZleba gamovides, upirveles yovlisa, cxeni an ZaRli, romelic patronisadmi erTgulebiT gamoirCeva. maTi qmedeba gafr- Txilebaa patronisadmi, ar Caidinos garkveuli qmedeba, Tumca SesaZlebe- lia sikvdilis winaswarmetyvelis rolSi gamodiodes magiasTan dakavSire- buli sxva arsebac, magaliTad _ gveli an mgeli. cxenis mier gmiris gafrTxilebis magaliTi momavali sikvdilis Sesaxeb narTebis eposSi gvxvdeba. gmiri soslani saiqiodan rom dabrundeba, gafr- Txilebis miuxedavad, gzad quds rom dainaxavs, aiRebs da qamarSi gairWobs. sinamdvileSi es Turme qudi ki ara, qudad gadaqceuli soslanis mteri sirdoni yofila. soslani Tavis molaparake cxens imdens awvalebs, aiZu- lebs _ uTxras, rogor SeiZleba misi (cxenis) mokvla. cxenic iZulebulia epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi 191 uTxras, rom is (cxeni) molod maSin mokvdeba, rodesac fexis qaCaCebs qve- moT esvrian. Semdeg ekiTxeba, rogor SeiZleba Tavad gmiris mokvla. razec soslani pasuxobs, rom muxlisTavebs garda mTlianad foladisaa da mxo- lod maSin mokvdeba, Tu muxlisTavebze balsagis borbali (erTdroulad personaJicaa da, Cans, raRac basri badros msgavsi iaraRic) gadauvlis. `hoda, ar Segindos ufalma, _ uTxra cxenma, _ mec damRupe da Seni Tavic. aba naxe, qamarSi qudis Zvela rom gairWe, eg gaTagis vaJi sirdoni gaxlda~ (narTebi 1988: 164). marTlac, sirdoni jer cxens mouswrafebs sicocxles, xolo Semdeg balsagis borblis meSveobiT soslansac mouRebs bolos (ama- ze dawvrilebiT qvemoT visaubrebT). cxenis mier gmiris gafrTxilebis sxva magaliTia mocemuli kuhulinis eposSi. sabediswero brZolaSi gamgzavrebis win kuhulinis meetle vera- friT abams etlSi mis rux cxens. rodesac kuhulini cxens miuaxlovdeba, is samgzis daudgeba marcxena mxariT, xolo Semdeg sam sisxlian kurcxals gadmoagdebs. gasagebia, rom cxenebi, rogorc saiqiosTan dakavSirebuli arsebebi (ix. zemoT), winaswarmetyvelabasTanac arian dakavSirebulni, sa- xeldobr im winaswarmetyvelebasTan, maTi da maTi patronis daRupvas rom exeba. daTarsva daTarsvasTan dakavSirebuli crurwmenebi sayovelTaod aris gavrcele- buli _ dawyebuli imiT, rom romeliRac dRes raimes Cadena ar SeiZleba, damTavrebuli e.w. marcxena fexze adgomiT. gmiris daRupvis momaswavebeli niSnis magaliTi isev kuhulinis eposSi SeiZleba vnaxoT, sadac bolo brZo- laSi mimaval kuhulins mosasxamis sakinZi dauvardeba, rac sxva miniSnebeb- Tan kompleqsSi sikvdilis momaswavebeli kidev erTi niSania. epikuri gmiris sikvdili gmiris sikvdilis logika gmiris sikvdili ar aris mxolod winaswarmetyelebis ubralo axdoma, tabus darRvevis Sedegi an sikvdilis mauwyebeli niSnidan aucileblobiT gamomdinare faqti. sikvdili amave dros gmiris heroizaciis aucilebeli pirobaa, miT ufro, rom es sikvdili veragulad da orTabrZolis patiosa- ni wesebis darRveviT xdeba. metic, am qmedebiT gmirebi TiTqosda gamoisyi- dian manamde Cadenil uRirs qmedebebs (gavixsenoT, rom arqauli eposis personaJebi sruliadac ar arian wmindanebi). gmiris sikvdili aerTianebs kaxa kacitaZe 192 mTel siuJets im TvalsazrisiT, rom laitmotivad gasdevs mas, xolo meo- re mxriv, amave siuJets erTianobad hkravs viTarca logikuri dasasruli. amitom sikvdilis gziT gmiris heroizaciaa mTavari da ara Tavad gmiru- li sikvdili. miT ufro, rom gmiri SeiZleba srulebiTac ar iRupebodes gmirulad, magaliTad sigurdi an osuri narTebis gmiri soslani. zogjer gmiris sikvdili racionalizebuli da motivizirebulia (maga- liTad, sigurdi ciliswamebis msxverpli xdeba). magram gmiris daRupvis faqts yvela SemTxvevaSi damoukidebeli mniSvneloba aqvs, imis miuxedavad, gaaCnia raime motivacia, Tu wminda iracionaluri aqtis xasiaTs atarebs. kidev ufro arsebiTia, rom gmirul daRupvamde, anu gmirad saboloo qce- vamde, personaJi Tavad Cadis RalatiT mkvlelobas. magaliTad: sigurdi RalatiT klavs fafnirsa da regins (mere ra, rom erTi drakoni iyo da meo- re _ juja, Tan Tavad apirebdnen sigurdisaTvis bolos moRebas). mTavaria, rom gmiri raindulad ki ar xocavs miwinaaRmdegeebs, aramed _ motyuebiT. vTqvaT, amirani mis gadamrCenel devis das klavs, soslani motyuebiT klavs bibics, romelmac igi daindo (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT soslanis origi- nalur qurqze, romelic misi mtrebis skalpebidanaa Sekerili) da a.S. Tum- ca, es gasakviri araa, arqauli sazogadoebis samxedro demokratiis epoqa saraindo-kurtuazuli xana ar yofila, amitom gmiris mier sisastikis, an gindac veragobis, Cadena gasakviri ar unda iyos. Tumca, daRupvis logikas am sisastikesTan da veragobasTan araviTari pirdapiri kavSiri ara aqvs. bo- los da bolos iRupeba beovulfi, romelsac arc veragoba Caudenia da arc sisastike (Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom `beovulfSi arqauli eposis gmiris niSnebTan erTad Cndeba saraindo romanis personaJisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebic). gmiris sikvdilis aucilebel elements mis mkvlelze SurisZieba war- moadgens. rogorc beovulfis 1384-e kupletSia naTqvami, megobrisaTvis Suri unda iZio da ar itiro unayofod. rogorc wesi, daRupuli gmirebi marTlac SurnaZiebi rCebian. Tumca zogjer, iSviaTad, isic xdeba, rom sa- magieros mizRvis Semdeg Tavad SurismaZiebelic iRupeba. magram yvelaze metad ubeduria is daRupuli gmiri, romelsac potenciuri SurismaZiebe- lic ki ar hyavs. rasakvirvelia, gmiri SeuZlebelia Cveulebriv brZolaSi moklan. mis dasamarcxeblad an veragobaa saWiro, an _ gansakuTrebuli iaraRi (zog- jer Tavad gmirisave), garemoebaTa uCveulo damTxveva an saqmeSi boroti Za- lebis CarTva, romlebic yvelafer amas moaxerxeben. sainteresoa, rom XIX saukunis meore naxevris da XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli folkloris personaJebi arqauli eposis gmirebTan aqac iseTive tipologiur msgavsebas amJRavneben, rogorc sikvdilis mauwyebeli niSnis SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi 193 epikuri gmiris darad arsenas damarcxeba SeuZlebelia Cveulebrivi iara- RiT (isev da isev: `uzarbaznod ar iqneba Tqveni arsenas daWera~). amitom kuWatnelis lekis biWma zurgidan veraguli gasroliT mokla arsena oZel- aSvili. rainduli romanebis gmirebisa da arsenasi ar iyos, XX saukunis dasawy- isis qarTuli revoluciuri folkloris sami devgmiris damarcxebac mxo- lod RalatiT gaxda SesaZlebeli. daTiko SevardnaZe vinme WeliZes mouwam- lavs, ris Sesaxebac firali guldawuxebuli ambobs: Sen dailoce WeliZev, rom gamikeTe vaxSami, xmeli xili bevri gvqonda, Zveli Rvino da qaTami, sawamlavic Semapare, rom Seviqmeni nasvami. simona doliZe kidev ufro muxTali Ralatis msxverpli gaxda: ar vfiqrobdi Tu gamcemda, Cemi Zma andro doliZe. andro doliZes Zma ar daundvia da simonasTan cnobili uriadniki ja- fariZe mouyvania _ danarCeni mkiTxvelmac kargad uwyis. rac Seexeba mixa WuWulaSvils, man orjer ganicada Ralatis simware: jer iyo da vinme gior- gi mWedliSvili iseve moeqca, rogorc farsadan bodbisxeveli _ arsenas, daaTro da daaWerina. magram mixa cimbiridan gamoipara. Tumca cud xalxs ra gamolevs da vinme Samilas biWma gigam mixas saldaTebi miusia. garSemor- tymulma mixam tyveobas TviTmkvleloba amjobina. niSandoblivia, rom dasaxlebul poemaTa gardacvlili personaJebi Ta- vianT sikvdilze pirvel pirSi mogviTxroben, rac imas niSnavs, rom sikvdi- lis miuxedavad, mainc cocxloben, ukve rogorc folkloris maradiuli gmirebi. gmiri soslanis sikvdili rogorc zemoT vTqviT, sikvdilis momaswavebel niSans verc narTebis gmi- ri soslani gadaurCa. vnaxoT, rogor axda es winaswarmetyveleba. erTxel soslani sanadirod iyo da mSvenieri fur-iremi dainaxa. rogorc xSirad xdeba, is iyo mSvildi daumizna, rom fur-iremi mSvenier qaliSvilad iqca kaxa kacitaZe 194 da soslans colad SerTva sTxova, razec gmirma sakmaod uxeSad upasu- xa: `ramdeni gzaabneuli qaliSvilic Semxvdes, yvela colad rom SemerTo, narTebis sofelSi maTi tevac ar iqneba~ (narTebi 1988: 166). qaliSvili daemuqra, razec soslani gacecxlda da mandilosans nezvi uwoda. am Seu- racxyofis Semdeg qaliSvili frinvelad iqca da gafrinda. Turme, nu ityvi da xsenebuli lamazmani balsagis (rogorc Cans, mzis gansaxierebaa) asuli yofila. man mamas SesCivla, soslanma Seuracyofa momayenao. ganrisxebulma balsagma Tavis borbals (rogorc vTqviT, Cans, erTdroulad badrosebri basri saganicaa da gansulierebuli personaJic) uxmo da soslanis mokvla ubrZana. borbali soslanis mosaklavad gafrinda. `aba dauxvdi, narTelo vaJkacoo~-o, _ gadmosZaxa balsagma. soslanis kiTxvas, ra iaraRiT upi- rebda mokvlas, balsagma upasuxa, dasartymeli iaraRiTo da Tan mouwoda: Tu vaJkaci xar, Subli dauxvedreo. soslanma foladis Subli SeuSvira. moxvda borbali, magram Sublma aisxlita, scada soslanma borblis daWe- ra, magram am ukanasknelma dasxltoma moaxerxa. balsagma isev gadmosZaxa, borbali brundeba da mkerdi dauxvedreo. dauxvedra soslanma mkerdi da isev asxlta borbali. axla ki soslanma imarjva, borbali daiWira da ori nekni Caumtvria. borbali Seexvewa: gamiSvi da awi balsagis borbali ki ara, soslanis borbali merqmevao, Tan RmerTi daiyena Tavmdebad. daujera sos- lanma da gauSva. gauSva da sul tyuilad. gzad borbals muxTali sirdoni Sexda da aswa- vla, rogor eZia Suri soslanze. nekidan sisxli gamoidine da Semdeg fics Zala daekargebao. mere mWedel qurdalagonTan midi da axal neknebs gamo- giWedavs, bolos ki soslani ZmakacebTan erTad zilxanis velze nadirobis Semdeg mosasveneblad iqneba wamowolili, midi da yvelas muxlebze gadaua- reo. afrinda borbali da, vinc karavSi iwva, yvelas fexebi daaWra. magram soslani Turme karavSi ar yofila. fexebdaWrili megobrebi rom naxa, ma- Sinve mixvda, vin Caidenda amas da borbals gaekida. gzad vels, muryans, cacxvs, rcxilas, wifels, muxas sTxova balsagis borblis dakaveba, magram arc erTma ar daakava da soslanma yvela daswyevla. Semdgom aryis xem scada balsagis borblis dakaveba, magram ver SeZlo. bolos da bolos balsa- gis borbali sviam daakava. sviis totebSi gabmul borbals soslanma orive gverdi Caumtvria da is iyo, unda moekla, rom borbali Seevedra, sicocx- le maCuqeo. didxans uarobda gmiri, magram bolos, mas Semdeg, rac borbalma fici dado, oRond gamiSvi da Cemi ojaxis Tormet wevrs davxocav Seni Tormeti Zmobilis sanacvlodo, soslanma kvlav gauSva borbali. gauSva da isev Secda. ficis Sesasruleblad mimaval borbals kvlav sir- doni Sexvda da daarwmuna, rom ficis Sesruleba mkvlelobis imitaciiTac epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi 195 SeiZleboda: saxeldobr imiT, rom Tavisi ojaxis Tormeti wevridan zo- gisaTvis fexze daeWra frCxilebi da zogisaTvis _ xelze. borbalic ase moiqca. qurdonma qurdalagons kvlav gaamTelebina borblis gverdebi da daarwmuna borbali, kidev erTxel ecada soslanisaTvis muxlebis gadaWra. es mcdeloba warmatebiT dasrulda, balsagis borbalma soslans muxlebi gadauWra, Tavisi ojaxis wevrebisaTvis daWrili frCxilebi miuyara da cad afrinda. ususurad mwolare soslans jer arwivma gadaufrina, mere qorma, Semdeg _ mercxalma. gmirma samives sTxova, Cemi ambavi narTebs SeatyobineTo, ma- gram mxolod mercxali daTanxmda. Semdeg daTvi, mgeli da melia movidnen. pirvelma orma gulwrfeli wuxili gamoTqves soslanis bedis gamo da man isini daloca, xolo meliam farisevlobisa gamo daiwyo da gmiris wyevla daimsaxura. amasobaSi mercxalma narTebs soslanis samwuxaro bedi amcno. soslan- Tan mividnen, bajaRlo oqros kubo daumzades, abreSumis sudara. soslanma Zmebs daubara, iseTi saflavi gamiTxareT, sami fanjara rom hqondeso, erTi aRmosavleTiT mzem amosvlisas rom Semaxedoso, erTi SuaSi, mzem SuadRiT rom damxedoso da erTic dasavleTiT, mzem Casvlisas rom damxedoso. Se- mdeg daibara balsagis borbalsa da sirdonze Suri iZieTo, ris Sesru- lebasac misi Wabuki ZmisSvili dahpirda da soslanmac mSvidad ganuteva suli (ise, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, mTlianad mainc ar momkvdara). narTebma soslans samfanjriani saflavi gaukeTes, oqros kuboSi Caasvenes da mSvil- isaric Caatanes. cota xnis Semdeg soslanis Zmebma sirdoni daibares da uTxres: `sosla- nis cxeni umxedrod gavelurdeba; Tu kaci xar, zogjer Sejeqi xolme~ (nar- Tebi 1988: 176). sirdonma yasidad iuara, magram didi xnis Txovnis Semdeg dasTanxmda. soslanis cxens rom moajdeboda, dascinoda da patrons augad uxsenebda. erTxel ise gaTavxedda, soslanis saflavze mivida, saflavis ir- gvliv Weneba iwyo da gmirs saflavSi CasZaxa: `hei, soslan, ras moveswar, Seni naqebi cxeni me damrCa (narTebi 1988: 177). esa Tqva da zed saflavis Sua sarkmelze gadaalaja. ver moiTmina mkvdarma soslanma mtris es Tavxedoba, esrola qvemodan sarkmlis gavliT isari da sirdons tvini cas mianTxevia. erTi balsagis borbalzec maZiebia Surio, _ inatra da, mgoni, sabolood mokvda (rasakvirvelia, Tu folkloris gmiri SeiZleba sabolood mokv- des). misma ZmiSvilma qurdalagons rkinis keti gaakeTebina da balsagis borbali xizis velze daibara. iq ise dascxo rkinis keti, rom balsagis borbals erTi nekni aRar SearCina mTeli. SeSinebuli borbali gaiqca, xan ixvad iqca, xan tyis qaTmad, bolos saflavi gaiTxara da iq daimala. magram soslanis Zmiswulma mainc miagno daatyveva, soslanis saflavTan miiyvana kaxa kacitaZe 196 orad gahkveTa, erTi naxevari TaviT daudo soslans da meore ferxTiT. Catarebuli analizis Semdeg SeiZleba iTqvas, rom soslanis sikvdili gmiris heroizaciis formaa da ara gmiruli sikvdilis nairsaxeoba. mas