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Contents:

Introduction.
Uses of wax in dentistry.
Components of dental waxes.
Properties of waxes.
Classification of waxes.
Description of individual waxes.
Impression procedures with impression waxes.
References
1
Introduction:
Originall y applied to natural occurring esters of fatt y acids
monohydric alcohols! the term now is used for "oth naturall y occurring
manufactured products resem"ling esters. #hey have
Dull luster
$oapy or greasy texture
$often graduall y on heating "efore forming a li%uid
Uses in Dentistry:
Inlay pattern
&oxing of impression
&ase plate
Casting wax
Utilit y wax
$tic'y wax
Corrective impression
&ite registration
Dental waxes are com"inat ion of various types of natural synthet ic waxes!
gums! fats! fatty acids! oils! resins pigments compounded to provide desired
physical properties.
2
Components of dental waxes:
(atural )axes $ynthetic )axes *dditives
+I(,R*-
a. Paraffin
". +ontaux
c. &arnsdhal.
d. O/o'erite
e. +icrocrystalline
a. *erosol O#
". Castor wax
c. 0lexowax C
d. Dura wax
0*#$
$tearic acid
P-*(#
a. Carnau"a
". Ouricury
c. Candelila
d. 1apan wax
e. Cocoa "utter
(*#UR*- R,$I($
a. Copal
". Dammar
c. $andrac
d. $hellac
I($,C#
&ees wax
$2(#3,#IC R,$I($
a. Polyethylene
". Polysterene
*(I+*-
$permaciti
Natural Waxes
#wo main group of organic compounds in waxes are4
3ydrocar"ons
,sters
3
Some waxes contain free alcohols and acids as well.
Synthetic Waxes
Compl ex organic compounds of varied chemical composi tion
Use in dental formulations is limi ted
+ore refined than natural waxes
Types
Pol yethyl ene waxes
Pol yoxyet hyl ene glycol waxes
3alogenated hydrocar"on waxes
3yrogenat ed waxes
)ax esters
Composition
Pol yoxyet hyl ene waxes are polymers of ethyl ene gl ycols. #hey have li mit ed
compati"ili t y with other waxes. #hey have mel ting temperature. 0rom 56 C to
75C. "ut function as plastici /ers and toughen fil ms of wax. Others are produced
"y reaction with natural waxes.
Properties
+elting range
#hermal expansion
+echanical properties
0low
Residual stress
Ductilit y
4
Meltin !ane
3ave a range as they contain several types of molecules! each having a range of
mol ecul ar weight.
Thermal "xpansion
-inear co4 efficient of thermal expansion 8 change in length per unit original
length with 9: change in temp. )axes have the largest co4 efficient of thermal
expansion among all dental materi als. )ea' secondary valance forces are easil y
overcome "y thermal energy! more so in mineral waxes than plant waxes. +any
waxes exhi"it at least ; rates of thermal expansion. Change in rate occurs at
transition points. *t these points the internal structural parts "ecomes "ecome
freer to expand. &ecause the ingredient waxes undergo transition that do not
coincide with one another! inlay waxes exhi"it more than two changes in rate of
expansion.
Mechanical Properties
,lastic modulus
Proportional li mit
Compressive strength
All are low when compared to other materials
Elastic Modulus
,lastic moduli of carnau"a wax is highest
&ees wax 8 lowest
Decreases with increase in temperature.
Inlay wax <si mulates a mixture of 6=> paraffin ;=> carnau"a wax. 8 67? to
@A. ; +Pa "etween ;5:C @?:C
5
#pplication
+odulus ratio for inlay and soft green casting wax is 6:9.
#o avoid non uniform distortion of the wax pattern during hygroscopic casting
procedure use inlay wax <less expansion. for lateral walls and soft green for
occlusal surface.
Proportional Limit/ Compressive Strength
Decrease with increase in temp.
,. g. 4 P. -. for inlay wax decreased from @. A; to ?. ;9 from ;5:C to @?:C.
