1.

The uptake of water by a leafy shoot can be investigated using a potometer as shown in the
diagram below.


(a) (i) What assumption is made when this apparatus is used to investigate the rate of
transpiration?
water loss / transpiration equals / is proportional to water uptake;
(1 mark)
(ii) State two precautions which must be taken setting up and using this apparatus.
1. cut stem under water;
assemble apparatus under water;
render apparatus water tight / air tight with vaseline / wax;
2. (run water through capillary to) eliminate air bubbles;
ensure leaves / eq. are dry;
control of variables / one variable specified; ref. to equilibration;
(2 marks)
(b) Using this apparatus, four experiments were carried out with the same shoot in the order
given below.
A Still air, leaves untreated
B Moving air, leaves untreated
C Still air, lower surface of leaf covered with grease
D Moving air, lower surface of leaf covered with grease
Temperature and light intensity were kept constant during the investigation.
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The results are shown in the graph below.
B
A
D
C
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

m
o
v
e
d

b
y

m
e
n
i
s
c
u
s

/

m
m
200
150
100
50
0
Time/ min
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

The mean rate of water uptake during experiment A was 3.2 mm
3
per minute.
The cross-sectional area of the bore of the capillary tube is 0.8 mm
2
. Calculate the mean
rate of water uptake by the shoot during experiment B. Show your working.
(meniscus moves) 180 mm (in 30 minutes);
2 . 3
120
180
8 . 0
30
180

;
Answer 4.8 mm
3
min
1
;
(3 marks)
(c) (i) Describe and explain the effect of moving air on the rate of water uptake in
experiment B.
rate of water loss / transpiration / water uptake increased;
credit comparative reference to figures;
more water vapour blown away / eq.;
thus increasing / maintaining concentration gradient / eq;
causing faster / more diffusion;
(3 marks)
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(ii) Suggest an explanation for the different effects of moving air in experiments
B and D.
moving air causes more water vapour to be lost from B than D / less from
D than B / eq.;
more water (vapour) lost through stomata;
more stomata on lower surface of leaves;
grease prevents water loss through / blocks
these stomata / acts as a barrier;
(3 marks)
[Total 12 marks]

2. Give an account of the flow of energy through of food web.
1. source of energy sunlight;
2. absorbed by photosynthetic pigments / named pigments;
3. converted to chemical / bond energy / used in formation ATP;
4. (energy) in the form of organic compounds / carbohydrates / named eg;
5. by photosynthesis in producers / green plants;
6. ref. to GPP + explanation / elaborations;
7. utilisation by producers / used in respiration by plants / eq;
8. any ref. to hear / energy losses from metabolism. respiration;
9. ref. to NPP + explanation / elaboration;
10. energy passed on / eq. by feeding relationships / eq; food chains /
trophic levels
11. less energy at top of food chain / eq;
12. efficiency about 10%;
13. ref. to losses due to muscle contraction / locomotion / eq;
14. (energy) in the form of inedible / indigestible material / eq / not all eaten
by next trophic level;
15. ref. to energy in forces / egested material;
16. utilisation of dead organisms by decomposers / eq;
17. energy in the form of excretory material;
18. named excretory material / urea;
19. losses to fossilisation;
20. ref. to chemoautotrophs;
[Total 10 marks]

3. An investigation was carried out into the effect of different concentrations of indoleacetic acid
(IAA) on the growth of coleoptiles (shoots) from 5 day old barley seedlings.
The tips of 70 coleoptiles were cut off, and the remainder of each coleoptile was trimmed to a
length of 10 mm. Ten of these trimmed coleoptiles were placed in each of six solutions of IAA,
and then incubated in the dark at 20
o
C for 72 hours. A further ten trimmed coleoptiles were
incubated for the same length of time in distilled water.
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The coleoptiles were then measured, and the mean increases in their lengths were plotted against
the concentration of IAA used. The whole experiment was repeated at a temperature of 30
o
C.
The results are shown in the graph below.
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 0.001 0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0
M
e
a
n

i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e

i
n

l
e
n
g
t
h
/
m
m
Concentration of IAA / ppm
(log scale)
Coleoptiles at 20C Coleoptiles at 30C
Key

