* *

Unravelling
the
Mysteries
By
Zaynud-Din Muhammad ibn Bir
Ali al-Birgivi
Translated
by
Amienoellah Abderoef

( )
[Introduction]
All Praise be to Allah and Blessings and Peace be upon Muhammad and his whole Family (including his
Companions).
As to what follows:
his is a treatise concerning that which e!ery Mu'rib (i.e. anyone who wishes to be able to syntactically
analyse a sentence into its constituent parts) is greatly in need of and which comprises three things: the
!" (go!ernor" go!erning agent)" the #$ % & % (go!ernee" word go!erned) and the % (go!ernment"
go!erning effect)" that is" ' ( )* (declension or declinability). Conse#uently" it is necessary that it
(i.e. this treatise) be arranged into three chapters.
$
Chapter One: !" (the overnor!
%now first (i.e. before commencing with the actual topic which is the !" ) that the +% ,"-. (word) &
which is an utterance coined to denote a single meaning & is of three types:
(') the /" (!erb) which is a word that denotes & !ia its form (+0. ) according to (Arab) linguistic
con!ention (12 ! & one of the three tenses:
Amongst its special characteristics are: the entry of 3 4. (indeed" maybe" perhaps" about to)" the 5
(for denoting the near future)" 6 $ (for denoting the distant future)" 7 (if)" . (did not)" %8 . (did
not yet)" the 9:. ! (Lam signifying command i.e. ()et*) and the :. ; <8 (La signifying
prohibition).
Furthermore" the whole of it (i.e. the whole of the class of + /" + ) is !" ( (go!ernors" go!erning
agents) as will be discussed.
($) the : (noun) which is a word denoting a meaning that is understood and comprehended
independently (of other words) and is not accompanied by any of the three tenses:
Amongst its special characteristics are: the entry of the =$ <8 (nunation)" the 8 > 6 & & (particles
of Jarr i.e. prepositions)" the ?" = 8 9:. (the Lam of definiteness) and being a @3 A!& (sub,ect of a
nominal sentence)" (" B. (sub,ect of a !erbal sentence or doer) or 6C !& (anne-ed noun).
Furthermore" some of it (i.e. some of the class of + :+ ) is !" ( li.e the (" /. (acti!e
participle) and some of it is not !" ( li.e @. (/) D @. (0ou masculine singular) and E F" G (who"
which" that masculine singular).
(1) the 6 H (particle) which is a word denoting a meaning that is not understood and comprehended
independently (of other words) but is instead a tool or instrument (used) for understanding other words.
Furthermore" some of it (i.e. some of the class of +6 H + ) is !" ( li.e the 5 > 6 & & and some of
it is not !" ( li.e I (interrogati!e particle) 3 4. (indeed" maybe" perhaps" about to).
he !" is that which necessitates & !ia a +J. " (mediating agent or medium) & that the ending of a
word e-ists in a specific mode of declension (' ( )). 2hat is meant by the +J. " $ (mediating agent or
medium) is ' ( )* ;C" K !& (that which necessitates and generates the need for ' ( )* ).
(A) /n the L% (nouns)" it (i.e. the ' ( )* ;C" K !& ) constitutes the successi!e occurrence of different
meanings onto them (i.e. onto these L% M ). hese meanings are implicit things which re#uire e-plicit
signs in order for them (i.e. implicit things) to become .nown. For e-ample" when we say: +
1
N % ( 9 O. PQ 3R =S ' 2 + (3ayd hit 4Amr4s ser!ant)" then +' 2 + necessitates that the ending of +3R =S + be
with a +%8 2 and 9 O. PQ with a +H B. !ia the occurrence of (the meaning of) +8,"(" /. (being the doer of the
!erb) onto +3R =S + and (the meaning of) +8"$ & / % (being the ob,ect of the !erb) for +9O. PQ + due to the
/" (which is +' 2 + ) being connected to both of them5 and +9O. PQ + in turn necessitates that the
ending of +N % ( + be with a T U. !ia the occurrence of (the meaning of) +B.2 )* (anne-ation) onto it
(i.e. onto +N % ( +)" that is" +N % ( + being that to which 9O. PQ is related. hus" the !" generates and
produces hidden and implicit meanings in the L% and they (i.e. these meanings) re#uire the erecting
and setting up of (e-plicit) signs which are ' ( )* (i.e. it is these signs that are ' ( )* ).
(B) /n the # B " it (i.e. the ' ( )* ;C" K !& ) ta.es the form of ha!ing a complete resemblance to the
: which applies to the V C %& only" for it (i.e. the V C %& ) resembles the (" /. in form (
1W/ .) " meaning (X<Y ! ) and usage (:Z % " ) .
As for the first (i.e. form) it is due to it (i.e. the V C %& ) being modeled and patterned li.e the
(" /. in its (distribution of its) [U. H (the +%8 C8 " +H /. and T -. ) and [<-. 8 (the
7$ -Q \ )" li.e: +' 2 + and +' C =+ " and +] 3 !& + and +] 3 =&+ .
As for the second (i.e. meaning)" it is:
due to both of them (i.e. both the V C %& and (" /. ) displaying generality and specificity: he
: when stripped of the 9OG (the definite article) con!eys generality and when prefi-ed with the
definite article becomes specified" li.e: +' 2 + (one who stri.es i.e. a stri.er) and +' C8 + (the
one who stri.es i.e. the stri.er). 6imilarly" the V C %& " when stripped of the # AK " : 6
(future tense particle) and the #H 6 # (present tense particle) implies both the #H (present
tense) and #AK " : (future tense)" li.e: +'& C =+ (stri.es7will stri.e) but when they (i.e. these two
types of particles) are prefi-ed to it (i.e. the V C %& )" it is specific either to the #H or to the
#AK " : " li.e: +'& C + (will stri.e) and +'& C = ! + (does7do not stri.e)" and
due to (the meaning of) #H being understood more #uic.ly (than #AK " : ) from them (i.e. from
both the ( " / . and the V C %& ) when stripped of any (temporal) conte-tual indicators.
As for the third (i.e. usage) it is:
8
due to each of them (i.e. the (" /. and the V C %& ) occurring as a +/. ^" (#ualifying
ad,ecti!e) for a T -" (an indefinite )" li.e: +'R 2 _ `& ; LM ` + (A man" stri.ing" came to me)" or
+('& C = (_ `& ; LM ` + (A man who is hitting is coming to me) and
due to the prefi-ing of the L* 3 ": 9:. (Lam of /nception) to them" li.e: +'R C . 3Y =S 7G + (/ndeed"
3ayd is hitting) or +('& C . (a3=S 7G + (/ndeed" 3ayd hits).
his resemblance causes the V C %& to be dependent on the : with respect to that which it (i.e. the
: ) is primary in" namely ' ( )* " the reason being that its ' ( )* (i.e. the ' ( )* of the V C %& )
is not primary (in the /" ) . hus" when we say: +' C = .+ (will not stri.e) + .+ necessitates that the
ending of the V C %& be with a +H B. !ia its resemblance to the : (i.e. O" +" b %& +" J. " $ ) .
he !" is of two types: ;c W" / . (concrete) and Ec $ < ! (abstract):
9
[$he ;c W" / ,G !" ]
(A) he ;c W" / ,G is that in which the tongue has a share (i.e. it can be pronounced and uttered)" and is of
two types: ;c (" % (based on transmission from the Arabs) and ;c " 4" (based on a general and e-tendable
rule or precedent).
[$he ;c (" % 8 ]
he ;c (" % 8 (based on transmission from the Arabs) is that whose % (go!erning effect) is contingent
on V% 8 (i.e. what has been heard and transmitted from the classical Arabs) and it is also of two types:
(') !" ( go!erning the : and ($) !" ( go!erning the /" .
he !" go!erning the : is also of two types: !" ( go!erning 3" (one noun) and !" (
go!erning 7" % (two nouns)" that is" the @3 A%& (sub,ect of a nominal sentence) and the Ad
(predicate) in (their) primary state (i.e. before the entry of any !" ( upon them). hey (i.e. the @3 A%& and
Ad )" furthermore" are called & after the entry of the !" (upon them) & its : and its Ad (i.e.
the : and Ad of that !" ).
he !" go!erning 3" (one noun) constitutes 6 & & (particles) which ma.e it & > ! and are
called 5 > 6 & & (Particles of Jarr / :eniti!e Particles) and +" B.2 )* 6 & & (Particles of Anne-ation).
hey are twenty:
the LA is for ef )* (attachment)"
+ !" + is for L3 ": (beginning)"
+X.+ is for L ": (end)"
+ ( + is for 3 A& (distance) and TS > %& (surpassing" transcending)"
+X,.( + is for LO. " : (being on top" ele!ated abo!e)"
the 9OG is for ," 8 (causation) and gf" d 8 (specificity)"
+; B"+ is for 6 WG (being contained in)"
the 6-. is for Ab 8 (li.ening" e#uating)"
+X8 + is for +=h (end" final point)"
+'8 & + is for ,"K 8 (scarcity)"
the i& j& k K. (Waw and Ta' of ;ath)"
<
+l + is for L<m" : (e-clusion" e-ception)"
+FQ <!& n nF !& + are for ; 2" % 7" ! o8 ;B" L3 ": (beginning in the past tense) and are sometimes used as
two nouns"
+O. p + and +3 ( + are for L<m" : (e-clusion" e-ception)" and (can be used as) two !erbs which is
mostly (the case)"
+: . $ .+ is for i" P. q" $ `& $& " Lr ; l V<"! (the negation of something due to the e-istence of something=
else) when a %" 2 (personal pronoun) is suffi-ed to it"
+; U. + is for ," 8 (causation) when it enters on ++8!" / " : n! (/nterrogati!e Ma)" and
+G .+ is for ; `5 8 (hoping) in the dialect of 4>#ayl.
/t is necessary that these 6 & H& ha!e a s,G !& (that to which they are necessarily connected or related)"
which comprises: (a) a B" " (b) /" Al" (that which resembles the /" )" or (c) /" X< ! (that which
has the meaning of the /" )" with the e-ception of:
the 3t"o8 (redundant or superfluous) of them (i.e. of the 5 > 6 & & )" li.e * X/. U. (6ufficient is
Allah)" R I q" u A H (A dirham is enough for you)"
+'8 & + (perhaps" maybe)"
+l + (e-cept" e-cluding)"
+O. p + (e-cept" e-cluding)"
+3 ( + (e-cept" e-cluding)"
+: . $ .+ (had it not been" were it not) and
+G .+ (hopefully" perhaps)"
for they are not connected or related to anything.
Furthermore" the & > % (noun) go!erned by the (3t"o8 (5 > 6 (redundant or superfluous
preposition) and +'8 & + remains as it was before their entry (i.e. before the entry of the 3t"o8 and +'8 & +
upon the & > % ).
he & > % (noun) go!erned by the L* <m" : 6 & & (particles of e-ception 7 e-clusion) is li.e the
:G nv X<m !& : + (the noun e-cepted or e-cluded by means of +:G + and the & > % (noun) go!erned by +
:. $ .+ and +G .+ is a @3 A!& (sub,ect of a nominal sentence) and what comes after it is its Ad
(predicate)" li.e: +3R =S u ,. . w :. $ .+ (?ad it not been for you then 3ayd would ha!e been
doomed7destroyed) and +R t"4. 3x =S G .+ (?opefully" 3ayd is standing).
@
he & > % (noun) go!erned by other than these se!en is '$ f& <! position=wise (i.e. it is not '$ f& <!
by displaying any of the signs of yf <8 but rather that it only occupies a position or place of yf <8 )
as:
a " B" #$ & / ! (Ad!erb of ime or Place) of its s,G %& if the c > (preposition A c > 6 ) is +; B"+ or
that which denotes its meaning" li.e: +3" > % @. 3" > % ;B" D& ,G^ + (/ performed prayers in the
mos#ue)"
or a & . #$ & / ! (;b,ect of Beason) if the c > is a 9:. (Lam) or that which denotes its meaning" li.e: +
y =q" z8, 3Y =S D& 2 + (/ ga!e 3ayd a beating for the purpose of disciplining) and +D f ( % U. + C2hy
did you disobey (Allah)DE"
or a {N = ^ P. " #$ & / ! (/ndirect or /mplicit ;b,ect) if the c > is other than these two (i.e. other than
+; B"+ and the 9OG and whate!er denotes their meanings)" li.e: +3x =o [& ! + (/ passed by 3ayd).
6ometimes the s,G %& is 3< !& (ascribed or attributed) to the & > % c > (i.e. the s,G %& is the
3< %& and the & > % c > the " . 3< %& ) such that the latter becomes V$ BQ ! position=wise as the
(" /. yt" (Agent of the Foer)" li.e: 3x =o 8 !& (3ayd was being passed by).
/t is permissible for the & > % c > other than this (i.e. other than the & > % c > as the
(" /. yt") to be placed before its s,G %& " li.e:+[& ! 3x =o + (By 3ayd / passed).
6ometimes the s,G %& is dropped and if the 6 FQ H % (what has been dropped) is a general B"
(referring to general e-istence) that is incorporated in the & > % c > then these latter two are called
c K. !& 6 . (the ad!erb in which the %" C8 of the dropped s,G %& has settled)" li.e + 38 ;B" |}}}~ 3R =S +
C3ayd (is) in the houseE" that is" +. f + (+occurred+" +was+ " +is+)" and if it (i.e. the s,G %& ) is not li.e
that (i.e. not a 9c ( B" ) then they (i.e. the & > % c > ) are called $h . 6 . (the ad!erb that is !oid of
the %" C8 of the s,G %& since the %" C8 is still hidden or latent in the s,G %& )" li.e: + 38 ;B" (}}}) 3R =S +
(3aid Gin the house)" that is: . U. @. (ate) and +3x =o [& ! + (/ passed by 3ayd).
6ometimes the c > is dropped" and it (i.e. the dropping of the c > ) is of two types: ;c " 4" (based on a
general rule or precedent) and ;c (" % (based on oral transmission from the Arabs).
he ;c " K" (pertaining to the dropping of the c > ) occurs in three places:
H
he first is the " B" #$ & / % because the dropping of +; B"+ from it (i.e. from the " B" #$ & / % ) is a general rule
if it is:
a 7x ! S 6 . (ad!erb of time) whether A!& (!ague) or q 3& H ! (defined)" li.e: +<Y" [& " + (/ tra!eled
for a while or an indefinite period of time) and +Y l D& % ^ & + (/ fasted a month) or
a A!& 7x - . ! 6 . (!ague ad!erb of place) which is that for which a name has been established by
means of something not included in its X%8 %& (i.e. designatum" designated meaning)" li.e: the si-
directions" and they are:
+9 ! @.+ (in front)"
+9 38 4Q+ (in front)"
+? , p + (behind)"
+ % " =+ (on the right)"
+ =+ (on the left)"
+#. % l" + (on the left)"
+e $ B.+ (abo!e) and
+D H k+ (below" beneath" under)"
and li.e:
+3 <(" + (with" at)"
+3 .+ (with" at)"
+. + with the 5 (in) un!owelled (between" in the center)"
+ + (between)"
+LM S + (opposite to)"
+LM F. " + (near" close to)"
+LM K. , k"+ (opposite to)
'
"
and li.e: sur!eyed or measured distances
$
such as:
+ B.+ (!arasang or twel!e thousand steps)"
'
he meanings designated by these names" i.e. the particular places to which they refer" cannot be gi!en these names unless we
consider the ob,ect in relation to which they are used. hus" the name +9 ! @.+ (Iin front ofJ) cannot be gi!en to a particular place
unless we consider the ob,ect in relation to which it is said to be Iin front ofJ otherwise +9 ! @.+ has no meaning in real and
concrete terms.
$
he meanings designated by these names" i.e. the places to which they refer" cannot be gi!en these names unless we
(somehow) actually measure the places to which they are being applied. hus" the name +!" + (mile) cannot be gi!en to a
particular place unless we (somehow) measure that place to be a mile" otherwise +!" + remains abstract and has no meaning in
real and concrete terms.
K
+!" + (mile or four thousand steps)"
+3= + ( forty=eight thousand steps)"
%ith the e&ception of:
1A` (by the side" ne-t to)"
++Z ` + (in the direction of" towards)"
+Y ` + (facing)"
+JZ + with the 5 (in) !owelled with a +H B. (in the middle or center)"
+ 38 ] p + (outside the house)"
+ 38 . p" q + (inside the house)"
+D" A 6 $ ` + (in the heart of the house" inside the house)
and e!ery 7x -. ! (Loun of Place) which does not ha!e the meaning of K " : (settling or lasting)"
li.e:
+K % + (the place of .illing) and
+' C % + (the place of stri.ing)"
and li.ewise if it (i.e. the 7" -. % ) does ha!e its meaning (i.e. the meaning of K " :) but its
s,G % & (i.e. the /" or that which resembles it) does not ha!e its meaning" li.e:
+9K. ! + (place of standing) and
+7-. ! + (place of being)"
then these e-ceptions (i.e. from +1A` + up to +7-. ! + ) do not permit that +; B"+ be dropped from them.
hus" it is not permissible to say: +& ! K. ! @. 3x =S ' C ! @. 38 y ` D& , U. @.+ (/ ate by the side of the
house" or the place where 3ayd was struc." or the place where he stood) but rather: +(
" !" K. ! ; B" @. 3x =S ' C ! ; B" @. 38 y ` ; B"}(D& , U. @.+ .
As for when the !" (go!erning agent) of the last di!ision (i.e. the 7" -. % which has the
meaning of K " : ) has (itself) the meaning of K " : " then it is permissible to drop +; B"+ " li.e:
+& ! K. ! D& % 4Q+ (/ stood in his place of standing) and +& -. ! [& 3 4.+ (/ sat in his place).
/f (on the other hand) it (i.e. the " B" #$ & / % ) is a q 3& H ! 7x -. ! 6 . (Fefined Ad!erb of Place) which
is that for which a name has been established by means of something included in its X%8 %& (i.e.
designatum" designated meaning)" li.e: q (house)" then it is not permissible to drop +; B"+ and hence it
is not permissible to say: +Y q D& ,G^ + (/ prayed a house)" but +...N q ; B"+ (in a house) instead" e-cept
'M
that which occurs after: +. p q + (entered)" +#. o + (resided) and + -. + (stayed" li!ed)" li.e: + 38 D& , p q +
(/ entered the house)" +7. d D& o + (/ resided in the hotel) and +3 ,.A D& <-. + (/ stayed or li!ed in the
country7city).
he second (case in which the c > is dropped as a rule) is the & . #$ & / % (;b,ect of Beason) when it is an
action belonging to the (same) doer or agent of the action that is moti!ated and with which it co=e-ists in
time" li.e: +& . AY=q" zk 3Y =S D& 2 +
1
(/ hit 3ayd in order to discipline him)" as opposed to: +u !" U )* u &! U @.+
8
(/ honoured you because of you honouring me) and +; * ! @. E 3" ( $ " 9 $ D& 0` + (/ came today because of me
ha!ing promised yesterday).
/n these two places (i.e. the " B" #$ & / % and the & . #$ & / % )" when the c > is dropped" the & > %
becomes (a) '$ f& <! if it (i.e. the & > % ) is not the (" /. yt" and (b) V$ BQ ! if it is its (" /. yt" "
by unanimous agreement
9
.
he third (case in which the c > is dropped as a rule) is 7 @. and 7G @. since the c > is dropped from them
as a rule" li.e: the 6tatement of the Most ?igh: X% ( M i& LM ` 7 @. XG$ k A( C?e frowned and turned
away (because) the blind man came to himE" that is" +X% ( M i& LM ` 7 z."+ (because the blind man came to
him) Cand li.e the 6tatement of the Most ?igh: a3 @. * ! $ (& 3 k O. B. * 3 ` % 7G @. Cand (because) the
mos#ues belong to Allah" so do not call upon anyone with ?imE" that is" + 3 ` % 7G z." + (because the
mos#ues belong to Allah)E.
he ;c (" % 8 (pertaining to the dropping of the c > ) comprises that which is besides these three (i.e.
besides the " B" #$ & / % " the & . #$ & / % and +7 @.+ and +7G @.+ ) as regards that which has been heard and orally
transmitted from the Arabs only to be preser!ed and not to be generalised (to include instances not heard
and orally transmitted from the Arabs).
Furthermore" the rule & after dropping ( ; B" ) in other than the first two cases (i.e. other than the " B" #$ & / %
and the & . #$ & / % ) & is that you connect and ,oin the /" to the & > % and thus ma.ing e-plicit the
1
hus" in this e-ample it is allowed for the c > to be dropped since +1A=q" zk+ is an action which belongs to the same doer or
agent of the action that is moti!ated" namely" the action denoted by the !erb +' 2 + and with which it also co=e-ists in time.