C. $. 8 A;. 6 to ?. @A +Pa
Flow
Result of slippage of molecules over each other. In li%uid state of wax it is
synonymous with viscosit y "elow melting temperature. It indicates the degree of
plastic deformation at a given temp. 0low depends upon::

9. #emp of wax
;. #he force applied
5. #i me for which the force is applied
@. 0low is greatl y increased as melting point is approached
#pplication
* direct inlay wax should have a high flow B ust a few degrees a"ove the mouth
temperature so it is not too hot in wor'a"le condition
$hould have a no flow at mouth temperature so that it does not distort during
removal of pattern
2ellow "eeswax does not flow extensivel y till it reaches 5A:C
*t @?:C its flow is 6>
Has been used as an impression wax
6
!esidual Stress
Residual stresses always exist in a prepared wax pattern
Presence of such stresses can "e demonstrated "y comparison of thermal
expansion curves of annealed waxes with wax cooled under compression
expansion
,xtent of change in thermal expansion depends upon
9. +agnitude of residual stress
;. #i me
5. #emp of storage of speci men
COMPRESSION
)hen cooled under compression! the atoms molecules are forced together as
compared to when there is no external stress
*fter cooling upon load removal! motion of molecules is restricted 8 residual
internal stresses
On heating the residual internal stresses is added to normal thermal expansion 8
hence more expansion.
ENSION
Cooling under tension results in molecul es moving away from one another
comparat ivel y
On heating! release of these internal stresses wor' in a direction opposite to
thermal expansion
-arge internal tensile stresses may result even in contract ion upon heating
Ductility
-i'e flow! ductili t y increases with increase in temperature of waxes
-ower the melting temperature of a wax! more will "e the ductilit y
)axes made of components having wide melting ranges have more ductilit y
)ith wide range of mel ting point of components! the softening point of lowest is
approached first on heating
7
On further heating this component li%uefies! the softening point of next is
approached so on
,ntire wax mass is plastici /ed ductilit y increases
C$#SSI%IC#TI&N &% D"NT#$ W#'"S:
Pattern Wax Processing Wax Impression Wax
1. Inlay Wax 1. Boxing Wax 1. Corrective Wax
2. Casting Wax 2. Utility Wax 2. Bite registration Wax
3. Base plate Wax 3. Sticky Wax
Pattern Waxes
Used to form general pre determined si/e contour of an artificial restoration
-ater it is replaced "y more dura"le mat erial such as cast gold! co"alt4 chrome4
nic'el alloys etc
#hey exhi"it thermal change in dimension and warpage on standing
INL!" #!$ES #D# (
Inlays! crowns "ridge units are formed "y a casting process that uses lost wax
pattern techni%ue
* pattern of wax is constructed that duplicates shape and contour of casting
*fter investing spruing the wax is eli minated "y heating
Typical Composition
Paraffin4 7?>
Carnau"a4 ;=>
Ceresin4 9?>
&ees wax4 =>

T)P"S
&2 0-O)
9. 3ard
;. Regular
5. $oft
Flow can be reduced by
*dding more carnau"a wax
Using higher melt ing paraffin wax
&2 #,C3(ICU,
<Revised *($ID *D* $p. (o. 8 @.
#ype I 4 Direct
#ype II 4 Indirect
#ype I 4 3ard wax used for forming patterns directl y in mouth
#ype II 4 $ofter wax used for indirect techni%ue
#2P, I
-ower flow at 56:C to minimi/e any distortion on removal from mouth
)or'ing temperature for registering cavit y details is around @=:C
$hould not "e high so as to avoid damage to pulp
+aximum linear thermal expansion allowed 8
;=:C 8 5?:C 8 ?. ;?>
;=:C 8 56:C 8 ?. 7?>
Must be mentioned by the manufacturer so that compensation is made for the
shrinkage from mouth temperature to room temperature.
!
Insufficient flow of wax caused "y insufficient heating causes
-ac' of details
,xcess stress within the pattern
,xcess flow "y over heating ma'es compression of wax difficult <"ecause of
lac' of "ody.
0rom mouth temperature to room temperature <;@:C. there is ?. @ > linear
contract ion
#2P, II
#hese waxes are commercial l y availa"le for crown "ridge wor' and inlays
in the form of
$culpturing D modeling waxes
Dipping waxes
Sculpturin Waxes
Properties
-ow shrin'age due to microcryst al line structure
Cuic' to apply and %uic' to cool with its optimum melting interval
3igh surface tension
,xcell ent carving properties due to its non4elastic and hard %ualit y
)ide assortment of colours
#*aila+le as
Universal
$pecific purpose li'e
4 occlusal
4 cervical
4 underlay
1"
%NI&ERS!L
Ideall y suited for %uic' coverage of large areas with wax
-ow surface tension
-ow melting point
$mal l contract ion on hardening
,xcell ent flow properties
OCCL%S!L
3igh strength 4 no a"rading of contact points
3igh rigidit y
Can "e easil y drawn due to its high surface tension
Opa%ue appearance for defined contours and permanent control during model ing
'i((erence )etween occlusal and universal wa*
Occlusal wax 4 greater surface tension and high rigidit y
#he surface tension allows "all4shaped drops to form and harden
#his eases wor' considera"l y in the waxing4up phase
#he increased strength guarantees precise modeling
Universal wax 4 excellent flooding properties! can "e used in many areas
CER&IC!L
-ow shrin'age
Particularl y sta"le
Can "e adapted precisel y and thinl y to the preparation "order
,xcell ent carving properties
%N'ERL!"