(a) Describe the effect of different concentrations of IAA on the growth of the coleoptiles.
all concentrations of / IAA cause(s) an increase in length / eq;
concentrations 0.0 to 0.01 / from 0 to 0.001 cause small increase in length;
0.01. to 1.0 cause sleep increase in length;
1.0 to 100.0 cause lower increase in length/increase inhibited;
greatest increase at 1.0 / 1.0 is the optimum;
(3 marks)
(b) Suggest an explanation for the differences between the results obtained at 20
o
C and
at 30
o
C.
IAA transported / eq. into coleoptiles more rapidly at 30
o
C / less rapidly at
20
o
c / increase in membrane permeability to IAA at 30
o
c;
increased enzyme / metabolic / eq. activity at 30
o
c / decreased at 20
o
C;
resulting in more / increased growth / elongation at 30
o
C / decreased at 20
o
C;
(2 marks)
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(c) (i) Suggest why the tips were removed from the coleoptiles.
ensures comparability of results / removes uncontrolled variable;
since IAA (produced) in tips;
different tips may produce different concentrations;
(2 marks)
(ii) Suggest why the investigation was carried out in the dark.
light affects distribution of IAA / inacti vates IAA / destroys IAA;
(1 mark)
(d) Explain one way in which auxins, such as IAA, may be used in horticulture and
agriculture.
spray on broad leaved weeds / use as selective weedkiller;
stimulates growth of weeds to exhaustion / eq;
dip cut stems / petiole into auxin / IAA powder.
stimulates production / growth of (adventitious) roots;
spray on to unpollinated / unfertilised flowers of fruit trees;
produces seedless fruits;
spray on to developing fruit / named e.g;
to retard abscission / prevent fruit drop / eq;
add to nutrient agar solution;
to stimulate clove formation / callus
growth / micropropagation;
( = linked points)
(2 marks)
[Total 10 marks]

4. (a) 1. Named species of coleoptile / seedling // standardisation of seedlings e.g. genetic
uniformity ;
2. Grown in dark or even illumination / straight stemmed examples chosen ;
3. Fixed to microscope slide (allow from diagram) / method of preventing movement /
tray / dish fixed in box ;
4. Damp cotton Wool /
eq
(to prevent drying) / in suitable medium ;
5. In darkened environment / dark box (control) and in box with slit /
eq
;
6. Viewed under low power magnification ;
7. Aligned against suitable marker / eyepiece graticule / scale / ruler ;
8. Suitable means of unilateral illumination (allow box with slit /
eq
) ;
9. Movement / displacement measured on scale / angle of curvature measured on
scale /
eq
;
10. For fixed time / at suitable intervals (2 days maximum) ;
Maximum 5 if only a qualitative explanation Max 7
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(b) Difficult to set up unilateral light ;
Bending makes it difficult to keep coleoptile against scale /
difficult to measure curved coleoptile / seedling stem ;
Difficult to set up fixed point for measurement ;
Straight seedlings / coleoptiles difficult to grow ; Max 2
[9]

5. (a) (i)
Insecticide dose /mg 0.15 0.25 0.35 0.45 0.55
Village with spraying
% killed
18 28 38 40.8
(41)
52.8
(53)
Village with no spraying
% killed
75.2
(75)
92 98 94 95.2
(95)
(Allow two significant figures)
Percentages with spraying correct ;
Percentages without spraying correct ;
Tabular format ;
Correct rows and columns units in heading ; 4
(ii) L Suitable axes labelled with units and correct scales ;
S Sprayed data correctly plotted ;
U Unsprayed data correctly plotted ;
K Line graph correctly keyed, accurately drawn and no extrapolation ; 4
(b) Sprayed village mosquitoes are more resistant // converse ;
% of sprayed village mosquitoes killed increases with increasing insecticide concentration
;
% of unsprayed village mosquitoes killed reaches maximum at
(figure to match max from graph drawn 0.3 0.35) ; Max 2
[10]

6. (a) 1. Reference to need to know lifecycle of moth / time of infection of plants ;
2. Divide plantation into several areas / plots / use several plantations (allow use of
(large) contained areas) ;
3. Control area (no pheromone / chemical or no traps if suitable) ;
4. Randomised selection of areas for tests ;
5. Same concentration of pheromone in each trap ;
6. Same area /
eq
sticky surface ;
7. Same suitable (measured) positions ;
8. Kept at same distance from trunk of tree / or other detail of standardising positions ;
9. Protect traps from rain ;
10. Add stated number of moths to contained areas ;
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11. Left for stated time / check traps at regular intervals ;
12. Count number of males trapped ;
13. Count damaged / undamaged leaves / count eggs or caterpillars ;
14. Replace traps at intervals ;
15. Record wind speed / direction ;
16. Record rainfall / temperature / control abiotic factor / variable in lab ;
17. Repeat procedure / replication in different areas ; Max 9
(b) Tabulation ;
Suitable columns / rows - units if appropriate ;
Calculation of mean (accept from table) ;
Bar chart different treatments ;
Number of trapped moths / % of leaves infected /
eq
on y axis
Possible scatter graphs e.g. number caught against height etc ;
Mann - Whitney U / t-test to compare any two treatments / compare with control / other
test matched to their data ;
Suitable null hypothesis / reference. back to previously stated H
0
;
Use of 5% significance level ; Max 6
(c) Different weather conditions could affect the result / seasons reference ;
Cannot test all placements of traps ;
Moths could be killed by other factors / disease / predators ;
Moths may escape if stickiness wears off / traps kept up for too long / effect of pheromone
decreases ;
Results due to wind direction / moths less likely to reach traps on windward side ;
Need to repeat in different years / different weather / seasons ;
Compare with chemical control method / other biological control ;
Test different concentrations /
eq
;
Test long term effects to see if population reduced ;
Same technique on other insect pests ;
Investigate "stray" catches / incidental killing of other insects ;
Investigate different surface area of traps ; Max 6
[21]

