Personality traits and mental

disorder
Personality
Definition: a consistent multiple-year
pattern of thinking, feeling, valuing,
believing, and behaving, i.e. you.
Six perspectives on Personality
Psychoanalytic - unconscious motivations
Behavioral - intentional/unintentional shaping
Humanistic - inner capacity for growth
Trait - specific dimensions of personality
Social-Cognitive - adds interaction and
cognition to the behavioral theory
Biological - body types, twin studies, genetics,
evolution, temperament, etc.
Written and arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Psychoanalytic Theories of Personality:
The First Force Historically
Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalytic
Psychology
Humanism
Transpersonalism
Plato
Reason, Spirit, Desire
Marx
Current
Psychoanalytic
Psychology
Development
al
Psychology
Humanistic
Psychology
Social
Psychology
Original design by George Boeree at http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/orientations.html. Model is used with the authors written permission. Redesigned/supplemented by Gordon Vessels.
Psychosexual Stages
of Development; Id.
Ego, Superego;
Sexual and
Aggressive Drives
H. Hartmann
Ego Autonomy,
Adaptation to
Environment
Self-Representation,
Defense Mechanisms
Anna Freud
Psychosocial-
Developmental tasks
or Crises and Related
Virtue Strengths or
Personality
Disorders
Ego Psychology
Erik Erikson
Will = Power
Imbued Ego;
Struggle for
Independence:
Adapted,
Neurotic
Productive
Otto Rank
Alfred Adler
Individual Psychology
One Social Drive: Striving
for Perfection,
Superiority, and Control;
Inferiority Complex
Carl Young
Collective
Unconscious;
Persona, Shadow,
Self, Introvert,
Extrovert
Analytic
Psychology
Social Unconscious;
Freedom; Humanistic
Communitarian
Socialism
Anxiety: 10 Neurotic
Needs; 3 Coping
Strategies: Moving
Toward, Away, Against
Karen Horney
Erich Fromm
Ego Psychology
Click Here Click Here
Click Here Click Here
Behavioral Theory & Trait Approaches:
The Second Force Historically:
Created by C. George Boeree Modified by Gordon Vessels
http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/orientations.html
Factor Analysis,
Temperament
Personality Traits
Raymond Cattell 16 PF, HSPQ, CPQ (Psychometric)
Hans Eysenck Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism
Gordon Allport Adaptive Traits or Dispositions (Humanistic)
Costa and McCrae The Big Five traits with genetic roots
Albert Bandura Interaction among Environment,
Behavior & Psych Processes; Observational
Learning; Self-Efficacy: Past Performance, Vicarious
Reinforcement, Identification, Persuasion, Arousal
Clark Hull Drive Reduction Theory
Kenneth Spence Latent Learning; Motivation =
Drives and Incentive Motivation
Julian Rotter Expectancies; Internal vs External
Locus of Control; a Social Learning Theory
Moderate Behaviorism
John Watson William McDougall
Ivan Pavlov
Radical
Behaviorism
B.F. Skinner
Shaping: either
intentional or
unintentional
Cognitive
Behaviorism
E.C. Tolman
Original design by George Boeree at http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/orientations.html. Model is used with the authors written permission. Redesigned/supplemented by Gordon Vessels.
Humanistic Personality Theory:
The Third Force Historically:
Existential Psychology
A Philosophy-Based Humanism:
Karl Jaspers theme of freedom;
transcendence by leaps of faith beyond
the boundaries of science; psychiatrist
turned philosopher
Ludwig Binswanger
Viktor Frankle will to meaning;
conscience as unconscious spirituality
Rollo May will, love, anxiety,
motivation as the daimonic or a
unique set of motivations for each
Phenomenology:
Study of experience just
as it occurs
Existentialism:
Martin Heidegger

Humanistic Psychology (Self Models)
Gordon Allport proprium functioning:
seven functions of the self; adaptive traits
or dispositions; seven traits of mental health
Gardner Murphy
Carl Rogers actualizing tendency; positive
regard and self-regard; real self and ideal self
Abraham Maslow hierarchy of
deficiency and growth or being needs that
emerge naturally and are met interactively
Transpersonal
Psychology:
Ken Wilber
Gestalt Psychology
Kurt Goldstein gestalt
neuropsychologist; organism analyzed
in terms of the totality of its behavior
and interaction with its milieu.