0or small undercuts and cavit y coverage "efore inlay modeling
$ignificant l y softer than cervical wax
11
Eentle elastici t y
Eood adaptation and carving properties
Fery low shrin'age
Dippin Wax
#he hotty LE is a wax dipping pot which permits controlled temperature setting
and displays the set and the actual value
#d*antaes
3igh precision via low shrin'age
Optimum viscosit y at AG8G9:c <9G;89G7:f.
Precise4fitting copings with an even layer thic'ness
3igh sta"ilit y and elastici t y
Contains no acryli c additives
,asy to cut off the preparation "order
Method:
Preparation+
Place a thin isolating layer on the die surface.
&uild4up of "u""les and strea's are thus prevented
Dippin:
$upport your hand comforta"l y
Do a ,uic- dip to Bust "eyond the preparation "order
Slowly and e*enly remove the die from the wax
1ust "efore the tip comes out hold it steady in the pot for a short time so that
any excess wax can drip down
12
Warpae
Patterns distort when allowed to stand unrestrained. It increases with
increase in time temp. of storage. &ecause of the release of stresses
introduced in pattern during formation
Minimi.in Warpae
9. Use higher temperature at ti me of formation 8 less force to shape 8 less residual
stresses
;. $often the wax uniforml y at =?:C for 9= min
5. )armed carving instruments die
Castin Wax
Used for met all ic framewor' of RPDs
*vaila"le as sheets <;A 8 5? gageH ?. @ 8 ?. 5; mm.! readymade shapes "ul'
$erve same purpose as inlay wax! differ slightl y in physical properties
Ingredients simi lar to inlay waxes
$heets used to esta"lish mini mum thic'ness in some areas of RPD framewor'
such as palatal lingual "ar
(o *D* specification "ut onl y a federal specification for its properties
%low
*re to "e used on a cast not in mouth
#hey have a higher flow as compared to inlay waxes at around 5= 8 56:C
5=:C 8 9?> min
56:C 8 7?> max
Wor-in Properties
$lightl y tac'y so as to maintain position on cast
Plia"le readil y adapta"le at @? 4 @=:C
13
Copy accuratel y against the surface which it is pressed
$hall not "e "rittle on cooling
+ust vapori/e at =??:C
&e "ent dou"le on itself without fracture at ;5:C
/aseplate Wax
*D* ;@
#he "asic use is to form occlusal rim on "aseplate tray to set teeth for denture
,sta"lish FD! contour of the denture after teeth setting
*lso used for +0Ps! patterns for orthodontic appliances
Chec'ing articulating relations in mouth transferring to articul ators
$upplied as sheets 6. 7? x 9= x ?. 95 cm! red! pin' or orange in colour
#hree t ypes
#ype I 8 soft wax for contours veneers
#ype II 8 medium wax for temperate climat es
#ype III 8 hard wax for tropical cli mates
Mainly differ in flow with type !!! ha"ing least
!e,uirements
-inear thermal expansion from ;=: to @?:C I ?. A>
$oftened sheets shall cohere readil y without "ecoming fla'y or adhering to
fingers
(o irritation to oral tissues
Pigment not to separate on processing
(o adhesion to other sheets or separating paper on storage
P!&C"SSIN0 W#'"S
/oxin Wax
*ids in forming a plaster or stone cast from an i mpression
14
&oxing consists of
*dapting a long narrow strip of wax around the i mpression "elow peripheral
height
0ollowed "y a wide strip of wax to form a wax "ox
*lso called carding wax: original l y used for placing porcelain teeth in pac'ing
0ederal re%uirements:
$mooth glossy surface on flaming
Plia"le at ;9:CH retains shape at 5=:C
#eadily adapt to impression at room temp.
$eal easil y to plaster with hot spatula
Utility Wax
*n easil y wor'a"le! adhesive wax for mult iple use such as4
Improving the contour of perforated tray for hydrocolloids
#o sta"ili/e a pontic for a temporary "ridge while index is "eing made

0,D,R*- R,CUIR,+,(#$:
Plia"le at ;9: to ;@:CH wor'a"le easil y adapta"le at room temp.