balsagis borbali veragulad klavs da umweo mdgomarobaSi tovebs. sos- lanis sikvdili aucilebeli pirobaa imisaTvis, rom logikurad ganasru- los misi gmirad gadaqceva. balsagis borblis ramdenjerme gaSveba Sinagani logikis matarebelia. man xazi unda gausvas imas, rom Ria brZolaSi gmiri daumarcxebelia da misi mokvla mxolod RalatiT SeiZleba. sikvdili rom soslanis gmirad qcevis procesis gansrulebaa, isic adasturebs, rom igi saflavidanac ki klavs Tavis mter sirdons. amasTan is bednieri mokluli gmiria, ramdenadac hyavs SurismaZiebeli. gmiri kuhulinis sikvdili gmiri kuhulinis mTavari mteri, boroti dedofali medbi ar isveneb- da da kuhulinis daRupvas eswrafoda. misi waqezebiT kuhulinis mier mokluli jadoqar kalatinis Svilebma kuhulins mravali ubeduri xilva mouvlines. mas Semdeg, rac gmirma arafrad Caagdo sikvdilis mauwyebeli araerTi niSani da daarRvia geisi, romelic ZaRlis xorcis Wamas ukrZala- vda, gadamwyveti brZolis Jami dadga. medbma kuhulinis winaaRmdeg axali koaliciis Seqmna moaxerxa, romelsac saTaveSi kuhulinis mier daxocili bumberazebis vaJebi lugaid kuroisZe da erk kairbres Ze Caudgnen. erkma veragoba moifiqra. kuhulinis mtrebs urCia: SeerCiaT ori umamacesi meo- mari, romlebic orTabrZolis imitacias moaxdendnen, xolo maT siaxloves daeyenebinaT bardi (poeti, romlis Txovnaze uari irlandiaSi samarcxvi- nod iTvleboda). bards kuhulinisaTvis misi Subi unda eTxova, romelzec nawinaswarmetyvelebi iyo, rom misiT mefe ganigmireboda. imis gamo, rom irlandiuri qcevis kodeqsi bardisaTvis nebismier Txovnaze uaris Tqmas krZalavda (erTi gadmocemiT, romeliRac mefe iZulebulic ki gaxda, rom bardisaTvis sakuTari Tvali daeTmo), kuhulini, cxadia, am Txovnas Seas- rulebda. maSin kuhulinis mtrebs igi Tavisive SubiT unda ganegmiraT. es veraguli gegma miRebul iqna. amasobaSi kuhulini mowinaaRmdegeTa laSqars miuaxlovda da ganadgu- reba dauwyo. ra sabrZolo ileTs ar mimarTa: asi quxilis ileTs, samasi quxilis ileTs, samgzis cxra vaJkacis quxilis ileTs... mowinaaRmdegeebi gafanta da Semdeg maT JuJvas mihyo xeli. imdeni mteri gaJuJa, ramdenic zRvaSi qviSaa da caze varskvlavi. uecrad or erTmaneTTan Serkinebul me- omars waawyda. maT siaxloves bardi idga. `sircxvili Sen, kuhulin, Tu am meomar vaJkacebs ar gaaSveleb~, _ uTxra kuhulins. kuhulini miuaxlovda epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi 197 meomrebs da TiToeul maTgans ise Caartya TavSi muSti, rom tvini gamouvi- daT yurebidan da nestoebidan. `WeSmaritad gaaSvele isini, _ uTxra bard- ma, _ awi isini erTmaneTs zians marTlac veRar miayeneben~. `eseni arafriT ar daurvdebodnen, rom ara Seni Txovna~, _ upasuxa kuhulinma. amis Semdeg bardma kuhulins Subi sTxova. kuhulinma upasuxa, rom Subi Tavad sWirde- ba, vinaidan mtrebTan omobs. amaze bardma upasuxa, rom Tu Subs ar miscems, bardi kuhulinze damcinav simReras SeTxzavs (irlandiaSi ufro didi sir- cxvili ar arsebobda). `ar egebis, rom Sevrcxve ZRvnis gacemaze uarisa da wuwuraqobisaTvis~, _ Tqva kuhulinma da bards Subi tariT win tyorcna, Tanac iseTi ZaliT, rom bards Subli gauxvrita da kidev cxra mis ukan mdgomi meomari miayola (warmoidgineT, ra moxdeboda, Subi wveriT win rom esrola). amis Semdeg kuhulini mtris mwyobris siRrmeSi SeiWra da brZola gaagrZela. xolo misma mterma natyorcni Subi aiRo da kuhulinisken sro- la daapira. `am SubiT mefe mokvdeba~, _ iwinaswarmetyveles jadoqar ka- latinis Svilebma. lugaidma Subi tyorcna, magram kuhulinis nacvlad misi meetle laegi gangmira. kuhulini mxurvaled daemSvidoba Tavis erTgul meetles da brZola gaagrZela Tanac ise, rom meetlis Tanamdebobac SeiTav- sa. mtris mwyobris garRvevis Semdeg igi kvlav waawyda or urTierTmebrZol meomarsa da bards. bardma kvlav sTxova kuhulins meomrebis gaSveleba. man meomrebs xeli CasWida da iseTi ZaliT moityorcna sxvadasxva mxares, rom maTi xorcis naglejebi irgvliv mimoifina. Semdeg bardma kuhulins Subi sTxova. kuhulinis uars man upasuxa, rom is gmiris gamamasxaravebel leqss SeTxzavda. _ me dReSi mxolod erTxel var valdebuli Sevasrulo Txovna, _ upasuxa kuhulinma, _ dRes Txovna ukve Sevasrule. _ icode Sens gamo mTel ulads gavamasxaraveb, _ daemuqra bardi. _ araodes momxdara, rom Cemi siZunwis an xeiris gamo uladi Sercxveniliyo. marTalia, mcire xnis sicocxleRa damrCa, magram es arc axla moxdeba, _ upasuxa kuhulinma. man kvlav tariT win stryorcna Subi bards, Subli gauxvrita da mis ukan mdgomi cxra meomaric gangmira. Subi axla erk kairbres Zem aiRo da ka- latinis ZeT hkiTxa, vin mokvdeboda am SubiT. maT upasuxes, rom am SubiT mefe mokvdeboda. erkis ukmayofilo SeniSvnaze, rom es maT erTxel ukve iwinaswarnetyveles, kalatinis Svilebma auxsnes, rom winaswarmetyveleba axda, vinaidan Subma laegi gangmira, es ukanaskneli ki irlandiel meetle- ebs Soris upirvelesi, Sesabamisad meetleebis mefe iyo. styorcna erkma Subi da kuhulinis cxeni ruxi gangmira. gamoiRo kuhulinma cxenis Wri- lobidan Subi da daemSvidoba Tavis erTgul cxens. es ukanaskneli kiserze naxevari caluRiT gaemarTa fuatis mTasTan arsebul rux tbaSi, saidanac is odesRac kuhulinma moipova. kuhulinma brZola etlSi Sebmuli erTi cxeniTRa gaagrZela. Semdgomi kaxa kacitaZe 198 brZolisas igive scena gaTamaSda, rac pirvel or SemTxvevaSi. bardma kuhu- lins Subi sTxova. gmiris pasuxad, rom man bardebis Txovna ukve orgzis Se- asrula, mesame bardi daimuqra, rom is kuhulinis mTel gvars Searcxvenda. ise, jobda ar damuqrebuda, vinaidan kuhulinma masac Subli gauxvrita da, rogorc icoda xolme, cxra meomari miayola. Subi lugaidma aiRo da ka- latinis vaJebs hkiTxa, vin mokvdeboda am SubiT. maT kvlav upasuxes, rom am SubiT mefe mokvdeboda. lugaidis ukmayofilo SeniSvnaze, rom es maT ukve Tqves, rodesac Subi erkma isrola, kalatinis vaJebma ganmartes, rom isini marTlebi iyvnen, vinaidan Subma irlandiis cxenebis mefe mokla. maSin lu- gaidma Subi styorcna da kuhulini ise gangmira, rom Signeuli gadmoucvi- vda. amis mxilveli kuhulinis Savi cxeni etlidan gamovida da Savi tbisaken gaswia, sadac odesRac kuhulinma igi moipova. gmiri saSinelma wyurvilis grZnobam Seipyro. man mtrebs sTxova, iqve mdebare tbamde mieSvaT, sikvdilis win rom gagrilebuliyo. es ukanasknelni daTanxmdnen, Tu ukan dabrunebis pirobas miscemda. _ mxolod imas gTxovT, Tavad moxvideT CemTan, Tu ukan dabrunebas ver movaxerxeb, _ sTxova kuhulinma. sasikvdilod daWrilma gmirma ibanava, wyali Sesva da irlandielebs dauZaxa. moaxloebuli mteri rom dainaxa, iqve mdgom maRal qvas mieba, raTa fexze mdgomi Sexvedroda sikvdils. am dros misi ruxi moWenda (romelic TiTqosda mkvdari iyo), raTa patroni daecva manam, sanam cocxali iyo. man kbilebiT gatkvira or- mocdaaTi mteri. xolo TiToeuli CliqiT ocdaaT-ocdaaTi kuhulinis si- kvdilis mosurne mospo. amis miuxedavad, lugaidi kuhulinTan miiWra da Tavi mohkveTa. am dros gmirs xelidan xmali gauvarda, romelic lugaids marjvenaze daeca da xeli mohkveTa. mtrebma kuhulinis Tavi, xeli da fari waiRes da gzas daadgnen. gzad lugaids banaoba mounda. swored banaobisas wamoewia lugains kuhulinis biZaSvili da Zmadnafici konan Zlevamosili Tavisi ZaRlisTaviani cxeniT, romelsac wiTeli nami erqva. konal Zlevamosili daTanxmda lugaidis Txo- vnas, mxolod cali xeliT SebrZoleboda mas (rogorc gvaxsovs, lugaids marjvena kuhulinis xmalma mohkveTa. xazs vusvamT, xmalma da ara kuhulin- ma, romelic am momentisaTvis ukve mkvdari iyo). brZolisas konalma Tavisi cxenis daxmarebiT daamarcxa lugaidi da Tavi mohkveTa. ase iZia gmirma konalma Suri gmir kuhulinisaTvis. konalis sardlobiT uladebma mteri sastikad daamarcxes, kuhulinis mokveTili Tavi daibrunes da Sin gamarjve- bulebi dabrundnen. aseTi iyo kuhulinis aRsasruli. Tumca, kuhulini samudamod ar gamqrala. rogorc erTi gviandeli le- genda gadmogvcems, igi erTxel kidev gamocxadebia irlandielebs im Jams, roca am ukanasknelTa Soris maTi ganmanaTlebeli wminda patriki qristia- nobas amkvidrebda. wminda patriks igi saiqiodan gamouZaxia, raTa irlan- epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi 199 diis warmarT xelmwife loigairesTvis eCvenebina qristianobis WeSmariteba da jojoxeTis mTeli saSinelebebi: `erTxel loigaire da wminda patrikis megobari wminda benini mak-indokis velze idgnen. uecrad iseTi Zalis civma qarma wamoubera, rom orivem Zlivs Seikaves Tavi, rom ar waqceuliyvnen. be- ninma auxsna, rom es qari jojoxeTis karibWidan SemoiWra. karibWe ki cota xniT imitom gaaRes, rom iqidan kuhulini gamoeSvaT. Semdeg veli nislma dafara da nislSi cxadad gamoCnda uzarmazari aCrdilisebri etli, ro- melSic `oTxiT morbenali cxenebi iynen Sebmulni. etlSi orni iyvnen _ kuhulini da misi erTguli meetle laegi. kuhulini ametyvelda da mouwo- da loigaires moqcevisaken. `irwmune RvTisa da wminda patrikisa, rameTu Sens winaSe demoni ki ara, aramed kuhulinia, Ze sualtamisa~ (rolestoni 2004: 196) imis dasarwmuneblad, rom namdvilad kuhulinia, igi warmarT xelmwifes sakuTar gmirobebs CamouTvlis da jojoxeTis saSinelebebze mouTxrobs. Semdeg kuhulini wminda patriks sTxovs, ufals Seavedros, rom misTvis zecis kari gaixsnas. amboben, ufalma kuhulinisa da wminda patrikis vedreba Seiwyalao, xolo loigaire qristianad moqceula. gmiris datireba am monakveTSi daRupuli gmiris datirebaze visaubrebT. xazs vusvam: la- parakia ara sazogadod gardacvlilis, aramed sworedac rom daRupulis datirebaze. daRupuli gmiris amgvari datireba gulisxmobs gansakuTrebu- li zepiri poeturi teqstis arsebobas, romelic Seicavs garkveul stere- otipul formulebs. aq upiratesad SevexebiT datirebis rituals skandi- navur da Zvel qarTul tradiciebSi, Tumca saWiroebis mixedviT gaviTva- liswinebT agreTve keltur da baltoslavur tradiciasac. Cveulebriv datirebis rituals asrulebs solisti (solistebi). ri- tuali morgebulia konkretuli situaciisadmi, magram yovelTvis Seica- vs garkveul stereotipul formulebsa da sqemebs. datirebis monawileTa nawili solistis an solistebis qmedebas JestebiT (magaliTad, sxeulis garkveuli qneviT) uWers mxars. cnobili mkvlevari desnickaia aRniSnavs: `epikuri poeziisa da datirebis leqsikur-semantikuri da sintaqsur-sti- listikuri Taviseburebebi mniSvnelovnad msgavsia. rogorc Cans, datire- bis ritualisas did rols TamaSobs improvizireba mza formulebisa da standartuli sqemebis safuZvelze~ (warmodgenebi... 2002: 203). mkvlevari Tvlis, rom datirebis teqstebs msgavsi morfologia gaaCnia da Sedgeba Sesavali formulisagan, varirebadi ZiriTadi teqstisa da damasrulebeli wamoZaxilebisagan, romlebic xmamaRal qviTinSi gadadis. datireba mimarTulia micvalebulze, TiTqosda am ukanasknels SeeZlos kaxa kacitaZe 200 gaigos yvelaferi, rasac masze amboben. datireba aris im saxis ritualuri teqsti, romelmac micvalebulebsa da cocxlebs Soris kavSiri unda da- amyaros, daareguliros kavSiri daRupul gmirsa da cocxalTa samyaros Soris. ufro zustad, datirebas ori adresanti hyavs _ rogorc cocxal- Ta, ise micvalebulTa samyaroebi. orivem unda Seityos daRupuli gmiris siqvelis Sesaxeb. amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom datireba ar aris Selocvis nairsaxeo- ba. am ukanasknelSi adresati sustadaa gamoxatuli maSin, rodesac datirebis adresati, formulebis trafaretulobis miuxedavd personificirebulia. misdami mimarTva Seicavs pirovnebis gadaZaxils pirovnebisadmi. datirebas axasiaTebs maRali toni (lamis wivili) da teqstis Segnebuli gangrZobiTi wakiTxva. laparakia Zaxilze, yvirilze, wivilze, tirilze da a.S. Zvel inglisur teqst `beovulfSi~ SemorCenila monaTxrobi, sadac gmi- ris damtireblis funqcia gayofilia bebruxanasa da gmiris saZmos Tormet wevrs Soris. beberi qalis mier Sesrulebuli gulisgamgmiravi datireba aviswmomaswaveblad JRerda datirebaze damswre pirTaTvis. balto-sla- vianuri da balto-finuri monacemebis umetesobiT, damtireblis rolSi mxolod qalebi gamodiodnen. n. ganinas azriT, datirebis mTavar Sinaarss sayovelTao gaubedurebis aRwera Seadgenda. arsebobda datirebis sxva formac, rodesac damtireblis rolSi mefis saZmos wevrebi gamodiodnen. magaliTad, iordanesTan gvaqvs atilas dati- rebis STambeWdavi suraTi: `hunTa mTeli tomis saukeTeso mxedrebi... esevi- Tar ixseniebdnen mis gmirobebs: `hunTa didi xelmwife atila, Sobili ma- mamis munZukisagan, uZlieres tomTa beladi! Sen, romelmac aqamde arnaxu- li simamaciT erTma daipyari skviTTa da germanelTa samefoebi, romelmac qalaqTa aRebiT Tavzari daec romaelTa orive imperias, da raTa danarCeni [qalaqebi] ar gaZarculiyo, mowyaleba miiRe, maTi (romaelebis _ k.k.) ve- dreba Seismine, da yovelwliur xarks dasjerdi. da am yovelives warmate- biT dasrulebis Semdeg aResrule ara mtris mier miyenebuli Wrilobi- sagan, ara Senianebis veragobisagan, aramed sixarulSi da mxiarulebaSi, tkivilis gareSe, rodesac mTeli tomi janmrTeli da dauzianebeli iyo. vin CaTvlis amas aRsasrulad, Tu aravin aris iseTi, viszec Suria saZiebeli~ (warmodgenebi... 