GYPSUM PRODUCTS

CONTENTS:
Introduction
Desirable Properties
Chemical & Physical nature of gypsum products
Manufacture of dental plaster & stone
Types of gypsum products
- Impression Plaster
- Model Plaster
- Dental Stone
- Dental Stone, igh Strength
- Dental Stone, igh Strength, igh !"pansion
- Synthetic #ypsum
Setting $eaction
Theories of Setting $eaction
Setting Time
Control of Setting Time
Setting !"pansion
Control of Setting !"pansion
ygroscopic Setting !"pansion
Strength
Surface ardness & %brasion $esistance
&iscosity
$eproduction of Details
Proportioning, Mi"ing & Caring for #ypsum Products
Conclusion
$eferences

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GYPSUM PRODUCTS
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
- #ypsum is a naturally occurring (hite po(dery mineral mined in )arious parts of
the (orld, (ith chemical name calcium sulfate dihydrate * CaS+
,
-.
.
+ /-
- #ypsum is deri)ed from a gree0 (ord 1#ypsas2 *chal0/-
FORMS FORMS
'- $+C34 - Dull colored roc0-
.- %5%65%ST!$4 - 7ine grained )ariety-
8- #9PC$!T! *gypcrust/4 - ard layer formed on soil-
,- S!5!:IT!-
;- S%TI: SP<$4 - 7ibrous (ith sil0y luster-
USES USES
'- 7or construction purposes-
.- <sed in industry for ma0ing pottery, moulds etc-
8- <sed in orthopedics to ma0e plaster casts-

APPLICATION IN DENTISTRY APPLICATION IN DENTISTRY
'- 7or cast preparation-
.- Models and dies-
8- Impression Material-
,- In)estment Material-
;- Mounting of Casts-
=- %s a mold material for processing of complete dentures-
DESIRABLE PROPERTIES:-
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GYPSUM PRODUCTS
'- %ccuracy
.- Dimensional Stability
8- %bility to reproduce fine detail-
,- Strength & resistance to abrasion-
;- Compatibility (ith the impression materials-
=- Colour
>- 6iological safety
?- !ase of use
@- Cost-
CHEMICAL & PHYSICAL NATURE OF GYPSUM PRODUCTS CHEMICAL & PHYSICAL NATURE OF GYPSUM PRODUCTS
- %s gypsum is dihydrate form of calcium sulphate *CaS+
,
-.
.
+/, on heating, it
loses '-;gm mol of its .gm mol of (ater & is con)erted to calcium sulphate
hemihydrate *CaS+
,
-'A.
.
+/-
CaS+
,
- .
.
+
on heating
CaS+
,
- B
.
+ C 'B
.
+ *'/
*gypsum/ *calcium sulphate *(ater/
hemihydrate/
- Dhen calcium sulphate hemihydrate is mi"ed (ith (ater, the re)erse reaction
ta0es place & calcium sulphate hemihydrate is con)erted bac0 to calcium
sulphate dihydrate-

CaS+
,
-B
.
+ C 'B
.
+ CaS+
,
- .
.
+ C 8@EE *./
*plaster of paris/ *(ater/ *gypsum/ *cal/
- $eaction is e"othermic-
MANUFACTURE OF DENTAL PLASTER & STONE MANUFACTURE OF DENTAL PLASTER & STONE
Page 8
GYPSUM PRODUCTS
- 7ormed by calcining of gypsum-
- #ypsum is ground & subFect to heat ''EC - '8E C to dri)e off a part of (ater
of crystalliGation
- %s the temperature is raised further the remaining (ater of crystalliGation is also
remo)ed & products are formed-
CaS+
,
- .
.
+
''E-'8EHC
*CaS+
,
/
.