0low "e "etween 7=> A?> at 56. = :C
#ac'y at ;9: to ;@:CH adhesion for "uild up
Colour4 green or "lac'
Stic-y Wax
0ormulated from a mixture of waxes! resins other additives
$tic'y when mel ted! adheres closel y to the surface
*t room temperature 8 firm! free from tac'iness "rittle
$hould fracture rather than flow when deformed
15
Uses
Used primaril y on dental stones and plasters
Used in repair for holding the metal or resin parts temporari l y
%ederal !e,uirements
3ave a dar' or vivid colour to distinguish from gypsum products
$hrin'age 4 I ?. = > from @5: to ;A:C
IMP!"SSI&N W#'"S
Impression waxes! though rarely used to record complete impressions! they can "e effectively
used to correct small imperfections in other impressions. #hey are thermoplastic materials! which
flow readily at mouth temperature and are relatively soft even at room temperature.

Impression wa*es are classi(ied as+
9. Corrective impression wax
;. &ite registration wax.
#here are no *D* federal specifications for impression waxes.
Composition
Impression waxes consist typically of a mixture of low melting paraffin wax and "ees wax in
ratio of a"out 5:9. In addition it may contain other wax li'e ceresin and also metal particles e.g.
aluminum or copper particles.
Properties
Meltin rane
16
$ince waxes have several types of molecules i.e. Crystalline or amorphous of different molecular
weights! they have melting ranges rather then a point. +elting range of impression waxes is
much lower due to additions li'e resin. Impression waxes flow at mouth temperature under
occlusal load. 3eat of fusion is the heat in calories re%uired to convert 9gm of material from the
solid to li%uid state at the melting temperature.
+elting temperature:
&eeswax is 7;.A:C.
Paraffin wax is =;:C.
+elting range:
&eeswax is 5@46?: C.
Paraffin wax is @@4 7?:C.
%low
#he flow of corrective temperature wax and "ite registration wax is measured at 56:C and is
9??> and ;.=>4;;> respectively! thus these waxes are suscepti"le to distortion on removal
from the mouth. 0low as tested "y compression of cylindrical specimens is ;JA=> at 56:C.
Mechanical Properties
#he elastic modulus! proportionately limit and compressive strength is low as compared with other
materials and are dependent on temperature.
Thermal expansion
Impression waxes expand when su"Bected to a rise in temperature and contract as the temperature
decreased. Paraffin and "eeswax! which are the chief constituents of impression waxes! have
different temperature range. &ecause of the coefficient of thermal expansion is so great! the
impressions should "e poured immediately to avoid distortion.
17
If the impression cannot "e poured immediately! they should "e stored at or near ?:C1
Coefficient of linear thermal expansion is 5=?46?? x9?
47
D :C.
#d*antaes
9. Impression wax can "e used in thin layers to record the impression surface of the ridge
accurately.
;. It is relatively easy to manipulate.
5. It does not need advanced e%uipments.
Disad*antaes
9. Distortion of the impression wax can occur when the records are stored due to the release of
stresses.
;. It is techni%ue sensitive.
5. It can "e used only to record edentulous surfaces!
#pplications
21 Correcti*e impression wax is used as wax *eneer o*er an oriinal impression to
contact and reister the details of soft tissues1 It is claimed that it records the mucous
mem"rane and underlying tissues in a functional state in which mova"le tissue is displaced to
such a degree that functional contact with the "ase of the denture is o"tained.
Functional impressions materials with thermoplastic waxes for reline procedures$
3istorically! wax was one of the first materials used to ma'e impressions of the edentulous arch.
#he first commercially availa"le Kmouth temperatureK waxes appeared in 9G5?Ls they were
composed of natural waxes in paraffin "ase. In late 9G=?Ls! thermoplastic resinous materials
"ecame availa"leH e.g. adaptol and stalite plastic impression material. #hese fluid materials were
1
designed to record tissue under an occlusal load and accomplish the same o"Bectives as the
waxes.
%echni&ue
)hen used for a distal extension mandi"ular remova"le partial denture that has "een in service a
long time! provision must me made for correcting the disorientation of the framewor' that occurs
when resorption of the supporting tissue allows the "ase to settle. #his can "e accomplish "y
"uilding up the distal third of the "ase with red modeling compound and seating framewor' with
pressure on the rests and indirect retainers with a "lunt instrument "ut no force should "e
exerted.