8
/n this e-ample it is not allowed for the c > to be dropped from +u !" U )* + since the action denoted by +u !" U + does not
belong to the same doer or agent of the action that is moti!ated" namely" the action denoted by the !erb +D& ! U @.+ .
9
his is merely a hypothetical case since the & . #$ & / % cannot become V$ BQ ! as the (" /. yt" because it is common
.nowledge that only one of four things can ta.e the place of the (" /. after it has been dropped" and the & . #$ & / % is not of the
four.
''
;c ,H % ' ( )* (positional declension)" which is in the case of yf <8 due to being the #$ & / % and in the
case of B 8 due to being the (" /. yt" . his is called: #f = 6F (dropping and ,oining i.e.
dropping the c > and ,oining the /" directly to the & > % )
<
" li.e the statement of the Most ?igh:
& ! $ 4. X $ !& p CMoses chose (from) his peopleE" that is: +" !" $ 4. !" + (from his people)" and li.e their
statement: +w b !& #! + (shared money or wealth) and c K. !& 6 . (a settled=in ad!erb)" that is: +
" B" w b !& #! + (money or wealth shared in) and " B" c K. !& 6 . (an ad!erb settled in i.e. an ad!erb in
which the %" C8 settled). 6ometimes it (the & > % ) remains & > ! (i.e. it does not become '$ f& <! or
V$ B Q ! after the c > is dropped and the /" ,oined directly to it) as a de!iation (from the rule)" li.e: +*
8 ,. B M + C(By) AllahN / will do (it)E" that is: * (By AllahN).
/t is not permissible for 7" 8 > (two prepositions) that ha!e one meaning (i.e. the same meaning) to be
related or lin.ed to one B" without ?J (con,unction). herefore it is not permissible to say: +
N % 3x =o [& ! + (/ passed by 3ayd" by 4Amr) and +D" A8 9 $ = +" %& >& 9 $ = D& 2 + (/ hit Friday" 6aturday)"
as opposed to: !" M 9 ! @. +" %& >& 9 $ = D& 2 ++ (/ hit Friday in front of the Commander) and i" % . !" D& , U. @.
" " /G k& !" ++ (/ ate from his fruits" from his apples).
<
o illustrate this in simple terms" consider the following e-amples: & <8 " B" w& b = #_ ! F. I n " !" $ 4. !" X $ !& p + and
+& %" C8 " B" \ K" = 6R . F. I + .
/n the case of 9 $ 4.n " !" $ 4. !" X $ !& p + is O H ! '$ f& <! (i.e. '$ f& <! position=wise only) as the { = f8 P. " #$ & / %
. After the c > which is + !" + & is dropped" the !erb + p + is directly connected to +9 $ 4.+ with the latter becoming
1W/ . '$ f& <! (i.e. '$ f& <! form=wise) as a result and is !owelled with a +H B. at its ending.
/n the case of +& <8 " B" w& b = #_ ! F. I + " the noun +<8+ is the (" /. and the %" C8 in +" B"+ the {= f8 P. " #$ & / % . he
(" /. which is +& <8+ is dropped and the & > % c > which is +" B"+ fills the !acuum left by the (" /. . he !erb +w& b =+
is subse#uently changed to the #$ & > % to indicate that the (" /. has been dropped becoming +w& b =&+ . hus" the position of
the %" C8 in +" B"+ is now that of a +N (" B. yt" with the %" C8 itself being O H ! V$ BQ ! . 2e now replace the !erb +w& b =&+
with its nominal e#ui!alent and counterpart" namely +w b !& + which is an #N $ & / ! that performs the same function as the
!erb. After dropping the c > in +" B"+ the # $ & / % which is +w b !& + is directly connected to the %" C8 with the latter
becoming hidden and latent in it as the (" /. yt" . he final result is +wR b !& #_ ! F. I + . his e-planation is also applicable to
+& %" C8 " B" \ K" = 6R . F. I + which in the final analysis becomes + K. !& 6R . F. I + . CLote that construction +wR b ! & #_ ! F. I +
& in reality & only e-tends as far bac. as +" B" wR b !& #_ ! F. I + " howe!er" / ha!e thought it more informati!e and beneficial to
suggest the original form as +& <8 " B" w& b = #_ ! F. I + and to wor. step=by=step from this form to its final form which is +
wR b !& #_ ! F. I + E.
'$
he !" go!erning 7" % (two nouns) comprises two groups: a group whose '$ f& <% is before its
V$ B Q % and a group which is the opposite (i.e. its V$ BQ % is before its '$ f& <% ).
he first group constitutes eight 6& @. (particles)" si- of them are called: /" + A8b !& 6 & & (particles
that are li.ened to the !erb) because (li.e !erbs):
they consist of three or more letters"
their endings are !owelled with a +H B. and
the meaning of the /" is present in each one of them: +7G + and +7G @.+ are for sK" H 8 (definiti!eness
and certainty)" 7G z.U. is for Ab 8 (li.ening" e#uating)" 8 -" . is for w 3 " : (dispelling an erroneous
conclusion 7 inference)" D . is for ; <5% 8 (wishing) and G . is for ; `5 8 (hoping).
Moreo!er" their #$ %& % (i.e. the #$ %& % of these 6 & H& ) does not precede them" and they en,oy
9O. -. 3 ^ (being at the beginning of speech) e-cept +7G @.+ for it does not occur at the beginning at all.
6ometimes +! + is suffi-ed to them (i.e. to these 6 & H& ) with the result that they are rendered !oid of
% (go!erning effect) and they are then able to enter on # B M (!erbs)" li.e: +3R =S ' 2 & % 8+ (Zayd was
the one beaten i.e 3ayd was the only one beaten).
/n addition" +7G + does not change the meaning of the +,.% >& (sentence)" but +7G @.+ together with its +,.% >&
(sentence) has the ruling and status of a 3 f ! (infiniti!e" !erbal noun) and for this reason it is necessary to
!owel (the To % ) with the T -. when occupying the place of % >& (sentences" clauses) and with the
+H /. when occupying the place of the q / %& (single word)
@
.
?ence" it (i.e. its To % ) is !owelled with the T -. (in the following cases):
@
o say +{R ` a3=S 7G @.+ for e-ample is the same as saying +3x =S > + so much so that the two types of structures are !irtually
interchangeable in speech i.e. the one is able to replace the other. Compare the following:
+3x =S & > ; <h ,.+ and +{R ` a3=S 7G @. ; <h ,.+
+3x = S > $ `& @.+ and +{R ` a3=S 7G @. $ `& @.+
3x = S > < D& B.+ and +{R ` a3=S 7G z. D& B.+
hus" where!er +{R ` a3=S 7G @.+ occurs in the sentence" it is possible to paraphrase it as +3x =S > + . /n fact" it is necessary to
paraphrase +{R ` a3=S 7G @.+ as such if we are to account for the e-istence of 5 > 6" H & & > % " #$ & / % (" /. "
etc. in speech as the pre!iously e-amples clearly show. hus" if +{R ` a3=S 7G @.+ in the sentence +{R ` a3=S 7G @. ; <h ,.+ is not
paraphrased as +3x =S > + then the !erb +. ,.+ would be without a (" B. . )i.ewise" the !erb +$ `& @.+ in +{R ` a3=S 7G @. $ `& @.+
would be without a " #$ & / ! and the preposition which is the LA would not be go!erning an as is characteristic of
prepositions.
'1
at the beginning or inception (L3 ":)" li.e: +R t"4. 3Y =S 7G + (/ndeed" 3ayd is standing)"
in the K. '$ ` (clause constituting the complement to the ;ath)" li.e: +R t"4. 3Y =S 7G * + (By
AllahN 3ayd is standing)"
in the +,.f5 (relati!e clause)" li.e the statement of the Most ?igh:
+" Af & LM $ <&. & H k"/. ! 7G ! S $ <&-Q !" i& <k (And 2e ga!e him so much treasure that the .eys thereof
would indeed ha!e weighed down a troop of mighty men)"
in the Ad (predicate) of an N ( (concrete noun)" li.e: +R t"4. & 8 3R =S + (3ayd" indeed" he is
standing)"
in a +,.% `& (sentence or clause) whose Ad (predicate) is prefi-ed with the +8t"3 ": 9O. (the Lam of
/nception)" li.e: +R t"K. . 3Y =S 7G D& % ,"( + (/ .new truly 3ayd is standing)"
after #$ K. (in general" which comprises the infiniti!e & #$ K. and all its deri!ati!es) that is !oid of
(the meaning of) c WG (supposing" rec.oning" thin.ing" in which case it forms part of the ' $ ,QKQ # B @.
)" li.e: +3R " X. k M 7G 4Q+ (6ayN /ndeed" Allah & the Most ?igh & is ;ne)"
after +X8 n) +8t"3 ": nX8 + used as a particle of inception)" li.e: +& Q$ KQ = 3Y =S 7G X8 u ". #Q $ KQ k@.+ (Are
you saying that for e!en 3ayd " indeed" is saying it)"
after the s =3" f 8 6 & & (Particles of Oerification and Affirmation)" li.e: +R t"4. 3Y =S 7G + (0es"
indeed" 3ayd is standing)"
after the "B : 6 & & (Particles of ;pening)" li.e: +R t"4. 3Y =S 7G :. @.+ (Alas" indeed" 3ayd is standing)"
and
after the # H (Waw introducing the 6tate or Condition of the (" /. or " #$ & / % )" li.e the
statement of the Most ?igh: (7. $ I& -. . <!" %& !" KZ = B. 7G (s5 H u " !" u \ u ` p @. % U. CP/n
the same way your )ord caused you (; Muhammad) to go forth from your home with the ruth"Q
while a group of the Belie!ers were certainly a!erse (to the idea)E.
/t is !owelled with the +H /. (in the following cases):
as a +,.(" B. (doer)" li.e: +R t"4. u 8@. ; <h ,.+ (/t reached me that you are standing)"
as a +.$ & / ! (direct ob,ect)" li.e: +R t"4. 3Y =S 7G @. D& % ,"( + (/ .new that 3ayd is standing)"
as a T@.3 A!& (sub,ect)" li.e: +R t"4. u 8@. E 3" <(" + (/ ha!e it that you are standing)"
as a . 6C !& (that to which the 6C %& is anne-ed)" li.e: +R "` 3Y =S 7G @. Q ,"` + (6it where
3ayd is sitting)"
after $ . (if" if it was) because it is a (" .B " li.e: +F. U. 7. -. . R t"4. u 8@. $ .+ (/f it was that you were standing
then it would ha!e been li.e this)" that is: u !& 4" D A. $ . (/f your standing was the case)
'8
after : . $ . (was7were it not" if it was not) because it (i.e. the #8 %& 3 f % ) is @3 A!& " li.e: +
F. U. 7. - . . yR I" . u 8@. :. $ .+ (/f it was not that you were going then it would ha!e been li.e this)" that is:
+qR $ `& $ ! u &I . :. $ .+ (/f your going was not the case)
after ++8"4"$ 8 +=8 3 f % n! (the infiniti!al and temporal +! + ) because it is a (" B. due to the specificity
of ++=8 3 f % n! to the /" " li.e: +R t"4. a3=S 7G @. ! ,"` + (6it as long as 3ayd is standing)" that is:
+R t"4. a3=S 7G @. D A. ! + which has the meaning of +3x =S 9 4" [" $ A&Q T. 38 !& + (the duration of the establishment of
3ayd4s standing)
after the 5 > 6 & & " li.e: +R t"4. u 8@. !" D& A> ( + (/ was surprised at the fact that you were standing)
Cthat is: +u !" 4" !" D& A> ( + (/ was surprised at your standing)E
after +X8 n) q" / %& , " +/. " nX8 + that is a con,uncti!e particle to single words)" li.e: +
{R "^ u 8@. X8 w $ !& @Q D& B ( + (/ .now your affairs e!en that you are righteous) Cthat is: u O. ^ X8
(e!en your righteousness)
after F !& and FQ <!& " li.e: +R t"4. u 8@. F !& & &=@. ! + (/ ha!e not seen him since you were standing) Cthat is: +
u !" 4" F !& + (since your standing)E
2here both implications are possible both options are permissible (!owelling the To % of +7+ with the
T -. or !owelling it with the +H /. ) li.e that which occurs after the L* o > LB. (the "a# of Beward or
Conse#uence)" li.e: +& !& U @Q ; 5B. ; <! - =& ! + (2hosoe!er honours me then most certainly / will honour
him). /f it is !owelled with the T -. then the meaning is: ...& !& U @Q z.B (then / will honour him) and if it is
!owelled with the +H /. then the meaning is: +DR . i& =8 ; !" U B.+ (my honouring of him is affirmed or
established).
he T $ & - % (i.e. +7G + whose To % is !owelled with the T -. ) is sometimes contracted or lightened
(i.e. it transformed from ha!ing the double 7$ <\ to ha!ing the single 7$ <\ ) and it becomes necessary for
the 9O. to be attached to its Ad . /t is permissible that it then be !oid of any go!erning effect and enter
on one of the Ad 3 A%& # B @. (!erbs go!erning the @3 A%& and Ad which comprise +q U. n n7 . U. + and +
8 . + and their sisters)" li.e the 6tatement of the Most ?igh: TZ A-. . D U. 7 and 7
" -. % " . u <\WQ (And we thin. you to be most certainly of the liars). he + $ &/ % (i.e. +7G + whose
To % is !owelled with the +H /. ) is sometimes contracted or lightened and then e-ercises its go!erning
effect on a 7x zl %" 2 (personal pronoun meaning +matter+" +issue+ or +fact+) that is implied and it is
necessary that it be preceded by one of the s K" H 8 # B @. (!erbs indicating definiti!eness and certainty)"
li.e: +R t"4. 3R =S 7 @. D& % ,"( + (/ .new that 3ayd was standing). /t enters on the /" in general and in the case
'9
of the 65 f %& /" (fle-ible !erb i.e. not restricted to any one of the three states of the /" only or it
lac.s a 3 f ! ) which is not a l (condition) or a L( q& (supplication) it necessitates the accompaniment
of:
a ;N / 6 (particle of negation)" li.e: +9& $ KQ k :. 7 @. D& % ,"( + (/ .new that you do not stand)" or
the 5 " li.e the 6tatement of the Most ?igh: 7Q $ -Q 7 @. ,"( " or
+6 $ + or +3 4.+" li.e: +9& $ KQ k 3 4. 7 @. D& % ,"( + (/ .new that you might stand).
/f it (i.e. the /" on which contracted +7 @.+ enters) is 6x 5 f !& P. (infle-ible by occurring in only one of
the three states of the /" or it lac.s a 3 f ! ) or it is a l (condition) or L( q& (supplication) then it
does not re#uire any of these 6 & H& " li.e the statements of the Most ?igh: 7. $ -Q = 7 @. X ( 7 @.
7. $ %& ,. = $ &U. $ . 7 @. \ > D" <8Ak and ,.( y C" P. 7 @. +Q !" d .
+7G z.U. + is (also) contracted or lightened and rendered inoperati!e (in terms of % ) according to what is
most elo#uent (among the Arabic dialects)" li.e:
7" KG & i& =3 . 7 z.U. ( H <8 e& b !& N 3 ^ )
(Perhaps a bust radiant in nec.) as if its breasts were two round i!ory cas.ets.
+8 -" .+ is (also) contracted in which case it is necessary that it be rendered inoperati!e" li.e: +3R =S ; LM ` !
R 2" R % ( - " . + (3ayd did not come but IAmr is present). /t is also permissible in this case for them (i.e.
7 z.U. and - " . ) operate on the /" li.e: +9 4. 7 z.U. + (As if 3ayd sat) and +3 4. -" . 9 4. ! + (3ayd did not
stand but sat (instead).
he se!enth (of those which comprise the !" that operates on two nouns such that the '$ f& <%
precedes the V$ BQ % ) is +:G + in the case of the J" K. <%& X<m %& (the detached ob,ect of e-ception or
e-clusion) which is that which is not e-cluded from a multitude (of ob,ects) because of +:G + ha!ing the
meaning of +8 - " .+ and thus a Ap is assumed for it" li.e: +a% " :G 9& $ K. ;LM ` + Che people came to me
but a don.ey (did not come)E i.e. + > = . a% " 8 -" .+ (Gbut a don.ey did not come).
he eighth is + <> , " +B"<8 n:. (the +:. + which negates the whole genus or class). he re#uirement for it
being operati!e and e-ercising go!ernment is that its : must be a T -" (noun) which is +BC !& or
(which is) that which resembles one (i.e. resembles a +B.C !& T -" ) and is not detached from +:. + li.e:
+3 <(" R "` N `& 9 O. PQ :. + (there is absolutely no ser!ant of a man sitting with us).
'<
he second group (which constitutes the !" that operates on two nouns such that the V$ BQ % precedes
the '$ f& <% ) comprises 7" B. (two particles): +! + and +:. + which are li.ened to + .+ in that they
denote ;/ <8 (negation) and enter on a @3 A!& and a Ap . he re#uirement for them being operati!e and
e-ercising go!ernment is that there be no separation between them and their : by means of +7 + or
their Ad or anything=else (for that matter) and that the ;/ <8 not be rendered null and !oid by means of +
:G + . /t is further re#uired in the case of +:. + in addition to them (i.e. two aforementioned re#uirements)
that its : be T -" li.e: +a2" _ `& M:. 1%t"4. 3R =S ! + (3ayd is not standing and a man is not present). /f
one of the re#uirements is not found then they are not operati!e and do not e-ercise go!ernment li.e: +!
R t"4. 3R =S 7 + (3ayd is not standing)" 3R =S R t"4. ! (3ayd is not standing) and R t"4. :G 3R =S ! (3ayd is only
standing or 3ayd does not e-cept stand). Moreo!er" their #$ %& % does not precede them.
he !" go!erning the V C %& /" is of two types: y^ " (i.e. that which performs the function of
yf <8 ) and 9S ` (i.e. that which performs the function of 9o > ). he y^" <8 comprises four 6& @.
(particles):
= ++=8 3 f % n7 @. (i.e. +7 @.+ which causes itself together with the /" to be paraphrased and interpreted as a
3 f ! )"
= + .n) # AK " : ;B" 3" UG %& ; / <8, n .+ denoting reinforced and emphatic negation in the future)"
= +; U. n) +8AA8 n; U. + denoting causation) and
= +L* o > " b8 ," n7 . (i.e. +7 . + denoting a condition and the result of it). he re#uirement for it (i.e. +
7 . + ) being operati!e and e-ercising go!ernment is that its /" must be in the future (i.e. denote the
future tense and not the present) and not be dependent on what is before it. hus" if it (i.e. the
V C %& /" ) is used to mean the #H or it is dependent on what is before it then it (i.e. +7 . + ) is not
operati!e and does not e-ercise any go!erning effect" li.e: +1" U. u <\Q @. 7 . + (in that case / thin. you are
lying) in response to someone who said: +#. $ K. F. I D& , 4Q+ C/ said (made) this statementE and: +@.
u !& U @Q 7 . +
H
(/ will & in that case & honour you) in response to someone who said: +u &0` + (/ came to you).
/t is permissible in the case of +7 @.+ specifically to be hidden and concealed such that the V C %& becomes
'$ f& <! through it" li.e: +u ! U zQB. ; S& + (Oisit me and / will honour you).
he 9S > comprises fifteen words:
(a) among them 6 & & which cause one B " to be 9 o& > ! and they are:
H
?ere +9& U @Q+ is dependent on what is before it" namely" +@.+ by ser!ing as its Ad .
'@
= +% 8 .n n .+ for the negation of the past"
= the ! M 9:. (Lam of Command) and the +; <8 n:. (La of Prohibition) (both of which are) for y,.JG
(re#uest)" and
(b) among them ele!en (words) which cause two 7" O. B" to be 7" ! o& > ! if they are 7" ( C !& . hey are called
the T" S > % & ,"U. (words denoting reciprocation i.e. condition and conse#uence)" and they are:
= +7 + (if) for (merely indicating) the b 8 (condition) and Lo > (conse#uence) Ci.e. without indicating
a place" time" ob,ect or person in additionE
= +X8@.n n =@. n% mQ + for (indicating) 7-. % (place i.e. where!er)"
= +X! n n! . n! + for (indicating) 7! o8 (time i.e. whene!er)"
= +% ! + (whate!er)"
= +! + (whate!er)"
= + ! + (whoe!er) and
= +Ec @.+ (whiche!er).
/t is allowed for +7 + & specifically & to be hidden and for the V C %& to become 9 o& > ! through it" li.e: +
u ! U @Q (; o& k 7 ) ; S& + COisit me (and if you !isit me) / will honour youE.
C;c " K" !" E
he ;c " K" !" is that for whose % it is possible to state a general rule the sub,ect (V$ 2& $ % ) of
which is unlimited (i.e. the sub,ect of the uni!ersal proposition is not limited so as to be a closed class)
and the fact that its form and pattern might be ;c (" % does not affect or harm it (in any way)" for e-ample:
+. (" /. & B. k +x A8b !& +x /. ^" UQ + (e!ery + A8b !& +/. ^" causes the (" /. to be V$ BQ ! ). /t comprises nine (!" $ ( ) .