.
+
'8E-.EEHC
CaS+
,
.EE-'EEEHC
CaS+
,

gypsum plasterAstone he"agonal ortho-
*calcium sulphate *calcium sulphate anhydrite rhombic
dihydrate/ hemihydrate/ anhydrite
-hemihydr!e"#$%!er&-
- #ypsum is heated in a 0ettle, )at or rotatory 0iln open to air-
- Crystals I spongy & irregular-
'-hemihydr!e"%!()e&-
- #ypsum is heated to '.;Hc under steam pressure in an autocla)e or boiled in a
solution of CaCl
.
-
- Crystals- more dense & prismatic-

HYDRATES OF CALCIUM SULPHATE
Mineral source 6y product of other industries
Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate* gypsum/
eat in an open eat in autocla)e eat ground gypsum eat in boiling8EJ
)essel, '.EHc under steam in
.
+ (ith small aKueous solution of
pressure, '.E-'8EHc Kuantity, organic CaCl
.
A MgCl
.
acid or salt, in an
Page ,
GYPSUM PRODUCTS
autocla)e,',EHc
Calcined CaS+
,
%utocla)ed CaS+
,
%utocla)ed CaS+
,
CaS+
,
hemihydrate
hemihydrate hemihydrate hemihydrate * D!:SIT!/
*L- hemihydrate/ *9D$+C%5 or *M- hemihydrate/
M- hemihydrate/
TYPES OF GYPSUM PRODUCTS
C$%%i*i+!i():-

'- Depending on the method of calcination4-
- Dental plaster or L- hemihydrate
- Dental stone or M- hemihydrate or hydrocal
- Dental stone, high strength or densite
.- +ther #ypsum Products4-
- Impression plaster
- Dental In)estments4-
a/ #ypsum bonded in)estments
b/ Phosphate bonded in)estments
c/ Silica bonded in)estments
Fi,e !y#e% (* -y#%.m #r(d.+!% & !heir #r(#er!ie%
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GYPSUM PRODUCTS
/0 /0 IMPRESSION PLASTER"Ty#e /&- IMPRESSION PLASTER"Ty#e /&-
- - They are composed of Plaster of Paris to (hich modifiers ha)e been added to
regulate setting time & setting e"pansion-
- Impression plaster is rarely used any more for dental impression because it has
been replaced by less rigid materials, such as hydrocolloids & elastomers-
- Modifiers such as4-
- Potassium sulphate I decreases setting e"pansion so as to pre)ent (arpage
of impression & also decreases setting time drastically-
- 6ora"
- %d)antage4- $ecords e"cellent fine details-

- Disad)antages4- Small dimensional changes-
7racture on remo)al from undercuts
Separating media is reKuired
:on to"ic but causes dryness
10 MODEL PLASTER " Ty#e 1&:- 10 MODEL PLASTER " Ty#e 1&:-
- L I hemihydrate
- Po(der particles are porous & irregular-
- It is usually (hite in colour-
- <se4- 7or primary cast for complete dentures-
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GYPSUM PRODUCTS
7or articulation purposes-
7or flas0ing in denture construction-