2002: 216). rogorc mkvlevarebi varaudoben, atilas datirebisas mamakacTa samglo- viaro simReris adresatia rogorc gardacvlili beladi, ise mamakacTa mTe- li samyaro. mamakacuri datirebis specifika imaSia, rom masSi gmiris garda- cvalebiT miyenebuli SesaZlo zianis CamoTvlas enacvleba daRupulis Rir- sebebis CamoTvla. Tumca, rogorc `beovulfis~ datirebis sqemidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, datirebis teqstSi Sedis wuxili gmiri-beladis (hlafordes epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi 201 hryre) daRupvis gamo (ar dagvaviwydes _ atilas SemTxvevaSi damtireblebi mas brZolaSi daRupulad ki ara, lxinsa da drostarebaSi gardacvlilad miiCnevdnen, amitom mis datirebaSi daRupvaze aqcentireba ver iqneboda), na- xsenebia lxinis Sewyveta, dacarielebuli darbazebi da a.S. gmiri-beladis daRupva misi garemocvisaTvis (`saZmosaTvis~) didi ga- mocdaa. is ganixileba ara mxolod socialur, aramed kosmiur planSic, rogorc qaosis Zalebis gamarjveba, mdgradi kosmiuri (romelic Tavisi ar- siT socialuricaa) struqturis darRveva. rac ufro maRalia daRupulis socialuri rangi, miT ufro metia garRveva kosmiur doneze da miT ufro Zlieria qaoturi Zalebis Semoteva. datireba ara mxolod zaralis kons- tantaciaa, aramed im qaosis gamovlineba, romelic samyarosa da sociums misi arsebobis garantis gardacvalebiT moaklda. gmiri-beladis datireba saZmos wevrebis mier gulisxmobs Semdeg mo- qmedebebs: `Tqma~, `ubnoba~, `gamocxadeba~, `uwyeba~, `qeba~, `dideba~, `gansja~, `gankiTxva~. yvela eseni irTveba ufro farTo mniSvnelobaTa vel- Si, romelic xasiaTdeba, rogorc `wuxili~, `datireba~, `simRera~, `se- vdis simRera~, `reCitativi~, `sityva-simRera~. beladis datireba iazreba, rogorc verbaluri gamoxatva sayovelTao qaosisa, gmiri-beladis garda- cvalebas rom mohyveba. amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom arsebobs daRupuli gmiris datire- bis ori forma: 1. qalebis mier Catarebuli datirebis rituali, romelsac aqvs Civilis, wuxilis xasiaTi da romliTac aRiwereba qaosi, gmiris si- kvdilis Semdeg rom dadgeba. 2. mamakacuri datireba, rogorc qaosis mani- festacia, beladis xotba, misi gmirobebis aRwera, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi _ Surisgebis aRTqma. amasTanave, rogorc specialistebi aRniSnaven, dati- rebis ena (magaliTad, Zvelgermanuli) monaTesavea epiuri poeziis enisa da dakavSirebulia maRali stilis zepirmetyvelebasTan, romelic sruldeba sazogadoebriv-mniSvnelovani ceremoniebisas. datirebis orive forma gvxdeba arqaul qarTul tradiciebSi. gmiris datireba mamakacis mier gvxvdeba naratul ZeglebSi, xolo qalis mier gmiris datirebia _ folklorul zepirspityvier tradiciaSi. rogorc naratuli wyaroebidan dasturdeba, arsebobda specialuri instituti da- mtireblebisa, `mgosanni glovisani~, romelTa amocana datirebis gziT gmi- ris gandideba da SesaZlo qaosis dadgomis faqtze xazgasma iyo. leonti mrovelisaTvis miwerili qronikis im monakveTSi, romelic far- sman qvels eZRvneba, moTxrobilia, rom sparselebma, veraferi daakles gmir mefes da ubralod mowamles igi (mzareulis mosyidvis gziT). Semdeg teqstSi vkiTxulobT: `maSin iqmna glova da tirili, da tyeba yovelTa qarTvelTa zeda, warCinebulTagan vidre glaxamde. da ityebdes yovelni Ta- kaxa kacitaZe 202 vsa TvisTa yovelTa Sina qalaqTa da dabnebTa, rameTu dasxdebian mgosanni glovisani, da Sekrbian yovelni da axsenebdian simxnesa da siquelesa, da siSueniesa da saxierebasa farsman quelisasa, da ityodian esreT: `vai Cuen, rameTu mogvZina sueman borotman, da mefe Cueni, romlisagan xsnil viyve- niT monebisagan mterTa, moikla igi kacTa mgrZnebelTagan, da aw miveciT Cuen wartyuevnad naTesavTa ucxoTa~ (qc 1958: 53). am framgmentze yuradReba jer kidev pavle ingoroyvam gaamaxvila (ingo- royva 19?: 259-269). is farsmanis datirebis teqsts arqaul originalad miiC- nevda, ramac rig mkvlevarebSi skepticizmi gamoiwvia. Tumca, sruliad gauge- baria, rogor Seityo XI saukunis avtorma leonti mrovelma datirebis ri- tualis Sesaxeb, romelic sxva arqauli xalxebis datirebis ritualis zusti analogia. pirvel yovlisa, aRvniSnavT imas, rom farsmanis datirebis teqs- ti zustad jdeba arqauli datirebis teqstis zemoT moyvanil daxasiaTebaSi, romlis Tanaxmadac (kidev erTxel gavimeorebT): `epikuri poeziisa da datire- bis leqsikur-semantikuri da sintaqsur-stilistikuri Taviseburebebi mniSv- nelovnad msgavsia. rogorc Cans, datirebis ritualisas did rols TamaSobs improvizireba mza formulebisa da standartuli sqemebis safuZvelze~. fars- man qvelis datirebaSi rom mogvepoveba sintaqsur-stilisturi da leqsikur- semantikuri msgavseba epikur teqstebTan, eWvs gareSea (magaliTad, ritmuli prozis wyoba). aseve eWvs gareSea, rom farsmanis datirebis teqstSi gvxvdeba mza formulebi da standartuli sqemebi. erTaderTi saeWvo momenti improvi- zaciaa, magram misi arseboba an ararsebobaze SeuZlebelia vilaparakoT manam, sanam datirebis sxva analogiur teqsts ar davadgenT. farsman qvelis datireba Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT aseve identuria arqauli gmiris datirebisa. aqac xazgasmulia gmiris siqveleni (`axsene- bdian simxnesa da siquelesa, da siSueniesa da saxierebasa farsman queli- sasa~); amasTan `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ _ `mgosanTa glovisaTa~ tirilis teqstis mxolod bolo monakveTia uSualod citirebuli. rogorc zemoT iTqva, arqaul sazogadoebebSi gmiris datireba sam Tanmimdevrul etaps moicavda: 1) Sesavali; 2) varirebadi ZiriTadi teqsti; 3) damasrulebeli wamoZaxili, romelic xmamaRal qviTinSi gadadioda. farsman qvelis datirebis teqstSi varirebadi ZiriTadi teqstis zus- ti citati Semonaxuli ar aris, magram datirebis ritualSi mis arsebobas calsaxad adasturebs fraza: `da axsenebdian simxnesa da siquelesa, da si- Sueniesa da saxierebasa farsman quelisasa~. cxadia, es moxsenieba teqstis ZiriTadi monakveTi unda yofiliyo. damasrulebeli wamoZaxilia: `vai Cuen, rameTu mogvZina sueman borotman, da mefe Cueni, romlisagan xsnil viyveniT monebisagan mterTa, moikla igi kacTa mgrZnebelTagan, da aw miveciT Cuen war- tyuevnad naTesavTa ucxoTa~. ubralo dakvirveba naTelyofs, rom aq teqstSi epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi 203 aRmavali ritmul-semantikuri eskalacia mimdinareobs (`vai Cuen~-dan `mive- ciT Cuen wartyuevnad naTesavTa ucxoTa~-mde). imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom es yvelaferi xdeba fonze, rodesac `ityebdes yovelni Tavsa TvisTa~, savsebiT logikuria vivaraudoT, rom msgavsad sxva arqauli datirebis ritualebisa, Cvens SemTxvevaSic datirebis dasasruli albaT xmamaRal qviTinSi gadadio- da. datirebis teqstis morfologiis TvalsazrisiT, erTaderTi, ris Sesaxe- bac `qarTlis cxovrebis~ teqstis mixedviT ver vimsjelebT, aris sakiTxi _ hqonda Tu ara datirebas Sesavali nawili. teqstisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia arqauli datirebis is Taviseburebac, rom misi adresati aris sazogadoebac (`vai Cuenda~) da Tavad micvalebu- lic, romlis siqvelesac esmeba xazi. aseve eWvs gareSea isic, rom datire- baSi xazgasmulia im qaosis dadgoma, romelic gmiris sikvdils mosdevs: `da aw miveciT Cuen wartyuevnad naTesavTa ucxoTa~. da bolos, SevexoT `mgosanTa glovisaTa~ instituts, anu pasuxi gavceT sakiTxs, mandilosnebi axorcielebdnen gmiri xelmwifis datirebis ritu- als Tu mamakacebi. im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom momxdari ambidan ramodenime saukunis Semdegac ki qalebi da mamakacebi gancalkevebiT sadi- lobdnen (rogorc es `SuSanikis wamebidan~ Cans) naTeli gaxdeba, rom gmiri mefis damtireblebi mamakacebi unda yofiliyvnen (Sdr. svanur zars). amrigad farsman qvelis datirebis teqstSi Semonaxulia gmiri-mefis dati- rebis ritualisa da Sesabamisi teqstis iseTi momentebi, rogorebicaa: gansakuTrebuli zepiri poeturi teqstis arseboba; garkveul stereotipul formulebi; datirebisas Jestebis arseboba (`ityebdes yovelni Tavsa Tavsa Tvi- sTa~); ZiriTadi teqsti da damasrulebeli wamoZaxilebi, romelic xmamaRal qviTinSi gadadis; datirebas ori adresanti hyavs: rogorc cocxalTa, ise micvalebulTa samyaroebi. orivem unda Seityos daRupuli gmiris siqvelis Sesaxeb; datirebis leqsikur-semantikuri da sintaqsur-stilistikuri msgavseba epikuri poeziisTan; datireba ara mxolod zaralis konstataciaa, aramed momavali qaosis konstatirebac, romelic sociumSi misi arsebobis garantis gardacva- lebis Semdeg dadgeba. yovelive es amtkicebs, rom `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Semonaxuli datire- bis teqsti struqturulad praqtikulad im teqstebis identuria, romle- bic skandinaviuri, kelturi da sxva masalis safuZvelzea rekonsturire- buli. es, sxvaTa Soris, garkveul safuZvels iZleva `qarTlis cxovrebis~ genezisis axleburi gagebisTvisac. kaxa kacitaZe 204 Tumca qarTul kulturaSi, saxeldobr folklorSi, moipoveba sxva te- qstic, romelSic damtirebeli kaci ki ara qalia. es teqsti naratiul ki ara, zepirsityvierebis sferos ganekuTvneba. am teqstis Sesaxeb moviyvan vrcel amonawers z. kiknaZis wignidan `qarTuli miTologia~ avtors mohya- vs datirebis teqsti da vrcel komentars ukeTebs mas: Sarmanaulo, Savardenoo, mTibelni gixarianRaeo? mTibel-mamyrisa sanayrodao dumas ziscvarSi xarSavRaeo? bevrais jixvis gamgoresao, Tofsa xirimsa zidavRaeo? mtrisa bevrais gamjavresao, welsa frangulsa ibamRaeo? stumris bevrisa masamsaxursao, tyavsa qemxiTa xkeravRaeo? bevrais mtrisa gamrigesao, enasa bWeSi zidavRaeo? am xevsuruli xmiT natiralSi paradigmulad aris aRnusxuli yoveli saq- mianoba, romelTa aRsrulebaSi gadis TiToeuli ymis wuTisofeli. motirali saTiTaod CamoTvlis maT daRupulis cxedarTan Sekrebili xalxis gasago- nad. da sagulisxmoa, rom yovelive amas saymo, TiToeuli moyme diacis piriT ismens. romc ar ganmeordes naTqvami, am sityvebs Rrmad ibeWdavs maTi maxso- vroba. SromaSi, nadirobaSi, brZolaSi, maspinZlobaSi, saymos TanxmobisaTvis zrunvaSi gadis cxovreba Sarmanaulisa. motirali Tavisi lakonurobiTa da amomwuraobiT arqetipul mniSvnelobas iZens rigiTi ymis amsofliuri yo- fierebisaTvis, Tumca is, rogorc natirali, damwuxrebuli gulis uSualo amoZaxilia: dai tiris Zmaze, dabadebasa da sikvdils Soris moqceul erT si- cocxleze, rogorc wuTissoflis dasasrulze, romlis tragizms itvirTavs oriode TiTqosda umniSvnelo marcvali `Rae~ (kiknaZe 1996: 192).
valhala anu sikvdili da sicocxle saiqioSi Tavidanve aRvniSnav: imas, rac arqauli azrovnebis SemTxvevaSi xasia- Tdeba, rogorc `saiqio~, araferi aqvs saerTo am terminis gaazrebasTan monoTestur religiebSi. germanul da gansakuTrebiT keltur tradiciaSi epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi 205 saiqio miRmuri, transcendenturi ram ki ar aris, aramed erTgvari para- leluri samyaro, romelic Cveni samyaros gverdiT arsebobs da garkveul wertilebSi kveTs kidec mas. aseTi wertili SeiZleba iyos ukacrieli sa- saxle, mTa an borcvi, tbaze mdebare kunZuli da a.S. ramdenadac saiqio, ufro zustad, saiqioebi, paraleluri samyaros xasiaTs atarebs, sulac ar aris gasakviri, rom gmiri Cveni qveynidan saiqioSi moxvdes da Semdeg ukan moaxerxos dabruneba. marTalia, saiqio Cvens samyaros hgavs, magram garkveuli gansxvavebacaa. magaliTad, am pararelul samyaroebSi SeiZleba drois dineba Cvens samyarosTan SedarebiT aCqarebuli an Senelebuli iyos. qarTul tradiciaSi cnobilia SemTxveva, rodesac saiqios sityvebs sapi- rispiro mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre saaqaos. magaliTad, `TefSebis damtvreva~ niSnavs TefSebis darecxvas. saiqios variantad qarTul tradiciaSi SeiZle- ba ganvixiloT qajeTic. aseTi saiqioebis, ufro zustad, parareluli samyaroebis Tema yvelaze ukeT keltur tradiciaSia ganviTarebuli. Tumca Tema imdenad CaxlarTu- lia, rom keltologebi dRemde davoben: uamravi paraleluri samyaro ar- sebobda keltebTan Tu erTi da yvela danarCeni am erTi sxvebismomcveli saiqios nawilebia. magram kelturi gadmocemebi paraleluri samyaroebis Sesaxeb praqtikulad ar Seicavs daRupuli samxedroebis samyoflisa da saiqioSi maTi cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb informacias. amitom im informaciiT SemovifarglebiT, romelic SemorCenilia islandiur tradiciaSi, saxel- dobr, `umcros edaSi~. snori sturlusonis am TxzulebaSi Semonaxulia valhalas anu im saiqios aRwera, sadac xvdebian daRupuli meomrebi. Tumca, sanam uSualod valhalas aRweraze gadavidodeT, SevexoT saerTod parare- lul samyaroebs skandinavur, saxeldobr, islandiur tradiciaSi. daRupul meomarTaTvis gamiznuli mTavari saiqioa cnobili valhala, val-holl `micvalebulTa srasasaxle~. sivrcobrivad is arsebobs gladshai- mis gverdiT, xolo droiTi TvalsazriT xasiaTdeba, rogorc dasabamiseu- li, rogorc im epoqis produqti, rodesac `RmerTebi mxolod iwyebdnen dasaxlebas~. valhala xasiaTdeba, rogorc veli (vollr), saxli (rann), sra- sasaxle (salr). valhalas gaaCnia iseTi atributebic, rogorebicaa: farTe (vidr), brwyinvale oqrosi (gullbiartr). valhalasTan dakavSirebulni arian iseTi personaJebi, rogorebicaa: odini, iremi eiqTuTurniro, valkiriebi da a.S. meore saiqio xasiaTdeba, rogorc ukvdavTa samyaro (O-dains-akr). yvela, vinc iq midis, ganikurneba yovelgvari sneulebisagan, siberisgan da aras- dros mokvdeba. oiumi istorikos iordanes `getikaSi~ (goTebis istoriaSi) warmod- genilia, rogorc skviTeTSi arsebuli idealuri qveyana. igi garSemorty- kaxa kacitaZe 206 mulia WaobebiT da morevebiT, magram qveynis SigniT xvavi da baraqa sufevs. mkvlevrebi varaudoben, rom iordanesTan erT-erTi paraleluri samyaro transformirda kvazirealur mxared iseve, rogorc imave avtorTan miTosu- ri asebi da vanebi transformirdnen kvazirealurad arsebul tomebad. Semdegi paraleluri samyaro iwodeba Folk-vangr-ad anu samxedro saZ- mos velad. es valhalis erTgvari variantia, oRond ufro dabali donisa. es fraias saufloa, sadac is odinTan erTad iyofs brZolebSi daRupul vaJkacTa naxevars (ra niSniT xdeba es dayofa ucnobia, magram savaraudoa, rom odins TavisTan valhalaSi saukeTeso mebrZolebi mihyavs, xolo danar- Cenebi samxedro saZmos velze xvdebian). es paraleluri samyaro zecaSia. Semdegi pozitiur saiqioebs, anu paralelur samyaroebs, Soris aris glas-heimr-i anu brwyinvalebis (sixarulis) samyaro. Zneli saTqmelia, valhalas nawilia igi, valhalis ubralo sinonimi Tu erTgvari miwieri valhala. glas haimri garedanac da Signidanac bajaRlo oqrosia. iq Rmer- Tebma aRmarTes taZari, agreTve Tormeti samefo taxti odinisaTvis. Vingolf-i anu netarebis taZari, rogorc Cans, valhalis gare nawilia (va- lhalis gverdiTaa). `umcrosi eda~-s mixedviT: `da mas [odins] kidev ewode- ba daRupulTa mama, vinaidan isini, vinc brZolaSi daiRupnen, misi Svilo- bilebi arian. da acxovrebs is mas valhalasa da vingolvSi da ewodebaT maT einheriebi~ (warmodgenebi... 