C /" E
he first (of the ;c " K" !" ) is the /" . R!ery B" causes B 8 and yf <8 of many [:. $ %& ! . /t is
permissible for its '$ f& <% to precede it. /t is of two types: 9S :. (intransiti!e) and 3 !& (transiti!e). he
9S OG is that whose understanding is complete without (the mentioning of) that onto which the action
occurs" li.e +3R =S 3 4.+ (3ayd sat). /t does not cause the " #$ & / % (in the implicit and indirect sense) to be
'$ f& <! other than with the 5 > 6 (in which case the " #$ & / % is called { = f8 P. " #$ & / % ).
'H
Among it (i.e. the class of 9S OG /" ) are the 95 FG 3 % # B @. (i.e. !erbs denoting praise and blame) and
they are + + for praise and + 0+ for blame. he condition for them (i.e. for these 95 FG 3 % # B @. ) is
that the (" /. should be (either):
= 9 O G 68 !& (definite or determinate by means of +# @.+ ) or
= " . 6C !& (anne-ed to it i.e. anne-ed to the 9 OG 68 %& )" or
= a Tx -" < o8% !& % C !& (personal pronoun specified by means of an indefinite noun).
he $ f& d % (the : singled out for praise or blame) is mentioned thereafter being in agreement and
concordance with the (" /. (in number and gender) and constitutes a @3 A!& and that which is before it
(constitutes) its Ad " li.e: +3R =S Q `& 8 + (2hat an e-cellent man is 3aydN)" +7" 3 =o8 `& 8 ! O. PQ +
(2hat e-cellent ser!ants of the man are the two 3aydsN) and +3R =S OZ `& ($ I& ) + (?ow e-cellent is he as a
man" namely" 3ayd). he $ f& d % is sometimes dropped if it is .nown. /t also sometimes precedes the
/" " li.e: +#Q ` 5 7. 3& =o8 + (he 3ayds" what e-cellent menN).
+LM + is similar to + 0+ " and +F. A8 + is used for praise and its (" /. is +. + and it (i.e. the (" /. which is
+. + ) does not change (in terms of number and gender). he $ f& d % is mentioned after it and its
' ( )* is the same as the ' ( )* of the $ f& d % of + + " li.e: +3R =S F. A8 + C?ow e-cellent is this
(person)" that is" 3aydNE.
he E 35 % & is that whose understanding is not complete other than through (the mentioning of) that onto
which the action occurs or falls. /t comprises three categories:
he first (of the E 35 %& ) is 3 !& (transiti!e) to one " ) #$ & / ! ) " li.e: +a% ( 3R =S ' 2 + (3ayd hit IAmr) and
it is permissible for its #$ & / % to be dropped with or without a +<= 4. (conte-tual indicator).
he second (of the E 35 %& ) is 3 !& (transiti!e) to two 7" :. $ & / ! " and comprises three groups:
he first group is that whose second #$ & / % is different from the first" li.e: +1%I q" a3=S D& J. ( @.+ (/
ga!e 3ayd a dirham). /t is permissible for both of them or ,ust one of them to be dropped with or
without a +<= 4. .
he second group constitutes the ' $ ,QKQ # B @. (mental acts or !erbs of the heart or mind) which are
# B @. denoting a mental act and operate on the @3 A%& and Ad causing them to become 7" $ f& <! on
'K
the basis of +8"$ & / % (being the " #$ & / % )" li.e: D& , p" D& <<. D& % ( S [\ 3` D& =@. D& % ,"(
D& A* and y I with the meaning of +y * "+ not being 65 f !& (fle-ible i.e. it does not e-ist in the
; 2" % and V C %& forms). /t is not permissible to drop their two 7" :. $ & / % together or ,ust one of
them without a +<= 4. . 2ith a +<= 4. " howe!er" it is common to drop both of them (li.e +D& <<. + in
response to +1%= U. a3=S D <<. I +) and rare to only drop one of them (li.e +a3=S D& <<. + in response
to +1%= U. D <<. ! + ). Amongst their special characteristics is the permissibility of Lh )* (i.e.
nullifying the % of an !" ( both in terms of / ,G and H % ) and #% ( )* when they are
positioned centrally between the 7" :. $ %& % " li.e: +sR ,"J. <!& D& % ,"( 3R =S + (3ayd & / .new & went) or
finally" li.e: D& % ,"( sR ,"J. <!& 3R =S (3ayd is going & / .new). Amongst them (i.e. these special
characteristics) is the permissibility of their (" /. and #$ & / % being two 7" O. f" 8!& 7" %" 2 (attached
personal pronouns) unified in meaning (i.e. unified in person)" li.e: +1%t"4. ; <&% ,"( + (/ .new myself to
be standing). +9 3" ( + and +3 K. B.+ (e!en though not being from the ' $ ,QKQ # B @. ) are construed and
modeled & in terms of this permissibility & on (the meaning of) +3 ` + (due to being opposite in
meaning). Amongst them (i.e. these special characteristics) is the permissibility of +7G @.+ entering and
operating on their two 7" :. $ & / % " li.e: +R t"4. a3=S 7G @. D& % ,"( + (/ .new that 3ayd stood). As for s," 8
by means of 9 / " : +% ,"U. (#uestion word)" ;/ <8 (negation)" the K. @. L3 ": 9:. (Lam of
inception or oath)" or +T $ & - % n7G (i.e. +7G + whose To % is !owelled with a T U. ) when the 9:.
L* 3 ": enters on to its Ad " that is: the necessary nullification of % in terms of form not
meaning" it (i.e. s," 8 ) encompasses (a) these # B M " li.e: +R % ( 9 @. w 3 <(" 3R =S @. D& % ,"( + (/ .new: /s
3ayd with you or IAmr)" +sR ,"J. <!& 3R =S ! D& =@. + (/ regarded 3ayd as not going)" +sR ,"J. <!& 3R =o . [\ 3` +
(/ found 3ayd indeed to be going)" (b) e!ery ;c A, 4. B" other than them" li.e: +D& * n nD& - . -. l + and
+D& <8Ak+ " and (c) e!ery B" through which .nowledge is sought" li.e: +D& <H ! "+ and +D& z. + " which
includes the % d 5 $ H # B @. (!erbs of the fi!e senses)" li.e: + nD& %" n n[& f @.n nD& % .
D& % % l n+ and +D& 4 Q + .
he third group constitutes # B @. which are affiliated to the ' $ ,QKQ # B @. in respect of operating on
the @3 A% & and Ad and the impermissibility of them being both dropped or ,ust one being dropped
without a +<= 4. and the rarity of dropping one of them with it (i.e. with the +<= K. )" li.e: + n 8^
w kn n. ` n+ and +F. d k8+ .
$M
he third (of the E 35 %& ) is 3 !& to three (" /. ! " li.e: + ,.( @.+ and + @.+ . hese (# B M ) " their first
#$ & / % is li.e the first of the two 7" :. $ & / % belonging to the category of +D& J. ( @.+ and the last two are li.e
the two 7" : . $ & / % belonging to category of +D & % ,"( + " li.e: +OZ 2" B. a- a% ( 3R =S ,.( @.+ (3ayd informed IAmr
that Ba.r is good).
hereafter" .now that e!ery B" should ha!e a V$ BQ ! . /f through it (through the V$ BQ % ) the 9O. U. (i.e.
sentence) is complete and does not re#uire anything=else (other than the V$ BQ % ) it is called 9c k B" and
its V$ BQ % (is called) (" B. " and its '$ f& <% if it is 3 !& (is called) #$ & / ! li.e the pre!ious # B M . /f
it (i.e. the /" ) re#uires a '$ f& <! #$ %& ! it is called g4" B" and its V$ BQ % (is called) its : and its
'$ f& <% (is called) its Ad " and it does not enter and operate on e-cept what is in origin a @3 A!& and Ap .
/t (i.e. the 9c 8 /" ) comprises two groups:
he first group is that which does not denote the meaning of + K. %& (being on the !erge" almost)
which is the common and first meaning (that comes to mind) when using the g4"<8 /" in the
unrestricted and un#ualified sense" li.e:
+ ^ n n7. U. + "
and li.ewise +3 4.n nLM ` n n38 k n n#. $8 H kn n#. H n n#. n n ` n n#. + if they
ha!e the meaning of + ^ + " (as well as)
+[ n nG . n nXH 2 @.n nX ! @.n n{ A^ @.+ "
+ n n3 P. n nq ( n n + "
+. "B. ! n n#. .S ! + (with the L8 !owelled with a +H B. or a nz.B @. ! n n ! n ( T U.
9 ! n nX ! n+ " all of which mean +#. S ! + " (as well as)
9 q ! and (finally) . .
he 9c 8 /" might incorporate the meaning of + ^ + becoming g4" " li.e: +TZ b ( F. +Q 5 8 k+
(Line becomes" with this" ten)" that is" it becomes a complete and full ten" and +1%"( 3R =S . % U. +
(3ayd became a scholar)" that is" he became a complete scholar)" etcetera. /t is permissible for their
Ap M (plural of Ad ) to precede them e-cept that which has +! + at the beginning" li.e: +
3R =S # . S ! 1%t"4.+ and li.ewise if +! + is replaced with the negati!e +7 + . ?owe!er" should it be
replaced with + .+ and + .+ then it is permissible (for their Ap M to precede them)" li.e: + . 1%t"4.
3R =S # o =+ .
$'
he second group is that which denotes the meaning of ' KQ (pro-imity" almost" on the !erge of)
and is called +" K. %& # B @. and their Ap M do not e-ist e-cept as a V C !& B" " li.e:
X ( : and its Ad is a V C !& B" often with +7 @.+ " li.e: +] & d = 7 @. 3R =S X ( +
(?opefully" 3ayd will come out or lea!e). /t (i.e. X ( ) might e!en be +!8 k (complete in
that it does not re#uire a Ap ) with +7 @.+ accompanied by the V C %& " li.e: +7 @. X (
3R =S ] & d =+ "
q U. : and its Ad is mostly a V C !& without +7 @.+ " li.e: +]& & d = 3R =S q U. + (3ayd is on
the !erge of going out or lea!ing) and sometimes it is with +7 @.+ "
' U. : and it is similar to +q U. + in its two modes (i.e. its Ad is mostly a V C !&
without +7 @.+ " and occasionally with +7 @.+ )"
. ` y8 I . A4 @. z.b @. F. p @. s /" . . , I and s ,"( " : and their Ap M constitute a
V C !& B" without +7 @.+
u l @. and it is used similarly to +X ( + and +q U. + .
/t is not permissible for the Ap M of the +" K. %& # B @. to precede them (i.e. the +" K. %& # B @. ).
C (" /. E
he second (of the ;c " K" !" ) is the (" /. (acti!e participle). /t performs the % of its
9$ ,Q % /" .
C# $ & / % E
he third (of the ; c " K" !" ) is the # $ & / % (passi!e participle). /t performs the % of its
#$ & > % /" .
he re#uirement or condition for them operating on the detached (" /. (as apposed to the " %& (" /. )
and #$ & / % is that they not be 7" h8 f !& (diminuti!e)" li.e: ' =$ 2& (a small hitting person) and ' C !&
(a small person who is being hit)" nor 7" B.$ ^& $ ! (#ualified or described)" li.e: +3R =3" l 'R 2 ; LM ` +
(A se!ere hitting person came to me). ?owe!er" if they are #ualified or described after ha!ing e-ecuted
their % then it (i.e. the fact that they are being #ualified or described) does not affect and harm their
pre!ious % " li.e: +3R =3" l & ! O. PQ 'R 2 _ ` & ; LM ` + (A se!ere hitting man" hitting his ser!ant" came to
me).
$$
hereafter" should they be prefi-ed with the 9OG (i.e. the +# @.+ which resembles the definite article in form
but is actually an #$ ^& $ ! ) then nothing=else apart from what was mentioned (pre!iously) is stipulated
for their % " li.e: +3 <(" ! @. a% ( & !& O. PQ '& C8 + (he one whose ser!ant hit IAmr yesterday is with
us). ?owe!er" should they be stripped of it (i.e. of +# @.+ ) then it is stipulated (in addition) that they be
dependent on a @3 A!& " or 6$ ^& $ ! " or #N Q (i.e. #N y" ^ ) " li.e: +& !& O. PQ 1AU" 3R =S ; LM ` + (3ayd came
to me while his ser!ant was riding)" or 9 / " : (interrogation) li.e: +7" 3 =o8 R t"4.@.+ (Are the two 3ayds
standing)" or ;/ <8 (negation) li.e: +7" 3 =o8 R t"4. ! + (he two 3ayds are not standing). Moreo!er" it is
re#uired in order for them to perform yf <8 of the " #$ & / % that they denote the #H (present tense) or
#AK " : (future tense).
heir X<8m.% & and % > forms are li.e their q / %& form (with respect to the conditions stipulated for the
latter). 6imilar to this (i.e. the (" /. in regard to its % and the conditions stipulated for it) are the
three patterns of the (" /. +h .A!& (intensi!e form of the acti!e participle)" li.e: #$ & B. #8 B. and # / !" .
he meaning of the #H and #AK " : is not stipulated for these three. ?owe!er" it is not stipulated for
the % of these (latter) three that the meaning of #H and #AK " : be denoted.
C+ A8b %& +/. f5 E
he fourth (of the ;c " K" !" ) is the + A8b %& +/. f5 (the descripti!e ad,ecti!e li.ened to the (" /.
). /t performs the % of its /" with the same conditions considered in the (" /. e-cept for the
meaning of #H and #AK " : since it is not stipulated as a condition for its % " li.e: +& & ` R 3R =S +
(3ayd has a handsome face).
C C" / 8 E
he fifth (of the ; c " K" !" ) is the C" / 8 (the noun of comparison ). /t does not cause yf <8 of
the " #$ & / % according to general agreement (among the Arabic grammarians) and it does not cause B 8
of the I" WG ( " / . (i.e. the (" /. as a substanti!e noun) e-cept when it is made to ha!e the meaning of
the /" .
his is when it (i.e. the C" / 8 ) is:
$1
a ?^ (i.e. descripti!e noun li.e + @.+ in the e-ample below) which is negated (;c /" <! ) and which
#ualifies (in meaning) the s, %& (i.e. noun belonging) to the " ,.( ` ! (i.e. the noun to which the
C" / 8 is grammatically ascribed li.e +H -Q + belonging to +OZ `& + to which + @.+ is grammatically
ascribed as the D <8 ) whilst at the same time it (i.e. the " ,.( ` ! s, !& which is +Q H -Q + ) & with
respect to it belonging (to +OZ `& + ) & is gi!en preference o!er itself with respect to (it being in) something=
else (li.e +3x =S + in the e-ample below) and
li.e:
+ @. OZ `& D & =@. ! " <( ; B" & <!" Q H -Q 3x =S ( ; B" +
(/ ha!e not seen a man in whose eye the %ohl is more beautiful than in 3aydJs eye)
C?ere + @.+ is a descripti!e noun #ualifying (in meaning) the noun +Q H -Q + which belongs to +OZ `& +
which" in turn" is the : to which + @.+ is grammatically ascribed as a D . At the same time +
Q H -Q +& with respect to it belonging to +OZ `& + & is gi!en preference o!er itself with respect to it being in +
3x =S + before the whole sentence is negatedE.
Furthermore" it (i.e. the C" / 8 ) e-ercises % on ([:. $ %& ! ) other than these two (i.e. other than the
I" WG ( " /. and " #$ & / % such as the & . #$ & / % s,.J %& #$ & / % " B" #$ & / % " %& (" /. " etc.).
C3 f % E
he si-th (of the ;c " K" !" ) is the 3 f % (infiniti!e" !erbal noun). he condition for it e-ercising
% on the ( " / . and the " #$ & / % is for it not to be h8 f !& (diminuti!e li.e +y= 2& + ) nor 6$ ^ & $ !
(#ualified by a descripti!e noun li.e +3& =3" b 8 '& C8 ; <A> ( @.+ ) nor accompanied by the present tense
(because the 3 f % that e-ercises % does so by !irtue of ha!ing the meaning of +7 @.+ followed by the
V C %& in which case the V C %& only denotes the future and not the present tense)" nor defined by the
9OG (i.e. +# @.+ ) according to the ma,ority (of Arabic grammarians)" nor (a s,.J !& #$ & / ! ) indicating number
(li.e +Z 2 + )" type (li.e ++Z 2" + ) or emphasis (li.e +1 2 + ) whether with or without the /" while at the
same time the /" is assumed and implied not being of the type whose omission is necessary (because
the /" is a stronger contender for the specific % than the 3 f % which occurs as a s,.J !& #$ & / ! ).
6hould it (i.e. the /" ) be of the type whose omission is necessary then the 3 f % e-ercises % by
$8
!irtue of it occupying the place of the /" (and not by !irtue of it being a 3 f ! )" li.e +a3=S 1K + (:i!e
3ayd water) C?ere +1K + is a substitute and replacement for +D K. + and e-ercises % on its behalfE .
/t is permissible for its (" /. (i.e. the (" /. of the 3 f % ) to be dropped without a yt" (deputy ta.ing
its place) & and this is not permissible e-cept in (the case of) the 3 f % (because e!en though the 3 f %
logically re#uires a (" B. due to it being pure action" the founders of Arabic ne!er intended for the 3 f %
to ha!e a (" B. by way of linguistic con!ention unli.e the /" which & according to linguistic con!ention
& has a built=in slot for the (" /. such that it always has to be accounted for). (Conse#uently)" it (i.e. the
(" /. ) does not become " !& (latent and hidden) in it (i.e. in the 3 f % ).
Moreo!er" its #$ % & % does not precede it (for the 3 f % has the meaning of +7 @.+ followed by the V C %&
and it is not permissible for the #$ %& % of the 3 f % to precede +7 @.+ ).
C6C %& :E
he se!enth (of the ;c " K" !" ) is the 6C %& : (anne-ed noun). /t e-ercises c > (on the
" . 6C % & ). he condition for it (to be a 6C !& ) is that it must be an stripped of its =$ <8 or its
substitute (which is the 7$ <\ of the X<8m.%& and the 7$ <\ of the V$ %& > % ) for the purpose of +B.2 )*
(i.e. =$ <8 has to be dropped for purpose of +B.2 )* ) and that it must not to be e#ual to the " . 6C %& in
(a) generality (li.e +s " <8 7Q n n3" M Q .+ ) or specificity (li.e +gN / ; @. & % (& + ) nor more specific
than it in the absolute sense (i.e. in all respects) (li.e +7" $ H 7Q + ) (since the purpose of +B.2 ) * proper
is for the 6C %& to gain either definiteness or specificity from the " . 6C %& and this is only possible
when the 6C %& is less definite or less specific than the " . 6C %& li.e +7" )* 7$ + ).
Furthermore" it (i.e. +B.2 )* ) is of two types: +=8$ < ! and +8W" / . :
he +=8$ < % is when the 6C %& is not a descripti!e noun anne-ed to its #$ %& % " li.e: +3x =S 9O. PQ + (the
ser!ant of 3ayd) and + ! @. 3x =S ' 2 + (the hitter of 3ayd yesterday). he re#uirement for it
(i.e. +=c$ < % +B.2 )* ) is that the 6C %& must be di!ested of ?= 8 (definiteness) (for in order for it to
gain ?= 8 the 6C %& must be di!ested of it otherwise it gains nothing as the whole purpose of this type
of +B .2 )* is for the 6C %& to gain either ?= 8 or gf" d 8 from the " . 6C %& as was mentioned
earlier). Moreo!er" it is either:
$9
(a) based on the meaning of + !" + (which denotes the meaning of (being of*) if the " . 6C %& is a class or
genus which encompasses the 6C %& as well (other things) besides it" li.e: ++x C8 B" kp + or"
(b) based on the meaning of the 9OG (which denotes ownership) in other than the pre!ious case (i.e. when
the " . 6C %& does not encompass the 6C %& as well as other than the 6C %& )" which is mostly the
case" li.e: +3x =S 9O. PQ + (the ser!ant of 3ayd) and +N % ( @ + (the head of IAmr).