- %d)antage4- Ine"pensi)e
- Disad)antage4- 5o( strength
Porosity

20 DENTAL STONE" Ty#e 2&:- 20 DENTAL STONE" Ty#e 2&:-
- Disco)ered in '@8E
- M I hemihydrate or ydrocal
- Po(der particles are more dense & regular in shape-
- Comes in different colours, li0e yello(, green-
- <se4- - Ma0ing casts for diagnostic purposes & for complete or partial denture
construction-
- %d)antages4- #reater strength & surface hardness-
- Disad)antage4- More e"pensi)e than plaster-
30 30 DENTAL STONE4 HIGH STRENGTH"Ty#e 3&:- DENTAL STONE4 HIGH STRENGTH"Ty#e 3&:-
- Modified M I hemihydrate, Densite or Die stone-
- Po(der particles are )ery dense, cuboidal in shape &has reduced surface area-
- <se4- 7or ma0ing casts or dies for cro(n, bridge & inlay fabrication-
- %d)antages4- igh strength
Surface hardness
%brasion resistant
Minimum setting e"pansion
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GYPSUM PRODUCTS
50 50 DENTAL STONE4 HIGH STRENGTH4 HIGH E6PANSION"Ty#e 5&:- DENTAL STONE4 HIGH STRENGTH4 HIGH E6PANSION"Ty#e 5&:-
- Most recent gypsum product-
- <se4- Dhen inadeKuate e"pansion has been achie)ed during the fabrication
of cast cro(ns-
- %d)antages4- igher compressi)e strength
igher setting e"pansion*E-'E-E-8EJ/
SYNTHETIC GYPSUM:- SYNTHETIC GYPSUM:-
- M & L- hemihydrates can also be made from the by productsA (aste products
of the manufacture of phosphoric acid-
- Synthetic product is more e"pensi)e than that made from natural gypsum-
SETTING SETTING
- It follo(s re)ersal in reaction of calcium sulfate hemihydrate po(der (ith
(ater to produce gypsum-
*CaS+
,
/
.
-
.
+ C 8
.
+ .CaS+
,
-.
.
+
C

unreacted *CaS+
,
/
.
-B
.
+ C heat
- The product of the reaction is gypsum & the heat e)ol)ed in the e"othermic
reaction is eKui)alent to the heat used originally in calcinations-
- The products formed during calcination react (ith (ater to form gypsum,
but at different rates-
- !g I e"agonal anhydrite reacts )ery rapidly, (hereas (hen orthorhombic
anhydrite is mi"ed (ith (ater the reaction may reKuire hours since, the
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GYPSUM PRODUCTS
orthorhombic anhydrite has a more stable & closely pac0ed crystal lattice-
SETTING REACTION
- #ypsum is a uniKue material-
- &arious hydrates ha)e a relati)ely lo( solubility, (ith a distinct difference
bet(een the greater solubility of hemihydrate & dihydrate-
- Dihydrate is too soluble for use in structures e"posed to atmosphere-
-
The setting reaction of gypsum occurs by4-
'- Dissolution of calcium sulphate hemihydrate-
.- 7ormation of saturated solution of calcium sulphate-
8- SubseKuent aggregation of less soluble calcium sulphate dihydrate-
,- Precipitation of the dihydrate crystals-
THEORIES FOR SETTING REACTION:-
'- ColloidalA #el Theory-
.- ydration Theory-
8- Crystalline Theory-
,- Dissolution- precipitation Theory-
/0 C($$(id$7 Ge$ The(ry:-

- +riginated in '?@8 by M- Michaelis-
- Dhen plaster is mi"ed (ith (ater, plaster enters into the colloidal state through
a sol- gel mechanism-
- In the sol state, hemihydrate particles are hydrated to form dihydrate, thereby
entering into an acti)e state-
- %s the measured amount of (ater is consumed, the mass con)erts to a solid gel-
10 Hydr!i() The(ry:-
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GYPSUM PRODUCTS
- The rehydrated plaster particles Foin together through hydrogen bonding to the
sulfate groups to form the set material-
20 Cry%!$$i)e The(ry:-
- +riginated in '??> by enry 5ouis 5e Chatelier
- In '@E>, supported by Nacobus endricus )anOt off
- The difference in the solubilities of calcium sulphate dihydrate & hemihydrate
causes setting differences-
- Dissol)ed CaS+
,
precipitates as calcium sulphate dihydrate, since it is less
soluble than hemihydrate-

- P-ray diffraction studies I not all hemihydrate is con)erts to dihydrate-

- In a setting mass of plaster . types of centers are there4-
a/ Dissolution center- around CaS+
,
hemihydrate
b/ Precipitation center- around CaS+
,
dihydrate
30 30 Di%%($.!i()- Pre+i#i!!i() The(ry:- Di%%($.!i()- Pre+i#i!!i() The(ry:-
- 6ased on dissolution of plaster & instant recrystalliGation of gypsum to
interloc0ing of crystals-
S($.8i$i!y (* -y#%.m & -y#%.m #r(d.+!%