2002: 405). aq aRar SevexebiT sxva pozitiur paralelur samyarebs, sadac cxovroben ucodveli adamianebi, vinaidan maT daRupul meomrebTan, omTan da brZole- bTan pirdapiri kavSiri ara aqvT. aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rom am naTeli saiqioebis garda, arsebobs bneli, negatiuri saiqioebi. maT Soris, pirvel rigSi, unda gamoiyos hel-i (igive sityva dRevandel inglisurSi jojoxeTs niSnavs). es sityva erTdroulad aRniSnavs mkvdrebis samyarosac da am samyaros meufe goliaT qalsac. heli erTgvarad waagavs berZnul tartarozs. is samyaros centrSi mdebare ifan idrgasilis fesveb- Sia, CrdiloeTis mxares. Rrmad miwaSi. aq ZiriTadad arian adamianebi, rom- lebic siberiT an avadmyofobiT daixocnen (anu amgvari sikvdili codvad iTvleba brZolaSi daRupvasTan SedarebiT). iqve binadrobs mgel fenriris oreuli _ giganturi ZaRli harmi da mamali. jojoxeTuri paraleluri samyaros sxva nairsaxeobas warmoadgens nidha- foll-i sityvasityviT _ mTisqveSeTi, erTi sityviT, qveskneli. mis binadarTa Soris cnobilia Savi drakoni, romelsac frTebs Soris gvamebi hkidia. Cans am qvesknelis sinonimuri unda iyos, an masTan raRacnairad dakavSirebuli nidha-vellir-i velis qveSeTi, anu isev qveskneli. SesaZloa laparakia erTi da imave qvesknelis or lokusze, romelTagan erTi dablobebs qvemoTaa moTa- vsebuli, xolo meore _ mTebs qvemoT. velisqveSeTis qveskneli kvlav uka- epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi 207 vSirdeba drakons. iq binadrobs juja sindri, agreTve micvalebulebic. es qvesknelic CrdiloeTiTaa moTavsebuli. Semdegi bneli paraleluri samyaroa nif-heimri _ bneleTis qveyana, romel- sac helTan igive damokidebuleba aqvs, rogorc olk-vangrs valhalasTan, anu bneleTis qveynis nawili misi identuria. isic msoflio ifnis fesvebs qvemoT aris da iqac siberiT an avadmyofobiT daxocilebi imyofebian. is dasabamiseu- lad arsebobs da masSi mudmivi sicive sufevs. misi meufec goliaTi helia. da bolos, am arcTu sasiamovno samyaroebis CamoTvla unda davamTavroT Nif- hel-iT. is helis kidev ufro qvemoT mdebareobs da iq goliaTi vaftrudniri su- fevs. mis Sesaxeb Zalian cota ramaa cnobili. rogorc Cans, iq iseTi negatiuri pirovnebebi xvdebian, romelTaTvis helSi yofnac ki arasakmarisi sasjelia. ase SeiZleba mokled davaxasiaToT saiqioebis Tu paraleluri samyaroebis nusxa skandinavur tradiciaSi. cnobilma rusma mkvlevarma t. toporovam gamo- wvlilviT ganixila es sakiTxi da mivida im daskvnamde, rom saboloo jamSi es samyaroebi or tipze daiyvaneba. erTi tipi ukavSirdeba iseT maxasiaTeblebs, rogorebicaa: `qveS~, `miwisqveS~ ,`CrdiloeTs~, siSaves, floris ararsebobas, iseT cxovelebs, rogorebicaa: gveli, drakoni, ZaRli, mgeli, mamali. es tipi agreTve ukavSirdeba sikvdils (brZolaSi ardaRupvis garda, sikvdilis TiTq- mis yvela formas (siberiT sikvdilidan _ daxrCobamde), da bolos _ siRrmesa da siviwroves. paralelur samyaroTa meore tipi ukavSirdeba cas, samxreTs an aRmosavleTs, xeebs, mcenareebs, yvavilebs. mis faunas Citebi warmoadgenen. am tipis samyaro aris naTeli, manaTobeli an mwvane. is ukavSirdeba sicocxlesa da kosmosis ganaxlebas, agreTve sifarToves, sapirispirod pirveli tipis samyaroebis si- viwrovisa. meore tipis samyarosagan yvelaze ukeT valhalaa cnobili, sadac, rogorc vTqviT, daRupul gmirTa sulebi sufeven. unda vifiqroT, rom pirveli tipis negatiur samyaroSi im daRupul arsebaTa sulebi sufeven, romlebic SeiZleba daxasiaTdnen, rogorc antigmirebi. germanuli saiqioebis am mokle daxasiaTe- bis Semdeg gadavideT maTgan yvelaze cnobilze _ valhalaze. jer SevexoT imas, Tu rogor Seityo kacobriobam valhalaSi gabatonebuli cxovrebis Sesaxeb. am sakiTxze Semdegi gadmocema arsebobs: iyo Svedebis erTi mefe, saxelad gulvi. mas mudam ainteresebda, ratom arian asebi esoden Zlie- rebi. gulvi jadoqari iyo. erTxel moxucad gadaiqca da asebis samyoflis _ asgardisaken gaswia. magram arc asebi iyvnen gulubryviloebi. Seityves, rom gulvi maTTan modioda da xilva gaugzavnes. asebis samyofelTan misul- ma gulvim Tavi vinme ganglerad gaasaRa. gulvi-ganglerma qalaqSi (asgardSi) Sesvlisas uzarmazari sasaxle ixila da Semxvedrs sTxova, mis mepatronesTan mieyvanaT. sasaxleSi Sesulma samefo taxtebze mjdomi sami xelmwife dainaxa, kaxa kacitaZe 208 romlebic gaecvnen, rogorc `maRali~, `toladmaRali~ da `mesame~. rogorc monaTxrobidan Cans, samive sxvadasxva hipostasiT warmodgenili iyo odini. ganglerim moridebiT dauwyo maT sxvadasxva kiTxvebis micema. magaliTad, ro- gor warmoiSva samyaro, vin arian mTavari RmerTebi da a.S. bolos igi valha- lis mowyobasac Seexo. qvemoT warmogidgenT im teqstis Tavisufal gadmocemas, valhalas rom exeba da Semonaxulia snori sturlusonis `umcrosi edas~ im monakveTSi, `gulvis xilvebi (zmanebebi)~ rom ewodeba (ramdenadac saqme Tavi- sufal gadmocemasTan gvaqvs zust citacias ar vaxdenT). maSin ityoda gangleri (anu gulvi): `Sen momiTxrob, rom samyaros dasa- bamis Jamidan yvela daRupuli axla valhalas odinTan sufeven. riT kvebavs maT odini? ras aWmevs? valhalaSi xom uamravi adamiani grovdeba?~. maSin ityoda maRali eseviTar: `marTals ambob. WeSmaritad mravali xalxia va- lhalas Tavmoyrili. da metic iqneba, Tumca odes mgeli mova (laparakia rignarekisas mgeli fenriris mosvlaze _ k.k.), mainc ukmarisni iqnebian. ramdeni mkvidric ar unda hyavdes valhalas, yvelas eyofa tax sehrinmi- ris CiCia. mas yovel dRe xarSaven, magram saRamosTvis kvlav mTelia. Seni kiTxvebidan gamomdinare, vatyob, rom cotani moiZebnebian iseTi brZenni, mTeli simarTle rom uwyodnen. andhrimniri hqvia mzareuls, xolo qvabs _ eldhrimniri. Tqmul ars: andhrimniri xarSavs sehrimnir-taxs eldhrimnirSi xorci- fleska -s (germanuli Flasche) SesaniSnavs, mciredebma Tu ician riT ikvebebian einheriebi. maSin ikiTxa ganglerim: `da TviT odini, isic imasve Wams, rasac einhe- riebi? maRali ambobs: `mTels saWmels, magidaze rom udgas, or mgels uyris. maT geri da freki hqviaT. ar sWirdeba odins araviTari saWmeli. Rvino _ ai misi saWmeli da sasmeli. iTqmeba: geris da frekis, kvebavs mebrZoli,, meomarTa mama; magram Tavad abjriT mbrwyinavi, mxolod Rvinos svams. epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi 209 ori yorani uzis mxrebze da yurSi CasCurCuleben yovelives, rasac xedaven an esmiT. hugini da mugini hqviaT yvavebs. is diliT agzavnis yvavebs da isinic mTel msoflios moifrenen da sauzmisaTvis brundebian. maTgan igebs odini yovelives, rac qveynad xdeba, amitom mas yvavebis RmerTs uwodeben. iTqmeba: hugini da mugini mudam cargvals, frinaven dauRlelad, huginze vSiSob, muginze vSiSob, dabrundebian Tu arayvavebi!. maSin hkiTxa ganglerim: `aqvT einheriebs iseTi sasmeli, siuxviT rom ar Camouvardebodes maT saWmels? Tu mxolod wyals svamen? maRali pasuxobs: `ucnauria Seni SekiTxva. TiTqos yvelas mama (Alfr) konungebs, iarlebs da didebulebs dahpatiJebs da wyals SesTavazebs! va- lhalas moxvedrilT WeSmaritad saukeTeso sasmelad moeCvenebodaT wyali, valhala ukeTes jildos rom ar sTavazobdes Wrilobebisa da sasikvdilo tanjvisaTvis. sxva rasme getyvi: Txa saxelad haidruni cxovrobs valhala- Si da Zovs igi im saxelovani xidan, leradi rom hqvia. Tafli, misi curidan rom moedineba, yoveldRe avsebs did gobs. imdeni Taflia, rom sakmarisia yvela einheriis dasaTrobad. Tqva maSin ganglerim: `diax, arcTu mcire xeiria aseTi Txidan. saocari unda iyos xe, romlidanac foTlebs Zovs. isev ganglerim Tqva: `saocar sagnebze momiyevi. ramxela unda iyos va- lhalis darbazni. albaT maT karebebTan adamianTa didi brboebi dganan. maSin upasuxa maRalma: `ratom ar mkiTxav, ramdeni karia valhalaSi da ramxelebi arian isini? odes Cems pasuxs gaigeb, ityvi, rom ucnauri iqne- boda, Tu nebismieri Tavisi surviliT Sevidoda iq, an gamovidoda iqidan. Tumca, isic marTalia, rom iq Camojdoma iseve advilia, rogorc iq Sesvla. `grinmiris sityvebSi daaxloebiT asea naTqvami: xuTi aseuli karebia, da kidev ormoci valhalaSi, WeSmaritad; rvaasi meomari gamova yoveli karebidan, mgelTan Sesarkineblad. kaxa kacitaZe 210 maSin Tqva ganglerim: `mravali adamiania valhalaSi. da marTla didi meufea odini, amxela jari rom emorCileba. riT erTobian einheriebi, ro- desac ar ilxenen? upasuxa maRalma: `yovel dRes, odes warmodgebian, saWurvels aisxamen da, rom gavlen darbazebidan, erTmaneTs sasikvdilod ebrZvian. esaa maTi garToba. odes sauzmis Jami dadgeba, ukan brundebian valhalaSi da nadims iwyeben. iTqmeba: einheriebi yvelani, marad ibrZvian odinis sasaxlesTan,, orTabrZolaSi ebmebian, amTavreben ra brZolas, mSvidad nadimoben. rogorc vxedavT, valhala marTlac arqauli epoqis, winasaxelmwifoe- brivi samxedro saZmoebis cxovrebis maradiuli xatia. iq maradiulad gr- Zeldeba is, rac moZmeTaTvis dedamiwaze sruldeba. da mTel am brZolebsa da nadimebs erTi meufe hyavs _ odini, romelic Tavis valhalel mxedrions arasodes aklebs saWmels, sasmelsa da brZolis Jins. arqauli RmerTebis aRsasruli istoriuli procesis dialeqtikas arqauli epoqa logikurad mihyavs dasasrulamde. am dasasruls mravali faqtori ganapirobebs, dawyebuli instituciuridan (Temebisa da saZmoebis transformireba saxelmwifoe- bad), damTavrebuli teqnoligiuriT (brinjaos Canacvleba rkiniT). Zvel aRmosavleTSi es procesi ufro adre xdeba da ZvelaRmosavluri tipis saxelmwifoebis SeqmniT sruldeba. igive procesi cota mogvianebiT xdeba antikurobaSic, saberZneTsa da romSi. wina planze saxelmwifos damkvi- drebasTan erTad TandaTanobiT iwevs samxedro siqvele, xolo magiuri sawyisi ukana planze gadadis, TumcaRa sruladac ar qreba. principi _ `Samani meomarze Zlieria, magia samxedro siqveleze Zlieria~ _ warsuls bardeba. Cven uars vambobT am transformaciis dayvanaze mxolod erT, romelime faqtorze _ materialursa Tu sulierze. es iseTive umaduri saqmea, ro- gorc imis garkveva, kvercxi ufro adre gaCnda Tu qaTami. amis miuxedavad, Cven mier ganxiluli sakiTxisaTvis saWirod mimaCnia mcire eqskursi teqnolo- giis istoriis sferoSi. brinjao, brinjaos iaraRi organul kavSirSia ara epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi 211 mxolod magiur mentalitetsa da Temur organizaciasTan, aramed garkveul `samrewvelo ciklTanac~. mcire socialur jgufad, Temad organizebuli sazogadoebis teqnologiuri cikli aseve SezRuduli iyo. teqnologiuri ciklis centrSi mWedeli idga, romelic viwro-lokaluri, Temuri Tu saZ- moseuli interesebidan gamomdinare moqmedebda. es cikli organul kavSirSi iyo magiur msoflmxedvelobasTan da ukavSirdeboda gmirisaTvis iaraRis gamokvervas, razec amdeni visaubreT. rkinis etapis dadgoma gulisxmobs ara mxolod Temis Canacvlebas saxelmwifoTi, aramed rkinis teqnologiebis ga- vrcelebasac. es teqnologia kargavs magiur xasiaTs da, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, gadadis industriul safuZvelze. saxelmwifo organizacia gulisx- mobs rkinis iaraRis masobriv gavrcelebas, process, romelic mimdinareobs Temidan da saZmodan saxelmwifos Seqmnis paralelurad. rkinis gaCenasTan erTad, rasac saxelmwifoebrivi organizaciis piro- bebSi rkinis iaraRis gavrceleba mosdevs, iqmneba `masobrivi~ armiebi. es armiebi bevrad ufro racionaluri principebiT aris organizebuli, vidre magiur-Samanur msoflgancdaze damyarebuli da brinjaos iaraRiT aRWurvi- li laSqari. amgvar armiaTa Setakebisas axali, heroikuli, rkinis eris Se- naerTebi gamanadgurebel dartymebs ayeneben ara mxolod brinjaos iaraRiT aRWurvil jarebs, aramed TviT magiur mosoflgancdas. aseTi gamarjvebis STambeWdavi aRwera moipoveba romael istorikos titus liviusTan, saxel- dobr iq, sadac moTxrobilia romaelTa gamarjvebaze etruskebTan brZola- Si. titus liviusi wers: `Tavdapirvelad romaelebi damarcxdnen, vinaidan romael jariskacebs SeeSindaT qurumebisa, romlebic furiebis msgavsad CiraRdnebis qneviTa da gvelebiT xelSi modiodnen. romaelebi uwesrigod gaiqcnen TavianTi gamagrebebisaken. magram konsulebma, oficrebma da tribu- nebma jariskacebs dacinva dauwyes imis gamo, rom maT bavSvebiviT SeeSindaT am TvalTmaqcebisa. jariskacebs sircxvilma siTamame daubruna da Seuties im nivTebs, romlebmac isini gaaqcies (sainteresoa, rom romaelebi aq mters ki ara, nivTebs uteven _ k.k.). gafantes ra aCrdilebi, isini Tavs daesxnen namdvil mters, gaarRvies maTi dacvis xazi, xelT Caigdes uzarmazari na- davli da gamarjvebulni dabrudnen. TavianT SiSs isini