're impression procedure
+ucosa should "e allowed to recover prior to starting the impression procedures. Recovery may "e
facilitated "y adBusting the existing prosthesis! instructing the patient to remove the prosthesis at
night and consume a soft diet! surgical intervention or use of a tissue conditioning material.
!mpression procedure
#he "order of the prosthesis must "e satisfactory "efore the impression material is added. #he
impression will distort too easily if it is not supported 9to ; mm "eyond the "order of the
prosthesis. #he impression material is placed in a hot water "ath or on a hot plate to allow the
material to "ecome fluid. #he entire denture "ase is then coated li"erally with the fluid material.
* (o.; or larger "rush is an accepta"le applicator. #he prosthesis is placed in the patientLs mouth
and the patient is instructed to "ring the teeth into light occlusal contact. *fter @ to = minutes! the
impression material will have reached mouth temperature. #he patient should then "ring the teeth
into maximum occlusal contact guided "y the dentist. #he "order areas are moulded "y the
manipulation of the dentist and the patient. #he prosthesis is then removed and inspected for
voids! which can "e filled with more fluid impression material. #he prosthesis is reinserted in the
patientLs mouth and again allowed to reach mouth temperature. #he patient is given a stic' of
chewing gum and instructed to chew the gum on "oth sides of the mouth for = minutes. *fter
1!
disposing the gum the patient rinses with ice water. #he prosthesis is removed and immediately
su"merged in an ice water "ath.
*n alternative impression material for this techni%ue could "e one of the tissue conditioning
material. #he advantage that the wax or fluid resin has over the tissue conditioning material is
that it results in a smooth glass li'e surface on the finished denture "ase. #his is of particular
importance when a great deal of denture "ase movement is anticipated and when the tissue is
thin! fragile and easily a"raded.
* simple formula for producing corrective impression wax from paraffin wax and "ees wax is
descri"ed "y Mc (rorie i.e. mixture of yellow "ees wax and thermowax or paraffin wax with
flow characteristics at 56MC similar to those of Norecta wax (os. ;!5 and @.
#a* Mi*ture ,- (low at ./0C1
6=> yellow "ees wax: ;=>parafiin wax <A?.
=?> yellow "ees wax: =?> paraffin wax <A=.
;=> yellow "ees wax: 6=> paraffin wax <AG.
Norecta wax is availa"le in four grades! each with a different degree of plastic deformation at
mouth temperature. ,ach grade is designed for a specific purpose.
21 E*tra hard No23 ,pin41: * reinforcing material used only on the external surface to
support 4wax extensions "eyond tray margins.
31 5ard No2 6 ,7ellow1+ Used in re"asing as a hard foundation for Norecta waxes 5 and @
when extensive a"sorption <alveolar resorption. necessitates a "ul' of material. *lso! used to
restore occlusion in a partial denture or a remova"le partial denture! which has settled due to
severe tissue change.
41 So(t No2 . ,red1: Used for minor tray correction and as an initial lining to sta"ili/e the
tray.
(1 E*tra so(t No2 8 ,orange1: Used to secure a completely adapted impression under natural
masticatory pressure. It leaves a finished surface and registers fine tissue details.
2"
Wax 5flow at 467C
Norecta(o.l <extrahard. 5
Norecta (o. ;<hard. A?
Norecta (o.5 <soft. A=
Norecta (o.@ <extra soft. G?
31 These waxes can also +e used to produce a muco8compressi*e impression of the
edentulous saddles for a lower9 free8end saddle partial denture1 #his is called as the
*pplegate techni%ue.
Norecta wax (o.9 and @ are no longer availa"le which were originally used for ma'ing
edentulous impressions. 3owever necessary waxes li'e extra soft (o. @ 4orange are availa"le
again and can "e used.
%echni&ue
#he wax is melted in a water "ath "efore "eing applied to the area of the impression that is
faulty or to the impression tray. #he impression tray is then returned to the mouth and should "e
reseated with firm finger pressure. #he impression is left in the mouth for sufficient time to raise
the wax to oral temperature so it will undergo plastic flow under pressure to record accurately the
denture "earing area.
#he results o"tained are good "ut the procedure is difficult. It is hard to sta"ili/e the metal
framewor' on the remnant cast and it "ecomes necessary to add special sta"ili/ing extensions to
the structure. It is also difficult to "ox and pour the second stage of the techni%ues and o"tain a
good union "etween "oth parts of the casts.