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GYPSUM PRODUCTS
The Setting $eaction is as follo(s4-
'- Dhen the hemihydrate is mi"ed (ith (ater, a suspension is formed that is
fluid & (or0able-
.- The hemihydrate dissol)es until it forms a saturated solution-
8- This saturated solution of hemihydrate, supersaturated in dihydrate, precipitates
out dihydrate-
,- %s the dihydrate precipitates, the solution is no longer saturated (ith the
hemihydrate, so it continues to dissol)e- Dissolution of hemihydrate &
precipitation of dihydrate as either ne( crystals or further gro(th on the
already present- The reaction continues until no further dihydrate precipitates
out of solution-
The reaction rate is follo(ed by the e"othermic heat e)ol)ed as sho(n in fig-
Temperature increases during the setting of plaster of paris
- %s the gypsum forming increases, mass hardens into needle- li0e clusters called
SP!$<5IT!S-
- The intermeshing & entangling of crystals lead to a strong, solid structure-
9: P r!i(:-
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GYPSUM PRODUCTS
- The amount of (ater & hemihydrate should be gauged accurately by (eight-
- D4 P ratio is an important factor in determining the physical & chemical
properties of the final gypsum product-
ed D4 P ratio ed Setting Time
ed Strength
ed Setting !"pansion

- Typical recommended ranges are4-

D4 P ratio

Type . plaster E-,;-E-;E
Type 8 stone E-.?-E-8E
Type , stone E-..-E-.,
Tem#er!.re:-
. main effects on setting reaction4-
'- Change in temperature causes change in the relati)e solubilities of
hemihydrate & dihydrate, (hich alter the rate of the reaction-
Solubility of hemihydrate & dihydrate at different temperatures
- Temperature es Solubility ratio es
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GYPSUM PRODUCTS
- Solubility ratio es Setting $eaction es& Setting Time es
- Solubility ratio es Setting $eaction es & Setting Time es
.- There is change in ion mobility (ith temperature-
in temperature in the mobility of Ca & S+
,
ions
ed setting time in rate of reaction
- Practically the effects of these . phenomena are superimposed, & the total
effect is obser)ed-
- Therefore, by increasing the temperature from .EHC to 8EHC, the solubility ratio
decreases from ,-; I 8-,,, (hich should retard the reaction-
- %t the same time as the mobility of ions increases, it should accelerate the
setting reaction-

- !"perimentation has sho(n that, by increasing the temperature from room
temperature of .EHC to body temperature of 8>HC increases the rate of reaction
& decreases the setting time-
#H:-
- 5iKuids (ith lo( p*sali)a/ in setting reaction
- 5iKuids (ith high p in setting reaction
SETTING TIME
- Measured by 1Penetration Test2* time ta0en from the start of mi" until the needle
no longer penetrates to the bottom/ (ith the help of &icat & #illmore needles-
There are number of stages in the setting of a gypsum product4-
- MIPI:# TIM!4- The time from the addition of po(der to the (ater until the
Page '8
GYPSUM PRODUCTS
mi"ing is completed-
Mechanical mi"ing I .E-8E secs-
and spatulation - ' min-
- D+$3I:# TIM!4- The time a)ailable to use a (or0able mi"-
Dor0ing time I 8min-
- 5+SS +7 #5+SS T!ST 7+$ I:ITI%5 S!T4- Some of the e"cess (ater is
ta0en up in forming the dihydrate so that the mi" loses its gloss-