uxeSi jariskaculi xumrobiT dascinodnen~ (maiani 1964: 320). Znelia ufro STambeWdavi aRwera imisa, Tu rogor daZlia rkinis xanis heroikam brinjaos xanisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Samanur-magiuri msoflgan- cda, romelic samxedro siqveles ki ara, CiraRdnebis qnevasa da gvelebis trialiT Sesrulebuli ritualiT gamowveul SiSs emyareboda. etruskebi romaelebs aCrdilebad warmoudgebaT. aCrdili isaa, rac Tavs gviCvenebs sxvagvarad, vidre sinamdvileSia. mas Tan axlavs magiiT, Samanis mier war- moebuli brZoliT gamowveuli SiSi. am SiSis gamarjvebis erTaderTi saSua- kaxa kacitaZe 212 leba masze sicilia. amitom romaelebma gamarjveba maSin moipoves, rodesac sakuTar SiSze sicili daiwyes. titusis mier aRwerili romaelTa gamarjveba SesaZloa ufro mniSvne- lovanic ki iyo, vidre karTagenze gamarjveba, rasac pativcemuli liviusi aranakleb STambeWdavad aRwers. marTalia, punikur omebSi romaelebma an- tikuri xanis erT-erTi udidesi mxedarmTavris damarcxeba moaxerxes, magram etruskebze moTxrobili gamarjveba mainc ufro mniSvnelovania, rameTu aq romaelebma ara marto mterze, aramed sakuTar SiSebsa da stereotipebze gaimarjves da iqcnen imad, radac mTeli kacobrioba icnobs _ racionalu- rad warmarTuli omis geniosebad. titus liviusis aRwerili epizodi samxedro da politikuri istoriis sferoSi imasve asaxavs, rasac rkinis gamarjveba brinjaoze. amgvari gamarjve- bis saintereso gadmocemas dResac inaxavs qarTuli ena, ufro zustad ki is sityvebi, omis warmoebas rom exeba. `brZola~ imave Ziris Semcvelia, romelic Semonaxulia sityvaSi `brZeni~. es ukanaskneli SemorCenilia mxolod saku- Triv qarTulSi _ enaSi, romelic rkinis xanis dadgomis Semdeg Cndeba. am sit- yvis dasabamiseul mniSvnelobas megruli inaxavs, sadac qarTul `brZ~-s Sesa- bameba ~burj~. megrulad `vuburjuanq~ niSnavs `veWidavebi~, `vebRlanZunebi~, `burjafi~ niSnavs bRlarZunsa da Widaobas, magram am semantikur velSi jde- ba imave sityvis sawyisiseuli mniSvneloba, rac niSnavs `borgvas~ `SfoTvas~. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs raRaciT Sepyrobas, normaluri mdgomareobidan gadaxvevas, erTi sityviT, transs. svanurSi igive Ziri isev da isev Widaobas, uwesrigo brZolas gulisxmobs (Sdr. sityva `borjRals~). amdenad, qarTuli borgva transis mniSvnelobis Semcvelia da es mniSvneloba mogvianebiT tran- sfomirdeba brZenis, rogorc magiuri codnis, mflobelisad. sapirispirod amisa `Serkineba~, romelic mxolod qarTul enaSi moipoveba aRar Seicavs ma- giuri transis mniSvnelobas. is protoraindul Serkinebas, e.i. rkinis iara- RiT urTierTbrZolas gulisxmobs. marTalia, Tavad rkina SeiZleba davukav- SiroT saerTo qarTvelur `rku~-s (rac imasve aRniSnavs, rasac `gawmenda~ da SesaZloa Tavdapirvelad igi madnis gawmendas, sxvagvarad, rkinis miRebas ni- Snavda). magram es arcaa arsebiTi. mTavari isaa, rom samxedro moqmedebaTa war- moeba magiur-Samanuri brZolidan rkinis iaraRiT SerkinebaSi gadaizarda. omi, am sityvis zusti gagebiT, am droidan Cndeba. `zusti gageba~ jer kidev ar gulixmobs imas, TiTqos klauzevicis Tezisi omze, rogorc saxelm- wifo politikis gagrZelebaze, ukve ZalaSi Sedis, Tumca aqeTken arsebiTi na- biji idgmeba, gansakuTrebiT antikuri epoqis dasasruls. omi, rogorc kaco- briobis saqmianobis Tvisebrivad axali (arqaulTan SedarebiT), instituti im gagebiT Cndeba, rom saxelmwifos gacilebiT ufro meti resursi gaaCnia omis warmarTvisaTvis, vidre Tems, saZmos, anda erTi konkretuli miznisaTvis epikuri gmiris sikvdili da omis aRqmis zogierTi sakiTxi arqaul kulturaSi 213 Seqmnil saZmoebis koalicias. saxelmwifos Seqmnas axali mentalobis Seqmna mosdevs, romlis pirobebSic icvleba mTlianad samyarosa da, maSasadame, omis aRqmac. Zireulad icvleba omis warmoebis wesic, Tumca es gaqroba he- geliseul moxsna-Senaxvis xasiaTs atarebs da gamqrali msoflmxedvelobis rigi elementebi transformirebuli saxiT agrZelebs arsebobas. saxelmwifos dabadebasTan erTad arqauli omis RvTaebebis aRsasrulic dgeba. es aRsasruli mxolod nawilobriv hgavs skandinaviur rognareks, romelsac am wignSi didi adgili davuTmeT. RmerTebis aRsasruls axali wesrigis damyareba mosdevs. es araa im wesrigis ubralo aRdgena, romlis dangrevac mgel fenriris Tavis awyvetiT iwyeba. axali wesrigi saxelmwi- fos saxes iRebs, romlis mobinadrenic omis sxvagvar gagebas emyarebian, vidre meTemeni an moZmeni. Tumca, amgvari gagebis kvleva omis arsis aRqmis- admi miZRvnili sxva naSromebis sagania. damowmebani: ingoroyva (1978): ingoroyva p. TxzulebaTa krebuli. tomi IV. Tb.: 1978 kacitaZe 2006: kacitaZe k. strategiis safuZvlebi. Tb.: Ggamomcemloba `cisartyela~, 2006. kiknaZe 1996: kiknaZe z. qarTuli miTologia. quTaisi: 1996. maiani 1964: . . .: 1964 narTebi 1988: narTebi. cxinvali: 1988. roleston 2004: . , . .: 2004. qc 1958: qarTlis cxovreba. t. I, Tb.: 1958. warmodgenebi... 2002: . .: 2002. Kakha Katsitadze The Death of the Epic Hero and Some Aspects of the War Perception in Archaic Culture The type of researches that can be called military-culturological is developing inten- sively in the Western countries and studies in what way the phenomenon, known as war, is perceived in each seperate culture. M. Osovskayas, R. Kardins and others works opened totally different perspectives towards this direction. In the given article, concerning mil- itary-culturological theme, we will discuss one of the most actual and dramatic moment of the archaic perception of war a range of aspects connected with the death of a hero- leader. kaxa kacitaZe 214 Every culture has its own idea about death and afterlife. Narrative tradition based on folklore about the afterlife, which has reached us, was created in the circle of military aris- tocracy, or was meant for them and refected their ideas about death. Here was highlighted such kind of life and death which turned the person hero and would make him famous for centuries. Such heroes as Kuhulin or Achilleus, from the very beginning chose short life flled with fame. Such kind of life does not only bring fame in this world, but is also accom- panied by privileges in the afterlife. It was a logical choice, if we take into consideration how the military aristocracy understood life, death and afterlife. The article deals with with the following topics concerning the death of an epic hero- leader: sign warning about death, meeting with a double, as a sign alerting death, breaking taboos, verbal fortunetelling, enchantment, logic of heros death, mourning over the hero, perception about afterlife and death of archaic Gods. The logic of the heros death is emphasised in the article. The heros death is not only a simple justifcation of fortunetelling, consequence of taboo breaking or a fact following the death telling sign. The death, at the same time, is a necessary condition for heroiza- tion of protagonist as this death is accompanied by violation of rules. Moreover, with the help of this act, heroes compensate their past actions (we should recollect that the heroes of archaic times, are not saints). On the one hand, the heros death unites the whole plot, it accompanies it as a lightmotif and on the other hand, unites this same plot as a logical ending. Therefore, heroization of a protagonist with the help of death is important, and not the heroic death. Moreover, the character may not die heroicaly at all, for example Sigurd or hero of Ossati, Soslan. The way pre-state society understood the phenmenon of war is discussed on the exam- ple of heros death. Cultural-ritual aspects of war perception and the difference detween past and todays perception of war is outlined.In the article it is concluded how new tra- dition, established simultaneously with thefoundation of State defeats old, pre-State ap- proach. 215 debiuti marine germisaSvili qarTuli dramaturgiis saTaveebTan originaluri qarTuli dramaturgia komediis JanriT iwyeba. g. erisTa- vis, z. antonovis, a. cagarelis da sxvaTa piesebi umetesad swored am Janrs ganekuTvneboda. Sesabamisad, qarTuli drmaturgiis istoriaSi komedias gansakuTrebuli roli aqvs. iona meunargia wers: `komedia da sazogadod drama yovelgvar litera- turul Txuzulebaze ufro Znelia dasawerad. TviT sagani amrig Txuzule- baTa aris Zneli da miuvali. es is uxilavi, ucnobi da ganuzomeli adamianis sulia, romlis siRrmeSic unda CaeSvas dramaturgi da uTvalyuros yovel- gvar sulis moZraobas, yovelgvar mis survils da ganzraxvas. ...sakuTrad komedia imgvar wvrilmans, umsgavsos da umniSvnelo moqmed pirebs iRebs Tavisda Sinaarsad, romelTa survili da saqcieli imdenad damaxinjebulni arian, rom uneblied sicils autexen kacs. komediis mwerlis samkali sul yvelgan aris, saca sulels Tavisi Tavi filosofosad miaCnia, saca uRirsi pirvelobas Cemobs, saca ubralo SemTxvevas didi mniSvneloba eZleva, saca aris farisevloba, Tavismoyvareoba, angareba, Suri, zakva. amisTana mdida- ri SinaarsiT komediis mwerali sxvadasxvagvarad sargeblobs. zogi imgvar komediebs wers, romelSiac sazogado naklulevaneba aris gamoxatuli mTe- li kacobriobisa; zogi komediis Sinaarsad mxolod erTi romelisame eris naklulevanobas iRebs; zogi ki mxolod erTi romelisame sazogadoebis zneobiT simaxinjes~. (meunargia 1954: 283-285.) komediis zegavlena yovelTvis sicilia, xSirad cremlnarevi sicili, rogorc amas akaki aRniSnavs. ,,mayurebeli dascinis moqmedi piris sasaci- lo mdgomareobas, romeSliac Tavisi ararobiT TviTon gaiba Tavi. am si- cils xandaxan Sebralebis grZnobac emateba, Tu komediis gmiri bedisagan itanjeba. komediis sicili sxvanairi sicilia. es sicili gamowveuli unda iyos ko- mediaSi gamoyvanil pirTa mdgomareobiT. es ubralo sicili rodia, es dacin- vaa. xolo am sicilsa da dacinvaSi avtoris dedaaazri yvelagan naTlad unda moCandes, ufro naTels unda hfendes sasacilo sagnebs, maSin kome- dia sasargeblo da Wkuis maswavlebeli, zneobis Tu patiosnebis damcveli da sworis maCvenebelia~ (gunia 1889: 47,76). cnobilia, rom bevri komedia sxvadasxvagvaria: xasiaTis komedia, zneobis komedia, intrigis komedia da marine germisaSvili 216 sxv. aqedan upiratesoba eZleva xasiaTis komediebs da saukeTeso komediogra- febic _ minandre, plavtusi, molieri adamianTa sazogado naklovanebebze amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas. giorgi erisTavis dramaturgiaSi mniSvnelovani adgili sworedac rom zneobis komediebs ekuTvnis. ,,giorgi erisTavis kome- diis Sinaarsi Cveni eris naklulevanebaa. es naklulevaneba aris amaoTmor- wmuneoba, daudevroba, uqmad dros gatareba, Zmisa ar gankiTxva, SeZlebazed gardametebulis xarjva, valis siyvaruli, baqiaoba, sizarmace, da sxv. poeti gamovida samwerlo asparezze im dros, roca suyvela es naklulevaneba hqon- da Cvens sazogadoebas da Rirseba ki TiTqmis araviTari, garda vaJkacobisa da rainduli xasiaTisa. amgvari usulo da uazro sazogadoeba dacemuli sazogadoeba iyo, romelsac fexze dayeneba sWiroda. Cvens droSi es didi vali komediam ikisra. qarTveli eris warmatebiT suldgmulma axalgazrda giorgim yovelgvari misi naklulevaneba xelze daixvia da ise xelovnurad gamosaxa es naklulevaneba, ise dascina mas, ise uwyalod hgvema, rom Semdgom- Si, rodesac sazogadoebam dainaxa misi komediebi TeatrSi, xalxma TavisTavi icno, dacinvam Tavisi keTili Sedegi moitana da sazogadoeba ramdenadac iyo gamofxizlda. bevrs Tavis naklulevanebas Tavi aaSora komediis SurduliT dawylulebulma gmirma~ (meunargia 1954: 291). volteric amasve adasturebs da ambobs, rom komedia iseTi xelovnebaa, romelic keTil zneobas aswavlis kacsao. amave azris gansamtkiceblad da gasafarToeblad sergei mesxsac moviSveliebT: ,,imisTvis, rom komedias ke- Tili zemoqmedeba hqondes sazogadoebaze, saWiroa < ... > esmodes misi mni- Svneloba. Tu sazogadoeba komedias marto imisTvis uyurebs, rom icinos da ar iswavlos, maSin komediis warmodgena amisTana sazogadoebisTvis srule- biT unayofo iqneba~ (mesxi 1953: 120). aki iliac brZanebs: ,,didi komediis Seqmna cxovrebis, adamianTa urTierTobis Rrma codnas, gansakuTrebul niWs da iSviaT mxatvrul ostatobas moiTxovs. molieri azriT, komediis amocana sazogadod adamianuri da umTavresad ki Cveni Tanamedroveobis mankierebaTa gamoxatvaa. komedoigrafis gansakuTre- buli damsaxureba isaa, rom komikuri situaciis fonze man Seqmna tipiuri saxeebi tipiur garemoebebSi. mis komediebSi sicili, rogorc mZafri sa- tira, Zlieri saSualebaa adamianTa zneobrivi aRzrdisaTvis. igi axlos icnobda rogorc dabali, aseve maRali sazogadoebis cxovrebas. moliers uyvarda Tqma: `me viReb sikeTes yvelgan, sadac ki mas vnaxulob~. Tumca miseuli xalxuroba mogvianebiT uaryofiTad Seafases ganamanaTleblebma, magram verc mis genias uaryofdnen. swored am esTetikur principebze Seiqmna piesebi: `tartiufi anu muz- muzela~, `don Juani anu qvis stumari~, `mizanTrofi~, `sasacilo pranWia qalebi~, `Zalad eqimi~, `JorJ dandeni anu gasulelebuli qmari~, `Zunwi~, qarTuli komediis sawyisebi 217 `gaaznaurebuli mdabio~, `skapenis cuRlutoba~, `eWviT avadmyofi~, `co- lis SerTvevineba~, `siyvaruli mkurnalobs~, `sicilieli anu siyvaruli mxatvrobs~, `sganareli anu qmari romelsac hgonia coli mRalatobso~, `Cinebuli sasiZo~ da sxva. yvela zemoT xsenebuli komedia, qarTulad iTargmna da TiTqmis yvela daidga kidevac qarTul scenaze. ,,adamianebi komediaSi unda iqnan warmodgenilni, rogorc isini sinamd- vileSi arian, ise rom moqmed pirebSi SeiZlebodes Cveni sazogadoebis da- naxva. Tu wesebi amas xels uwyobs, xom kargi, Tu ara da maSin maT yuradRe- bas nu miaqcevT~ _ es iyo molieris komediebis mTavari principi. safrangeTSi klasicizmis komedias miznad dausaxes, `gamovasworoT si- ciliT zne-Cveuleba~ da namdvili komediac xom mTeli Tavisi siuJetebiTa da mxatvruli saxeebiT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, romelic miznad isaxavs sagnebi da movlenebi asaxos ise, rogoradac ar- seboben sinamdvileSi. es ki relizmis ZiriTadi principia. erisTavis kome- diebic am principzea agebuli. ,,igi kritikulad Sexvda Tavis Tanamedrove sazogadoebas,socialur yofas da mogvca am yofis Seulamazebeli sura- Tebi~ (gamezardaSvili 1957: 154). im evropel dramaturgTa Soris, romelTac gamorCeuli roli Seasru- les qarTuli komediuri Janrebis ganviTarebaSi, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia molieri. