Physics 214 UCSD/225a UCSB

Lecture 10
Halzen & Martin Chapter 4
Electron-muon scattering
Cross section definition
Decay rate definition
treatment of identical particles => symmetrizing
crossing
Electrodynamics of Spinless
particles
We replace p

with p

+ eA

in classical EM for
a particle of charge -e moving in an EM
potential A

In QM, this translates into:

And thus to the modified Klein Gordon
Equation:

i!

"i!

+ eA

+ m
2
( )
" = #V"
V = #ie(!

+ A

) #e
2
A
2
V here is the potential energy of the perturbation.
Two-by-two process
Overview
Start with general discussion of how to relate
number of scatters in AB -> CD scattering to
beam & target independent cross section in
terms of W
fi
.
Calculate W
fi
for electron-muon scattering.
Calculate cross section from that
Show relationship between cross section and
invariant amplitude (or Matrix Element).
Reminder from last lecture
4-vector current for the plane wave solutions we find:

! = 2E | N |
2
j = 2p | N |
2
"
#
$
J

= 2p

| N |
2
! t, x
( )
= Ne
"ip

Plane wave solutions are:

j

= !, j
( )
"

= 0

! = i "
#
$"
$t
% "
$"
#
$t
&
'
(
)
*
+
J = %i "
#
," % ","
#
( )
The 2|N|
2
is an arbitrary normalization
Cross Section for AB -> CD
Basic ideas:
Cross section = ! =
W
fi
(initial flux)
(number of final states)
# of scatters = (flux of beam) x (# of particles in target) x !
Cross section is independent of
characteristics of beam and target !!!
beam
target
scatter
W
fi
= rate per unit time and volume
Aside on wave function
Normalization
Cross section = ! =
W
fi
(initial flux)
(number of final states)
W
fi
" N
4
Number of final states/initial flux " N
-4
Cross section is thus independent of
choice of wave function normalization
We will see this explicitly as we walk through this now.
(as it should, of course!)
Two-Two process AB -> CD
Normalize plane wave in constant volume
This is obviously not covariant, so the volume
normalization better cancel out before were done!
# of particles per volume = 2E/V = n
# of particles A crossing area per time = v
A
n
A
Flux(AB) = v
A
n
A
(2E
B
/V) = v
A
(2E
A
/V)

(2E
B
/V)
!dV
V
"
= 2E # N =
1
V
Aside on covariant flux
Flux = v
A
(2E
A
/V)

(2E
B
/V)
Now let target (i.e. B) move collinear with beam (i.e.
A): Flux = (v
A
- v
B
) (2E
A
/V)

(2E
B
/V)
Now take v=p/E: Flux = (E
B
p
A
+ E
A
p
B
) 4/V
2
Now a little relativistic algebra:

p
A

B
( )
2
! m
A
2
m
B
2
= E
A
E
B
! p
A
p
B ( )
2
! m
A
2
m
B
2
(E
A
E
B
)
2
= p
2
+ m
2
( )
A
p
2
+ m
2
( )
B
p
A
= !p
B
p
A

B
( )
2
! m
A
2
m
B
2
= p
A
E
B
+ p
B
E
A
( )
2
Flux =
4
V
2
p
A

B
( )
2
! m
A
2
m
B
2
Putting the pieces together and adding some algebra:
Obviously covariant!
(up to 1/V
2
normalization factor
that is arbitrary, and will cancel)
Number of final states/particle
QM restricts the number of final states that a
single particle in a box of volume V can have:

Vdp
3
(2!)
3
2E
Number of final states
2E particles
=
This follows from Exercise 4.1 in H&M
that you will do as homework exercise.
Putting the pieces together
Cross section = ! =
W
fi
(initial flux)
(number of final states)
! =
W
fi

Vdp
C
3
(2!)
3
2E
C
Vdp
D
3
(2!)
3
2E
D
v
A
(2E
A
/V)

(2E
B
/V)
Next we calculate W
fi

Electron Muon Scattering
Use what we did last lecture
Electron scattering in EM field
With the field being the one generated by the
muon as source.
Use covariant form of maxwells equation in
Lorentz Gauge to get V, the perturbation potential.
Plug it into T
fi
In form of diagrams
e
-
e
-
X field of muon
e
-
e
-

-

-
p
A
p
C
p
D
p
B
Electron-muon scattering
Electron Muon scattering
!
2
A

= J

(2)
Maxwell Equation

J
(2)

= !eN
B
N
D
( p
D
+ p
B
)

e
i( p
D
! p
B
)x
A

= !
1
q
2
J
(2)

T
fi
= !i J

(1)
!1
q
2
J
(2)

d
4
x
"
T
fi
= !iN
A
N
B
N
C
N
D
(2#)
4
$
(4)
( p
D
+ p
C
! p
A
! p
B
)M
!iM = (ie( p
A
+ p
C
)

)
!ig
%
q
2
(ie( p
D
+ p
B
)
%
)
= q
Note: !
2
e
iqx
= -q
2
e
iqx
Note the symmetry: (1) <-> (2)
Note the structure: Vertex x propagator x Vertex
Reminder
1 0 0 0
0 !1 0 0
0 0 !1 0
0 0 0 !1
"
#
$
$
$
$
%
&
'
'
'
'
= g
(
A

= g
!
A

B
!
Reminder: T
fi
-> W
fi

W
fi
= lim
t!>"
T
fi
2
t
#
T
fi
2
tV
Last time we didnt work in a covariant fashion. This time
around, we want to do our integrations across both time and
space, i.e. W is a rate per unit time and volume.