Furthermore" it (i.e. +=8$ < % +B.2 )* ) con!eys:
?= 8 (definiteness) if the " . 6C %& is +B. ! (definite) and the 6C %& is not +P. + (other" besides"
e-cept) or +Al " + (li.e" similar) or +m!" + (li.e" similar)" for they do not become definite through +B.2 )* "
li.e: +3x =S 9O. PQ + (the ser!ant of 3ayd)" or
gf" d 8 (specificity) if it (i.e. the " . 6C %& ) is T -" (indefinite)" li.e: +N `& 9O. PQ + (a ser!ant of a
man).
he (+8W" / ,G (+B.2 )* is when the 6C %& is a descripti!e noun anne-ed to its #$ %& % and it does not
perform any function other than " / ,G ;B" ?/" d 8 (lightness and ease in pronunciation either through
something being dropped from the 6C %& or the " . 6C %& or from both)" li.e:
+3x =S '& 2 + (someone hitting said) Cthis is an e-ample of ?/" d 8 in the 6C %& only in that the =$ <8
has been droppedE"
+" ` $ & + (beautiful or handsome in face) Cthis is an e-ample of ?/" d 8 in both the 6C %& and
" . 6C %& in that the =$ <8 is dropped in the former and the & > % %" C8 in the latter since the
original construction was +& & ` R + E"
+ 38 & $ %& ! + (inhabited house) Cthis is an e-ample of ?/" d 8 in both the 6C %& and " . 6C %& in
that the =$ <8 is dropped in the former and the & > % %" C8 in the latter since the original
construction was +i& & q R $ %& ! + E"
+3x =S C8 + (two people hitting 3ayd) Cthis is an e-ample of ?/" d 8 in the 6C %& only in that the
+" <m8 7$ & has been droppedE"
+3x =S $ & C8 + (three or more people hitting 3ayd) Cthis is an e-ample of ?/" d 8 in the 6C %& only in
that the % > 7$ & has been droppedE.
R-amples such as: +3x =S '& C8 + are not permissible due to the absence of ?/" d 8 (since the =$ <8 was
dropped due to the prefi-ing of +# @.+ and not due to +B.2 )* ) while e-amples such as: + `& 8 '& C8 + are
$<
permissible (despite the absence of ?/" d 8 ) due to it being construed on the pattern of +" ` $ & H + the
original form of which is: +& & ` & H + (which means that ?/" d 8 too. place in the " . 6C %& through
the dropping of the & > % %" C8 ).
C9c 8 A%& :E
he eighth (of the ;c " K" !" ) is the 9c 8 A%& : (complete !ague noun). /t causes yf <8 of an
T -" (indefinite noun) as the o% 8 . /ts 9% 8 (i.e. the #uality of the A%& : being 9c k ) & that is"
its e-istence in a state in which its anne-ation (+B.2 )* ) is disallowed & is through one of fi!e things:
through itself such as in the case of the A%& %" C8 (!ague personal pronoun)" li.e: +OZ `& & 8& +
(perhaps) " +OZ `& & . =+ (what a man he isN) and +OZ `& + (what a good man he isN)" and in the case
of the T" l )* (indicati!e7demonstrati!e pronoun)" li.e the 6tatement of the Most ?igh:
OZ m.! F. q @. . ! (2hat does Allah want with this as an e-ample)"
through the =$ <8 " either in / ,G (o!ertly i.e. actual pronunciation)" li.e: +Y=S _ + (a pint of oil)
or in =3" K 8 (co!ertly i.e. assumed in the Arabic users mind)" li.e: +1AI . Q 4"m.! + (weights of gold)
and +OZ `& b ( 3 @.+ (ele!en men)5 the o5% %& (specifying noun) of +.O. . (three) to T b ( (ten) is not
'$ f& <! but is & > ! and V$ %& > ! (plural form) instead" li.e: +#N ` +Q .O. .+ (three men) e-cept in the
case of +x t.%" QO. . (three hundred) to +x t.!" & k" (nine hundred) (where the o5% %& is & > ! and q / !& ) and
the o5% %& of b ( 3 @. (ele!en) to 7. $ & k" k" (ninety=nine) q / !& '$ fR <! always" and the o5% %& of
+t.!" and ?@. as well as their dual and plural forms is not '$ f& <! but & > ! q / !& instead" li.e: +
N `& +Q t.!" + (hundred men)" +N I q" ?& @.+ (thousand dirhams)
through the +" <m8 7$ & ($un of Fuality)" li.e +1<% 7" $ <! + Ctwo manas (four pounds) of gheeE5
+B.2 )* is permissible in some of these two categories" li.e: +Dx =S Q + (a pint of oil) and +$ <!
N % + and it is not permissible in other than these two categories.
through the % > " Ab" k 7$ & ($un of the pseudo7#uasi=plural)" which is 7. & b (" (twenty) until 7. $ & k
(ninety)" li.e: +1%I q" 7. & b (" + (twenty dirhams)"
through +B.2 )* " li.e: +OZ ( i& & , !" +.
Moreo!er" the #$ %& % of the 9c 8 : does not precede it (i.e. the 9c 8 : " because it is regarded as a
wea. !" ( ).
$@
C /" X< ! E
he ninth (of the ;c " K" !" ) is the /" X< ! (meaning of the !erb i.e. !erbal sense). 2hat is meant by
it is e!ery / . (utterance" word) from which the meaning of a B" is understood or inferred.
Amongst it (i.e. the class of /" X< ! ) are the # B M L% @. (!erb=li.e nouns i.e. nouns with !erbal
meanings)" which comprise that which has the meaning of the ! M or the ; 2 " % and performs the
% of its X%8 %& (i.e. the meaning designated by it)" and its #$ %& % does not precede it. he first
(i.e. the ! M B" ) is li.e: +a3=S I + " that is" +i& F p& + (a.e him)" and +a3=S 3 = & + " that is" +& , ! @.+
(:i!e him time)" +a3=S 8 ,QI + " that is" +i& C" @.+ (Bring him)" +0Zl [" I + " that is" +" J" ( @.+ (:i!e it)"
3 = mG 8 + " that is" +" "t+ (Come to it i.e. the soup)" +a3=S , + " that is" +& ( q + ()ea!e him)" +
a3=S u ,.( + " that is" +& ! o + (6tic. to him)" +a% ( u q& + " that is" +i& F p& + (6eiSe him)" +a3=S w" k+ " that
is" +& U & kQ+ ()ea!e 3ayd)" and others besides these. he second (i.e. the ; 2" % /" ) is li.e: +
& ! M [ I + " that is" +3 & + (/t is distant or far)" +R % ( 3R =S 7. 8l + " that is" +4. B + (they are !ery
different)" +3R =S 7. ( + and +R % ( 7. -. l + " that is" +& 4.+ (they are close)" and others besides these.
Amongst it (i.e. the class of /" X< ! ) is the c K. %& 6 WG " the e-planation of which has gone
before. /t does not e-ercise % on the " #$ & / % according to general consensus" nor on the
I" WG ( " /. (i.e. the (" /. as a substanti!e noun) e-cept with the condition of being dependent on
what was mentioned (as regards the conditions that apply to the (" /. " the # $ & / % and the
+ A8b % & +/. f5 ) or on the #$ ^& $ % " li.e: +i& $ &@. 38 ;B" 3R =S +
K
(3ayd" in the house is his father)"
+3R @. 38 ;B" ! + (Lo one is in the house)" +i& $ &@. 38 ;B" E F" G LM ` + (he one" whose father is in the
house" came). /t is permissible for the 6 WG to be a 938 K. !& Ap (fronted Ap or Ap placed before the
@3 A% & ) . /f it does not cause an I" . to be V$ BQ ! then its (" /. is a " !& %" 2 (hidden or
latent personal pronoun) in it" ha!ing been transferred from its s,G %& (the /" or /" Al" to
which it is related) that has been dropped. /t (also) e-ercises % on other than them (i.e. other
than the ( " /. and the " #$ & / % ) such as the #H and the 6 WG without any conditions.
K
he original construction here is +i& $ &@. 38 ;B" 8 K. 3R =S + . First" the !erb +8 K. + is dropped lea!ing a !acuum which is then
filled by the & > % c > which also ta.es o!er the % of the /" that has been dropped. hus" +i& $ &@.+ is now the (" /.
of the & > % c > instead of the /" that has been dropped.
$H
Amongst it (i.e. the class of /" X< ! ) is the '$ & <% (i.e. the : that has the +" A <5 L= %a# of
Ascription & suffi-ed to it to indicate that it is ascribed to the : to which this L is suffi-ed). /t
e-ercises the same % as the # $ & / % " li.e: +i& $ p& @. ; %" l" I N `& [& ! +
'M
(/ passed by a man
whose brother is ascribed to ?ashim). 2hate!er was stipulated for the % of the # $ & / % is
also stipulated for it.
Amongst it (i.e. the class of /" X< ! ) is the %& : (i.e. the borrowed or metaphorical
noun)" li.e: 3 @. (lion used to mean Ibra!eJ or IcourageousJ or IdaringJ) in your statement +
;8 ,.( 3x @. & !& O. PQ 3x @. N `& [& ! + (/ passed a man whose ser!ant is bra!e and who is daring to me)"
that is" + > !& + (bra!e and daring). /t is for this reason that it performs its % (i.e. the % of +
> !& + ).
Amongst it (i.e. the class of /" X< ! ) is +" /. f5 X< ! & <!" & / =& N UQ (i.e. e!ery from which
the meaning of a descripti!e noun is understood or inferred)" li.e the Lame ++ in the statement of
the Most ?igh: [" $ % 8 ;B" $ I& (And ?e is Allah in the hea!ens)" that is" B" q& $ A& % (the
;ne worshipped in them).
Amongst it (i.e. the class of /" X< ! ) are:
the T" l )* (demonstrati!e pronoun" li.e +F. I + " from which the meaning of +& l" @Q+ is
understood)
''
"
+D .+ (from which the meaning of +X<8% k@.+ is understood)
'$
"
+G .+ (from which the meaning of +X`8 k@.+ is understood)
'1
"
the L* 3 < 5 6 (particle of addressing" li.e +=+ " from which the meaning of +$ (& q @.+ or +E q" @Q+ is
understood)
'8
"
'M
his is because +i& $ p& @. ; %" l" I N `& [& ! + can be paraphrased as + l" X. i& $ p& @. 'N $ & <! N `& [& ! + (/ passed by a
man whose brother is ascribed and related to ?ashim)
''
An e-ample of this is +1"` !" M 9 ! @. +" %& >& 9 $ = 3R =S F. I + where the !" go!erning each of + n+" %& >& 9 $ = 9 ! @.n + and +
1"` + is +& l" @Q+ that understood and inferred from +F. I + . ?ence" it is possible to paraphrase the aforementioned e-ample as
+1"` !" M 9 ! @. +" %& >& 9 $ = 3x =S X. & l" @Q+ (/ point to 3ayd on Friday in front of the Amir while sitting).
'$
An e-ample of this is +a & ! 3 <(" +" %& >& 9 $ = a3=S D .+ (/ wish 3ayd is on Friday here with us being happy) where the
!" go!erning each of + n+" %& >& 9 $ = 3 <(" n + and +a & ! + is +X<8% k@.+ which is understood and inferred from +D .+ .
'1
An e-ample of this is +a & ! 3 <(" +" %& >& 9 $ = a3=S G .+ (/ hope 3ayd is on Friday here with us being happy) where the
!" go!erning each of + n+" %& >& 9 $ = 3 <(" n + and +a & ! + is +X`8 k@.+ which is understood and inferred from +G .+ .
'8
An e-ample of this is +1AU" 3& =S =+ where +1AU" + is the #H of +3=S + due to the latter being the " #$ & / % of the
L* 3 <5 6 which has the meaning of +$ (& q @.+ . ?ence" the e-ample can be paraphrased as +1AU" a3=S $ (& q @.+ (/ call 3ayd
while he is riding).
$K
the " Ab 8 6 (particle of comparing" e#uating" li.e the 6-. and +7G z.U. + " from which the
meaning of +& A5l @Q+ is understood)
'9
"
the " A< 8 6 (particle for drawing attention" li.e +:. @.+ and +I + " from which the meaning of +@Q
& A5+ or +& l" @Q+ is understood)
'<
"
the ; / <8 6 (particle of negation" li.e +! + and +:. + " from which the meaning of +X/. + is
understood)
'@
" and others besides these.
hese (all) e-ercise % on other than the (" /. and " #$ & / % from amongst the /" [:. $ %& ! such
as the #H and 6 WG (as illustrated by the e-amples gi!en in the footnotes).
'9
An e-ample of this +a3(" 4. N % U. 1%t"4. 3R =S + (3ayd standing is li.e IAmr sitting) or +OZ t"^ 3R @. a3=S 7G z.U. + (As if 3ayd is a
lion leaping) where each of + n1%t"4. a3(" 4.n + and +OZ t"^ + is a # with its !" being +& A5l @Q+ which is understood and inferred
from the 6-. and +7G z.U. + such that the two sentences can be paraphrased as +a3(" 4. N % 1%t"4. a3=S & A5l @Q+ (/ compare 3ayd
standing to IAmr sitting) and +OZ t"^ 3x z. a3=S & A5l @Q+ (/ compare 3ayd to a lion leaping).
'<
he e-amples used to illustrate the " A<8 6 are the same as those used to illustrate the T" l )* e-cept that +& l" @Q+ is
substituted for by +& A5@Q+ . hus" for the " A<8 6 we can also use the e-ample: +1"` !" M 9 ! @. +" %& >& 9 $ = 3R =S F. I + where
the !" go!erning each of + n+" %& >& 9 $ = 9 ! @.n + and +1"` + is +& A5@Q+ that understood and inferred from +F. I + . ?ence" it is
possible to paraphrase the aforementioned e-ample as +1"` !" M 9 ! @. +" %& >& 9 $ = 3x =S X. & A5@Q+ (/ call attention to 3ayd on
Friday in front of the Amir while sitting).
'@
An e-ample of this is +OZ !" U. N , (" E F" D @. ! + (0ou are not a bearer of .nowledge being complete) where +OZ !" U. + is a #
describing the state of +D @.+ with its !" being the meaning of +; /" @.+ as understood and inferred from the negati!e particle
+! + .
1M
[$he Ec $ < % !" ]
(B) he Ec $ < % !" is that in which the tongue has no share (i.e. it is not pronounced or uttered) but is
rather a concept or idea .nown through the intellect (only). /t comprises two (7" O. !" ( ) . he first is the
B"8 of (both) the @3 A% and the Ad " which is to be stripped of +8W" / ,G !" $ (i.e. !" $ that can be
pronounced and uttered) for the purpose of q< )* (predicating the Ad of the @3 A%& ) li.e R t"4. 3R =S (3ayd
is standing). he second is the B"8 of the V C %& /" which is for it (i.e. the V C %& /" ) to occur &
by itself & in the place of the : li.e +'& C = 3R =S + (3ayd hits) for +'& C =+ occupies the place of +'R 2 +
. his V$ 4Q$& (occurrence of the V C %& /" in the place of the : )" howe!er" obtains when it (i.e. the
V C %& /" ) is stripped of y^" $ <8 and 9S $ > .
Thus, the total number of what was mentioned, as regards the !" $ , is sixty.
1'
Chapter $%o: #$ %& % (the overned!
%now first (i.e. before commencing with the actual topic which is the #$ %& % ) that the utterances that
ha!e been coined (in the Arabic language to signify particular meanings) & if they do not occur (as parts)
in a construction or compound & then they cannot be +.$ %& ! (go!erned) ,ust as they cannot be +,.!" (
(go!ernors)
'H
. ?owe!er" if they do occur in it (in a construction) then they are of three categories.
he first category comprises that which is not #$ %& ! at all and constitutes two types: the first is the 6 H
in general and the second is the ! M without the 9OG according to the Basrans for when the 6
+" ( C % & through which the V C %& was made to resemble the : and as a result of which it became
' !& and #$ % & ! was dropped from it" it (i.e. the ! M B" ) relin#uished its resemblance and returned to
its original state which is L<A (indeclinability). he %ufans maintain that it (i.e. the ! M B" ) is ' !&
and 9 o& > ! with a 9:. that is implied.
he second category comprises that which is always #$ %& ! and constitutes also two types:
he first is the : in general to the e-tent that:
the # B M L% @. ha!e been ad,udged to be:
(a) +( $ BQ ! in !iew of their position on the basis of L3 ": (i.e. being the @3 A%& ) with their (" /.
supplying the place of the Ad " or
(b) +$ f& <! in !iew of their position on the basis of being the 3 f % (i.e. s,.J %& #$ & / % )" e!en
though some of them (i.e. the Arab grammarians) maintain that they do not hold any position in
' ( )* by !irtue of them ha!ing the meaning of the /" (whose primary state is that of L<A) "
and
the f /. %" 2 (personal pronoun of separation) such as: + t"K. $ I& 3R =S 7. U. + (3ayd was the one who
was standing) has been ad,udged to be a 6 contrary to some of them who maintain that it is an
which holds no position in ' ( )* .
As for the 9OG (i.e. +# @.+ ) that enters on and is prefi-ed to descripti!e ad,ecti!es (i.e.[/. f5 such as the
(" /. and the # $ & / % )" some say it is a 6 li.e those ( [! OG ) other than itself (which enter
on normal L% M which are not descripti!e in nature) but the ma,ority say that it is an #$ ^& $ !
'H
6ince in order for them to be +.$ %& ! they ha!e to be preceded by !" $ ( and order for them to be +,.!" ( they ha!e to be
followed by [:. $ %& ! and each case they ha!e entered a construction or compound.
1$
(relati!e pronoun) with the meaning of +E F" G+ or +; "G+ and that its ' ( )* has been gi!en to what follows
it (i.e. to the descripti!e noun to which it is prefi-ed) due to it (i.e. the descripti!e noun) being transformed
from being ; c ," B" (!erbal) to being ;c %" (nominal). he reason for this is that the original form of +
a3=S '& C8 ;LM ` + (the one who hit 3ayd came to me) was +a3=S ' 2 E F" G+ : the first (i.e. +E F" G+ ) is
#$ %& ! (go!erned as being the (" /. ) " so when this sentence was changed (i.e. +E F" G+ to +# @.+ " and +
' 2 + to +' 2 + thus becoming +'& C8 ;LM ` + ) " the first (i.e. +E F" G+ ) too. the form of the 6 H and
the second (i.e. +' 2 + ) the form of the : " then the - H& (grammatical ,udgment) was re!ersed Ci.e.
re!ersed from the first (namely +E F" G+) being gi!ing preference to the aspect of form o!er the aspect of
meaning in terms of ' ( )* which is a ;c W" / . - & (formal ,udgment rather than a semantic one)
he second type is the V C %& /" (in general)
he third category comprises that whose primary state is not to be #$ %& ! but may (on occasion) occupy
the position of the second category and become #$ %& ! " and constitutes also two types:
he first is the ; 2" % for when it occurs after ++=8 3 f % n7 @. its position is ad,udged to be '$ f& <! " and
when it occurs after a 9S ` whether as a l (condition) or a Lo ` (conse#uence or response to the
condition) its position is ad,udged to be 9 o& > ! due to that ' ( )* (which is 9o > ) becoming e!ident in
the case of the 6$ JQ % (i.e. the /" that is con,oined to it !ia a ?x J ( 6 ) li.e: +
D 2 7 @. ; <A> ( @. . &K kM + (hat you hit and .ill surprised me) and + D 2 7 &K k &4 @. D& 2 + (/f you hit
and .ill / will hit and .ill) . 2hen the ; 2" % occurs in places other than these two then it is not #$ %& ! (in
which case it does not hold any position in ' ( )* ).
he second is the +,.% >& " and it is of two types:
+8," B" (!erbal) which is composed of (a) a B" whether in form or meaning & and (b) its (" /. "
li.e: +3R =S ; < 2 + (3ayd hit me)" +u ! U @Q ; <! - k& 7 + (/f you honour me / will honour you)" +
3R =S [ I + (3ayd is distant or far)" +7" 3 =o8 R t"4.@.+ (Are the two 3ayds standingD)" +3R =S 38 ;B"@.+ (/s
3ayd in the houseD)" and
+8%" (nominal) which is composed of (a) the @3 A%& and (b) the Ad or (a) the : of the
!" 6 H (go!erning particle) and (b) the Ad of that 6 H " li.e: +R t"4. 3R =S + (3ayd is
standing)" +R t"4. a3=S 7G + (ruly" 3ayd is standing).
11
/f what is intended by the +,.% >& is its / ,G (i.e. form or utterance and not its meaning)" then it necessarily
ta.es ' ( )* by !irtue of it ha!ing the status of the q / %& : (single or simple noun) such that it is
permissible for the former (i.e. the +,.% >& whose form is intended) to occur in whate!er (place) the latter
occurs in. hus" it (i.e. the +,.% >& ) occurs as a (" B. @3 A!& " its yt"<8 (i.e. the (" /. yt" ) and others
besides these" li.e: +(+_8%" +_,.% `& (R t"4. 3R =S + ((3ayd is standing* is a nominal sentence)" that is" this form or
utterance (is a nominal sentence). Amongst it (i.e. this category of +,.% >& ) is the # $ K. #$ KQ ! (the ob,ect of
a statement or saying) li.e the 6tatement of the Most ?igh: $ <&!" & . . 4" . (2hen it is said to them:
(Belie!e G*).