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom giorgi erisTavis dramaturgia upirvele- sad davalebulia molierisagan da rom axali qarTuli Teatris daarsebis meore welsve (1852) mis repertuarSi molieris piesam _ `Zalad eqimi~ _ daikava adgili. molieris komediebis Temebi, satira, xalxuroba, realuri sinamdvilis asaxva, da sazogadoebis mankieri mxareebis mxileba axlos iyo qarTuli realisturi mwerlobis mizanTan. molieris Semoqmedebis gacnoba da gaTaviseba, XIX saukunis qarTul- frangul literaturul urTierTobaTa erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlenaa. qarTvelobaSi arc erT ucxo mwerali ise cnobili ar aris, rogorc molieri aRniSnavda aleqsandre sarajiSvilis (sarajiSvilis xe- lnaweri: 372-g-1:1). molieris piesebis Targmna XIX s.-is 50-ian wlebSi iwyeba. frangi ko- mediografis piesebs Targmnidnen: dimitri yifiani, giorgi TumaniSvili, akaki wereTeli, ivane maCabeli, kote mesxi, elene lorTqifaniZe da sxv. ,,kriJangi~ /L avare/ 1668 wels molierma dadga Tavis TeatrSi. komedia `Zunwi~ qarTulad iTargmna peterburgis universitetis studentTa jgufis mier 1879 w. ivane maCablis redaqciiT. studentTa am jgufidan cnobilia vasil maCabeli. Targmani ar aris srulyofili. bevri adgili gamotovebu- lia. enobrivadac Wrelia, rac, savaraudod, gamowveuli unda iyos Targman- marine germisaSvili 218 ze ramdenime piris muSaobiT. gamotovebuli adgilebi Targmnilia ir. qavJa- raZis mier. Jurnal `iveriaSi~ gamoqveynebul am Targmans axlavs minaweri _ ,,es komedia gadaTargmnil iqmna franciulis enidam peterburgis qarTveli studentobisgan (iveria 1884:); gamoqveynebulia ,,arvicaSvilis anonimuri xelmoweriT, 1897 wlis 18 dekembers, TbilisSi, artist gedevanovis saben- efisod~ (iveria 1897:). `Zunwi~. komedia ,,Zunwipirvelad warmoadgines TbilisSi e.w. TamamSe- vis TeatrSi. 1852 wlis 18 \ 30 - ianvars, Tavad avtoris xelmZRvanelobiT. am komediis avtografi, ar aris daculi. igi pirvelad calke wignad ga- mosca TviT giorgi erisTavma da 1852 wels dabeWda sakuTar stambaSi. gamo- cemis gare ydaze vkiTxulobT: ,,Zunwi~, komedia 2-s moqmedebaSi, Txzuleba T. giorg. erisTavisa. stambasa Sina T.g.eri~. 1879 wlis 5/17 dekembers dadges g. erisTavis komedia `Zunwi~ 1880 wlis 14/26 marts imave komedias kvlav gamoexmaura `droeba~ da recenziaSi vkiTxulobT: `v. abaSiZe Zunwis (karapetas) rolSi iseTive niWi- eri da xelovnuri iyo Tu ukeTesi ara, rogorc adre. es Cinebuli moTamaSe srulebiT samasxarod da sasacilod ar warmoadgens Zunws. siZunwe TiTqo avadmyofobad, Zvalsa da rbilSi vnebad gardaqcevia da amis gamo imis xa- siaTSi v. abaSiZis TamaSiT sasacilo mxareebi ki ara, ufro dasafiqrebeli mxareebi ixateba~(droeba 1880: #61). piesis msvlelobisas mayurebeli yovelTvis daZabuli iyo, radgan mnaxveli zizRiT Sehyurebda siZunwis mankiT daavadebul adamians, da Tu gaicinebda, es iyo ara mxiaruli, udardeli sicili, aramed mwuxarebis amomnTxevi, is, raze- dac akaki wereTelma Tqva: `vin ra icis rom sicili zogjer cremlze mwareao~ (gersamia 1943: 43). vaso abaSiZeze wignis Semqmneli agrZelebs: `Zunwis Tema ar aris erTi romelime mwerlis kuTvnileba. Zunwoba Zveli, saerTaSoriso da maradiuli Temaa. am Temaze mravalma mweralma Seqmna nawarmoebi: plavti, Seq- spiri, molieri, larivei buaroberi, bualo, puSkini, gogoli, balzaki, gi de mopasani,saSa gitri,rober buassi,fernan reino, eJeni Saveti da bevri sxvani. < ... > Zunwoba es adamianis udidesi socialuri mankia. Zunwi adamiani sulierad daavadebuls mogagonebT, mis cxovrebasa da moqmedebaSi bevri ram aris sasaci- lo, Zunwi adamiani saerTod aravis ebraleba. amas yovelives Zunwi TviTonac kargad grZnobs, magram am seniT Sepyrobils Tavis gankurna ar SeuZlia... amnairad Zunwoba adamianisaTvis tragediaa. da mwerlebi Tu maT sulier ganwyobilebas umTavresad tragikomediul formebSi xsnian, es imisaTvis, rom dacinvis saSualebiT ufro advilia am senis mxileba da gakilva. Zunwebi <... > yvela epoqaSi iyvnen. isini Tavis saerTo xasiaTiT _ siZunwiT yvelani erTmaneTs gvanan, magram vinaidan yoveli maTgani Tavi- si qveynis da konkretuli epoqis Svilia, ama Tu im qveynis ekonomikuri qarTuli komediis sawyisebi 219 da politikur pirobebSi aRzrdili, amitom calkeuli maTganis moqmede- bas Tavis qveynis Tavisebureba, zne-Cveuleba axasiaTebs, radgan mis wiaRSi uxdeba cxovreba-moqmedeba~ (gersamia 1943: 46, 47). siZunwis Temaze antikur saberZneTSic werdnen komediebs. maT Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, Tumca cnobilia Zveli berZnuli Tqmuleba `Zunwis~ Sesaxeb: Zunwi dRe da Rame RmerTs evedreboda, bevri oqro moeca. RmerTma Seusru- la survili. Zunwi rasac xels Seaxebda, TviT saWmelsac ki, yvelaferi oqrod iqceoda. sabolood Zunwi SimSiliT mokvda. evklioni, harpagoni, Zunwi baroni, Seiloki, gobseki _ siZunwis si- nonimebia. Zunwis mxatvrul damuSavebaSi pirveloba ekuTvnis Zvel berZen mwerals Teofrastes, xolo romaeli plavtusis komediis ,,Ulularias~ siu- JetiT TviT moliermac isargebla. rogorc yoveli Zunwi, plavtusis evklionic Civis Tavis siRaribes. mo- samsaxure strobili ambobs, rom evklionis saxli `savsea sicarieliT da obobas qseliT~. rogorc Raribi, daxmarebasac ki Rebulobs sazogadoe- brivi saSualebebidan. igi imdenad Zunwia, rom dalaqis mier moWrili fr- Cxilebic ki Sin moaqvs, msaxurebs sayvedurobs, rom anTebuli Rumelidan boli gareT gadis da ikargeba, enaneba piris dabanisas daRvrili wyali da RamiT saxeze ifarebs, rom amonasunTqi haeric ar daekargos. evklions ganZi ki miwaSi aqvs dafluli. dRe da Ram masze fiqrobs, eWvi klavs da eCveneba rom mamalic ki, miwis gaCxrekisas, mis ganZsa Txris. mdi- dar mezobel megadorsac Raribi hgonia evklioni. mas surs evklionis qa- liSvilis _ fedras, colad SerTva. evklioni, rodesac rwmundeba, rom mziTevs ar mosTxoven, Tanxmdeba megadorisaTvis qaliSvilis miTxovebas. iwyeba saqorwino mzadeba da am dros megadoris moxerxebuli msaxuris _ strobilis droc dgeba, romelic ganZs hparavs evklions... iwyeba Zunwis tanjva: me davikarge! me daviRupe! me mkvdari var! ox, sad gaviqce da sad ar gaviqce? gaCerdi, daiWire! vin? vis! me ar vici, ver vxedav, me brma var, magram sad wavide? sad var me! vin var me! ar maqvs gagebis unari! momexmareT, gevedrebiT! maCveneT is, vinc is moitaca! ra Tqvi Sen, me mzad var Tqven dagijeroT. saxeze getyobaT, kargi adamiani xarT! es ra aris? Tqven iciT! Tqven yvelas gicnobT. ar meeWveba, rom umravlesi TqvenTagani qurdia... (gaCeCilaZe 1957: ) marine germisaSvili 220 komediis bolo nawili dakargulia. mkvlevarTa azriT, piesa ase unda sruldebodes: ganZi ubrundeba Zunws. gaxarebuli evklioni Tavis qaliS- vils mis sasurvel likonids miaTxovebs, ganZs, romelmac aseTi satanjv- elSi Caagdo, mziTvad atans fedras. plavtusma didi gavlena moaxdina evropis komediografiis ganviTare- baze. misi gavleniT Seiqmna komedia `Dell arte~ (`niRbebis komedia~), romel- mac Seqmna trabaxa meomrisa da moxerxebuli msaxuris niRbebi. ra aqvT saerTo plavtusisa da erisTavis komediebs? ruseTSi plavtusiT daintereseba XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi daiwyo. am dros Targmnili iyo misi mxolod erTi komedia `tyveebi~. SesaZlebelia giorgi erisTavi ar icnobda am komedias. yovel SemTxvevaSi, plavtusis gavlenaze SesaZloa gaWirdes saubari da Tu komediebi _ `ganZi~ da `Zunwi~ _ moqmedebaTa zogierT situaciaSi erTmaneTs hgavs, savaraudod imitom, rom molieris komedia `Zunwi~, romlis gavleniTac dawera g. erisTavma Tavisi komedia, Seqmnilia plavtusis `ganZis~ mibaZviT. sagulisxmoa, rom siZunwe _ plavtusma, molierma da erisTavma kome- diis JanriT gadmogvces, puSkinma ki _ tragediis. puSkinis `Zunwi raindi~ tragediaa. nawarmoebis mTavari gmiri baronis siZunwis raindia. alberi ase gadmogvcems Tavisi mamis baronis siZunwes: ara! mamaCems arc megobrad da arc msaxurad ar miaCnia igi,misTvis kerpia fuli. emsaxureba mas TviTonve,da mere rogor? rogorc uxamsi mona,rogorc jaWvze dabmuli nagazi. aki zamTar-zafxul Tavis xuxulas ara Sordeba.xmel purze da wyalze gadadis. Tvals ar xuWavs mTeli Rame.yefs da wrialebs. zandukebSi ki udrtvinvelad sZinavT oqroebs... (puSkini : 522) Tavad baronis damokidebuleba ganZisadmi amgvaria: viT qarafSuta axalgazrda elis paemans memruSe qalTan, an cru sityviT dabmul diacTan, da suli misdis, egreve mec sulmouTmenlad am wuTs velodi mTeli kvira, sanam idumal Cems saganZurSi am zandukebs ar movakiTxe. sviani dRe maqvs... (puSkini : 525) qarTuli komediis sawyisebi 221 amave monologSi baroni Cumad loculobs oqroTi savse skivrTan. aseTi scena ar aris arc plavtusis `ganZSi~ da arc molieris `ZunwSi~, erisTavis Zunw-karapetas monologi skivrSi Camalul oqroebTan hgavs puSkiniseuli Zunw-baronis aRniSnul monologs. es ori Txzulebac mxolod amiT hgavs erTmaneTs. puSkinis ,,Zunwi raindi~ leqsad dawerili tragediaa, g. erisTavis `Zu- nwi~ ki _ komedia. pirvelis mTavari personaJi _ baroni raindia, meorisa _ mevaxSe vaWari. g. erisTavis `Zunwi~, molieris imave saxeldebis komediis gavleniTa Cans Seqmnili ise da imgvaradve, rogorc molierma SeTxza Tavisi `Zunwi~ plavtusis `ganZis~ zegavleniT. xolod eg aris, rom plavtusis `ganZis~ gavlena ufro Zlieria molieriseul `Zunwze~, radgan `ganZidan~ moliers nasesxebi aqvs Tema, tipaJi, da zogierTi adgilic ki. harpagonis siZunwiT aRSfoTebuli mzareul Jakis naTqvamSi TvalnaTli- vaa warmoCenili harpagonis seni: ,,erTs mougonia, rom Tqven TviTon Semopa- rulxarT erT Rames Tqvensave TavlaSi, Tqvenve Tqvenisave cxenisTvis qeris moparva gdomebiaT, magram mejinibes mouswvrixarT bnelaSi da imdeni ur- tyams, rom sul zurgidan tyavi auZvria, magram sircxviliT xma ver amogi- RiaT. meores mougonia, viTom Tqven biWebs gangeb ujavrdebiT da eCxubebiT vadis gasvlis dros, rom jamagiri Tqven SegrCeT. mesame ambobs, rom Tqveni mezoblis kataze saCivari SegitaniaT, cxvris dumis nagleji momparao; raRa bevri gavagrZeloT, batono, erTi sityviT, yvelgan Tqveni lanZRva ismis. yvela Tqven yofilxarT: Zunwi, wuwkic, qecianic, laCaric...~ (molieri 1937: 164) plavtusis komediisdarad, aqac gamoyvanilia moxerxebuli msaxuris tipi. es aris Seyvarebulebis gansacdelisagan gamomxsneli lafleSi (frang. isa- ri), romelic miwaSi didi simdidris gadammalav Zunw harpagons oqroTi sa- vse skivrs hparavs. Zunwi itanjeba da Tavzardacemuli gahyviris: `daviRupe! gamcarcves, yeli gamomWres! vin iqneboda? rogor movnaxo? saiT wavide, saiT ara? aq xom ar iqneba? vin icis, iqneb aqvea! dadeq, dadeq! (waivlebs xels mklavze) fulebi, Cemi fulebi damibrune meTqi! vaime! es xom me var! Wkua ame- ria. ar vici, sad var, vina var, ras vSvrebi? vai, Cemo sayvarelo fulebo! vai, Cemo erTgulo megobaro! wamarTves Seni Tavi! (molieri 1937: 519) harpagonisave monologis gavleniT unda iyos Seqmnili karapetas moTq- mis scena: `vai, miSveleT! yaraul! qurdebi! policmeister! Cestis aficer! sad aris Cemi qurdi, vin mompareT?! geTayva, miTxariT... Tavs davixrCob, wyalSi gadavvardebi! ara... ho, movklav Cemi qurdi~ (erisTavi : 210). amasve gvidasturebs kritikosis sityvebi: ,,es qarTul sinamdvilesTan Sefardebu- li harpagonis monologia, qarTul realobasTan Sezavebuli da Sesisxor- cebuli. TviT harpagonis monologi ki plavtusis evkilionis monologis gavleniT aris Seqmnili~ (gaCeCilaZe : 265). marine germisaSvili 222 erisTaviseuli `Zunwis~ siuJeti, molierisagan gansxvavebiT, martivia. mevaxSe karapetas qaliSvili xamfera uyvars Tavad arCil Raznels, mas surs xamferas colad SerTva. karapeta ar aZlevs SeuRlebis nebas im mo- sazrebiT, rom `maT fuli ara aqvs~. paralelurad, Zalze mkrTalad, pie- saSi mocemulia mosamsaxure imereli biWis ivanikas da mosamsaxure gogo monavardisas siyvaruli. ivanikas rCeviT karapetas mohparaven oqroTi saves yuTs da manamde ar ubruneben, vidre karapeta arCilisa da xamferas qorwi- nebas ar daTanxmdeba. molieris `Zunwis~ siuJeturi ganviTareba ufro rTulia, vidre eris- Tavisa. mxolod sailustraciod vityviT, rom pirveli _ xuTi moqmede- bisagan Sedgeba, meore ki _ ori; pirvelSi 15 moqmedi piria, meoreSi _ 7. cnobilia, rom me-17 _ 18 ss. -Si saqarTveloSi yuradReba gaamaxviles upirvelesad klasicistur nimuSze. XIX s. -is I naxevarSi iTargmna volte- ri, korneli, rasini, ruso, lafontenis igav-arakebi da sxv. Tumca arcerTi ar yofila warmodgenili