T
fi
= !iN
A
N
B
N
C
N
D
(2")
4
#
(4 )
( p
D
+ p
C
! p
A
! p
B
)M
As last time, we argue that one #-function remains after ||
2

while the other gives us a tV to cancel the tV in the denominator.
Putting it all together for W
fi

N =
1
V

T
fi
=
!i(2")
4
V
2
#
(4 )
( p
D
+ p
C
! p
A
! p
B
)M

W
fi
=
T
fi
2
tV

W
fi
= (2!)
4
"
(4 )
( p
D
+ p
C
# p
A
# p
B
)
V
4
M
2
Putting it all together for !
! =
W
fi

Vdp
C
3
(2!)
3
2E
C
Vdp
D
3
(2!)
3
2E
D
v
A
(2E
A
/V)

(2E
B
/V)

d! =
V
2
4v
A
E
A
E
B
(2")
4
#
(4)
( p
D
+ p
C
$ p
A
$ p
B
)
V
4
M
2 V
2
dp
c
3
dp
D
3
(2")
6
4E
c
E
D

d! =
1
64"
2
#
(4)
( p
D
+ p
C
$ p
A
$ p
B
)
v
A
E
A
E
B
M
2 dp
c
3
dp
D
3
E
c
E
D
Aside on outgoing states
While the incoming states have definite
momentum, the outgoing states can have
many momenta.
The cross section is thus a differential cross
section in the outgoing momenta.
d! =
M
2
4v
A
E
A
E
B
1
16"
2
#
(4)
( p
D
+ p
C
$ p
A
$ p
B
)
dp
c
3
dp
D
3
E
c
E
D
e
-
e
-

-

-
p
A
p
C
p
D
p
B
(incoming flux is still not covariant)
It is customery to re-express

d! =
M
2
F
dQ
F = flux factor:
dQ = Lorentz invariant phase space:
F = 4 p
A

B
( )
2
! m
A
2
m
B
2
= 4v
A
E
A
E
B

dQ=
1
16!
2
"
(4)
( p
D
+ p
C
# p
A
# p
B
)
dp
c
3
dp
D
3
E
c
E
D
d! =
M
2
4v
A
E
A
E
B
1
16"
2
#
(4)
( p
D
+ p
C
$ p
A
$ p
B
)
dp
c
3
dp
D
3
E
c
E
D
As:
In the center-of-mass frame:

F = 4 p
i
(E
A
+ E
B
)
2
= 4 p
i
s

dQ=
1
4!
2
p
f
4 s
d"

d!
d"
cm
=
M
2
64#
2
s
p
f
p
i
You get to show this as homework !
Electron-electron scattering
With identical particles in the final state, we obviously
need to allow for two contributions to M.
Option 1:
C attaches at vertex with A
D attaches at vertex with B
Option 2:
C attaches at vertex with B
D attaches at vertex with A
As we cant distinguish C and D,the amplitudes add
before M is squared.

M = !e
2
( p
A
+ p
C
)

( p
B
+ p
D
)

p
D
! p
B
( )
2
+
( p
A
+ p
D
)

( p
B
+ p
C
)

p
C
! p
B
( )
2
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'
e
-
e
-
e
-
e
-
p
A
p
C
p
D
p
B
e
-
e
-
e
-
e
-
p
A
p
D
p
C
p
B
Electron-positron and crossing

M = !e
2
( p
A
+ p
C
)

(!p
B
! p
D
)

(!p
D
) ! (!p
B
)
( )
2
+
( p
A
! p
B
)

(!p
D
+ p
C
)

p
C
! (!p
D
)
( )
2
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'
e
-
e
-
e
-
e
-
p
A
p
C
-p
D
-p
B
( p
A
+ p
C
)

(!p
B
! p
D
)

(!p
D
) ! (!p
B
)
( )
2
e
-
e
-
e
-
e
-
p
A
p
C
-p
D
-p
B
( p
A
! p
B
)

(!p
D
+ p
C
)

p
C
! (!p
D
)
( )
2
Electron-positron and crossing

M = !e
2
( p
A
+ p
C
)

(!p
B
! p
D
)

(!p
D
) ! (!p
B
)
( )
2
+
( p
A
! p
B
)

(!p
D
+ p
C
)

p
C
! (!p
D
)
( )
2
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'

M = !e
2
( p
A
+ p
C
)

( p
B
+ p
D
)

p
D
! p
B
( )
2
+
( p
A
+ p
D
)

( p
B
+ p
C
)

p
C
! p
B
( )
2
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'
Electron - electron
Electron - positron
Only difference is:
p
D
! -p
B
p
B
! -p
D
e
-
e
-
e
-
e
-
p
A
p
C
-p
D
-p
B
e
-
e
-
e
-
e
-
p
A
p
C
p
D
p
B
crossing
Electron-Electron
scattering
Electron-Positron
scattering
e
-
e
-
e
-
e
-
p
A
p
C
-p
D
-p
B
e
-
e
-
e
-
e
-
p
A
p
D
p
C
p
B
crossing
E-mu vs e-e vs e-ebar scattering

M = !e
2
( p
A
+ p
C
)

( p
B
+ p
D
)

p
D
! p
B
( )
2
+
( p
A
+ p
D
)

( p
B
+ p
C
)

p
C
! p
B
( )
2
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'
Electron - electron

M = !e
2
( p
A
+ p
C
)

(!p
B
! p
D
)

(!p
D
) ! (!p
B
)
( )
2
+
( p
A
! p
B
)

(!p
D
+ p
C
)

p
C
! (!p
D
)
( )
2
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'
Electron - positron
Electron - muon

M = !e
2
( p
A
+ p
C
)

( p
B
+ p
D
)

p
D
! p
B
( )
2
"
#
$
$
%
&
'
'