7. No mark scheme available

8. No mark scheme available

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9. (a) 1. method of immobilisation described (alginate in solution of Ca
2+
ions) ;
2. solution of lactase prepared ;
3. same concentration of lactase in both ;
4. equal volumes / mass of both used in tests ;
5. both tested without treatment (allow at room temperature) ;
6. method of heat treatment described e.g. water bath ;
7. good range of temperatures (minimum 5, from 30-100C, excluding
room temperature) ;
8. stated same time of treatment for each minimum 1 minute ;
9. samples cooled to standard temperature before activity tested ;
10. tested by adding to same / stated volume of lactose ;
11. same concentration of lactose each time ;
12. left / incubate for same time ;
13. reference to named method of testing for glucose produced,
e.g. test strips (diabur) / quantitative Benedicts test ;
14. details of quantitative method, such as mass of precipitate with
Benedicts / reference to colour scales for test strips ;
15. repeat whole procedure ; 9
(b) suitable table with correct rows and columns ;
line graph (bar chart if only one temperature treatment in method) ;
correctly orientated axes with labels and units ;
suitable method of rate calculation described e.g. Concentration of glucose
detected divided by incubation time ; 3
(c) difficult to standardise alginate bead sizes ;
difficult to standardise concentration in beads and solution ;
difficult to standardise time of heat treatment / higher temperatures take
longer to heat up / take longer to cool to standard temperature ;
difficult to determine end point ;
alginate / calcium ions may affect rate of reaction ;
investigate effect of different bead sizes ;
investigate the effect on other enzymes ;
investigate effect at different lactase concentrations ;
use smaller increments of temperature (around point of denaturation) ; 6
[18]

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10. (a) 1. Same concentration of each amylase ;
2. Same volume of amylase used in each test ;
3. Standardised starch solution volume and concentration ;
4. Stated temperature for each test (15 50C );
5. Method of achieving standard temperature e.g. water bath ;
6. All solutions equilibrated at chosen temperature before mixing ;
7. Suitable range of pH values (min 5 values spread must be at least 5>9) ;
8. Use of buffer solutions ;
9. Method of measuring end point named e.g. disappearance of starch /
quantitative Benedicts test ;
10. Detail of measurement of end point e.g. drops tested with standard iodine
every minute / excess Benedicts and mass of precipitate / use of iodine
with colorimeter ;
11. Repeat at each pH ;
12. Repeat whole procedure with alternative enzyme (watch for this in
earlier description) ; 9
(b) Suitable table with correct rows and columns to match suggested method ;
Bar chart / accept line graph where rates have been measured ;
Correct orientation of the axes with labels and units ;
Reference to rate calculation 1 / t etc. ; 3
(c) Limitations
End point difficult to measure accurately ;
Difficult to control concentrations of different enzymes / eq ;
Difficult to carry out iodine tests at short intervals / time taken to carry out
Benedicts tests limits accuracy ;
Difficult to adjust concentrations to get measurable timings / eq ;
Different enzymes may have different optimum temperatures ;
Further work
Use different / wider range of volumes / concentrations / pH values ;
Compare results with / test other amylases ;
Test to see if pH effect is permanent / reversible ;
Research actual pH conditions for proposed use ; 6
[18]