erisTavis TeatrSi; savaraudoa, rom klasicistu- ri tragediebi ar iyo srul TanxmierebaSi erisTavis realisturi Teatris esTetikasTan. molieri werda: `komediis amocanaa _ gamoxatos adamianuri mankierebani saerTod da umTavresad Cveni Tanamedroveobis mankierebani~. swored amitom unda yofiliyo, rom giorgi erisTavma qarTuli sinamdvi- lis srulfasovnad warmosaCenad komediis Janrs mimarTa; da radgan komedia ucxo xili iyo qarTuli kulturuli cxovrebisaTvis, ukeT aRqmis mizniT, qarTvelma komediografma rTuli kompozicia, intrigebi da moqmed gmirTa raodenobac ki _ gaamartiva. jer kidev Zvel saberZneTSi, aristofanes komediebSi, gvxvdeba msaxu- kidev Zvel saberZneTSi, aristofanes komediebSi, gvxvdeba msaxu- kidev Zvel saberZneTSi, aristofanes komediebSi, gvxvdeba msaxu- Zvel saberZneTSi, aristofanes komediebSi, gvxvdeba msaxu- Zvel saberZneTSi, aristofanes komediebSi, gvxvdeba msaxu- saberZneTSi, aristofanes komediebSi, gvxvdeba msaxu- saberZneTSi, aristofanes komediebSi, gvxvdeba msaxu- , aristofanes komediebSi, gvxvdeba msaxu- aristofanes komediebSi, gvxvdeba msaxu- komediebSi, gvxvdeba msaxu- komediebSi, gvxvdeba msaxu- , gvxvdeba msaxu- gvxvdeba msaxu- msaxu- msaxu- ris niRabi. menandres komediaSi monebi ukve batonebis samijnuro saqmeebs akvaraxWineben. romaul komediaSi, saxeldobr plavtiusis ,,ganZSi~, mona, batonis ganZis qurdi _ strobili, ukve komediis intrigis mTavari Rer- Zia; Sua saukuneebis farsSi ki ukve gaiZvera msaxurad gardaisaxa da aseTia igi, Tundac ariostos ,,skivris komediasa~ da makiavelis `mandragoraSi~. es udevs safuZvlad msaxuris yvelaze srulyofil saxeebs _ arlekins, brigelas, servetas da sxva; swored isini qmnian intrigsac da misi dama- gvirgvinebelnic isini arian. molieris wyalobiT msaxuris mniSvneloba ufro gaizarda da moralurad batonebze maRlac ki aRmoCnda. molieris lafleSi, skapeni, kovieli da sganareli da bomarSes figaro am niRbis ukvdavi tipebi arian, romelTa mibaZviT mravali eris literatura gamdi- drda msgavsi saxeebiT. rac Seexeba qarTuli ,,msaxuris~ niRabs erisTavisave komediebSi, pirve- lad igi imereli ivanikas saxiT Semovida. ise rogorc molieris lafleSi, ivanikac yvelaze moxerxebulia. Zunwi qarTuli komediis sawyisebi 223 karapetas modreka mxolod ivanikam SeZlo. eSmakobiT Tavisi Canafiqric ganaxorciela da, karapetas winaaRmdegobisda miuxedavad, arCili da xam- da, karapetas winaaRmdegobisda miuxedavad, arCili da xam- da, karapetas winaaRmdegobisda miuxedavad, arCili da xam- , karapetas winaaRmdegobisda miuxedavad, arCili da xam- karapetas winaaRmdegobisda miuxedavad, arCili da xam- arCili da xam- arCili da xam- da xam- da xam- xam- xam- fera daaqorwina. ivanika, gamocdilebiTa da fantaziis mravalferovnebiT, molieris `cuRlutebis mefes~ _ skapens ver Seedreba, magram eSmakobiT maT namdvilad ar Camouvardeba. moliersa da erisTavs aqvT saerTo siuJeturi adgilebic, orive komediaSi mosamsaxureni _ lafleSi da imereli ivanika, TavianT pa- tronebs oqroTi savse yuTs hparaven da swored es aris orive komediis intrigis sayrdeni. es kombinacia aZlevs Seyvarebulebs SeuRlebis sa- Sualebas. molieris kidev erTi scenis msgavsia, saca imereli ,,skapeni~ _ ivanika, uxsnis arCils Tu rogor unda daumalon karapetas fuli da rogor unda mohgvaron `axundi~ kenWebis Sesalocad. giorgi erisTa- vis `Zunwis~ msgavsebas molieris `ZunwTan~ ganapirobebs is rom, orive nawarmoebis mTavari moqmedi gmiri siZunwis gamo erTnairad `damwvar dadagulni arian~. maTi es Tviseba sxvadasxvanairi interpretaciiTaa gaSlili. harpagoni ambobs: `fuli Cemi sisxl-xorci Cemi gulRviZliao~. mas Tavis ojaxSi sastiki, autaneli reJimi aqvs damyarebuli da yvelas gamudmebiT CasCiCinebs: `aveji bevri ar xexoT, gacvdeba~, `nuravis daalevinebT Rvinos, sanam ramdenjerme ar moiTxovs~, `axal tansacmels xSirad nu CaicvamT, gafuWdeba~, `nasufralze Tvali geWiroT, ar waxdes ra~ da a.S. harpagonis misalmebac ki mis suliskveTebas avlens, _ salami misesxebiao! sakuTari etlis SesakeTebladac ver imetebs fuls; cxenebs aSimSilebs, RamiT, lapa- rakisas sanTels aqrobs, radgan laparaki sibneleSiac SeiZleba da xarjic naklebi iqneba da sxva. giorgi erisTavis karapetac pirwavardnili Zunwia. ZonZebiT daiareba, saRamos mSieri wveba, saSinlad puradZviria. karapeta gaiZaxis: `vaxSami modnaT aRar aris~, ojaxs SimSiliT hklavs, siciviT xocavs, sanTels ar anTebinebs da qaliSvilis _ xamferas gaTxovebasac mxolod mas Semdeg ga- dawyvets, roca Seityobs, rom qaliSvili da mosamsaxure gogo weliwadSi TxuTmeti Tumani ujdeba. karapeta uswavleli da gaunaTlebelia, magram fulis yadri kargad icis da sakuTar siZes Jangiani xmliT asaCuqrebs. qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis siamaye _ xmali da mklavi, karapetas mxolod sicilsa gvris. mama-papuri xmlis danaxvisas arCils didebuli warsuli axsendeba, raic karapetasvis sruliad ucxoa da mxolod ironias hgvris: `xedamT, Jangian rkinazed rasa bodams! Cemi oqroebs Tvali ar uyura~. karapetam ar icis, ra aris an risTvisaa cxovrebaSi saWiro dambaCa, ro- melic mas erTma Tavadis msaxurma miutana: marine germisaSvili 224 karapeta jer miTxar, tambaCa raad minda? msaxuri erT tyveda Rirs: naxe, inglisia! karapeta me gana leki var, tyve viyido ... inglisi maTlafa gamigonia. ar minda, xels ar momcems! msaxuri hei, drov! iaraRi Calis fasad aRar gadis! aRav, Zalian saWiro aris rac ginda, is mome. karapeta es vercxli ahyare, aq iqneba asi misxali: xuTi maneTi mogce. erTi kvira vadiT, es rkina ukan waiRe. karapeta dambaCas ise uyurebs, rogorc ubralo rkinas. msaxuris mier dasagiraveblad mitanil dambaCidan mxolod vercxli xiblavs, radgan kar- gad uwyis, rom cxovrebaSi warmmarTveli Zala istoriul iaraRs ki ara, ver- cxlsa da oqros ekuTvnis. karapeta darwmunebulia, rom samoTxeSi mxolod fulia, rom misive wyalobiT ,,dva raza bluRodorni~ gaxdeba. oqro kerpad uqcevia da hgonia, ro fuli cxovrebaSi yvelaferia da sxva arc araferi arsebobs: `Cemi coli Sena xar! Cemi Svili Sena xar. ase gagifrTxilde, Tu Tqven erTmaneTs mogakloT, Rori gavxde~; anda aseTi frazaebi: ,,bednieri klite! ax netavi me viyo klite, eSmaki ver gamaRebda~; `erTbaSad rom da- vinaxav ar wamivides guli < ... > Cemi muzika es aris! dee, vinc unda ici- nos~. Rogorc kritikosebi aRniSnaven, _ `karapeta dabaRovis saxiT eris- Tavi gvixatavs pirveli damgroveblis tips, romelic Zunwis WeSmariti gan- saxierebaa. Zunwis tipi ... axali movlena ar yofila lit-risaTvis, magram erisTaviseuli Zunwi araa adre Seqmnili saxeebis ubralo gameoreba. igi im droindeli Tbiliseli vaWris gansaxierebaa~ (gamezardaSvili 1957: 158). giorgi erisTavi yuradRebiT epyroba komediis dasasruls. aq avtori erTgvari Semfaseblis rolSi gvevlineba. komediebs (`gayra~, `dava~) amTa- vrebs mayureblisadmi mimarTviT, sadac mwerali Seafasebs momxdars da gan- vlils. aseTi xerxi damaxasiaTebeli iyo rogorc klasicizmis, ise adrin- deli burJuaziis dramaturgiisaTvis. msgavsi mimarTva XVIII saukunis meore naxevris qarTvel dramaturgs g. avaliSvilsac aqvs, romelic rus dramaturgs sumarokovs baZavda. rac Seexeba `Zunwis~ dasasruls, igi sxvagvaria. komediaSi kuplets, romliTac karapeta (avtori) mimarTavs mayurebels, araviTari didaqti- kuri Sinaarsi ara aqvs: Tu gindaT, rom mxiarulad gaataroT am TeatrSi, nu dagvagdebT gulnaklulad, yvelam dagvikariT taSi. (`Zunwi~ 1937: 215) qarTuli komediis sawyisebi 225 am SemTxvevaSi g. erisTavi iseTsave xerxs mimarTavs, rogorsac molieri `gaaznaurebul mdabioSi~. komedias molieri ase amTavrebs: vaSa aseT warmodgenas, vaSa aseT drostarebas, RmerTebsac ar ganucdiaT ufro tkbili netareba... (molieri 1937: 27). am mcire mimioxilviT kidev erTxel dasturdeba, rom originaluri qarTuli dramaturgia komediiT iwyeba, romelmac safuZvelmdebi roli iTamaSa giorgi erisTavis Teatris SeqmnaSi. komedia ar aris mxolod usa- gno sicili, igi, akakisdakvalad, cremlnarev sicils badebs da gonierTaT- vis Wkuis saswavlebelia. msoflio komediografnic am xerxs mimarTavdnen da maTeuli sicili zneTswavlulebis ukvdav magaliTad rCeba. damowmebani: gamezardaSvili 1957: gamezardaSvili d. narkvevebi qarTuli realizmis storiidan. w. II. Tb. gamomcemloba `ganaTleba~, 1957. gaCeCilaZe 1945: gaCeCilaZe a. g. erisTavis dramaturgia. Tb.: `sablitgami~, 1945. gaCeCilaZe 1957: gaCeCilaZe a. narkvevebi. Tb.: Ggamomcemloba `xelovneba~, 1957. gersamia 1943: gersamia g. v. abaSiZe. Tb.: 1943. gersamia 1950: gersamia s. g. erisTavis Teatri. Tb.: `saxelgami~, 1950. gunia 1889: gunia v. qarTuli Teatri. qarTuli Teatris moRvaweni sasceno xelo- vnebis Sesaxeb. Tb.: `saxelgami~, 1889. droeba 1979-1980: J. droeba 1879; 1880 # 61. iveria 1984: J. iveria. 1984 # 7/12. mesxi 1953: mesxi s. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. t.III. Tb.: 1953. meunargia 1954: meunargia i. qarTveli mwerlebi (g. erisTavi). Tb.: 1954. molieri 1937: molieri Jan-batist. komediebis krebuli. qarTveli da ucxoeli mwerlebi. wigni II. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sorapani~, 1937. puSkini 1937: puSkini al. rCeuli nawerebi. qarTuli Targmani. t. II. Tb.: `saxel- gami~, 1937. puSkini 1975: puSkini al. Zunwi raindi (Tamaz Cxenkelis Targamini). rCeuli Txzu- lebani. Tb.: gamomcemloba `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1975. sarajiSvilis xelnaweri: sarajiSvilis a. xelnaweri. xelnawerTa instituti, 372-g-1:1. qarTyli mwerloba: tomi 10. giorgi erisTavi Zunwi. nakaduli, Tbilisi 1995. marine germisaSvili 226 Marine Germisashvili Bases of Georgian Dramaturgy Summary Original Georgian dramaturgy starts with comedy genre. The aim of comedy is not sim- ple, groundless laughter; but it is often mixed with tears, is useful and didactic. Laughter should not be transformed into chatting. Shortcomings are more productively disclosed in the form of comedy Best Comedy writers Menander, Plautus and Moliere made emphasis on the short- comings of mankind. Getting acquainted with Molieres works is one of the most essential events of XIX century Georgian-French relations. No foreign writer is as famous among Georgians as Moliere was mentioned in Aleksadre Sarajishvilis manuscript (A. Sarajish- vilis manuscript: Institute of Manuscripts, 372- 1:1). Moliere should be pointed out among European dramaturges, playing the most important role not only in the development of Georgian translational history of literature, but also in the evolution of comedy genre for Georgian theatre. It is enough to say that Giorgi Eristavis dramaturgy owes much to Mo- liere and on the second year after the foundation of Georgian theatre (1852) Molieres play The Physician in Spite of Himself occupied its place in the repertoire of a theatre. The aim of comedy is to improve people with the help of laughter and not mockery. Laughter is one of the strongest tools for revealing shortcomings of mankind. This genre is especially close to the audience and raises no less important social issues than tragedy. G. Eristavis theatre follows this genre. Themes of Molieres comedy, satire, folklore, refection of reality and revealing soci- etys shortcomings were close to the aim of Georgian realistic writing. Moliere expressed XVII century French society, Giorgi Eristavi - XIX century Geor- gian society. Shortcomings of Georgian nation are refected in the plots of his comedies: clumsiness, sitting around, boasting, laziness and others. If society watches comedy only for laughing and not studying, then it is of no use for such society. (S. Meskhi. complete collection of works volume III. 1953: 120) Moliere and G. Eristavi have done great service; against the background of comic situ- ation they created specimen in typical environments. In their comedies, laughter, as a form of satire, is good means for humans moral upbringing. The Miser /Lavare, Moliere showed this play in his theater in 1668, in Georgian it was translated as krizhangi (The Miser) in 1879, the translation was done by Petersburg University group of students , under the edition of Ivane Machabeli. Journal Iveria 1884 7/12 under Arvitsashvilis anonymous signature they staged Eristavis comedy The Miser in 1879, December 5/17 (Droeba 254 1879). Comedy The Miser was frst played in Tbilisi, in 1852, January 18/30, by the su- qarTuli komediis sawyisebi 227 pervision of the author himself. The signature of this comedy is not reserved. It was frst published as a separate book by G.Eristavi. The topic of meanness is not a property of one concrete author. Meanness is an old, in- ternational and eternal theme. A lot of authors created works on this topic: Plautus, Shake- speare, Moliere, Larivie Buarober, Bualo, Pushkin, Gogol, Balzak, Gi de Maupassant, Sa- sha Gitre, Rober Buass, Fernand Reino, and many others. Meanness is a huge social fallaciousness of a human. They all resemble each other by their general characteristic stinginess, but as each of them is the son of their epoch, there- fore the act of each of them is characterized by the characteristics, habits that are peculiar for their country and epoch. Plautus, Moliere and G. Eristavi expressed meanness with the help of comedy, Pushkin- with tragedy. G. Eristavis plot of The Miser is simple in comparison with Molieres. The plot development of The Miser is more complicated, than Eristavis The Miser. The frst consists of fve acts, the second of two. In the frst play there are 15 characters, in the second 7. G. Eristavis adroit servant, Imereli boy Ivanika is created by the infuence of Moliers servant. Ivanika cannot be compared with Molieres king of slackers Scapin. Ivanika is inexperienced, but is as clever as they are. The explanation for this simplicity is that the society of those times was not ready for complicated plots, diffcult interreges and for new genre comedy. In the works of both authors meanness is expressed, as social cruelty: negative impact of money on human, family, moral, social relations. 