Heartwell and #ahn plainly state that wax cannot "e used. Henderson) Mc*i"ney and (astlebery
state that polysulphide ru""er or wax can "e used for final impression of an edentulous area of a
complete or partial denture. In some applications wax may have advantages over polysulphide
ru""er or other impression materials.
21
Holmes + , found that an impression of the edentulous area of a remova"le partial denture made
with fluid wax created the "est sta"ility when compared with other materials.
Mc (racken stated that in some instances placement of the tissue is necessary to o"tain
maximum support of mandi"ular dentures. 3e advocated the use of fluid wax for this purpose.
#his is particularly important for older patients with atrophied mandi"ular residual ridges who
may have contra indications for implants or other surgical procedures.
Le"in) +ogleker and Sinkford used a resinous wax for "order molding and (arlile used wax for
correction of a functional impression. 3owever! in addition to Heartwell and #ahn) 'hillips!
,oucher) #enner and (lark do not mention wax as an impression material.
)rin'les do not appear when fluid wax is used as the flow properties of wax prevent the
distortion. 3owever! wax must flow with minimum pressure and must not overly displace tissue.
*n advantage of wax is that it may "e used with patients in whom saliva is a pro"lem <dementia!
hypersialogenous sialorrhea pancreatica. and in whom pharmacological intervention is
contraindicated. *lso wax impressions are corrected without redoing the procedure.
&ther ad*antaes include:
-ow cost
,asy handling
(o need for adhesive
Odorless
Clean material to wor' with
*"sence of tissue reactions
Disad*antae:
Distortion while removing from the undercut if care is not ta'en.
PPS echni9ue
22
Fluid #a* echni9ue
#he anterior and posterior in vi"rating lines are mar'ed as for the conventional
techni%ues on the final wash impression.
Impressions made with /inc4oxide eugenol or plaster are preferred over the elastic
impression materials as they set rigid! are slightly resilient and when reseated in the mouth under
pressure! it may distort the relationship "etween the wax added to the posterior "order and the
rest of the denture "earing surface. *lso! wax will not adhere to elastic materials. 3ence! either
the material in the seal area must "e removed prior to the wax application or la"oratory varnish
must "e applied to the elastic material in the seal area "efore the wax is placed.
)axes which can "e used are:
O IO)* )ax <white. developed "y Dr. ,arl $. $mith.
O Norecta )ax (o. @<orange. developed "y Dr. O.C. *pplegate.
O 34- physiologic paste <yellow4white. developed "y Dr. C.$. 3ar'ins.
O *daptol <green. developed "y (athan E. Naye.
#hese waxes are designed to flow at mouth temperature.
%echni&ue
#he melted wax is painted onto the impression surface within the outline of the seal area.
#he wax is applied slightly in excess of the estimated depth and allowed to cool to "elow mouth
temperature to increase its consistency and ma'e it more resistant to flow.
#he impression is carried to the mouth and held in place under gentle pressure for four to six
minutes to allow time for the material to flow.
Position of the head and tongue.
*ccording to -elson! the soft palate should "e impressioned in its most functionally depressed
position. #he maximum depression <downward and forward position. of the soft palate will "e
recorded when the 0ran'fort plane <porion 4 or"itale. is 5? "elow the hori/ontal and the tongue is
23
firmly positioned against the mandi"ular anterior teeth. #he patient should not protrude the
tongue "eyond the approximated position of the incisal edges! as this will foreshorten the
posterior "order of the final impression. #he head and tongue position translate the mandi"le
anteriorly. #he soft palate will then "e passively "rought downward and forward due to the
indirect attachment of the soft palatal tissues to the "ody of the mandi"le and the insertion of the
palatoglossus muscle into the side of the tongue. 0lexion of the head also contri"utes to moving
excess impression material and saliva out of the mouth! rather than progressing down the
pharynx.
)hile maintaining the 5?: flexion of the head and the anterior tongue position! the patient is
as'ed to periodically rotate the head so that all the functional positions of the soft palate are
recorded.
*fter @47 minutes! the impression tray is removed from the mouth and the wax examined for
uniform contact throughout the PP$ area.
If tissue has "een contacted! the wax will have a glossy appearance and if not contacted! it will
have a dull surface.
*ddition of wax can "e done! if deficient and excess can "e trimmed with a hot scalpel if it
protrudes from the end of the tray.
41 # techni,ue of impression ma-in where+y an accurate impression of the teeth and correct
+order extension of the rides are o+tained with the use of a single custom tray in conBunction
with one impression material or with a com"ination of materials of different physical andDor
chemical properties provides for seating the tray in a firm and positive manner4 in the position
that has "een previously determined "y a spacer.
