Transportation

EGEE 101H - Rick Devery & Meghan

Stouter
Agenda
1. Brief History
2. External/Internal Combustion Engines
3. Environmental Impacts
4. Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
5. Alternative Transportation
6. Public Policy
7. Video and Conclusion
History


1769 - Creation of
steam engined
automobiles.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/0/
21245426
1886- regarded the year of
birth of the modern automobile
- with the Benz Patent-
Motorwagen, by German
inventor Karl Benz
http://inventors.abo
ut.com/library/inven
tors/blbenz.htm
1910- Henry Ford and
mass production
http://www.
53deluxe.c
om/everyth
ing-
else/9236/
happy-
birthday-
henry-ford/
External Combustion Engine
How does it Work?
Water heated into steam
Enters one side of cylinder
Pushes piston, connected to drive-train
Spins wheels
Can be powered by anything that burns
Heavy, slow to start, not efficient.

http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/steam1.htm
External Combustion Engine
The de Dion & Bouton steam
- powered tricycle - 1880s
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_car


Crouch steam coach - 1899

http://blog.pennlive.com/go/2012/03/antique_a
uto_museums_alternati.html
Early 1900s British steam car

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/0/21245426
Internal Combustion Engines
Four-Stroke Engine - Gas Engine
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine

http://auto.howstuffworks.com/engine2.htm
Intake Stroke - Mixture of gas and air is
allowed into engine

Compression Stroke - Piston moves up,
compressing mixture to high density.

Combustion Stroke - A spark plug ignites
mixture, causing piston to move downwards

Exhaust Stroke - A valve opens, piston moves
up expelling spent mixture. Cycle repeats.
Internal Combustion Engines - Cont.
1894 Mercedes Benz
http://www.emercedesbenz.com/Sep08/12_001387_eMercedesB
enz_Feature_The_Worlds_First_Production_Car_The_Benz_Paten
t_Motor_Car_Velocipede_Of_1894.html
1908 Ford Model T
http://www.caranddriver.com/photos-10q1/338131/1908-ford-
model-t-photo-338173
1965 Toyota Corolla
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transpor
t/7189583/Toyota-a-history-in-pictures.html?image=5
1935 Citron 15
http://www.autogallery.org.ru/pcitroen.htm
1984 Audi Quattro
http://www.netcarshow.com/audi/1984-
sport_quattro/
2014 Ford Fusion
http://www.ford.com/cars/fusion/
Internal Combustion Engines - Cont.
Diesel Engines

Four Stroke diesel engines have the same four
strokes as petrol engines, but with one
important difference

Rather than a spark plug, they use direct fuel
injection to combust fuel.

Diesel has higher energy density than gas
which means more efficient.

High compression ratios make diesel engines
larger, heavier, and more expensive generally

Capable of lower horsepower than most petrol
engines.


http://takemebeyondthehorizon.wordpress.com/2009/04/04/the-diesel-engine/
Internal Combustion Engine - Cont.
1980 Volkswagen Golf GTI
http://trialx.com/i/2012/11/18/1980-volkswagen-golf-
information-and-images/
2005 Volkswagen Fox
http://www.autoplenum.de/Auto/VW/Fox/Bild-id313093.html

Environmental Impacts
http://www.car-emissions-explained.co.uk/
The U.S. transportation sector is responsible for
about a third of our countrys climate-changing
emissions.

Globally, about 15 percent of manmade carbon
dioxide comes from cars, trucks, airplanes, ships
and other vehicles

More than 125 million Americans live in areas
with unacceptable air pollution.

Soil Contamination, Water Pollution, and
Deforestation
Environmental Impacts
http://www.daihatsu.com/brand/craftsmanship/relationships/index.html
Total U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
by Economic Sector in 2012

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/sources/transportation.html
Hybrid Vehicles (HEVs)
1997 Toyota Prius
http://www.toyotainthenews.com/toyota-celebrates-
ten-years-of-the-prius-hybrid/
http://www.motorauthority.com/photos/toyota_priu
s_2014
http://www.motortrend.com/roadtests/sedans/1403_2
014_ford_focus_titanium_first_test/photo_15.html
2013 Toyota Prius
http://www.newcars.com/toyota/prius/2013
Electric Vehicles
Main Parts
Battery
Controller
Electric Motors
Advantages
No gears
No exhaust = no
emissions
Not governed by laws
of thermodynamics
like ICE = higher
efficiency
Disadvantages
Battery Range
Mass production
Existing infrastructure
doesnt support EVs
Norms
Nissan Leaf
http://www.someofcars.com/nissan-leaf-2014/
Tesla Model S
http://jacobfoxx.com/2013/08/23/tesla-model-s-glimpse-future/
Tesla Roadster
http://www.autoblog.com/tesla/roadster/
Electric Vehicles
Alternative Transportation
Carpooling
The average car consumes about 550 gallons of gas every year
The U.S. could save 33 million gallons of gas each day if the average
commuting vehicle carried one additional person

Public Transportation
Saves the U.S. the equivalent of 4.2 billion gallons of gasoline
annually and more than 11 million gallons of gasoline per day.
It also saves 37 million metric tons of carbon dioxide annually
Households that use public transportation save an average of more
than $8,000 every year.

Alternative Transportation
1 million additional transit commuters, 2000 - 2012
61% increase in bicycle commuting, 2000 - 2012
4.4% increase work from home, 2012 ; 50% increase from 1990
4.5% 1-year increase in light rail ridership
27 City bike share systems

Public Policy
Environmental Protection Agency
Clean Air Act of 1970
Mandated catalytic converters
Emissions testing

http://www.raritanval.edu/co
mmunity/forum/sustain/hom
e.html
Video and Conclusion
Future of cars in America
Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fOH8P
VRHSvo
References
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/0/21245426
http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aacarssteama.htm
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blbenz.htm
http://www.history.com/topics/automobiles
http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/engines-equipment/steam1.htm
http://www.53deluxe.com/everything-else/9236/happy-birthday-henry-ford/
http://www.unlv.edu/assets/brookingsmtnwest/lectures-events/2014-02-26-adie-
tomer.pdf
http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/pdfs/CAA_Nutshell.pdf
http://www.raritanval.edu/community/forum/sustain/home.html
http://auto.howstuffworks.com/engine.htm
http://nationalatlas.gov/transportation.html
http://www.c2es.org/energy/use/transportation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_combustion_engine
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_car
http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aacarssteama.htm
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/0/21245426
http://auto.howstuffworks.com/engine1.htm
http://auto.howstuffworks.com/engine.htm


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_internal_combustion_engine
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine
http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aacarsgasa.htm
https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/hybridtech.shtml
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle
http://auto.howstuffworks.com/electric-car.htm