11. (a) 1. Obtain yeast from same batch eq ;
2. Volume / mass yeast stated ;
3. Same / equal volume / concentration of redox / named indicator used ;
4. Same / equal volume / concentration of named substrate added ;
5. Same volume of sodium malonate added (if using different concentrations) ;
6. Same volume of distilled water added (if just testing with and without);
7. Stated temperature for test (maximum 60C, reject room temperature)
OR use of water bath ;
8. Reference to equilibration of solutions separately ;
9. Time reference for equilibrium (1 minute or over);
10. Time to reach (standard) end point ;
11. Reference to appropriate colour change (of indicator) described / stated ;
12. Reference to standard end point by observation or by use of colorimeter
/ spectrophotometer ;
13. Repeat (3 times minimum) at same concentration ; 10
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Style Account is concise and well organised, there is good use of technical
vocabulary and almost no spelling errors. 2 Marks
There is some lack of organisation, limited vocabulary and a number
of spelling errors. 1 Mark
The account lacks organisation, there is little or no technical
vocabulary and many spelling errors. 0 Marks 2
(b) Table of raw data with labelled rows and columns including units ;
Reference to need to calculate means (accept from table) ;
Suitable graphical format matched to suggested results table ;
Correct axes with units;
Reference to a named statistical test (accept from method plan) ;
Reference to use of null hypothesis ; 4
(c) Limitations:
Reference to difficulty in determining the end point accurately ;
Reference to re-oxidation of indicators ;
Inadequate mixing of solutions / uneven colour change ;
Removal from water bath during colour determination ;
Settling out of yeast culture samples ;
Further work:
Investigate:
Different concentrations of sodium malonate ;
The effects of different substrates (such as succinate) on the action of
sodium malonate ;
The effect of malonate on different strains of yeast or microbes ;
The effect of malonate on anaerobic respiration ;
The effect of other metabolic poisons ; 5
[21]

12. (a) 1. Stated number of subjects to be tested (minimum of 10) ;
2. Two named variables of subjects {controlled / selected} (age, gender, health,
frequency of smoking) ;
3. Either test to be carried out on smokers or non-smokers OR before and after
chewing gum ;
4. Type of gum chewed to be controlled e.g. brand ;
5. Gum chewed a stated length of time before test ;
6. Named test for reaction time e.g. falling ruler / computer programme / push
button apparatus ;
For falling ruler test:
7. Ruler positioned accurately between thumb and first finger / eq ;
8. Any precaution to prevent anticipation e.g. use of oral command only looking
away or with blindfold ;
9. Precisely what is to be measured e.g. top of fingers against ruler / eq ;
For computer programme / push button test:
7. Position of finger on {keyboard / mouse / button} standard at the start of the test ;
8. Description of stimulus for response ;
9. Precaution against anticipation e.g. randomised {stimulus / interval} ;
10. For either test separation of testing to minimise effects of {practise / learning} ;
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11. Repeat at least three times for each subject ; 8
Style Account is concise and well organised; there is good use of technical vocabulary and
almost no spelling errors. 2 marks
There is some lack of organisation, limited vocabulary and a number of spelling errors.
1 mark
The account lacks organisation, there is little or no technical vocabulary and many
spelling errors. 0 marks 2
(b) Table of raw data with suitable accurately labelled rows and columns ;
Reference to calculation of means (accept from table) ;
Suitable graphical format matched to suggested data ;
Graphical presentation allows comparison ;
Named statistical test (accept from method plan) ;
Use of null hypothesis ; 6
(c) Limitations
Very difficult to eliminate effects of practise on reaction times ;
Reason for inaccuracy of ruler method e.g. initial position of finger difficult to
standardise / visual method invites anticipation ;
Total response time involves several processes ;
Named human variable difficult to control (not illness) e.g mood, time of day
etc. if not given as controlled factors ;
Further work
Use different techniques for measuring reaction time ;
Vary {concentrations of nicotine / time of chewing / amount of gum chewed / eq} ;
Investigate duration of nicotine effect ;
Investigate effects of nicotine on different subject groups, e.g. non-smokers with regular
smokers / male with female ;
Investigate effects of chewing gum without nicotine ; 5
[21]

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13. (a)
Number
of elder
seedlings
{Frequency / number} of elder seedlings in 0.25 m quadrats in fields
grazed by: (H =Horses and C =Cattle)
2
Tally chart
Size class of
two
Size class of
three
Size class of
four
Size class of
six
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
H H
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
4
10
4
4
6
5
3
2
1
3
5
5
1
3
3
1
2
2
4
4
1
1
2
H H H C C
1
2
2
2
3
4
5
10
4
1
8
3
2
0
3
5
5
3
1
1
0
5
3
2
2
1
1
1
0
0
C C C

Tallies recorded;
Correct rows and columns with labels and units (accept per quad);
Suitable size classes;
Correct frequencies of size classes for horses and cattle; 4
(b) F Format, bar chart format with correct axes orientation and labels;
S Scale, use more than of the paper and correct scale;
P Plotting all points correctly; 3
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(c) There is no difference in the {number / frequency} of elder seedlings
between the two grazed areas; 1
(d) Calculated value of t is greater than the tabulated value;
There is a significant difference in the {number / frequency} of elder
seedlings in the two areas;
At the 5% confidence level / greater than 2.02; 3
[11]