228 memoria emzar kvitaiSvili mudam siamovnebiT vigoneb 1985 wlis 1 Tebervals, rodesac rva wlis gardacvlil nodar alanias dabadebidan samoci weli unda Sesruleboda, `literaturul saqarTve- loSi~ masze gamovaqveyne mcire mogoneba. es keTil samaxsovrod darCaT nodaris meuRles, gamomcemloba `nakadulis~ amagdar redaqtors, daxvewi- li gemovnebiT literators lili gogoxias (erTi welic ar gasula, rac igi amqveynad aRaraa) da mis yvela sikeTiT Semkul, yuradRebian qailSvils nanas. amjeradac, roca nodaris mSobliurma literaturis institutma ga- dawyvita Jurnal `sjanSi~ misi TvalsaCino Rvawlis gaxseneba, nana alaniam survili gamoTqva, me is Zveli mogoneba momeZebna. sajaro biblioTekaSi gulisxmieri adamianebi damexmarnen da gazeTis Zveli nomeri mapovnines. ganvlili wlebis manZilze, Cems TvalSiac bevri ram Zireulad Seicvala da gadafasda (es aramcdaaramc ar exeba wminda zneobis kacs, nodar alanias, romlis mimarT siyvaruli da pativiscema arasodes gamineldeba), magram adre gamoqveynebulSi erTi sityvac ar Semicvlia. Zalze sasixaruloa, rom dRevandel, axal Taobas axsovs winamorbedTa damsaxureba, xolo nodar alania swored is kacia, visac saqarTvelo iolad ver daiviwyebs. mudam siamovnebiT vigoneb mis gverdiT gatarebul wlebs. masTan saubari arasodes mogwyindeboda, alesili goneba da maxvili ena hqonda. erT pirovnebaze ar iyo kargi azrisa da miTxra magis daxasiaTebas me ar Se- vudgebi, dros aRar davkargav, namdvili uri hipiao. maxsovs, institutSi dagvianebasa da samsaxuridan adre wasvlaze simkacre daaweses. cota zed- metad aqtiurobda institutis swavluli mdivani guram SaraZe (misma mx- ecurad mokvlam Zalian damwyvita guli, bevr sasargeblo saqmes akeTebda), vinac Cvenma maSindelma direqtorma, batonma aleqsandre baramiZem ganusaz- Rvreli uflebebiT aRWurva. igi bevr ufros kolegasTan da akademiis xe- lmZRvanelebTanac erTob daaxloebuli iyo, rogorRac exerxeboda es am- bavi. institutis gaRizianebul TanamSromelTa erTma nawilma masTan Sebr- Zoleba ganizraxa (metwilad qalebi iyvnen gamwarebuli). me ganyofilebaSi Cavilaparake tyuilad nu mocdebian, guram SaraZe TiTqmis yovel saRamos akademiis prezidentis, evgeni xaraZis stumaria, mis Cais WiqaSi mTvarisxe- la limonis naWeri dacuravs aRma-daRma da Zveleburi, mominanqrebuli ver- mudam siamovnebiT vigoneb 229 cxlis kovzis wkriali ismis-meTqi. araferi didi xumroba ar iyo, magram nodaris fantaziam gacilebiT meti warmoidgina, sicilisagan kinaRam gada- fiCinda, im veeba limonis naWers saxelurian brolis WiqaSi ukve vxedav, es ram gaTqmevinao. ufro Tamam raRaceebsac vambobdiT, verTobodiT, iq myofi guram asaTiani da mirian abulaZec mxars gvibamdnen. guldasawyvetia, rom dRevandeli axalgazrdebi maT ver moeswrnen. winamdebare mogonebaSi `Tanamdebobis piri qali~ figurirebs. igi cekas ideologiuri ganyofilebis mdivani, mSvenieri qalbatoni viqtoria sir- aZe gaxldaT da aq dasamalic araferia. vercxlis pawia, lamazi viruka ki, nodar alanias mkerdze rom hqonda dabneuli (es mogvianebiT gavige), mis axlobels, didebul vaJkacs, zaur bolqvaZis qvisls, murman xoferias gaekeTebina. mas mec kargad vicnobdi, saukeTeso stomatologi da Tavisi arsebiT namdvili xelovani, iuveliri iyo, rogorc ityvian, xelidan yve- laferi gamosdioda. is samkerde nakeToba oqrosgan surda Camoesxa; sul sami grami daWirdeba, SenTvis ar menanebao, uTqvams, magram nodari uarze damdgara. Tu Zma xar, nu izam magas, oqros viri nametani iqneba, viRacas mdidari vegonebio. zauris colisda, brwyinvale eqimi da yovlad uangaro adamiani, qalbatoni nunu darCia da nodar alania baTumSi Turme erT sko- laSi swavlobdnen da mere ojaxebiTac megobrobdnen. nodar alaniaze bevri sxva ramis gaxsenebac SeiZleboda, magram es al- baT sxva droisTvis unda gadavdo. amasobaSi imdeni xani gavida (ras vi- fiqrebdi!), me TviTonac veteranTa ricxvSi aRmoCndi da siberisken sakmaod var midrekili, magram jer kidev bevri maqvs mosawrebi da Tu gangebam ineba, Sevecdebi, warsulis fergadasuli furclebi Cemeburad gavacocxlo. nod- ari sami wlis gardacvlili iyo, roca, misi nasaxsovari saferflis gamo, wasulis xsovnas, lamazi sicocxlis bolo dReebs, erTi leqsi mivuZRveni. barem imasac aqve davurTav. emzar kvitaiSvili 230 egvipturi flosti (saferfle nodar alanias naCuqari) ra meTqmis meti, uvlia navsad, auzneqia TiTberis Wvinti, Waobze mimdgars magonebs navsac, man unda gaWras samaris bindi. xan meCveneba: priala, brtyeli muceli misi uTos Ziria, amoudagavs gul-RviZli, yeli sawyalis, uRvTod gauwiria. basr kideebze, Savad rom bzinavs, tuSi, patronis xeliT navlebi, maniSnebs Savi migelis bina, metyvis Senc ase miinavlebi. damdnarma xelma moxata, Reba, is mazRvevinebs bolomde sazRavs, damskdar filtvebis Camesmis yefa da Wiris ofli saxeze masxams. dgas faraoni. etli mardia, versad wauva nadiri tyisa, faraons mSvildi moumarTia, vai, vis ferdsac aZgerebs isars. gacurda tbaze wiTeli sxivi... mzes, laJvardidan oqrod dadenils, dadevnebia, qariviT wivis, Sriala frTebSi xvevs Sevardeni. ver dagemale, lando myefaro, Sen ar gWirdeba arxi da xidi... viTom Cemia, sul me mebaros, yovel nabijze sicocxles vyidi. mudam siamovnebiT vigoneb 231 Rimilis da leqsis kaci ramdenadac ioli da sasiamovno iyo nodar alanias gverdiT cxovreba, imdenadve Znelad Sesaguebeli, gulismomkvleli gaxda misi am qveyanasTan, silamazesTan, leqsTan ganSoreba. uleqsod mas erTi dRec ar ucxovria da arc isaa SemTxveviTi, Tavisi arsebobis ukanaskneli wamebi leqsis damTavre- bad rom CaTvala. qarTul mwerlobas bevr ar hyolia masaviT erTguli, TavSewiruli msaxuri. me minaxavs igi radioSi uecrad gamoZaxebuli, daZabulobisgan saxeaWrelebuli. saaTiani saubari unda Caewera saswrafod Tanamedrove qarTul poeziaze. yvelaferi mozoma da gansazRvra, yvelas Tavisi miago da daTqmul droSic gasaocari sizustiT Caetia. aseT rames, ra Tqma unda, mxolod gansakuTrebuli unari da didi siyvaruli SegaZlebinebs. literaturis institutSi nodarTan erTad vmuSaobdi ganyofilebaSi. Cveni gamge dauviwyari guram asaTiani, erTTavad nodars Txovda wliuri saangariSo moxsenebebis wakiTxvas. Sen kargad gamogdiso, Cveuli iumoriT eubneboda. nodaric RimiliTve Tanxmdeboda; miseburi keTilsindisierebiT, piruTvnelad mimoixilavda yovel naSroms, CanawerSi iSviaTad Tu Caixe- davda. ase vyavdiT yvelani ganebivrebuli. miuxedavad xaTrianobisa, saocrad mTliani, daurRveveli pirovneba iyo. Zmoba da gatana, iman rom icoda, iseTi unda, magram roca vinmes siglaxesa da borotebas Seatyobda, imisas aRarafers iwamebda. saucxoo mTxrobeli iyo. erTxel nodari mogviyva erT sasacilo am- bavs. Salva nucubiZesTan rom SemTxveoda. guldasmiT waekiTxa batoni Salvas axladgamosuli wigni. erTgan miTiTebul literaturas daeinter- esebina da wyaro moeZebna, sadac msgavsi ram saerTod ar werebula. no- dars patara, mokrZalebuli baraTi Seedgina; avtors SemCneul uzusto- bas atyobinebda da iqve keTil rCevasac aZlevda, Semdgom gamocemaSi es lafsusi gaesworebina. baraTi iqve, institutis gverdiT, batoni Salvas saxlis safosto yuTSi Caegdo. amis mere daaxloebiT weliwads gaevlo da Salva nucubiZe raRac saqmeze institutSi misuliyo. mis garSemo maS- inve TayvanismcemelTa wre Sekrula da sja-baasi gamarTula. karga xnis mere baton Salvas ukiTxavs alania aq romeliao; nodars morcxvad upa- suxia, me gaxlavarTo. baton Salvas ganze gaxmia da yurSi uTqvams: mere, biWo, saqme dagelia, sxvis nawerSi rom iCiCqnebio. amaze orTaves guli- anad uciniaT. yvelam vicodiT nodaris erTi lamazi axireba: didyura da gamrje piru- tyvisadmi gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli. ramden nivTsa Tu nakeTobas, ranair suraTsa Tu samkauls ar naxavdiT mis samuSao oTaxSi da yvelaferze viri emzar kvitaiSvili 232 iyo gamosaxuli; abaJurzec kudaprexili CoCori konwialobda. am emble- maSi igi, etyoba, bevrad met azrs debda, vidre erTi SexedviT Cans. TvalsaCino adgilas hqonda gamodebuli raJden gvetaZis `virebis me- sia~. mis biblioTekaSi, ra Tqma unda, gamorCeuli adgili eWira apuleusis `oqros virs~. didad gaixara, roca qarTul enaze waikiTxa givi gegeWkoris mier Targmnili fransis Jamis leqsi `locva, rom samoTxeSi virebTan er- Tad Sevide~. erTxel nodars romeliRac qalaqSi mivlinebiT agzavnidnen dromoWmul Cveulebebze leqciebis wasakiTxad (rogorc TviTon yveboda, sakmaod maRa- li done iyo). Tanamdebobis pirma qalma, vinc uSualod aZlevda am davale- bas, moulodnelad pijakze daxeda da gaocebisagan Tvalebi gaufarTovda. koxta, oTxkuTxa samkerde niSanze (ranairad iSovna, dResac ar vici) nod- aris sayvareli arsebis yurebaqaCuli saxedris Tavi iyo aRbeWdili. amis damnaxvels bolos gascinebia; TqmiT nodarisTvis araferi uTqvams. arasodes damaviwydeba zamTris saocrad lamazi dRe. tariel Wanturia da me erTi leqsis anTologias (`viT margaliTi oboli~) vadgendiT (am patara wignis gamosvlam SemdgomSi bevri usiamovneba mogvayena). vicodiT, nodar alanias araerTi iSviaTi gamocema moeZeveboda Tavis wignsacavSi da masze uke- Tes damxmares am saqmeSi Znelad viSovidiT. gveloda da miseburi sixarulic gamoxata Cvens gamoCenaze. karga xans visaubreT. davasaxelebdiT romelime Zvel wignsa Tu Jurnals, da umal saocari simardiT gamoaZvrenda Taroebad qceuli kedlis xan erTi, xan meore kuTxidan. bevri sasargeblo ram gvirCia im dRes. bolos dagvitrialda da Tavis meuRlesTan, qalbaton lilisTan erTad sanaqebo maspinZloba gagviwia. saucxoo kaxur RvinosTan erTad bro- lis grafiniT aseve mSvenieri `izabela~ Semodga sufraze gurulebi xarT da egeba es isurvoTo. Zvirfasi franguli koniakis gaxsnac daapira, magram xelSi veciT, ar davanebeT, meti mogvividoda. misi saTqmeli qarTul leqss, qarTul mwerlobas, samSoblos dastrialebda. arigebda da ar eleoda siy- varuli. erTi gansakuTrebuli sadRegrZelo leningradel eqims miuZRvna, ubrwyinvalesi vaJkacia, saocrad ganaTlebuli da keTili, axla erTmaneT- Tan didi miwer-mowera da megobroba gvaqvs, sikvdilisgan iman mixsnao, _ gviTxra. wamosvlis win agvixirda, gindaT Tu ara, TiTo rame unda gaCuqoT, Cemgan samaxsovrod dagrCeToh me egvipturi TiTberis patara saferfle Cam- Cara jibeSi, brtyelZiriani, baidis moyvanilobis flosti, Zveleburi sim- boloebiT moxatuli. ar minda, papiross ar vewevi-meTqi, magram ar momeSva rom ar gamomarTva wawydebio (es misi sayvareli gamoTqma iyo). tariels miniaturul morze darWobil aseTsave miniaturul culs aZalebda, mar- Tlac lamaz suvenirs, magram verasgziT ver daiyolia, is Cemze principuli aRmoCnda, amas, Zmao, ver waviReb, aqaurobas ufro uxdebao. mudam siamovnebiT vigoneb 233 bindi iwva, gareT rom gamoviSaleT. saxuravebi, xeTa SiSveli totebi spetak, fumfula Tovls mtkavelze Seefifqa. ca da miwa unazes, notio, civ siTeTreSi iyo gaxveuli. mogvianebiT dagvnanebia da gviTqvams me da tariels, rom im Cvens Sed- genil, bevri miTqma-moTqmis gamomwvev wignSi nodar alanias wvlili, misi alali Tanadgoma aRuniSvneli dagvrCa. maxsendeba 1976 wlis avadmosagonari zafxulic. institutis TanamSrom- lebi leningradis matarebelze vacilebdiT saeWvod gamxdar, ukiduresad dauZlurebul, filtvebdazianebul nodars, romelsac sunTqva uWirda. di- agnozi ar iyo sabolood dadgenili, magram sasikeTo piri rom ar uCanda saqmes, vxedavdiT. mas isev Tavisi leningradeli eqimis (anatoli kuriginis) imedi hqonda. kaxuri nabdis quli exura da gaRimebuli (ramdenadac See- Zlo) galeul, sanTeliviT moRvenTil marjvenas gviqnevda vagonis fanjri- dan. axloblebTan erTad, gverdiT Tavisi siyrmis megobari cotne kikviZe idga, isic mihyveboda. vai, rom amjerad uiRblo gamodga es mgzavroba da, ukan dabrunebuls didi dRe aRar ewera. 20 nombers (52 wlis Sesrulebas zustad erTi kvira aklda) nodar alanias Suqdaklebul Tvalebs samuda- mod daeSrita mzis naTeli. xSirad mifiqria ra moxdeboda, sawyali nodarisTvis ase rom ar emux- Tla beds-meTqi da pasuxic mudam mzad mqonia. bevri araferi daetyoboda mis xasiaTsa da garegnobas; ise ise msubuqad amoivlida institutis kibeebs, yvelas Tavisi ganumeorebeli RimiliT, xelaweuli miesalmeboda, SemoaReb- da meore sarTulze dermatingadakrul did kars, ganuyrel Sav saqaRaldes (didi portfeli mis xelSi ar maxsovs) da axali gazeTebs magidaze dayrida da kiTxvas Seudgeboda. axla samoci wlisa iqneboda igi. araviTar xmaurs ar atexda, kaciS- vils ar etyoda, Cemi iubilea da gulTbilad momesalmeTo. ormocdaaTis msgavsad, am Tavis samoc welsac mcxeTis `maranSi~ gadaixdida, axlobeli adamianebiT garSemortymuli. xalisianad aswevda Wiqas, sakuTar Rvawl- sa da damsaxurebaze laparaks aravis daaclida, qarTuli miwis, qarTuli leqsis sadidebels ityoda. netamc ase yofiliyo.