FLOW CHART OF REACTIONS BETWEEN ALKANE, ALKENE, ALCOHOL, CARBOXYLIC ACID AND ESTER

Naming of Carbon compound (Prefix)

No. of
carbon
Prefix Example Formula
1C Meth Methane CH
4
2C Eth Ethanol C
2
H
5
OH
3C Prop Propene C
3
H
6
4C But Butanoic acid C
3
H
7
COOH
5C Pent Pentane C
5
H
12
6C Hex Hexene C
6
H
12
7C Hept Heptanol C
7
H
15
OH
8C Oct Octanoic acid C
7
H
15
COOH
9C Non Nonane C
9
H
20
10C Dec Decene C
10
H
20

6 characteristics of Homologous series
(1) Members can be represented by a same general formula.
(2) Members can be prepared using similar methods.
(3) Members show a gradual change in their physical properties.
(4) Members have similar chemical properties.
(5) Members have same functional group.
(6) Successive member differ by CH2 group and RMM of 14.

Definition
1. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain the elements
carbon and hydrogen only.
2. Saturated hydrocarbon is hydrocarbon that have only single
covalent bonds between all the carbon atoms in the molecules.
3. Unsaturated hydrocarbon is hydrocarbon that have at least one
carbon-carbon multiple bond in the molecule.
4. The molecular formula is a chemical formula that shows the
actual numbers of atoms of each element present in one
molecule of the substance.
5. The structural formula of an organic compound is the chemical
formula that shows the arrangement of atoms and covalent
bonds between atoms in a molecule of the compound.
6. A homologous is a family of organic compounds with the same
functional group and with similar chemical properties.
7. A functional group is an atom or a group of atoms that
determines the characteristic properties of an organic compound.
8. Isomerism is the existence of two or more compounds that have
the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
9. Isomers are compounds which have the same molecular formula
but different structural formulae. Each isomer has a different
arrangement of atoms in space.
ETHANE
C
2
H
6
Chloroethane
CH
3
CH
2
Cl + HCl
Cl
2

Sunlight /uv
Substitution
reaction
ETHENE
C
2
H
4
H
2

Nickel / platinum
200
o
C
Hydrogenation
reaction
HCl gas
r.t.p

ETHANOL
C
2
H
5
OH
Steam, Phosphoric acid, H
3
PO
4

300
o
C / 60 atm
Hydration
reaction
Br
2
in
tetrachloromethane
1, 2-dibromoethane
CH
2
BrCH
2
Br
Halogenation
reaction
200
o
C,
1500 atm
Addition
polymerisatio
i) Aluminium oxide/hot porcelain
ii) Concentrated H
2
SO
4
, 180
o
C
iii) Concentrated H
3
PO
4
, 80
o
C
Ethane-1,2-diol
CH
2
OHCH
2
OH
Acidified
KMnO
4
Dehydration
reaction
Oxidation
reaction
i) Acidified potassium dichromate(VI), K
2
Cr
2
O
7
ii) Acidified potassium manganate(VII), KMnO
4
Ethanoic acid
CH
3
COOH
Ethyl ethanoate
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
Concentrated
H
2
SO
4

reflux
Esterification
reaction
Starch/glucose
Yeast
Fermentation

PETROLEUM

Hot
Alumina
Cracking
Reaction
ALKANE
C
n
H
2n + 2
ALKENE
C
n
H
2n
ALCOHOL
C
n
H
2n + 1
ESTER
C
n
H
2n + 1
COOC
m
H
2m + 1
1. Neutralisation reaction salt and water
CH
3
COOH + NaOH CH
3
COONa + H
2
O
2. With active metals (Mg, Zn, Al) salt + H
2
gas
2 CH
3
COOH + Mg (CH
3
COO)
2
Mg + H
2
3. With metallic carbonate salt + CO
2
+ H
2
O
2 CH
3
COOH + CaCO
3

(CH
3
COO)
2
Ca + CO
2
+ H
2
O

Addition
reaction
poly(ethene)
( CH
2
CH
2
)
n
Number of Isomer
Isomers have different physical properties because they have different
molecular structural. However, isomers have the same chemical properties
because they belong to the same homologous series.
Homologo
us Series
No. of
carbon
No. of
isomer
Structural formula
4
Butane
2



;




Alkane
5
Pentane
3




; ;



4
Butene
3



; ;



Alkene
5
Pentene
5 ; ;

3
Propanol
2 ;
Alcohol
4
Butanol
4 ; ; ;





C-C-C-C
C-C-C-C-C
C=C-C-C C-C=C-C
C=C-C-C-C
C-C=C-C-C
C-C-C
C
C-C-C-C
C
C
C-C-C
C
C=C-C
C
C=C-C-C
C
C=C-C-C
C
C-C-C
OH
C-C-C
OH
C-C-C-C
OH
C-C-C-C
OH
C
C-C-C
OH
C
C-C-C
OH
All carbon compound combust in excess
oxygen to CO2 and H2O
Alkene burns with more sooty flame
than corresponding alkane due to higher
% of carbon by mass.
To differentiate alkane and alkene:
Method Observation
Add bromine
water, Br
2
Alkene
decolourise
the brown
colour of
bromine water.
Alkane no
visible change.
Add acidified
potassium
manganate(VII),
KMnO
4

Alkene
decolourise
the purple
colour of
KMnO
4
.
Alkane no
visible change.

position of alkyl parent position of suffix of
alkyl group group chain functional group homologous series
Name of carbon
compounds
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O C
2
H
5
OH
C
2
H
5
OH + 2[O] CH
3
COOH + H
2
O
C
2
H
4
+ HCl C
2
H
5
Cl
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O + [O] CH
2
OHCH
2
OH
C
2
H
4
+ Cl
2
CH
2
ClCH
2
Cl
C
2
H
5
OH C
2
H
4
+ H
2
O
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
C
2
H
6

C
2
H
6
+ Cl
2
C
2
H
5
Cl + HCl
C
6
H
12
O
6
2C
2
H
5
OH + 2 CO
2

C
2
H
5
OH + CH
3
COOH CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O
n C
2
H
4
(CH
2
CH
2
)
n