- I:ITI%5 #I55M+$! T!ST 7+$ I:ITI%5 S!T4- The mi"ture is spreadout, &
the needle is lo(ered onto the surface- The time at (hich it no longer lea)es an
impression is called the 1Initial Set-2
This is mar0ed by a definite increase in strength-
- &IC%T T!ST 7+$ S!TTI:# TIM!4- &icat Penetrometer is used-
The needle (ith a (eighed plunger rod is supported & held Fust in contact (ith
the mi"- %fter the gloss is lost, the plunger is released-
The time elapsed until the needle no longer penetrates to the bottom of the mi"
is 0no(n as the 1Setting Time-2
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GYPSUM PRODUCTS
- #I55M+$! T!ST 7+$ 7I:%5 S!TTI:# TIM!4-
ea)ier #illmore :eedle is used-
The time elapsed at (hich this needle lea)es only a barely perceptible mar0 on
the surface is called the 17inal Setting Time-2
-
- $!%D9- 7+$- <S! C$IT!$I+:4- The subFecti)e measure of the time at
(hich the set material may be safely handled in the usual manner-
$eady for use state is reached in appro"- 8E min-
CONTROL OF SETTING TIME

- The setting time depends on 4-
'- Temperature
- !ffect of temperature on setting time may )ary from one plaster or stone to
another, little change occurs bet(een EHC & ;EHC-
- If the temperature of plaster (ater mi"ture e"ceeds ;EHC, a gradual
retardation occurs-

- %s the temperature approaches 'EEHC, no reaction ta0es place-
- %t higher temperature range *;E-'EEHC/, there is a tendency for any gypsum
crystals formed to be con)erted bac0 to the hemihydrate form-
.- D4P ratio
- The more (ater used for mi"ing, the fe(er nuclei there are per unit )olume,
conseKuently, setting time is prolonged-
8- 7ineness
- The finer the particle siGe of the hemihydrate, the faster the mi" hardens, the
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GYPSUM PRODUCTS
rate of hemihydrate dissolution increases & the gypsum nuclei are also
more numerous- Therefore, a more rapid rate of crystalliGation occurs-
,- umidity
- Increased contamination by moisture produces sufficient dihydrate on
hemihydrate po(der to retard the solution of hemihydrate-
- Contamination of gypsum (ith moisture from air during storage increases
setting time-
7actors that control setting time 4-
a/ 7actors controlled by the operator4-
'- D4P ratio
- More the (Ap ratio, fe(er the nuclei per unit )olume so prolonged setting
time-
.- Mi"ing time
- Dithin practical limits, longer & rapid mi"ing leads to shorter setting time-
- Some gypsum crystals form immediately (hen the plaster comes in
contact (ith (ater & as the mi"ing begins, formation of crystals increases-
- Some crystals are also bro0en up by mi"ing spatula & are distributed
resulting in the formation of more nuclei of crystalliGation resulting in
decreased setting time-
!ffect of D4P ratio & Mi"ing time on the Setting time of plaster of paris

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GYPSUM PRODUCTS
b/ 7actors controlled by the manufacturer4-
'- 6y the addition of %ccelerators & $etarders4-
%ccelerators4-

- #ypsum *Q.EJ/ - es setting time-
The set gypsum used as an accelerator is called1Terra %lba-2
- Potassium Sulphate*conc- .-8J/ & reduces the setting time of model plaster
from appro"- 'Emin- to ,min-
- Sodium Chloride*Q.?J/
$etarders4-
- +rganic materials I glue, gelatin & some gums-
- Potassium citrate, bora", sodium chloride*.EJ/, sodium citrate-
SETTING E6PANSION
- !"pansion may )ary from E-E=J to E-;J
- &olume of dihydrate formed is less than eKual )olume of hemihydrate & (ater-
i-e- actually a )olumetric contraction should occur during setting reaction, but
instead a setting e"pansion is obser)ed-
- P!:+M!:+:4- 6ased on crystalliGation mechanism-
- The crystalliGation process occurs as an outgro(th of crystals from nuclei of
crystalliGation-
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GYPSUM PRODUCTS
- The dihydrate crystals gro(ing from the nuclei not only intermesh (ith but
also obstruct the gro(th of adFacent crystals-
- If this process is repeated by thousands of crystals during gro(th, an out(ard
stress or thrust de)elops that produces an e"pansion of the entire mass-
- The crystal impingement & mo)ement results in the formation of micropores-
- $!S<5T4- The gypsum formed is greater in e"ternal )olume but less in
crystalline )olume, therefore, the set material must be porous-