14. (a)
Width of lichen on
Birch / mm Oak / mm
8 6
16 9
18 12
21 13
22 14
24 15 Median
28 16
33 19
35 20
55 33
60 45
Median width
/ mm
24 15

Median
Median
width /
mm
Width of
lichen on
Birch /
mm
8 16 18 21 22 24 28 33 35 55 60 24
Width of
lichen on
Oak /
mm
6 9 12 13 14 15 16 19 20 33 45 15
[Shaded rows/columns are alternative to each other]
Neat table correctly formatted including medians (if medians have been
identified);
Correctly labelled rows or columns with units;
Widths ranked;
Both medians correct. 4
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(b) A Graph correctly orientated with labelled axes;
F Bar chart for {medians - 24 and 15) / means - 29 and 18}
OR histogram for sizes classes (table below);
Size class / mm Birch Oak
0 19 3 8
20 39 6 2
40 59 1 1
60 79 1 0
[format mark not awarded for raw data plots]
P Data plotted correctly 3
(c) There is no significant difference between the width of lichen on birch and oak 1
(d) There is a significant difference between the (median) width of lichen on
birch and oak / reject the null hypothesis;
At the 5% value; [not just P =0.05]
Since the {smallest U / U2} value is less than (the critical value) 30; 3
[11]

15. (a) 1. Sites selected to minimise at least 2 named edaphic variables
e.g. type of soil / pH / mineral content;
2. Sites selected to minimise at least 2 named other abiotic variables
e.g. light / temperature / rainfall;
3. Assessment of area of {grass / dung} in each site before investigation;
4. Same number of cattle to graze each site / same mass of dung added
to each site;
5. All wild type beetles {removed / destroyed} in {one site / whole area};
6. Superpat and wild type beetles standardised;
7. Reference to attempt to release similar numbers of Superpat as
population of wild type / equal numbers released on each site;
8. Any suitable precaution to prevent {migration / escape} of
Superpat beetles;
9. Sites left for suitable time (minimum 1 week);
10. Suitable method of randomising sampling;
11. Use of quadrat of stated size (minimum 10 samples);
12. Details of exactly what is measured / percentage cover grass or
dung / count squares in gridded quadrat / weigh dung; 8
SPG Account is concise and well-organised, there is good use of technical
vocabulary and almost no spelling errors 2 marks
There is some lack of organisation, limited vocabulary and a number
of spelling errors 1mark
The account lacks organisation, there is little or no technical
vocabulary and many spelling errors 0 marks 2
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(b) Table of raw data with suitable accurately labelled rows and columns with units;
Reference to calculation of means; [accept from table]
Suitable graphical format which matches data and method including
correctly labelled axes;
Graphical presentation allows comparison of two sites;
Reference to suitable type of statistical test [for significant difference]
between means; [accept from method plan]
Use of stated null hypothesis; [accept from method plan] 6
(c) Limitations: [Sub-maximum 4 marks]
Difficult to match conditions at both sites;
Difficult to control level of dung at each site;
Difficult to achieve random distribution of Superpat beetles;
Despite precautions beetles may {migrate / die};
Possible delay in build up of full population of Superpat beetles;
Dung may be removed by other organisms;
Further work:
Study effect at different seasons;
Measure actual rates of {feeding / dung removal} (by direct observations
of individuals);
Investigate removal of dung with different types of cattle; 5
[21]

16. (a) (i) 1. Bacteria {remain attached to filter paper / not dispersed in
solution / more stable};
2. So that luminescence is easier to see / eq;
3. Can be removed easily;
(ii) 1. (Changes in temperature) affect enzyme (activity);
2. Affect {metabolism / respiration / bioluminescence / eq};
3. May affect uptake of {ions / metals / eq}; 4
(b) As concentration increased, light emitted decreased / converse;
0.05 mg dm
-3
had no effect (within 5 hours) / 10.0 mg dm
-3
inhibited light
emission within 30 mins / equivalent statement about other concentration; 2
(c) Mercury (chloride);
More {rapid effect / effective at lower concentrations} (than other metals) / eq; 2
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(d) 1. Set up with filter paper disc plus bacteria in water sample;
2. Reference to use of a control;
3. Keep (both) {at the same temperature / in dark};
4. Record duration of light emission;
5. Expect shorter duration (than control) if water had been polluted / eq; 3
[11]


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