)i.ewise" if what is intended by it (i.e. the +,.% >& ) is the Ec 3 f % X< % (i.e. the infiniti!e meaning)
either:
!ia +7G @.+ or +7 @.+ or +! + (the latter two being) 7" =8 3 f ! (i.e. con!eying the infiniti!e sense)" li.e when
you say: +R t"4. u 8@. ; <h ,.+ (/t reached me that you are standing)" and li.e the 6tatement of the Most
?igh: -Q . R p $ !& $ f& k 7 @. (And for you to fast is better for you)" or
not !ia them (i.e. +7 @.n n7G @.+ or +! +) li.e the +,.% >& to which something is anne-ed (
. ? 2" @Q ; "G +,.% >& ) (i.e. the +,.% >& which occurs as the . 6C %& ) " li.e the 6tatement of the
Most ?igh: & 4Q3 ^" 4"q" f8 & /. <= 9& $ = C(his is) the Fay their truthfulness will benefit the ruthfulE"
that is" 4"q" f8 e 3 ^" / 9& $ = Cthe Fay of the truthfulness of the ruthful benefiting(them)E and li.e the
6tatement of the Most ?igh: I& F" <k& . 9 @. & k F. @.@. ,.( L $ (/t is the same whether you warn
them or do not warn them)" that is" w F. 9& 3 ( w & F. (your warning and your not warning)" and li.e:
i& k 7 @. !" R p E5 3" %& & % k
(For you to hear al=MuIaydiy is better than for you to see him)
that is" u (& % (your hearing). his last one is limited to oral transmission and hearsay (V% 8 ) .
;ther than these two places it does not ta.e ' ( )* e-cept if it occurs as:
a Ap of a @3 A!& li.e: + 3R =S R t"4. i& $ &@. + (3ayd" his father is standing)" or (as a Ap ) of the group (of
particles represented by) +7G + " li.e + a3=S 7G i& $ &@. 9 4. (ruly" 3ayd" his father stood) and is +($ BQ ! as
regards position" or
(a Ap ) of the group (of !erbs represented by) +7. U. + " li.e + 3R =S 7. U. R "( i& $ &@. + (3ayd was one
whose father was a learned person)" or
18
(a Ap ) of the group (of !erbs represented by) +q U. + " li.e + 3R =S q U. ]& & d = + (3ayd was on the !erge
of lea!ing i.e. he almost left)" or
a 7x . #$ & / ! (second ob,ect) of the group (of !erbs represented by) + ,"( + " li.e +
Y % ( 3R =S ,"( R t"4. i& $ &@. + (3ayd .new that IAmr" his father was standing)" or
a ". #$ & / ! (third ob,ect) of the group (of !erbs represented by) + ,.( @.+ " li.e +
Y - Y % ( 3R =S ,.( @. R t"4. i& $ &@. + (3ayd informed IAmr that Ba.r" his father was standing)" or
<( 1K,G !& (suspended from the +,.% >& ) li.e: + D& % ,"( 3R =S R t"4.@. + (/ .new: 2as 3ayd standingD)" or
a # " li.e: + 3R =S ; LM ` yR U" $ I& + (3ayd came whilst he was riding)
all of these being +$ f& <! as regards position" or
a '$ ` of a 9S ` l after the L/. or +. + (i.e. ++8t"> /Q n. ) " li.e: + B. ; <! - k& 7 9R - !& D z. +
(/f you honour me than you wil be honoured) and it is +! o& > ! as regards position" or
a +/. ^" (#ualifying ad,ecti!e) of a T -" " li.e: + _ `& ; LM ` R t"4. i& $ &@. + (A man" whose father is
standing" came to me)" or
+B.$ JQ ! (con,oined) to a qR / !& (single word)" li.e: + 'R 2 3R =S Q &K = + (3ayd hits and .ills) or
(+B.$ JQ ! to) a +,.% `& that holds a position in ' ( )* " li.e: + R t"4. i& $ &@. 3R =S 3R (" 4. & <& + (3ayd" his father is
standing and his son is sitting)" or
a #3 (substitute) in place of one of them" or
3U" zk or 7 of the second according to another !iew (i.e. the !iew of the scholars of Bhetoric)"
in which case (i.e. the last fi!e instances) its ' ( )* is accordance with the ' ( )* of the V$ A&%
(i.e. the particular ob,ect whose ' ( )* is followed).
hus" it becomes clear from this summation that the +,.% >& is of two categories:
a category interpreted as a q / !& (single word)" in which case it has an ' ( in e!ery place" and that
also comprises two groups: that in whose case its form (i.e. the form of the +,.% >& ) is intended and
that in whose case a Ec 3 f ! Y ! (infiniti!e meaning) is intended" and
a category of the +,.% >& that is not interpreted as a q / !& " in which case it is not +.$ %& ! e-cept in fi!e
places: (a) Ap " (b) #$ & / ! " (c) 9N S ` x l '$ ` accompanied by the L/. or +. + " (d) # and (e) k
.
he #$ % & % is" furthermore" of two types: +" .^ M #$ %& ! (i.e. the #$ %& % which is primary such that its
' ( )* is not dependent on the ' ( )* of that which precedes it) and +" 8" A8 #$ %& ! (i.e. the #$ %& %
which is secondary such that its ' ( )* is dependent on the ' ( )* of that which precedes it).
19
1<
[$he +" .^ M #$ %& % ]
he first (i.e. the +" .^ M #$ %& % ) comprises four types: & > ! '$ f& <! V$ BQ ! and 9 o& > ! .
[$he V$ BQ % ]
As for the V$ BQ % it constitutes nine (things):
he first is the (" /. " which is that to which the 9$ ,Q % 9c 8 /" (i.e. complete acti!e !erb)" or that
which has its meaning" is 3< !& (i.e. attributed 7 ascribed 7 predicated)" li.e: +3R =S ' 2 + (3ayd hit)" +
7" 3 =o8 R t"4.@.+ (Are the two 3ayds standing) and +3R =S [ I + (3ayd is distant or far) C/n these three
e-amples +R t"4.n n' 2 + and +[ I +" each is 3< !& to the : coming after it" thus causing that :
to be the (" /. ).
he second is the (" /. yt" which is that to which the #$ & > % 9c 8 /" (i.e. complete passi!e !erb)" or
that which has its meaning" is 3< !& (i.e. attributed 7 ascribed 7 predicated)" li.e: +3R =S ' 2 & + (3ayd was
hit) and +3R =S 'R & C ! @.+ (/s 3ayd being hit)
['ules pertaining to the (" /. and (" /. yt" ]
hey (i.e. the (" /. and (" /. yt" ) cannot be e-cept an each or that which can be interpreted as
such the only e-ception being that the yt"<8 can sometimes be a & > ! c ` " li.e: +3x =o 8 !& + (3ayd
was passed by)" with the result that is necessary that its !" be q / !& and UG F. !& .
/t is not permissible for them to precede their !" nor for both of them to be dropped e-cept from the
3 f % and (the discussion thereof) has gone before.
Rach of them comprises two categories: % C !& (personal pronoun) and W !& (substanti!e noun).
he % C %& also comprises two categories: " !& (hidden" latent) and S (e!ident" prominent). he
" %& also comprises two categories: (a) " : y` (necessary and permanent latency) such that it
is not permissible for it to become e!ident and its !" is 3< !& to it (and to nothing=else) (b)
" : ot"` (possible and temporary latency) such that its !" is sometimes 3< !& to it and
sometimes to an I" . (substanti!e noun).
1@
he first (i.e. " : y` ) occurs in:
(i) he two types of ,-. %& (i.e. '
st
pers. sing. and $
nd
pers. dual or pl.) and the y. d %&
UG F. % & q / %& of other than the ; 2" % " li.e:
+@.~ '& 2 @.E+ (/ hit)"
+& H ~ '& C E+ (we hit)"
+D @.~ '& C kE+ (you hit masc. sing)" +D @.~ ' 2 "E+ (?it masc. sing)
(ii) the ! M B" (!erb=li.e noun of the ! M =type)" li.e: +# o
8 &@. &@. % &@. D" @. D @.~E+ (descend" get down)" C D" @. D @.
^ n n|8 &@. &@. % &@. (.eep #uiet)" C &@. % &@. D" @. D @.
! n n|8 &@. (stop your con!ersation)" and
(iii) the C" / 8 in other than the H -Q +.z. ! " li.e: N % ( !" |$ I& ~ Q C B @. 3R =S (3ayd is better
than IAmr)"
(i!) the (" /. and # $ & / % and that which has their meaning" the + A8b %& +/. f5 " the 6 WG
c K. % & " when no condition is found for their e-ercising % on the I" WG (" /. " li.e: +
$ I& ~ R @. |$ I& ~ ; %" l" I @. sR " |$ I& ~ 3R @. @. |$ I& ~ 'R & C ! @. |$ I& ~ 'R 2 ; LM ` E+ (6omeone
beating" being beaten" a rational or tal.ing lion" someone related to ?ashim" or someone good"
came) and li.e: +3R =S ($ I& ) 38 ;B"+ as well as the dual and sound plural forms of the (" /.
and # $ & / % in general" li.e: +7" O. `& ; LM `
I& ~ 7. $ & & C ! @. | I& ~ 7. $ & 2 #_ ` @. |% I& ~ 7" & C ! @. |% I& ~ 7" 2 E+ (wo men who
are beating or being beaten or men who are beating or being beaten came to me)
(!) +3 ( + and +O. p + as two !erbs and + .n nO. p ! n n3 ( ! + and +7Q $ -Q = :. + in the chapter of
L<m" : " li.e: +a3=S |$ I& ~ 7Q $ -Q = :. @. |$ I& ~ . @. |$ I& ~ 3 ( 9& $ K. ;LM ` + Cthe people came
e-cept or not or (him i.e. the one coming) not being 3aydE
he second (i.e. " : ot"` ) occurs in:
(i) the q / %& yt"h and the Tq / %& +At"h " li.e (the following e-amples):
+$ I& ) ' C = :. @. ($ I& ) ' C " @. ($ I& ) '& C = @. ($ I& ) ' 2 3R =S )+ (3ayd hit or hits or let him hit
or let him not hit) and +D 2 3R <I"
; I" ) ' C k :. @. (; I" ) ' C " @. (; I" ) '& C k @. (; I" ))+ (?ind hit or hits or let her hit or let her
1H
not hit)" and it can be said: +3R =S ' 2 + (with +3R =S + replacing the %" C8 ) and the same applies
for the rest" such that there is no %" 2 hiding or latent in it"
(ii) the /" Al" as regards what was mentioned before (li.e: the (" /. " the # $ & / %
and whate!er has their meaning" as well as the + A8b %& +/. f5 " the C" / 8 " the 6 WG
c K. % & ) & when the condition for e-ercising % is found with the e-ception of the
aforementioned dual and plural forms" li.e:
+$ I& ) 38 ;B" @. ($ I& ) R @. ($ I& ) ; %" l" I @. sR " ($ I& ) 3R @. @. ($ I& ) 'R & C ! @. ($ I& ) 'R 2 3R =S )+
(3ayd is beating or being beaten or a rational or tal.ing lion or someone related to ?ashim" or
someone good or in the house) and it can be said: +& !& O. PQ 'R 2 3R =S + (3ayd" his ser!ant is
beating) and the same applies to the rest" so that it is not hiding or latent.
As for the f" 8%& S A (e!ident 7 prominent attached personal pronoun) it occurs in:
(i) the dual forms of the # B M " which is the ?"M li.e:
(ii) the masculine plural thereof (i.e. of the # B M )" namely" the $ li.e:
(iii) the feminine plural thereof (i.e. of the # B M )" namely" the 7$ <\ li.e:
(i!) the q / %& y. d %& whether UG F. !& or 8 !& and the i& 3 ,-. %& (i.e. first person singular) in
the ; 2" % " which is the L8 " li.e: +D"M 2 + with all three !owel=mar.ings on the L8 " the
i & & P . & ! ,-. %& (i.e. first person dual 7 plural)" which is ++ li.e: +< 2 + " the Tq / %& +A. d %&
in other than the ; 2" % " which is the L " li.e: +; 2 n n C k+ and +; C k :. +
As for the W %& (substanti!e noun) it is clear (as to what it is). 2hen the !" is predicated of it" it is
necessary that it be q / !& and yt"P. " e!en if it (i.e. the W %& ) is X<m.!& or V$ %& > ! " li.e: +
7. 3& =o8 @. 7" 3 =o8 ' 2 + (the two 3ayds or 3ayds hit). /f it (i.e. the W %& ) is a ;c K" K" 8 !& (real or
true feminine) from among human beings whether q / !& or X<m.!& whilst being connected directly to its
!" " then it is necessary for it (i.e. the !" ) to be made 8 !& if it is 65 f !& (fle-ible i.e. it is not
restricted to any one of the three states of the /" only nor does it lac. a 3 f ! )" li.e: +
7" 3 < 3R <I" D 2 + (?ind and the two ?inds hit) and +& &= ` +_ 2 3R =S + (3ayd" his ser!ant=girl is
hitting). )i.ewise is the case when it (i.e. the !" ) is 3< !& to a %" 2 referring to a 8 !& other than
the 4" 8 -. %& UG F. %& % ` " li.e: (a) ++_ 2 @. D 2 3R <I" + (?ind hit or is hitting) and (b) +
1K
+_ ". @. D ,.. & % b8 + (the sun rose or is rising). /n other than them (i.e. these two cases) it is
permissible for its !" to be made (either) 8 !& or UG F. !& " li.e:
+& % b8 ,.. @. D ,.. + (because the (" /. is not ;c K" K" 8 !& )" and li.e:
++Q 4.<8 @. [ + ((he camel tra!eled* because e!en though the (" /. is ;c K" K" 8 !& it is not a
human being)" and li.e (the following):
+T _@. ! 9 $ ; 2" K. LM ` @. [ LM ` + ((a woman came to the ,udge today* because e!en though the (" /.
is ; c K" K" 8 !& and a human being it is not directly connected to its !" )" and
+ j& ` @. [ LM ` #Q ` 5 + or +#Q ` 5 LM ` @. [ LM ` + (because the (" /. is a %" 2 referring to a
4" 8 -. %& UG F. %& % ` or it is itself a 4" 8 -. %& UG F. %& % ` ).
[(efinition of 8 %& ]
he 8 % & is that in which an " z8 +Q ! O. ( e-ists whether in form (i.e. e-plicitly) or in meaning (i.e.
implicitly)" which is:
) the L8 that is paused on as a LI " li.e +% , Q (dar.ness) and % l (sun)"
) the T $ f& K % ?"M (shortened Ali&) li.e: +X,.A& + (pregnant woman) and +$ ( q + (claim) "
and
) the Tq 3& % % ?"M (prolonged Ali&) li.e: L % (red)
his (i.e. the suffi-ing of the " z8 +! O. ( to the 8 %& ) is the case in other than (the numbers) ++.O. .+
until +T b ( + for their UG F. %& is with the L8 and their 8 %& without it" li.e: +#N ` +Q .O. .+ (three men)
and +Tx $ & @.+ (four women). 2hen (the numbers) ++.O. .+ until +T b ( + are compounded with +T b ( +
(ten) you affirm the L8 in the first (of the two parts of the compound number) only in the case of the
UG F. % & " li.e: +OZ `& b ( +. .O. .+ (thirteen men) and in the second (of the two parts of the compound
number) only in the case of the 8 %& " li.e: +TZ @. ! T. b ( . O. .+ (thirteen women).
he ;c K" K" H z8 (real or true femininity) is that for which there e-ists an opposite and opposing
male (counterpart) from amongst the animal (species)" li.e: +T@. ! + (woman) and ++4.+ (she=camel).
he (;c W" / ,G (Mz8 (formal femininity) is the contrary thereof" li.e: ++B PZ + (room" handful)" and +
% l + (sun).
8M
[(efinition of the 8 -. %& % > ]
he 8 - . %& % > (bro.en plural) is that whose singular form underwent a change" li.e: +#` +.
[(efinition of the "8 UG F. %& % ` ]
he "8 UG F. %& % ` (masculine sound plural) is that which has suffi-ed to the ending of its singular
form: a preceded by a +%8 2 or a L= preceded by a T U. and a 7$ & !owelled with a +H B. not in the
case of +B.2 )* (anne-ation) because in that case the 7$ <\ is dropped" li.e: +7. $ %& ," !& + and + %" ," !& + .
[(efinition of the "8 " 8 %" % ` ]
he "8 " 8 %" % ` (feminine sound plural) is that which has suffi-ed to the ending of its singular
form: an ?"@. and a Lk " li.e: +[% ," !& + .
[(efinition of the +<m8 ]
he +<m8 (dual) is that is that which has suffi-ed to the ending of its singular form: an ?"@. or a L=
preceded by a +H B. and a 7$ & !owelled with a T U. not in the case of +B.2 )* (anne-ation) because in
that case the 7$ <\ is dropped" li.e: +7" % ," !& + and + % ," !& + .
R!ery % ` other than the "8 UG F. %& % ` is 8 !& by !irtue of it ha!ing the meaning of ++( % ` +
(which in itself is feminine).
As for the "8 UG F. %& % ` it is necessary for its !" to be made UG F. !& " so you say: +
i & & ^" 3R (" 4. _ `& @. 7. $ %& ," %& LM ` + (the Muslims or a man who helpers were sitting" came). 2hen it
(i.e. the !" ) is predicated of the %" C8 referring to it then it is necessary for it (i.e. the !" ) to be
UG F. !& % ` (masculine plural)" li.e: +7. j& ` @. 7. $ 0Q> = @. j& ` 7$ %& ," %& + (the Muslims came or come
or are coming).
As for the 4" 8 -. %& % > (bro.en plural referring to intelligent beings) when it (i.e. the !" ) is
3< !& to the %" C8 referring to it (i.e. to the 4" 8 -. %& % > ) then it is necessary for its !" to
be 8 !& q / !& (feminine singular) or UG F. !& % ` (masculine plural)" li.e: +
7. j& ` @. +_t"` @. j& ` @. [ LM ` #Q ` 5 + (the men came or are coming).
8'
;ther than these two of the V$ %& >& (plurals) when it (i.e. the !" ) is 3< !& to the %" C8 referring to
them then it is necessary for their !" to be 8 !& q / !& (feminine singular) or 8 !& % ` (masculine
plural)" li.e: +[R t"` @. +_t"` @. 0` @. [ LM ` [& % ," %& + (the Muslim women came or are coming)
and +[R ( $ JQ K ! @. +_( $ JQ K ! @. J" 4Q @. D J" 4Q & > l M + (the trees ha!e been cut or are being cut).
[$he 'ules pertaining to the @3 A%& ]
he third is the @3 A%& (sub,ect)" and it is of two types:
he first is the : or " #8 %& (what is interpreted as such) being " . 3< !& (ascribed or attributed
to 7 predicated of) and stripped of +8W" / ,G !" $ (!erbalised go!ernors i.e. go!ernors that can be
pronounced and uttered)" li.e: +R t"4. 3R =S + (3ayd is standing) and +R t"4. u 8@. s + (/t is true that you are
standing). /t necessary for it to ha!e a Ap (predicate).
he second is the +/. f5 (descripti!e noun) that occurs after the ; / <8 @. 9 / " : +% ,"U. (word
signifying interrogation or negation) whilst causing a I" . (substanti!e noun) to be V$ BQ ! " li.e: +
7" 3 =o8 R t"4.@.+ (Are the two 3ayds standing) and +7" 3 =o8 R t"4. ! + (the two 3ayds are not standing).
his @3 A%& does not ha!e a Ap by !irtue of it ha!ing the meaning of the /" " rather its (" /.
supplies the place of the Ad (i.e. Ad 38 ! qc ) .
/t is not permissible for the @3 A%& to be multiple. he primary state or condition is for it to ha!e
precedence (i.e. be placed before the Ad ) and the re#uirement for this is that it should be +B. ! (definite)
or a +f f8 d !& T -" (specified indefinite noun) li.e the 6tatement of the Most ?igh:
wx b !& !" R p R !" !& 3R A . (/ndeed" a belie!ing sla!e is better than a polytheist).
/t is permissible for it to be dropped when a +<= 4. (te-tual or conte-tual indicator) e-ists" li.e: +3R =S + in
response to: +& t"K. ! + (who is the one standing)" that is" +3R =S & t"K. + (the one standing is 3ayd)
[$he 'ules pertaining to the Ad ]
he fourth is the Ad (sub,ect)" and it is that which is (also) stripped of +8W" / ,G !" $ and is used to gi!e
information with (about the @3 A%& ) other than the /" or that which has its meaning" li.e: +R t"4.+ in +
R t"4. 3R =S + (3ayd is standing).
/t is permissible for it to be q38 !& (multiple)" li.e: +3R (" 4. R t"4. 3R =S + (3aid is standing sitting).
