Notes

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Introduction
Introduction
Schlumberger 1999
Notes
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Introduction
Log Interpretation
Interpretation is defined as the action of
explaining the meaning of something.
Log Interpretation is the explanation of logs b,
GR, Resistivity, etc. in terms of well and reservoir
parameters, zones, porosity, oil saturation, etc.
Log interpretation can provide answers to
questions on:
In a well evaluation the questions asked are simple, where is the oil and
how much is there. Effectively the question is where will we perforate
and how much will come out, will it produce.
These answers are available (usually) from log evaluation.
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Introduction
Why Run Logs
Uses of logs has advanced over the 60+ years since the technique was
pioneered. Simple correlation and hydrocarbon indication has advanced to
geochemistry and resistivity profiling. Logs are employed to give
information about the reservoir, from formation tops and marker beds to
porosity and permeability of layers, to porosity and fluids and their types.
The data used depends on the needs and the type of wells being evaluated.
An exploration well needs more data than a simple development well.
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Introduction
The Reservoir
The elements of gas oil and water are not always present at the same time.
Any combination is possible.
To have a reservoir all the elements are needed:
A reservoir rock
A source rock (but it may be far away from the actual reservoir).
The cap rock has to be on top.
The structure must be there.
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Introduction
Requirements of a reservoir
To form a reservoir needs
- source of organic material (terrestrial or
marine)
- a suitable combination of heat, pressure and
time
- an oxygen free environment
- a suitable basin
Organic material is needed as the source of the hydrocarbons. This material
is cooked at high temperatures and pressures to give the liquid
hydrocarbons. The process takes a very long time. The oxygen-free
environment is needed otherwise the organic material cannot become
hydrocarbons.
The basin is a stable zone on a plate where the process has time to be
completed. Unstable areas do not leave enough time for the necessary
reactions.
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Introduction
Reservoir Information
Reservoirs are represented differently by geologists with rocks and
reservoir engineers with the fluids.
The reservoir is pictured in two forms
The cross section
Geological column
The Cross section shows the structure and the fluids
The geological column shows only the rocks making up the reservoir and
the depths of each layer
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Introduction
Reservoir elements
The major elements of a reservoir are
permeable rock stores the hydrocarbon
source rock produces hydrocarbon
impermeable rock traps hydrocarbon
trap captures fluids
The permeable rock is the reservoir rock. The rock must have porosity if
it has permeability.
The source rock is the origin of the hydrocarbons.
The impermeable rock is the cap rock and the structure makes up the
trap.