#he mouth is divided into two /ones that are to "e registered successively and with one of them
always serving as a support for the other. * pro"lem with successive impressions of sections of a
partially edentulous mouth is that on ma'ing the impression of the second /one! some of the
material used slips under the impression of the first /one. #o avoid this! it is suggested that
"efore ma'ing the impression of /one II! the tray with the impression of /one I "e first placed in
the mouth! correctly located! and then the impression material for /one III inBected through the
tray "y means of "uilt4in4tu"es.
24
%echni&ue
Outline the extension of the custom tray on the diagnostic cast. Determine /one I
and /one II of the future impression and mar' their limits.
&loc' out undercuts in /one II.
*pply the spacer. If wax is "eing used! cover it with metallic foil to avoid its
adhesion to the acrylic resin tray material. If a firmer support is desired! the spacer can "e made
of acrylic resin.
Prepare the custom tray and place the tu"es that will permit the inBection of the
impression material for /one II. Provide ade%uate venting.
#ry the tray in the mouth. Ferify its easy placement and withdrawal and its
correct extension! especially over the distal4extension ridge or ridges.
Remove the spacer from /one I and prepare tray with adhesives or perforations
for retention of the selected impression material.
+a'e the impression of /one 9.
Remove the spacer from /one II and prepare the tray to retain the impression
material. )ith a sharp 'nife! exactly delineate the impression of /one I "ecause some of the
impression material has pro"a"ly spread over the spacer.
Replace the tray in the mouth! with the impression of /one I now acting as a
support! and firmly 'eep it in position. Prepare an elastic impression material! load it in an
ade%uate syringe! and inBect it through the tu"es em"edded in the tray.
Ad"antages
&ecause a single tray is used! a sta"le spatial relation is assured "etween the
impressions of the dentulous and edentulous segments. #he techni%ue offers an unlimited choice
and com"ination of impression materials to o"tain the "est possi"le results.
)or'ing with a support ensures that the tray will maintain a sta"le and
predetermined position not only during try4in! "ut while the impression itself is made.
25
(1 Impression wax can +e applied with a +rush in small ,uantities to :fill: in areas of
impression in which insufficient material has "een used or in which an Lair "lowL or crease has
caused a defect.
;. Wax can +e used as inter occlusal recordin material. 3owever! "ecause of its properties of
having a high coefficient of thermal expansion and high resistance to closure! this material has
"een graded as most inaccurate among the interocclusal record materials. )ax plus /inc oxide4
eugenol paste results in an increase in a vertical dimension! which is attri"uted to the distortion
of the wax material.
&ite registration wax is used to articulate accurately certain models of opposing
%uadrantsDo"taining occlusal records e.g. *luwax.
%echni&ue
*luwax is availa"le in sheets and in arch form! or! two sheets of wax with a cloth from center.
Ideally! a maxillary cast is o"tained "efore the wafer to "e used for registration is fa"ricated.
#he model is placed on the *luwax sheet or wafer. * line outlining the maxillary arch form of
the teeth is inscri"ed on the sheet! with 54@ mm excess left proBecting facially! completely around
the arch. ,xcess that will touch the tu"erosity or retro molar area should not "e touched when
centric registration is recorded. )hen the si/e and shape of the wafer desired is o"tained! the
wafer is reinforced first with *sh4(o 6 metal. * strip of metal approximately @ inches long and
.Pinch width is cut and placed so that center of the wafer "etween the two pieces of the dou"led
metal. #he metal is then luted to the wafer with stic'y wax on the mandi"ular and maxillary
sides. #he metal should cover as much as of the palatal and tongue areas as possi"le "ut should
not extend anteriorly past the medial of the mandi"ular first "icuspid. $ufficient space must also
"e left for occlusal surfaces of the posterior teeth.
*fter the metal has "een luted to the wafer! the anterior portion is reinforced. Place the wafer
over the occlusal and incisal surfaces of the mandi"ular cast and inscri"e a mar' at the distal of
each cuspid. Place the wafer on a sheet of "ase plate wax and inscri"e the outline of the anterior
portion of the wafer to the distal mar's of the cuspids on the "ase plate wax. #he piece of "ase
plate wax is luted to the mandi"ular side of the wafer with a hot spatula. #he wafer is prevented
26
from "ending "y the metal! in to the palatal area "y the tongue and mandi"ular anterior teeth
during closure.