8$
6ometimes it occurs as a +8%" +,.% `& (nominal sentence) or (+8," B" (+,.% `& (!erbal sentence)" in which case an
3t"( (normally a %" 2 ) referring to the @3 A%& is re#uired" if it (i.e. the +,.% >& ) is not a Ap of the
7" zb8 % " 2 (personal pronoun standing in place of (the issue* or (the matter*)" li.e: +9 4. @. R t"4. i& $ &@. 3R =S
i& $ &@.+ (3ayd" his father is standing or stood). /t is permissible for it (i.e. the 3t" ) to be dropped due to a
+<= 4 . (conte-tual indicator)" li.e: + 5 * \ -Q \ A&+ that is +& <!" + (i.e. + 5* & <!" \ -Q \ A&+).
/ts primary form (i.e. the primary form of the Ad ) is to be T -" (indefinite). /t might sometimes be +B. !
(definite)" li.e: +<& . + (Allah is our :od).
/t is permissible for it to be dropped when there is a +<= 4. present" li.e +3R =S ...+ in response to someone
saying: +R % ( 9 @. R t"4. 3R =S @.+ (/s 3ayd or IAmr standing).
/f the @3 A%& occurs after +!8 @.+ (as for)" then it is necessary for the L/. to enter on its Ad " li.e: +@.
sR ,"J. <%& B. 3R =S !8 + (As for 3ayd" he is going) e-cept if it is due to:
b5 T & 2 (poetic necessity or license)" li.e him (i.e. the poet) saying:
n - Q =3 . #. 4" :. #Q K" !8 z.B.n
(As for fighting" there is no fighting amongst you)
# $ K. % 2 (suppressing or hiding the e-pression of stating or saying)" li.e the 6tatement of the Most
?igh: k& /. U. @. & & I& $ `& & [ q8 $ =F" G !8 z.B . CAs for those whose faces will be blac. (it will be said to
them) Fid you disbelie!ed GE" that is" + k& /. U. @. & . #Q K. &B.+ (G it will be said to them: Fid you
disbelie!e).
/f it (i.e. the @3 A%& ) is an that is:
(a) #$ ^& $ ! (related or connected) with a B" or 6 . or
(b) 6$ ^& $ ! (described) with it (i.e. with that #$ ^& $ % ) or
(c) a T -" that is +B.$ ^& $ ! with one of them (i.e. the /" or 6 WG ) or
(d) a 6C !& to them (i.e. one of the si- aforementioned) or
(e) the word + UQ + that is 6C !& to (i) a qx / %& +B.$ ^ & $ ! T -" (indefinite noun described with a single word)
or to (ii) a OZ ^ @. +B.$ ^& $ ! P. T -" (indefinite noun not described at all)" then it is permissible for the L/. to
81
enter on its Ad . )i.ewise is the case" when +7G @.n n7G + and +8 -" .+ enter upon it contrary to the rest of the
3 A%& " $ (nullifiers or abrogators of the @3 A%& ) whether as a 6 or B" " li.e:
+R I q" & ,.B. 38 ;B" @. ; <k"z= E F" G+ (the one who comes to me or is the house" for him there is a dirham
i.e. he will ha!e a dirham)
the 6tatement of Allah: -Q 4"O. !& & 8B. & <!" 7. \ /" k E F" G [ $ % 7G 4Q (ruly" the death that you are
running away from" it will definitely encounter you and catch up with you)
+R I q" & ,.B. 38 ;B" @. ; <k"z= _ `& + (a man who comes to me or is the house" for him there is a dirham i.e.
he will ha!e a dirham)
+R I q" & ,.B. 38 ;B" @. ; <k"z= N `& 9& O. PQ + (a manJs ser!ant who comes to me or is the house" for him there
is a dirham i.e. he will ha!e a dirham)
+R I q" & ,.B. N "( N `& UQ + (R!ery .nowledgeable man" for him there is a dirham i.e. he will ha!e a
dirham)
+R I q" & ,.B. N `& UQ + (R!ery man" for him there is a dirham i.e. he will ha!e a dirham)
/n other than these (places) it is not permissible (i.e. for the L/. to enter upon the Ad ).
[$he 'ules pertaining to the 7. U. n ' + ]
he fifth is the 7. U. n ' + (Loun of the Category of which +7. U. + is a representati!e)" and its ruling is
li.e that of the (" /. .
[$he 'ules pertaining to the 7G n ' Ap + ]
he si-th is the 7G n ' Ap + (Predicate of the Category of which +7G + is a representati!e)" and its ruling is
li.e that of the 3 A%& Ap e-cept that it is not permissible for it to precede its : e-cept if it is a 6 .
(in the broad sense of the word which would include the & > % c > ) " li.e: +OZ `& 38 ;B" 7G + (ruly"
there is a man in the house).
[$he 'ules pertaining to the 7G n ' Ap + ]
he se!enth is the <> ; / <" n:. n Ap (Predicate of +:. + for negating the whole class or genus)" and its
ruling is also li.e that of the 3 A%& Ap " li.e: 3 <(" N `& 9 O. PQ :. + (here is absolutely no ser!ant of any
man with us).
88
[$he 'ules pertaining to the .nv A8b %& n:. n n! n + ]
he eighth is the .nv A8b %& n:. n n! n + (Loun of +! + and +:. + that are li.ened to + .+ )" and
its ruling is li.e that of the @3 A%& .
[$he 'ules pertaining to the 9 S $ > y ^ " $ <8 ( ; "d V C %& ]
he ninth is the 9 S $ > y ^" $ <8 ( ; "d V C %& (the V C %& that is stripped of the y^ " $ <8 and the
9S $ > ).
[$he '$ f& <% ]
As for the '$ f& <% it constitutes thirteen (things):
[$he 'ules pertaining to the s,.J %& #$ & / % ]
he first is the s,.J %& #$ & / % (Absolute ;b,ect)" which is the : denoting that which is done by a (" B.
of an !" ( that is mentioned 1W/ . (in form) or a=3" K k (in an implied sense) bearing its meaning (i.e. the
!" bears the same meaning as the : ser!ing as the s,.J %& #$ & / % )" li.e: +Z 2 +Z 2 " 1 2 D& 2
. /t might sometimes be without the actual form thereof (i.e. of the !" )" li.e: +1$ ,Q`& [& 3 4.+ .
6ometimes its /" might be dropped due to a +<= 4. (conte-tual indicator)" li.e: +1C=@.+ (commonly
translated as (also*)" that is" +1C=@. + (literally (he7it returned or went bac.* and later too. on the
meaning of (the same as what has gone before). /t is permissible for it to precede its !" . /t is not
necessary for the !" (i.e. the !" can dispense with it since it is already contained in the !" ).
[$he 'ules pertaining to the " #$ & / % ]
he second is the " #$ & / % (Firect ;b,ect)" which is the : denoting that on to which the action of the
(" /. occurs" and is of two types: (a) 9c ( (general so as to apply to both the 9S ,G and E 35 %& )" which is
the 6" H & > % (i.e. that which is made & > ! by means of the 5 > 6 ) and (b) E 35 "%& c p
(specific to the transiti!e)" and has been mentioned before.
/t is permissible:
for it to precede its !" " li.e: D& 2 a3=S (3ayd / hit)
89
for it to be dropped unconditionally (i.e. with or without a +<= 4. )" and
for its /" to be dropped when a +<= 4. is present" li.e +a3=S + in response to one who says: +'& 2 @. ! +
(2ho am / hitting).
[$he 'ules pertaining to the " B" #$ & / % ]
he third is the " B" #$ & / % (Ad!erb)" which is the : denoting that in which the meaning content of its
!" is performed as regards 7! S (time) or 7-. ! (place).
he condition or re#uirement for it to be '$ f& <! in form (1W/ .) is that +; B"+ must be implied" and the
condition for its implication was mentioned before.
/t is permissible:
for it to precede its !" e!en should it (i.e. the !" ) be a N B" X< ! (i.e. c K. !& 6 . N /"
'$ & <! " or !& )"
for it to be dropped unconditionally (i.e. with or without a +<= 4. ) and
for its !" to be dropped due to a +<= 4" .
[$he 'ules pertaining to the & . #$ & / % ]
he fourth is the & . #$ & / % (;b,ect of Beason)" which is the : denoting that for whose sa.e the
meaning content of its !" is performed.
he condition or re#uirement for it to be '$ f& <! in form (1W/ .) is that the 9OG must be implied" and the
condition for its implication was mentioned before.
/t is permissible:
for it to precede its !"
for it to be left out" and
for its !" to be dropped due to a +<= 4" .
[$he 'ules pertaining to the & ! #$ & / % ]
8<
he fifth is the & ! #$ & / % (;b,ect of Accompaniment)" which is that which is mentioned after the $ to
indicate accompaniment with a #$ %& ! (a #$ %& ! that is not '$ f& <! ) of an !" ( " li.e: +a3=S D& 0` + (/ came
accompanied by 3ayd).
/t is not permissible:
for it to precede its !"
(nor for it to precede) the y f %& #$ %& % (the #$ %& % accompanied by it)" nor
for it to be multiple.
[$he 'ules pertaining to the #H ]
he si-th is the #H (6tate or Mode)" which is that which clarifies the posture or mode the (" /. or
" #$ & / % whether 1W/ . (in form) or X<Y ! (in meaning)" li.e: +1%t"4. a3=S D& 2 + (/ hit 3ayd standing)" and
+1%t"4. 3R =S F. I + (this is 3ayd standing).
/ts !" is the /" " the /" Al and the /" X< ! .
/ts condition or re#uirement is that it must be T -" and that it not precede the Ec $ < % !" nor (precede)
the # H Q (i.e. # H y" ^ ) that is & > ! " and hence" it cannot be said: +3x =o 1"` [& ! + (/ passed
sitting by 3ayd).
/f its y " f8 were a +C H ! T -" (pure and fully=fledged indefinite) then it is necessary for the #H to
precede it (i.e. the # H y" ^ )" li.e: +_ `& 1AU" LM ` + (a man came riding).
/t (i.e. the #H ) can (also) be a +=8 Ap +,.% `& (as opposed to a +8t"b +,.% `& ) in which case it is necessary
for it to contain a which is the %" C8 only in the case of the DAm%& V C %& (non=negated V C %& )"
li.e: $ I& ) y& U. = 3R =S ; LM ` ) (3ayd came riding) or (the %" C8 ) with the $ " the $ only" or the %" C8
alone in other than it (i.e. other than the DAm%& V C %& )" but what is predominant in the case of the
+8%" : is the $ " li.e:
+$ I& ) y& U. = :. 3R =S ; LM ` )+ (3ay came to me not riding)
+$ I& ) y& U. = : . 3R =S ; LM ` )+ (3ay came to me whilst not riding)
+R % ( y& U. = :. 3R =S ; LM ` + (3ay came to me while IAmr was not riding)
+$ I& ) y U" ; LM ` )+ (3ay came to me ha!ing ridden)
8@
+$ I& ) y U" ; LM ` )+ (3ay came to me whist ha!ing ridden)
+R % ( y U" ; LM ` + (3ay came to me whilst IAmr had already ridden)
+yR U " $ I& ; LM ` + (3ay came to me riding)
+yR U " $ I& ; LM ` + (3ay came to me whilst he was riding)
+yR U " R % ( ; L M ` + (3ay came to me whilst IAmr was riding)
/t is permissible:
for the #H to be multiple" li.e: +1-" 2 1AU" 3R =S LM ` + (3ayd came riding" laughing)"
for its !" to be dropped due to a +<= 4. " li.e: +=3" ! a3l" + (rightly guided) in response to the one
saying: + /. 8 3& = @Q+ (/ want to tra!el).
[$he 'ules pertaining to the o% 8 ]
he se!enth is the o% 8 (6pecification or 6pecifying Loun)" which is that which remo!es or lifts the
ambiguity from a [. (essence or entity) which is (a) T $ UQ F ! (mentioned) as well as being +!8 k (complete)
by means of one of the fi!e things mentioned pre!iously or (b) T 38 K. !& (implied) in (i) a +,.% `& " li.e:
1/ 3R =S ' . + (3ayd is good in spirit)" that is" 3x =S L ; l ' . (6omething of 3ayd is good)" or (ii) !
I I 2 (that which resembles it i.e. the +,.% >& )" li.e: +L ! _ ,"% !& & $ H + (the dam or reser!oir is full
water=wise)" +1$ &(& T_ >8 /. !& & M + (the earth is split open in the form of springs)"
+1%, ( " N % ( !" Q C B @. 1` R aq TZ $8 &@ Q 1@. yR 5. 3R =S + (3ayd is good in terms of father" fatherhood
and house" and handsome in terms of countenance and better than IAmr in terms of .nowledge)" or (iii)
+B .2 (anne-ation)" li.e: +TZ $8 &@Q 1@. & A&" ; <A> ( @.+ (?is goodness" in terms of father and fatherhood" pleased
me). his o% 8 (i.e. the second type where the [FG is T 38 K. !& ) is (" B. in meaning" and it is for this
reason that it does not precede its !" . Furthermore" the o% 8 can only be T -" .
[$he 'ules pertaining to the X<m %& ]
he eighth is the X<m %& (R-cluded or R-cepted)" and is of two types: (a) f" 8!& (i.e. the X<m %& is a
member of the class of & <!" X<m %& )" which is that which is e-tracted from a multitude by means of +:G +
8H
or one of its sisters" and (b) J" K. <!& (i.e. the X<m %& is not a member of the class of & <!" X<m %& )" which is
that which is mentioned after them (i.e. +:G + and its sisters) not e-tracted (from a multitude).
he X<m % & is '$ f& <! when:
it occurs after +:G + which is not a +/. ^" (ad,ecti!e) in a 9O. U. that is y` $ !& (positi!e) and 9c k (complete)"
li.e: +a3=S : G 9& $ K. ;LM ` + (the people came to me e-cept 3ayd)" or
it is made to precede the & <!" X<m %& (the whole from which the e-clusion or e-ception is made)" li.e:
+3R @. a3=S :G ; LM ` + (Lo one came to me e-cept 3ayd)" or
it is J" K. <!& " li.e: +a% " :G 9& $ K. ;LM ` + (the people did not come to me e-cept the don.ey)" or
/t occurs after +O. p + or +.3( + in most cases" or +O. p ! + or +3 ( ! + or + .+ or +7Q $ -Q = :. + .
/t is permissible for it (i.e. the X<m %& ) to be '$ f& <! on the basis of L<m" : but #3 A is preferred & in
9O. U . that is yN ` $ !& P. (not positi!e i.e. negati!e) and the & <!" X<m %& is mentioned" li.e: +
3R =S @. a3=S :G 9& $ K . ;LM ` ! + (the people did not come to me e-cept 3ayd).
/t (i.e. the X<m % & ) is declined in accordance with the !" $ (i.e. in accordance with the go!erning that
the !" $ e-ercise on the X<m %& ) when the & <!" X<m %& is not mentioned" li.e: +3R =S :G ; LM ` ! + (Lo
one came to me e-cept 3ayd)
(/t is) $ /Q d ! after +l n nL$ n n$ " n nP. + mostly" and +3 ( + and +O. p + in the least. he primary
form of +P . + is to be a +/. ^" (#ualifying ad,ecti!e) but is (sometimes) construed and modeled on +:G + with
respect to L<m" : and is declined li.e the X<m %& after +:G + in detail. he primary form of +:G + is L<m" :
but is (sometimes) construed and modeled on +P. + with respect to being a +/. ^" when L<m" : pro!es
impossible with the result that what comes after it is a +/. ^" and not a X<Ym !& " li.e the 6tatement of Allah:
k3 /. . :G +_ " % B" 7. U. $ . " (?ad there been in them gods other than Allah" then they would ha!e
perished)" that is" +* & P. + (other than Allah).
[$he 'ules pertaining to the 7. U. n ' Ap + ]
he ninth is the 7. U. n ' Ap + (Predicate of the class of which +7. U. + is a representati!e). /ts ruling is li.e
that of the Ad of the @3 A%& . /t is permissible for +7U. + and nothing=else to be dropped due to a +<= 4" "
li.e: + b B. l 7 R d B. ap 7 "% ( z. 7. $ =\o > ! & <8+ (People are rewarded in accordance with their
8K
deeds" if good then good" and if e!il then e!il). /n e-amples li.e this four ways (of declension) are
permissible.
[$he 'ules pertaining to the 7G n ' + ]
he tenth is the 7G n ' + (Loun of the class of which +7G + is a representati!e). /t is li.e the @3 A%& but
it is not permissible for it to be dropped.
[$he 'ules pertaining to the <> ; / <" ; "G n:. n ]
he ele!enth is the <> ; / <" ; "G n:. n (Loun of +:. + which is for the negation of the class or genus)"
li.e: +3 <( " N `& 9 O. PQ :. + (there is no ser!ant of any man here with us). /t might sometimes be dropped
when the Ad is present" li.e: +u ,.( :. + Cthere is no (problem) on youE" that is" + z. :. + Cthere is no
problem (on you)E.
[$he 'ules pertaining to the .nv A8b %& n:. n n! n Ap + ]
he twelfth is the .nv A8b %& n:. n n! n Ap + (Predicate of +! + and +:. + that ha!e been li.ened to +
.+ ). /t is similar to the Ad of the @3 A%& .
[$he 'ules pertaining to the y ^" $ <8 3 " ,.( p" 38 V C %& ]
he thirteenth is the y ^" $ <8 3 " ,.( p" 38 V C %& (the V C %& that has one of the y^" $ <8 entering
on it)" li.e: +' C = .+ (he will not hit).
[$he & > % ]
As for the & > % it constitutes two (things):
[$he 5 > 6" H & > % ]
he first is the 5 > 6" H & > % and the e-planation thereof had already passed.
[$he +" B.2 )* & > % ]
he second is the +" B.2 )* & > % (i.e. that which is & > ! by means of anne-ation).
9M
/t is not permissible:
for it nor its #$ %& % (i.e. that which is go!erned by it) to precede the 6C %& e-cept if the 6C %& is
the word +P . + " in which case it is permissible for the #$ %& % of the " . 6C %& to precede it" li.e: +@.
'N 2 & P. a3=S + (/ did not hit 3ayd) due to it ha!ing the meaning of +' 2 :. + (not hitting)" nor
for anything to separate between them in (a) free speech (as opposed to poetry) e-cept what was been
heard and orally transmitted" and which is not to be ta.en as a rule or precedent (on which to base
subse#uent e-pressions that are similar) nor in (b) restricted speech (i.e. poetry) e-cept by means of
the 6 WG (in the broad sense so as to include the & > % c > ).
he 6C %& might sometimes be dropped with the result that its ' ( )* is gi!en to the " . 6C %& which
is the rule (in most cases)" li.e the 6tatement of Allah: +. = K. 0.x (As. the !illage)" that is" +
+" = K. . I @.+ (the people or inhabitants of the !illage). /t (i.e. the " . 6C %& ) might remain & > ! in rare
cases" li.e the 6tatement of Allah: T" p" 3& = =& (he wants the ?ereafter) with +T" p" + being & > !
according to a TLM 4" (!ariant reading)" that is: +T" p" ' $ .+ (the Beward of the ?ereafter).
he " . 6C %& might sometimes be dropped with the 6C %& remaining as it is (i.e. with the =$ <8 ) if:
something which is 6C !& to the same thing (i.e. " . 6C %& ) that has been dropped is con,oined (
6$ JQ ! ) to the 6C %& " li.e:
3" M +" A` ; ( "
(between the two front legs and the forehead of the lion)
that is" +3" M ; ( " + (between the two front legs of the lion) or
a 6C !& to the same thing (i.e. " . 6C %& ) that has been dropped is repeated" li.e:
E 3" ( k k =
;therwise (i.e. if it is not one of the pre!ious two cases) then the 6C %& occurs with the =$ <8 so as to
compensate for it (i.e. the " . 6C %& that has been dropped) should it (i.e. the 6C %& ) not be a +=P. (i.e.
a noun indicating a limit such as +& P. :. n n& P. .n ny& + and li.ewise +Q A4.+ and +3& + )" li.e the
6tatement of Allah: <k O UQ " (and all 2e ha!e gi!en G)" and li.e: +Fx 0"<" + (at that time" then)" and +
Fx 0"! $ =+ (on that day" then)" that is" +3x " G UQ + (e!ery one)" +F. U. 7. U. " + (the time when it is li.e that)
and +F. U. 7. U. 9 $ =+ (the day when it is li.e that). /f it (i.e. the 6C %& ) is a +=P. which comprises the
9'
si- directions as well as +& P. :. n ny& + and +& P. .+ " in which the " . 6C %& is intended and
assumed present & then it (i.e. the 6C %& ) is ;c <A! (built and fi-ed) on the c C8 .