CONTROL OF SETTING E6PANSION

'- D4 P ratio4-
- Increase in (Ap ratio, decreases the nuclei of crystalliGation per unit )olume,
so there is less gro(th of dihydrate crystals (hich leads to less out(ard thrust-
- Decreased (Ap ratio increased mi"ing time increased setting
e"pansion
!ffect of D4P ratio & Mi"ing time on Setting e"pansion of plaster of paris

.- %ccelerators & $etarders 4- Chemicals added by the manufacturer to regulate
setting e"pansion-
%ccelerators4-
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GYPSUM PRODUCTS
- Sodium Chloride * upto .J of hemihydrate/
- Sodium Sulfate * ma"- effect at 8-,J/
- Potassium Sulfate *R.J/
- Potassium Tartrate
$etarders4- Chemicals that form a coating on the hemihydrate particles &
pre)ent the hemihydrate from going into the solution in the normal manner-
Citrates, acetates & borates-
HYGROSCOPIC SETTING E6PANSION
- Setting e"pansion that occurs under (ater is called as 1ygroscopic Setting

!"pansion-2
- Setting e"pansion (ithout (ater immersion is called 1:ormal Setting
!"pansion-2
Stages of ygroscopic setting e"pansion4-
S!-e I I Initial mi" stage-
- $epresented by 8 round particles of hemihydrate surrounded by (ater-
S!-e II I Initial crystal gro(th stage-
- Crystals of dihydrate ha)e started to form-
- In :S!, the (ater around the particles is reduced by hydration & particles are
dra(n close together by surface tension of (ater-
- In S!, the setting is ta0ing place under (ater so that (ater of hydration is
replaced & the distance bet(een the particles remain the same-
S!-e III I Solid phase contact stage-
- %s the dihydrate crystals gro(, they contact each other & setting e"pansion
begins-
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GYPSUM PRODUCTS
- In :S!, the (ater around the particles is reduced- The particles (ith their
attached crystals are dra(n together as before, but the contraction is opposed by
the out(ard thrust of the gro(ing crystals-
- In S!, the crystals are not inhibited, because the (ater is again replenished
from the outside- Infact, the original particles are no( separated further as the
crystals gro( & setting e"pansion occurs-
S!-e I: & : I !"pansion & Termination-
- !ffect becomes more mar0ed-
- The crystals that are inhibited in :S! become intermeshed & entangled much
sooner than in S! in (hich the crystals gro( much more freely during the
early stages before the intermeshing-
- The obser)ed setting e"pansion that occurs (hen the gypsum product sets under
(ater may be greater than that (hich occurs during setting in air-
STRENGTH

- Strength of gypsum product is e"pressed in terms of compressi)e strength-
- Strength of plaster & stone increases rapidly as the material hardens after initial
setting time-
- 7ree (ater content of the set product affects its strength-
- . Strength properties of gypsum are4-
'- D!T ST$!:#T * #reen Strength/4-

Strength obtained (hen the (ater in e"cess of that reKuired for hydration of
the hemihydrate is left in the test specimen-
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GYPSUM PRODUCTS
.- D$9 ST$!:#T4-