#he maxillary study cast is moistened or lu"ricated with vaseline. #he wafer is warmed lightly
on a flame or water "ath for a"out 9= seconds. #he maxillary side of the wafer is placed on the
moistened cast. )ith light finger pressure! the wafer is 'eyed to the cusp tips and incisal edges
of the cast. It is then chilled with waterDair.
#he wafer is then tried in to the mouth. #he 'eyed portion of the wafer is placed on the
maxillary teeth! held lightly and secured with thum" and finger. #he mandi"le is manipulated to
the terminal hinge position and hinged upwards until the mandi"ular anterior teeth lightly touch
the "ase plate reinforcement. Patient is instructed to relax and not to close or "ite. )afer is
chec'ed for fit and made certain that it does not impinge on palatal tissues! retro molar pad area
and tu"erosity area. Posteriorly! it should extend 94; mm distal to the posterior teeth.
$trips of #enax wax are luted to the mandi"ular side of the wafer with a hot spatula. It extends
from the posterior "order of the wafer to the edge of the "ase plate wax reinforcement. #he
'eyed wafer is again placed and the mandi"le guided into closure. #he mandi"ular teeth should
touch evenly and without pressure. )hen the fit is verified and perfected! centric relation
position is recorded. #he completed wafer is lightly warmedH 'eyed side placed on maxillary
teeth and wafer is supported lightly. #he mandi"le is manipulated into most retruded and hinged
position. #he mandi"le is guided and closed into centric relation! imprinting Bust the cusp tips of
posterior teeth in to #enax wax. #he mandi"ular teeth will slightly indent the "ase plate wax.
*s the mandi"ular teeth close the wafer! it should "e left loose to avoid maxillary teeth from
imprinting too deeply into the recording wafer.
#he wafer is chilled and removed in a snap to avoid distortion with the wafer still on the
mandi"ular teeth the mandi"le is guided "ac' into centric closure. #he wafer is then snapped
inwards the mandi"le! removed in one motion and chilled.
#he centric relation record is verified "y rechec'ing. 0or greater accuracy! a correction wash is
ta'en with /inc oxide eugenol paste! mixed and placed into the cusp indentation on each side of
the wafer. Centric relation record can "e easily recorded with aluwax and impression paste in
cases with edentulous posterior regions that do not have posterior stops. #he wafer is then
27
removed and placed on the cast. * small pillar or post of wax width / in diameter formed of
"oxing wax is placed over each I
st
and ;
nd
molar edentulous area and luted to aluwax wafer with
hot spatula. #he wax pillars are shortened with a hot spatula until approximately / inch of space
is created "etween the ridge and end of pillar extending to the wafer.
#he maxillary and mandi"ular casts are fitted into the *luwax wafer! held and distance is
estimated. #he wafer with wax pillars is chec'ed in the mouth. * wash impression is ta'en "y
placing a mound of paste on each wax pillar. #he centric relation is recorded with wash and a
static impression of edentulous ridge areas. #he record is chilled and with a sharp scalpel!
carefully trimmed such that impression area of a"out @ mm s%uare is present.
<1 Wax can +e used to ma-e functional wax patterns1
Certain pro"lems of occlusal harmony lend themselves to solution "y the use of the functional wax
pattern ta'en in the mouth immediately following cavity preparation. #he manner of gaining this
functional pattern is not unli'e the initial steps in forming the direct wax pattern. #he particular
situation may or may not indicate the use of a matrix "and and retainer. $hould a matrix "e
indicated in order to confine the wax! it is trimmed and festooned so that soft tissues are not
traumati/ed nor the movements of functional occlusion restricted. #horoughly conditioned wax
is placed in the matrix "and! the "and seated under a heavy sustained force for a"out ten
seconds. Centric occlusion and lateral excursions are then initiated. )ax may "e added to any
occlusal area if under contouring is suspected. 0inally the matrix "and and retainer! which have
"een slightly lu"ricated with petroleum Belly! are removed and the cervical excess is trimmed.
0ollowing removal! the pattern is su"se%uently refined and the margins are perfected upon the
complete die. #he result should "e excellent harmony of this casting with the occlusal function.
!eferences:
#nusa*ice9 Philipps=: $cience of dental materials! 99
t h
edition! ,lsevier.
2
Crai !09 Powers >?: Restorative dental mat erials! 99
t h
edition! +os"y.
William >1 &= +rien: Dental materials and their selection! ;nd edition.
McCa+e >%9 Walls #W0: *pplied dental materials! A
t h
edition! &lac'well $cience.
2!

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