[$he 9 o& > % ]
As for the 9 o& > % it constitutes a V C !& B" on which one of the aforementioned 9S $ > entered. /f they
(i.e. the 9S $ > ) are T" S > %& ,"U. (words denoting reciprocation or mutual retribution) which necessitate a
l (condition) and a Lo ` (reward" result or conse#uence)" and:
should they (i.e. the b 8 and Lo > ) be two 7" ( C !& or the first be a V C !& without a LB.
(accompanying the Lo > ) then 9o > of the V C %& is obligatory" and
should the first be a N ! and the second a V C !& " then both 9o > and B 8 of the second are
permissible" and
should the Lo > be a 65 f !& N ! ha!ing the meaning of the V C %& or (should it be) a V C !& that
is negated by means of + .+ or +%8 .+ then the entry of the L/. on to it (i.e. the Lo > ) is not
permissible" li.e: +' 2" @. . @. D& 2 D 2 7 + (/f you hit" / will hit or / will not hit)" and
should the Lo > be (a) a +8%" +,.% `& or (+x B.5 f !& P. +82 " ! (+,.% `& or ha!ing its meaning in which case
then +3 4.+ & whether e-plicitly or implicitly & is necessary or (b) a V C !& accompanied by the 5
! n n .n n6 $ n+ or (c) a (+8t"b +8," B " (+,.% `& li.e +=8 ! M (imperati!e sentence)" +8 <8 (prohibiti!e
sentence)" +8!" / " : (interrogati!e sentence) and +8t"( 3\ (supplicati!e sentence)" then the entry of the
L/. on to the Lo > is obligatory" li.e: +'R & C ! D z.B. D 2 7 + (/f you hit" then you will be the one
hit)" and li.e the 6tatements of the Most ?igh: Lr ; l ; B" * !" ,.B. u ". / = ! (And whosoe!er
does that then )" 0Zl $ I& - k 7 @. X B. 8 I& $ %& &I U. 7 B. (And if you disli.e them" then perhaps you
disli.e something G)"
D 4.3 f B. N A&4Q !" 38 4Q & f& %" 4. 7. U. 7 (And if his shirt is torn in front" then she had spo.en the
truth)"
p @Q & . & 2" & B. k& k 7 B. CAnd if you find yoursel!es in difficulties" then let another woman
suc.le (the child) on his (i.e. the fatherJs) behalfE"
& <!" . AK =& ,.B. 1<=q" 9 O. )* P. A= ! (And whosoe!er wishes other than /slam as a religion"
then it will ne!er be accepted from him)"
and li.e:
+& 2 B. 3R =S u 2 7 + (/f 3ayd hits you" then hit him)
or
9$
(& C k O. B. (3R =S u 2 7 + C(/f 3ayd hits you)" then do not hit himE"
or
(& & C k B. (3R =S u 2 7 + C(/f 3ayd hits you)" then will you hit himE"
+ u % & B. ; <! - k& 7 + (/f you honour me" then may Allah show mercy to you)" and
should it (i.e. the Lo > ) be a V C !& without the aforementioned" positi!e or negati!e with +:. + " then
the L/. is permissible with B 8 and the dropping thereof with 9o > " li.e: +
'& 2 @. O. B. @. ' 2 @. :. @. '& 2 z.B. @ ' 2 @. ' C k 7 + (/f you hit" then / will hit or / will not hit).
91
[$he +" 8" A8 #$ %& % ]
As for the +" 8" A8 #$ %& % it comprises fi!e types. /t is not permissible for any of them to precede their
V$ A&% . he !" go!erning them is !ery same !" go!erning their V$ A&% .
[$he +/. f5 ]
he first (of the + " 8" A8 #$ %& % ) is the +/. f5 (#ualifying ad,ecti!e)" which is a k that signifies an
attribute in its V$ A&% in an absolute way (i.e. the signification of the attribute is absolute in that it is not
the result of the specific word that is used but rather the result of the structural relation that e-ists between
the 8 and V$ A&% ).
/t is permissible for it to be multiple" li.e: +Q 2" /. & " Q `& 8 ;LM ` + (the !irtuous .nowledgeable man
came).
/t is permissible for the T -" <8 to be described by means of the +=8 Ad +,.% >& (declarati!e sentence) in
which case it is necessary that it contains a %" 2 (connect the +,.% >& to the 6$ ^ & $ % )" li.e: +
i& $ &@. 9 4. _ `& ; LM ` + (A man" whose father stood" came to me). /t (i.e. the %" C8 ) is sometimes dropped
due to a +<= 4. .
he description can be about the condition of the 6$ ^ & $ % and the condition of the 6$ ^ & $ % s, !& (i.e.
something related to the 6$ ^& $ % ):
he first follows it (i.e. the 6$ ^& $ % ) in ?= 8 and +<m8 q B )* -" <8 and % > " and U" F 8 and
z8 " li.e: +R "( _ `R ; LM ` + (a .nowledgeable man came to me) and ++_H "^ T_@. ! ; <kLM ` + (a righteous
woman came to me).
he second is (follows the 6$ ^& $ % ) in the first two only" li.e: + & !& O. PQ yR U" #_ ` ; LM ` + (Men" whose
ser!ant is riding" came to me).
[$he T -" <8 and +B. % ]
he +B. % is that which has been coined for something definite and specific and the T -" <8 that which has
been coined for something indefinite and non=specific.
he +B. % is of si- types:
98
[$he [ % C %& ]
he first (of the types of +B. % ) is the [ % C %& (personal pronouns)" which constitutes four categories:
he first category is f" 8!& V$ BQ ! " and has gone before.
he second category is f" /. <!& V$ BQ ! " and comprises: +nD" @.n nD @.n n8 I& n n I& n n% I& n n; I" n n$ I&
@.n n8 &@.n n &@.n n% &@.n+and +& H +
he third category is shared between f " 8!& '$ f& <! and f" 8!& & > ! " li.e: + n 2 n n& 2
n; < 2 n n8 -Q 2 n n -Q 2 n n% -Q 2 n nu" 2 n nu 2 n n8 & 2 n n & 2 n n% & 2 n
< 2 n+ " and li.e: +& .+ " etc.
he fourth category is f" /. <!& '$ f& <! " and comprises: + n8 I& =8n n I& =8n n% I& =8n nI =8n ni& =8
=8n nE =8n n8 UQ =8n n UQ =8n n% UQ =8n nw" =8n nw =8n+ .
[$he ,. ]
he second (of the types of +B. % ) is the ,. (proper noun)" and comprises two groups: gN d l ,.( "
li.e: +3=S + and N <` ,.( " li.e: ++! @. (lion) and +7. H A& + (glory).
[$he [" l )* L% @. ]
he third (of the types of +B. % ) is the [" l )* L% @. (demonstrati!e 7 indicati!e pronouns)" and they
are:
+. + for masculine singular"
for its dual: +7" . + and + =. + "
for feminine singular: +; k"n ni" " n " k"n n; k"n nE " n nk+ and +; I" " + "
for its dual: +7" k+ and + k+ "
for their plural: +L* :. @Q+ with long and short Ali&.
he " A<8 6 (particle for calling attention) is attached at their beginnings" li.e: +F. I + " and the
' J . d" 6U. ('a& indicating second person or being addressed) is attached at their endings" such that it is
said: + UQ . n n% UQ . n nw" . n nw . + and +8 %UQ . + " and li.ewise for the rest. /t is possible to group them
99
together (in a single Tx l )" li.e: +w . I + . 0ou say: +u 5k nu 5. n nu ":. @Qn nu , k" the latter two
being emphatic (i.e. the 7$ <\ is doubled or re=enforced) & for distant (ob,ects). As for + n<I& n nD %8 .
<8I& n n<I& I n+ and +u "<I& + they are specifically for places.
[$he #$ ^& $ % ]
he fourth (of the types of +B. % ) is the #$ ^ & $ % (relati!e pronoun). /t is necessary for it to ha!e a +,.^"
in the form of a +=8 Ap +,.% `& (declarati!e sentence) that is .nown to the listener and which contains a %" 2
that refers to the #$ ^& $ % . /t is permissible for it (i.e. the 3t" %" C8 ) to be dropped when a +<= 4. e-ists.
/t comprises:
+E F" G+ for masculine singular"
for its dual: +7" F. ,G+ and +7" ,G+ " and
for its plural: + =F" G+ in all three cases (of ' ( )* )"
+; "G+ for feminine singular"
for its dual: +7" ,G+ and + ,G+ " and
for it plural: +; k"OG n n[" OG n nE OG n n; t"OG n n; k"$ ,G+ and +; t"$ ,G+ "
+. + after +! + for 9 / " : (interrogation" #uestion)"
+ ! + "
+! + "
+Ec @.+ "
++=8@.+ " and
the 9OG ?" M in the case of the (" /. and # $ & / % ha!ing the meaning of +E F" G+ and +; "G+ .
[$he 9 OG 68 %& ]
he fifth (of the types of +B. % ) is the 68 %& (the defined):
by means of the 9OG " whether it is for (a) 3 " li.e: +Q `& 8 ; <! U z.B. _ `& ;LM ` + (a man came to me
and / honoured for the man) or (b) <> " li.e: +T" @. % !" R p Q `& 8 + (Men are stronger than women)"
and
by means of the L* 3 <5 6 (particle of addressing" !ocati!e particle) when someone specific is
intended thereby" li.e: +Q ` =+ (; man" G)
9<
[$he +" % d i" F" I 3" @. X. 6C %& ]
he fifth (of the types of +B. % ) is the +" % d i" F" I 3" @. X. 6C %& (anne-ed to one of these fi!e) by way
of +=8$ < ! +B.2 (semantic anne-ation)" li.e: +3x =S 9O. PQ + (the ser!ant of 3ayd).
[$he 6" & H& ?J ]
he second (of the +" 8" A8 #$ %& % ) is the 6" & H& ?J (con,unction by means of particles)" which is a
k where one of the (following) ten particles is interposed between it (i.e. the 8 ) and its V$ A&% " and
they are: the $ " the n n:. n n9 @.n n!8 n n @.n nX8 n n8 Qn L/. + and + -" .+ .
2hen ?J is made on the f" 8%& V$ BQ % %" C8 then it is obligatory to ma.e 3U" z8 of it by means of a
(f" /. <!& (% " 2 " li.e: +3R =S @. D& 2 + (/ as well as 3ayd hit i.e. 3ayd and / hit) e-cept if there occurs a
separation (between the 6$ JQ % and " ,.( 6$ JQ % ) in which case it is permissible to abandon it (i.e.
abandon ma.ing 3U" z8 of it)" li.e: +3R =S 9 $ D& 2 + (/ hit today as well as 3ayd).
2hen ?J is made on the & > % %" C8 " then the B"d (i.e. the go!ernor effecting / d or c > )
is repeated" li.e: +3x =o u [& ! + (/ passed you and by 3ayd) and +u < ; < #Q % + (the money is
between me and you).
he 6$ JQ % has the status and ruling of the " ,.( 6$ JQ % in terms of what is obligatory and prohibited
for it.
/t is permissible to ma.e ?J of two things & using a single 6 on two 7" :. $ %& % belonging to a
single +!" ( according to unanimous agreement" li.e: +a3"p R - a% ( 3R =S ' 2 + (3ayd hit IAmr" and
Ba.r %halid)" and it is not permissible on two 7" :. $ %& % belonging to two (separate) 7" O. !" e-cept when
the c > en,oys precedence (i.e. it is made to precede in the sentence) according to one !iew" li.e: +;B"
R % ( T " > H& 3R =S 38 + (/n the house is 3ayd" and the room IAmr) C?ere +T" > H& + is 6$ JQ ! on + 38M +
which is & > ! with the 5 > 6 and +R % ( + is 6$ JQ ! on +3R =S + which is V$ BQ ! with L3 ": E.
[$he 3U" z8 ]
he third (of the +" 8" A8 #$ %& % ) is the 3U" z8 which is of two categories:
9@
;c W" / . (pertaining to form) which in!ol!es the repetition of the first word or its synonym in the case of
the f" 8% & % " C8 and runs and occurs in all words" li.e: +3R =S 3R =S ; LM ` + (3ayd" 3ayd came)" +D 2
D @.+ (0ou" you hit)" +3R =S ' 2 ' 2 + (3ayd hit" hit)" +R t"4. 3R =S R t"4. 3R =S + (3ayd is standing" 3ayd is
standing)" and
Ec $ < ! (pertaining to meaning) which is specific to the 6 % (definite nouns)" and comprises: +
& @.n n& U @.n n& % ` @.n n& ,UQ n n% I& , U" n n% I& O. U" n n& <&( n n& & / + and +& f @.+ . hese latter three
followers of +% ` @.+ and do not precede it nor are they mentioned without it according to standard
language.
2hen the V$ BQ % % C %& is made 3U" z8 of by means +/ <8+ and + + " it is first made 3U" z8 of by
means a (f" /. <!& (%" 2 " li.e: +& <&( @. & & / $ I& ' 2 3R =S + (3ayd" he himself" hit).
[$he #3 A ]
he fourth (of the +" 8" A8 #$ %& % ) is the #3 A " which is what is (actually) intended through the relation
(that is made to the V$ A&% ) rather than it (i.e. the V$ A&% itself).
/ts categories are four:
-Q !" -Q #3 (substitution of the whole for the whole) if both of them refer to one (and the same)
thing" li.e: +w $ p& @. 3R =S ; LM ` + (3ayd" your" brother" came)"
-Q !" A #3 (substitution of the part for the whole)" if it is a part of the & <!" #3 A%& " li.e: +
& @ a3=S D& 2 + (/ hit 3ayd" his head i.e. / hit 3aydJs head)"
# % "l : #3 (substitution of constitution)" if there is a relationship between them other than these two
(i.e. other than (being the whole* and (being the part*) such that the one (i.e. the listener in this case)
waits in anticipation after mentioning the first (i.e. the & <!" #3 A%& ) and yearns for the second (i.e. the
#3 A )" li.e: +& &$ . 3R =S y ,"& + (3ayd" his garment was snatched)" and
" ,.h #3 (substitution of a mista.e)" if the mentioning of the & <!" #3 A%& was a mista.e" li.e: +
a% " OZ ` & D& =@. + C/ saw a man GuhGa don.ey)" and does not occur in the speech of the elo#uent"
instead they render it (i.e. correction of the ,.h or mista.e) with (the particle) + + .
/t is obligatory to describe and #ualify the T -" <8 which is a substitute for the +B. % as (an instance of) #3
-Q " li.e the 6tatement of the Most ?igh: ( (+" A^ " <8 1/. <. +x 0." p +x " U. +x ^" C2e will seiSe (him) by
the foreloc.) a lying and sinful foreloc.E.
9H
he (I" WG ( : cannot be a #3 for the % C %& as (an instance of) -Q #3 e-cept (as a #3 ) for the
yt"h " li.e: +a3=S & & 2 + (/ hit him" 3ayd).
[$he 7A ?J ( ]
he fifth (of the +" 8" A8 #$ %& % ) is the 7" A ?J ( " which is a k brought for the purpose of clarifying its
V$ A&% and does not indicate an attribute in it" li.e: +& % (& gN / $ &@. * 4 @.+
(Abu ?afs" I>mar" swore by Allah*
Thus, the total number of what was mentioned, as regards the [:. $ %& % , is thirty.
9K
Chapter $hree: ' ( )* ((eclension * (eclinability!
/t is something that comes from the !" through which the ending of the ' %& is changed. /t has four
interconnected di!isions.
(A) he first di!ision is in accordance with the [FG (essence) and +K. K" H (reality):
2e say: /t constitutes either a +U. (!owel=mar.ing)" a 6 (letter)" or 6F (dropping).
he +U. H comprises three (things): +H B. +%8 2 and T U. " li.e: +3R =S ; LM ` + (3ayd came to me)" +
a3=S D& =@. + (/ saw 3ayd) and +3x =o [& ! + (/ passed by 3ayd).
he 6 H comprises four (things):
L= ?"@. " li.e: +i& $ &@. ; LM ` + (?is father came)" +i& @. D& =@. + (/ saw his father)" and +" z. [& ! + (/
passed by his father)" and
7$ & " li.e: +7" C =+ (the two them hit)
he 6F H comprises three (things): the +" U. H 6F (dropping the !owel=mar.ing)" li.e: +' C = .+ (he
did not hit)" the p" 6F (dropping the ending)" li.e: +o& h = .+ (he did not do battle) and the 7" $ <\ 6F
(dropping of the $un)" li.e: + C = .+ (they did not hit). hus" the total number is ten.
(B) he second di!ision is in accordance with the H % (place or locus)" since it (i.e. the H % ) is either
by means of:
+C H % +U. H (pure !owel=mar.ings)"
+C H % 6 & H& (pure letters)"
6" F H ! +U. H (!owel=mar.ings plus dropping)" or
6" F H ! 6 H (letters plus dropping).
he first is either:
" O. mG [" U. H ' ( )* 9c k (fully=declinable with three !owel=mar.ings)" with the +%8 C8 for B 8 "
the +H /. for yf <8 and the T -. for c > which is the 6 f <%& q / %& : (triptote singular
noun) and the 6 f <%& 8 -. %& % > (triptote bro.en plural)" li.e: #_ ` _ `& ; LM ` (a man and men
came to me)" +:Z ` OZ `& D& =@. + (/ saw a man and men) and +#N ` N `& [& ! + (/ passed by a man
and men)" or
<M
U. H ' ( )* g4" (semi=declinable with two !owel=mar.ings)" either (a) with the +%8 C8 for B 8
and the +H /. for yf <8 and c > " which is the 6" f <%& & P. (diptote)" li.e: +3& % @. ; LM ` + (Ahmad
came)" +3 % @. D& =@. + (/ saw Ahmad) and +3 % z. [& ! + (/ passed by Ahmad)" or (b) with the +%8 C8 for
B 8 and the T -. for yf <8 and c > " which is the "8 8 %& % ` (sound feminine plural)"
li.e: +[R % ," !& ; LM ` + (Muslim women came to me)" +[x % ," !& D& =@. + (/ saw Muslim women) and
+[x % ," % & [& ! + (/ passed by Muslim women).
he second is also either:
+" .O. mG 6" & H& ' ( )* 9c k (fully=declinable with three letters)" with the $ for B 8 " the ?"M for
yf <8 and the L for c > which is the TQ A8-. %& TQ q / %& ,-. %& L* = P. X. +B.C %& +85 L% M (si-
nouns that are anne-ed to other than the ,-. %& L= being singular and non=diminuti!e)" or
B. H ' ( )* g4" (semi=declinable with two letters)" either (a) with the $ for B 8 and the L
for yf <8 and c > " which is the "8 UG F. %& % ` (sound masculine plural) as well as + n$ Q@Q
7 & b ( " n+ and its sisters" li.e: +7. & b (" # N ! $ Q @Q 7. $ %& ," !& ; LM ` + (Muslims" possessors of wealth and
twenty came to me)" + = b (" #N ! ; " @Q %" ," !& D& =@. + (/ saw Muslims" possessors of wealth and
twenty) and + = b (" #N ! ; " @Q %" ," %& [& ! + (/ passed by Muslims" possessors of wealth and
twenty)" or (b) with the ?"M for B 8 and the L for yf <8 and c > " which is the X<8m.%& (dual)" as
well as +7" <+ (two) and +O. U" + (both of G) that is 6C !& to a % C !& " li.e: +7" < 7" % ," !& ; LM `
% I& O. U" + (wo Muslims and two and both of them came to me)" +% ,.U" < % ," !& D& =@. + (/ saw
two Muslims and two and both of them) and +% ,.U" < % ," %& [& ! + (/ passed by two
Muslims and two and both of them).
he third is only ' ( )* 9c k (fully=declinable)" and comprises two categories because the 6 FQ H % (i.e.
that which is dropped) from it is either a +U. or a 6 . he first is the
{R H" ^ $ I& R % " 2 i" p" f" 8= . E F" G V C %& /" (the V C %& /" which does not ha!e a personal
pronoun attached at its ending which is sound). /ts B 8 is by means of the +%8 C8 " its yf <8 is by means
of the +H /. and 9o > by means of the +" U. H 6F (i.e. the !owel=mar.ing being dropped)" li.e: +
'& C =+ (he hit)" +' C = .+ (he will not hit) and +' C = .+ (he did not hit). he second is the
aforementioned V C %& if its ending is a +x ,G(" 6 (wea. letter). /ts B 8 is by means of the +%8 C8 " its
yf <8 is by means of the +H /. and 9o > by means of the p" 6F (i.e. the wea. ending being
dropped)" li.e + o& h =+ (he does battle)" + o& h = .+ (he will not do battle) and +o& h = .+ (he did not do battle).