Strength obtained (hen the e"cess (ater in the specimen has been dri)en off
by drying-
Dry strength is t(o or more times as high as (et strength-
- Strength depends upon4-
'- %ddition of %ccelerators & $etarders I decrease the (et & dry strength of
gypsum products-
.- Increase in D4P ratio increases porosity, (hich decreases dry strength-
!ffect of D4P ratio & Mi"ing time on the Compressi)e Strength of plaster of paris
COMPRESSI:E STRENGTH:-
- Compressi)e strength is in)ersely related to the D4P ratio of the mi"-
!ffect of D4P ratio on the Compressi)e Strength of different materials
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GYPSUM PRODUCTS


- %fter final setting time the hardened gypsum material appears dry & has
ma"imum strength-

!ffect of Drying on the Compressi)e Strength of plaster of paris

- !ffect of drying is re)ersible, soa0ing a dry cast in (ater reduces its strength to
the original le)el-
SURFACE HARDNESS & ABRASION RESISTANCE

- Surface hardness of gypsum materials is related to their compressi)e strength-
- Surface hardness increases at a faster rate than the compressi)e strength-
- %brasi)e $esistance of gypsum product is ed by impregnating the set gypsum
Page ..
GYPSUM PRODUCTS
(ith epo"y resins-
- Surface hardness of set gypsum is impro)ed by mi"ing stone (ith a hardening
solution containing colloidal silica* about 8EJ/-
:ISCOSITY:
- It is the resistance of a fluid to flo(-

&iscosity of se)eral igh Strength Dental Stones & Impression Plaster
REPRODUCTION OF DETAIL
- %D% Specification :o- .; reKuires that types I & II reproduce a groo)e >;m in
(idth, (hereas types III, I& & & reproduce a groo)e ;Em in (idth-
- #ypsum dies do not reproduce surface detail as (ell as electroformed or epo"y
dies because, the surface of set gypsum is porous on a microscopic le)el-
-
%ir bubbles are formed at the interface of impression & gypsum cast because,
Page .8
GYPSUM PRODUCTS
freshly mi"ed gypsum does not (et some rubber impression materials (ell-
-
Contamination of the impression * by sali)a or blood/ in (hich the gypsum die is
poured can also affect the detail reproduction- $insing the impression & blo(ing
a(ay e"cess (ater can impro)e the surface detail recorded by gypsum die
materials-
PROPORTIONING
- Strength of a stone is in)ersely proportional to the D4P ratio-
MI6ING
- Trapping of air should be a)oided (hile mi"ing to a)oid porosity I (ea0 spots &
surface inaccuracies-
- 5onger spatulation es (or0ing time
- Method of mi"ing4-

%dd measured (ater

#radual addition of the pre(eighed po(der
CARING FOR THE CAST
- +nce the setting reaction in the cast is completed, its dimensions remain constant
under room temperature & humidity-
- If stone cast is immersed in running (ater, its linear dimensions may E-'J for
e)ery .Emin- of immersion-
- If storage temperature is raised to @EH &''EHC I shrin0age occurs
Page .,
GYPSUM PRODUCTS
SPECIAL GYPSUM PRODUCTS
- Dhite stone or plaster I longer (or0ing time
- #ypsum products used for mounting casts are called as 1mounting stones or
plasters2- fast setting & ed setting e"pansion-
CARING FOR GYPSUM PRODUCT
- %ll types of gypsum products should be stored in a dry atmosphere-

- Products should be sealed in a moisture proof metal container-

INFECTION CONTROL
- If an impression has not been disinfected, it is necessary to disinfect the stone
cast-

- Disinfection solutions that do not ad)ersely affect the Kuality of the gypsum
product can be used-
- Dental stone containing a disinfectant may also be used-
- <seful disinfectants for stone casts include spray disinfectants, hypochlorites, &
iodophores-
CONCLUSION
- #ypsum products are used for ma0ing positi)e reproductions or replicas of oral
structures-
- These replicas are called casts, dies or models-
- The criteria for selection of a #P depends on its use & physical properties-
REFERENCES
'- %nusa)ice 3-N--1PhillipsO Science of Dental materials2 ''
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