<'
he fourth is only the ' ( )* g4" (semi=declinable) and comprises the
7" $ <\ P. VR $ BQ ! R %" 2 i" p" . f k8 EF" G V C %& /" (the V C %& /" that has a V$ BQ ! %" 2 other than
the 7$ <\ attached to its ending). /ts B 8 is by means of the 7$ <\ and its yf <8 and 9o > by means of it
(i.e. the 7$ <\ ) being dropped" li.e: +7" C =+ (they hit)" + C = .+ (they will not hit) and + C = .+ (they
did not hit).
hus" the total number (of the ' ( )* H ! ) is nine.
2hat is meant:
by 6 f <%& (triptote) is that upon which c > and the =$ <8 enter" li.e: +3R =S + (3ayd)" and
by 6" f <% & P. (diptote) is an ' !& (declinable noun) upon which c > and the =$ <8 do not
enter" and consists of two types:
(a) ;c ( " % (based on hearsay and oral transmission)" li.e: (i) + nO. Qn nX<m! n nL<Qn n3 $ ! n nq @Q
! n nV& n n,.m! n+ " (ii) +p @Q+ as [/. ^ " (descripti!e nouns) and +&n nUQ n n% `& + and +f &+ as
V$ %& `& (plurals) and (iii) + S& n nB.S& n n% (& + and +o 4Q+ as 9O. ( @. (proper nouns)" and
(b) ;c " 4" (based on a precedent or rule)" which is:
(i) e!ery ,.( (proper noun) that is on a pattern specific to the /" " li.e: + n %8 l n n' 2&
J. K. n n % ` n+ and +] d + " or at its beginning is one of the additional letters belonging to
the V C %& not capable of ta.ing the L8 (at the end)" li.e: +3=o =+ and +& -Q b =+ "
(ii) e!ery + C" / 8 n B @. (i.e. + B @.+ pattern that signifies comparison) and e!ery +
+" A8b % & +" /. f5 n B @. (i.e. + B @.+ pattern of the + A8b %& +/. f5 )" li.e: +C B @.+ (better) and +@.+
(white)"
(iii) e!ery ;c %" > ( @. (foreign name) which was used in the first instance that it was transferred to
the Arabs as an ,.( while at the same it is more than three letters or with the middle (letter)
!owelled (if it is not more than three letters)" li.e: +I" n n7$ Q4.+ and +l + "
(i!) e!ery 8 !& with the ?"M whether T $ f& K ! or Tq 3& % ! " li.e: +X,.A& + (pregnant)" +L % + (red)"
(!) e!ery ,.( that contains the " z 8 Lk whether 1W/ . (e-plicitly and o!ertly)" li.e: ++% " B.+ and +
To % + or a=3" K k (implicitly and co!ertly) while at the same time being more than three letters or
with the middle (letter) !owelled )if it is not more than three letters)" li.e: +93 4.+ a womanJs
<$
name" and should a male be called by it then it becomes 6 & f ! (triptote)" and should the ,.(
" 8 % & consist of three letters with the middle (letter) being un!owelled" then it is permissible
for it to be (both) 6 f <!& and 6 x f <!& P. " li.e: +3<I" + "
(!i) e!ery ,.( composed of two 7" % (nouns) with the one not go!erning the other" nor the
second one being a sound (li.e += + in +=$ A + ) nor incorporating the meaning of the 6 H "
li.e: +uc A,. + and +[$ ! C + "
(!ii) e!ery noun that contains an ?"@. and 7$ & that are additional whether as an ,.( (proper noun) or
as a ?^ (descripti!e noun) which the L8 does not enter upon" li.e: +7 - n n7 % (" + and +
% + "
(!iii) e!ery plural on the pattern of + " B.+ or +" B.+ " li.e: +3` ! + (mos#ues) and +{f ! +
(lamps)" and it is permissible to ma.e it 6 f <!& because of b5 T & 2 (poetic necessity or
license) or y& <8 (uniformity or harmony)" li.e: OZ " O. and a= $ 4. .
and all that is 6x f <!& P. " when it is 6C !& (anne-ed) or the ?" = 8 9:. enters upon it" then it
becomes 6 f <!& " li.e: + % ` @. % M [& ! + (/ passed by the red one and our red one).
(C) he third di!ision is in accordance with the V$ <8 (type)" and constitute four (types): B and yf
which are shared between the : and the c ` /" which is specific to the : and 9o ` which is
specific to the /" .
he B 8 +! O. ( (sign of B 8 ) constitutes four: a +%8 2 " a " an ?"@. and a 7$ & .
he y f <8 +! O. ( (sign of yf <8 ) constitutes fi!e: a +H B. " a T U. " an ?"@. " a L= and the 7" $ <\ 6F .
he 5 > +! O. ( (sign of c > ) constitutes four: a T U. " a +H B. and a L= .
he 9 o > +! O. ( (sign of 9o > ) constitutes three: the +" U. H 6F " the p" 6F and the 7" $ <\ 6F .
(F) he fourth di!ision is in accordance with the +/. f5 (description)" and comprises three (types): ;c W" / .
(e-plicit and real) which appears in pronunciation" Ec =3" K k (implicit and hypothetical) and ;c ,H ! (local).
)et us mention and state the last two so that it can be .nown that what is besides the two of them is ;c W" / . .
<1
he Ec =3" K 8 does not appear in pronunciation" but is instead implied and assumed at its ending due to an
impediment in it that pre!ents the ;c K" K" H ' ( )* (real declension)" and does not e-ist e-cept in the
' %& li.e the ;c W" / ,G " and is in se!en places:
he first is a q / !& whose ending is an ?"@. " e!en if it (i.e. the ?"M ) is dropped due to the meeting of two
un!owelled letters. /f it is an " then its ' ( )* in all three cases is Ec =3" K k " li.e: +f + (the stic.)"
and +fY (Y + (a stic.)" and if it is a B" " then its B 8 and yf <8 are Ec =3" K k and its 9o > is ;c W" / . " li.e: +
Xb d =+ (he fears)" +Xb d = .+ (he will not fear)" and + d = .+ (he did not fear).
he second is that which is 6C !& to the ,- . %& L= e-cluding the +<m8 (dual form). /f it is the UG F. %& % `
"8 " then only its B 8 is Ec =3" K k " li.e +;8 %" ," !& ; LM ` + (My Muslims came to me)" its original form
being: +E $ %& ," !& + " and if it is other than that" then all (three cases) are Ec =3" K k " li.e: +
; k"% ," !& ; "` ; !" O. PQ ; LM .` + (My ser!ant" my men and my female Muslims came to me).
he third is that whose ending contains ;c -" H ! ' ( (cited declension)" either as a +,.% `& that has been
transferred to +8%" ,. (being a proper noun)" li.e: + l . 8z.k+ " or a q / !& (single word) in the statement by
made by a ?i,aSi" li.e:
+a3=S ! + (2ho is 3aydD) in response to someone who said: +a3=S D& 2 + (/ hit 3ayd)" and
+7" k % k !" ; <( q + (Fo not pester me with two dates)" in response to someone who said: +7" k % k u .@.+
(Fo you ha!e two datesD).
)i.ewise e!ery yUG !& (compound) whose second part is a #$ %& ! of that which does not ha!e any ' ( "
li.e: +3R =S I n na3=S 7G + and +3x =S !" + " as opposed to +* 3A( + and +& !& O. PQ 'R & C ! + for the ' ( )* of the
first part thereof is ;c W" / . in accordance with the !" and the second is (a) occupied with the ' ( )* of
+=-. H" (citation) or (b) ;c -" H ! L< (cited indeclinability)" li.e: + b ( +. % p + as an ,.( according to the
most popular !iew.
he fourth is that whose ending is a L= preceded by a letter !owelled with a T U. " e!en if it (i.e. the L
) is dropped due to the meeting of two un!owelled letters. /f it is an " then its B 8 and c > is Ec =3" K k "
li.e: +; 2" K. + (the ,udge) and +N 4.+ (a ,udge) and if it is a B" " then only its B 8 is Ec =3" K k if a %" 2 is
not fi-ed at its ending" li.e: +; !" =+ (he throws)" +; !" k+ (she throws" you throw)" +; !" @.+ (/ throw) and +
; !" + (we throw).
<8
he fifth is a B" whose ending is a preceded by a letter !owelled with a +%8 2 " for only its B 8 is
Ec =3" K k if a %" 2 is not fi-ed at its ending" li.e: + o& h =+ (he does battle)" + o& h k+ (she does battle" you do
battle)" + o& P @.+ (/ do battle) and + o& h + (we do battle).
he si-th is an whose ' ( )* is by means of letters and encounters a U" (un!owelled letter) after
it" that is" a +% ,"U. at whose beginning there is a N ^ To % I (i.e. a word which has a N ^ To % I at its
beginning).
/f it is from the aforementioned + 5 L% M " then its ' ( )* in the three cases is Ec =3" K k " li.e: +
" K. $&@. ; LM ` + (he father of al=Tasim came to me)" + " K. @. D& =@. + (/ saw the father of al=Tasim) and
+ " K. ;z. [& ! + (/ passed by the father of al=Tasim).
/f it is the "8 UG F. %& % ` " then (a) if that which is before the letter of ' ( )* is !owelled with a +H B. "
li.e: +7. $ /. J. f !& + and + /. J. f !& + " then the $ is !owelled the +%8 C8 and the L with the T -. " with the
result it (i.e. its ' ( )* ) is ;c W" / . in all three cases" li.e: +9 $ K. $& /. J. f !& ; LM ` + (the chosen ones of the
people came to me)" +9 $ K. ; /. J. f !& D& =@. + (/ saw the chosen ones of the people) and +9 $ K. ; /. J. f %& [& ! +
(/ passed by the chosen ones of the people)" and (b) if it (i.e. that which is before the letter of ' ( )* ) is
not !owelled a +H B. " then they (i.e. the $ and L ) are dropped with the result that it (i.e. its ' ( )* )
is Ec =3" K k in all three cases" li.e: +9 $ K. $& 2 ; LM ` + (those who hit the people came to me)" +
9 $ K. ; 2 D& =@. + (/ saw those who hit the people) and +9 $ K. ; C [& ! + (/ passed by those who hit the
people).
/f it is a +<mk (dual form)" then its B 8 is Ec =3" K k " and its yf <8 and c > the L is !owelled with a T U.
" with the result that it (i.e. its ' ( )* ) is ;c W" / . " li.e: +u < ! O. PQ ; LM ` + (the two ser!ants of your son
came to me)" +u < ; ! O. PQ D& =@. + (/ saw the two ser!ants of your son) and +u < ; ! O. h& [& ! + (/ passed by
the two ser!ants of your son).
he se!enth is the +" U. H & & ( 7. U. % !" 7" -. )* " ,.( 6$ 4Q$ % (i.e. that which is paused on by means of
un!owelling as regards that whose ' ( )* is by means of the +U. H . /f it is not mar.ed with the
**** -" % 8 =$ <k or at its ending there is a " z8 Lk " then its three cases are Ec =3" K k " li.e: + 2 n n3 % @.+
and +[ 2 + and if it is mar.ed with the =$ <8 without the L " then its B 8 and c > are Ec =3" K k "
e-cluding its yf <8 " li.e: +3R =S + .
As for the ; c ,H % it occurs in two places:
<9
(') he first of them is the ' %& : whose ending has been occupied by ; -" H ! P. ' ( (i.e.
declension that is not cited)" li.e: +3x =o [& ! + (/ passed by 3ayd)" for the H % (position) of +3x =S + is
ad,udged to be that of yf <8 by being the " #$ & / % " and li.ewise +3x =S '& 2 ; <A> ( @.+ (3aydJs hitting or
the hitting of 3ayd astonished me) and +3x =o 8 !& + (3ayd was passed by)" for +3x =S + is H % V$ BQ ! (i.e.
V$ B Q ! in !iew of its position) by being the (" /. in the first (e-ample) and by being the (" /. yt" in the
second.
($) he second is the ;c <A% (indeclinable)" which is that whose +U. H and 7$ -Q \ is not the result of an
!" ( " contrary to the ' %& " for it is that whose +U. H and 7$ -Q \ is the result of an !" ( . he ;c <A%
is of two types: ^ M ;c <A! (primary indeclinable) and ;c <A! (temporary indeclinable).
he first is four (categories): the 6 H (particle)" the ; 2" % (perfect)" the 9 OG h ! M (the
imperati!e without the 9OG ) according to the Basrans" and the +,.% >& (sentence or clause).
he second is of two types: 9S :. (binding) and 9N S :. P. (non=binding).
(A) he 9S OG is that which does not part from or brea. with L<A " and comprises:
(a) the [ % C %& "
(b) the [" l )* L% @. "
(c) the [:. $ ^& $ % e-cept for +Ec @.+ and ++=8@.+ " for they are 7" !& "
(d) the # B M L% @. an ha!e been discussed pre!iously"
(e) that which occurs on the pattern of +# B.+ as a 3 f ! " a +/. ^" " li.e: +e B. =+ (; you wretched woman"
shrew) or an ,.( " li.e +9 F. + according to the people and inhabitants of al=?i,aS"
(f) the [$ ^ M " which comprise e!ery word used to a imitate a sound" li.e: +e + or used to produce a
sound for (directing at) animals" li.e: + + "
(g) [" AUG % & (some compounds)" which comprise e!ery two 7" % ,"U. none of which is an +,.!" (
go!erning the other & made into a single " and (i) should the second (part) be a [$ ^ (sound) " then
they (i.e. both parts) are 7" 8<A! and the second is !owelled with a T U. and the first with a +H B. " li.e: +
" =$ A + " and (ii) should it (i.e. the second part) is not a [$ ^ " then the first (part) is ;c <A! :
on a +H B. if its ending is a {H" ^ 6 (strong or sound letter)" li.e: +uc A,. + and [$ ! C + " and
on a 7$ - Q & if its ending is a +x ,G(" 6 (wea. letter)" li.e: +' U. E 3" ! +
<<
and the second part is ' !& (declined) li.e the 6" f <%& P. according to the standard dialect.
/f they (i.e. the 7" % ,"-. ) are not made into a single but the second one incorporates a 6 " and
(i) should the first one not be the word +7" <+ " then they are both 7" 8<A! on:
the {/. " if their ending (or final letter) is a {H" ^ 6 " and
the 7$ -Q \ if it (i.e. their ending) is a +x ,G(" 6 " li.e:
+T. b ( 3 n n b ( 3 @.+ "
+T. b ( +. =q" n n b ( E q" n nT. b ( . O. .n n b ( +. .O. .+ until + b ( +. k"+ and +T. b ( +. " k+ " and
li.e: +D D E ` $ I& + (he is my neighbour ad,acent to my house i.e. ne-t=door neighbour) and
+ $ I& + (he is in between)
and (ii) should the second one be the word +7" <+ " then the second one becomes ;c <A! and the first one
' !& and its 7$ <\ is dropped" li.e:
+OZ `& b ( < ;LM ` + (twel!e men came to me)"
+OZ `& b ( ; < D& =@. + (/ saw twel!e men) and
+OZ `& b ( ; < [& ! + (/ passed by twel!e men)"
(h) [" =<-" " which comprise
+ U. + for (i) 9 / " : such that what comes after it is '$ f& <! as the o% 8 " li.e: +OZ `& U. + (?ow
many menD) and (ii) +=8 Ad ha!ing the meaning of m"- 8 " such that it is 6C !& to what comes after it"
li.e: +N `& U. + (?ow many a man)"
+F. U. + for q3 (number)" such that what comes after it is '$ f& <! as the o% 8 " li.e: +F. U. E 3" <("
1%I q" + (/ ha!e so much in dirhams)"
+D U. + and +D =. + for =3" H (speech or anything said)"
(i) 9 / " : n7 n X< % " +<%5 C %& [% ,"-. (words incorporating the meaning of +7 + and interrogation)
other than +Ec @.+ and ++=8@.+ "
(,) 6" & W (some ad!erbs)" li.e: + ! @.+ (yesterday)" + 4.+ (e!er)" +& $ ( + (ne!er)" +F !& + (since)" +FQ <!& +
(since)" +. + (when)" + + (when)" +%8 .+ (when)" +X! + (when)" +X@.+ (where)" +7. =8@.+ (when)" +? U. + (how)" +
Q + (where)" +3 .+ (at" with)" +7 3& .+ (at" with) and +3 .+ (at" with)
(.) the +8%" : 6-. (nominal 'a&)"
<@
(l) ++8% " : nX,.( (nominal +X,.( + ) and
(m) ++8% " : n( (nominal + ( + )
(B) the 9 S OG P. constitutes:
(i) that which is se!ered from +B.2 )* (anne-ation) with the " . 6C %& being assumed and intended in it"
li.e: +Q A4.+ (before)" +3& + (after)" +D& H k+ (under" beneath" below)" +e& $ B.+ (abo!e" on top)" +9& 38 4Q+ (in front)" +
?& , p + (behind)" +L + (behind)" +& P. :. + (nothing=else)" +& P. .+ (nothing=else) and +y& + (only) "
(ii) +7. + (now)"
(iii) +B. % q / %& q <%& (the single definite addressee or !ocati!e)" which is ;c <A! on that with which it is
V$ B Q ! (had it been ' !& ) if it does not ha!e the +" .h " : ?"@. (the Ali& of see.ing help) or the +" 3 <\ ?"@.
(the Ali& of lamenting) fi-ed at its ending or a 9:. at its beginning" li.e: +3& =S =+ (; 3ayd)" +7" % ," !& =+ (;
two Muslims) and +7. $ %& ," !& =+ (; Muslims)" and if it is 6C !& (anne-ed) or 6C %& b !& (resembling
that which is anne-ed) or a T -" (indefinite)" it is made '$ f& <! with a B" that is 38 K. !& (implied and
assumed)" li.e: +* 3 A( =+ (; Abdullah)" +3x =S !" ap =+ (; you who are better than 3ayd) and +OZ `& =+
(; man). 6hould an ?"@. be fi-ed at its ending then it becomes ;c <A! on the {/. " li.e: +i 3 =S =+ " and
should a 9: . be fi-ed at its beginning" then it obligatory for it become & > ! " li.e: +3x =o . =+ . he #3 A and
the 6$ JQ % both of which is !oid and free of the 9OG has the same - H& (ruling and status) of the
q <%& " li.e: +3& =S Q `& =+ (; man" 3ayd) and +& % ( 3& =S =+ (; 3ayd and IAmr). he L* 3 <5 6 & &
(particles of addressing) are: +E @.n nI n n=@.n n=+ " the n To % + which is specific to +3 <\
(lamentation)"
(i!) the <> , " +B"<8 n:. n (Loun of +:. + that negates the whole class or genus) if it is q / !& (single)"
T -" (indefinite)" connected to +:. + which is not repeated" li.e: +. `& :. + (there is absolutely no man)"
(!) the 3" U" z8 7Q $ & @. " 8 %& % ` 7Q $ & " f " 8%& V C %& (i.e. the V C %& that has the $un of the feminine
plural or the $un of Rmphasis fi-ed to it)" li.e: + C =+ Cthey hit (feminine plural)E" + C k+ C0ou hit
(feminine plural)E" +8 C = I + (2ill he really hit) and +8 C k I + (2ill you really hit).
hese words ha!e to ha!e the status of L<A (i.e. it is compulsory for them to be +8<A! ).
As for the L* <A ot"` " they constitute:
<H
the n +" ,.% >& X. +B.C %& 6 & W + (the ad!erbs that are anne-ed to the +,.% >& and to the word +
+) for it is permissible that they be +8<A! on the {/. " li.e: & 4Q3 ^ " 4"q" f8 & /. <= 9 $ = " (Ga Fay on
which their truthfulness will benefit the ruthful)" +Fx 0"<" + (at that time)" +Fx 0"! $ =+ (on that day)" and
li.ewise +m!" + and +P. + with +7 @.n n! + and +7G @.+"
the TQ - " <8 q& / %& Q f" 8%& T" 8 -. %& n:. n (i.e. the Loun of +:. + that is repeated and which is
connected to it i.e. to +:. + being single and indefinite)" li.e: +* :G T. $8 4Q :. #. $ :. + (there is no power
and might e-cept with Allah)" for it is permissible: (a) for both of them (i.e. +#$ + and +T$8 4Q+ ) to be 8<A!
7" on the {/. " (b) for both of them to be 7" ( $ BQ ! " (c=d) for the first to be ;c <A! on the {/. and the
second to be '$ f& <! or V$ BQ ! and (e) for the first to be V$ BQ ! and the second ;c <A! on the {/. . hese
are fi!e options that are permissible in the li.es thereof"
the " +,.f" 8%& Tq / %& ;5 <A% n:n +/. ^ " (the #ualifying ad,ecti!e of the indeclinable Loun of +:. +
the former being single and connected to it i.e. the Loun)" for it is permissible for it (i.e. the +/. f5 ) to
be (a) +8<A! on the {/. " li.e: +? = . . ` & :. + Cthere is no .ind man (present)E" and (b) + !& either in
the case of B 8 or yf <8 " li.e: +1/= . ?R = . . `& :. + .
|,(@ ' 3%-~
<K