William James
Original design by George Boeree at http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/orientations.html. Model is used with the authors written permission. Redesigned/supplemented by Gordon Vessels.
Personality arises from conflict between aggressive
and pleasure-seeking drives (id) and social restraints
(superego).
ID
Satisfaction
without the
guilt?
Irrational Wishes
Immoral Urges
Social Unacceptable
Sexual Desires
Selfish Needs
Animalistic Sexual Drives
Selfish Needs
Shameful Experiences
Raw Aggression
Unconscious
Level
Preconscious
Level
Conscious
Level
Conscious
Level
Needs
Thoughts
Emotions
Perceptions
Memories
Knowledge
Ongoing but Unattended-to Needs,
Feelings, Thoughts, Problems
A simpler version created by Dr. Kevin Richardson in 1998 and made available through the APS. Redesigned and colorized here by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Trust
vs
Mistrust
Autonomy
vs
Shame/Doubt
Initiative
vs
Guilt
Industry
vs
Inferiority
Identity
vs Role
Confusion
Generativity
vs Self-
Absorption
Intimacy
vs
Isolation
Integrity
vs
Despair
Psychosocial
Crisis
or Conflict
Important
Events
Significant
Relations
Healthful
Virtues
Problematic
Traits
Developmental
Stages and
Age Ranges
Erik Eriksons Psychosocial-Developmental Crises
(Stages) of Personality Formation
Oral-Sensory
Birth to 12-18
Months
Muscular-Anal
18 Months to
3 Years of Age
Locomotion
3 to 6
Years of Age
Latency
6 to 12
Years of Age
Adolescence
12 to 18
Years of Age
Young Adult
19 to 29
Years of Age
Middle Age 30
to 55 Years
of Age
Old Age
56 to 100
Years of Age
Mother
Parents
Family
Neighbor
& School
Children
Peer Cliques
Girl/Boy Friend
Role Models
Friends
& Life
Partners
Household
Members &
Work Mates
Mankind or
My-kind
Feeding
Toilet
Training
Exploration
Doing Things
School
Making Things
Well
Consolidation
of Roles
Identifications
Committed
Relationships
Supporting
Next
Generation
Physical
Decline
Death
Hope
Faith
Will
Independence
Purpose
Courage
Imagining
Competence
Skill, Pride
Conscience
Fidelity
Loyalty
Love
Trust
Caring
Altruism
Wisdom
Sensory
Distortion
Withdrawal
Impulsivity
Compulsivity
Self-Doubt
Cruelty
Inhibition Fear
of Failure
Fanaticism
Repudiation
Promiscuity
Exclusivity
Over-
Extension
Rejecting
Presumption
Despair
Inferiority Lack
of Self-
Confidence
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Trust
vs
Mistrust
Autonomy
vs Shame
& Doubt
Initiative
vs
Guilt
Industry
vs
Inferiority
Identity
vs Role
Confusion
Intimacy
vs
Isolation
Eriksons
Psychosocial
Stages and Age
Ranges
Erik Eriksons and Sigmund Freuds Stages of Personality Formation
Oral-Sensory
Birth to 12-18
Months
Muscular- Anal
18 36
Months
Locomotion
3 to 6
Years of Age
Latency
6 to 12
Years of Age
Adolescence
12 to 18
Years of Age
Young Adult
19 to 29
Years of Age
Freuds
Psychosexual
Stages: Vertical
Column
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Weaning:
12 to 18
Months
Toilet
Training:
Years 2-3
Oedipal or
Electra
Complexes:
Ages 4-5
Leniency yields an anal
expulsive character
manifest by messiness,
disorganization,
carelessness, and
recklessness.



Strictness yields an anal
retentive character.- neat,
precise, orderly, careful,
stingy, obstinate,
meticulous, and passive-
aggressive
Fixation develops a phallic
personality that is
reckless, resolute, self-
assured, vain, narcissistic,
proud, afraid or incapable
of close love.
Lasting traces of this
conflict are the Superego,
the voice of the parent
within the child, and an
adaptive identification with
the same-sex parent.
Frustration at this stage
caused by weaning too
early results in a personality
characterized by
pessimism, envy, greed,
fear, sarcasm, and
suspicion.
The genital character is not
fixed at an earlier stage.
This person is well-adjusted
and balances love and
work.
Sexual
Drive
Dormant:
Pre-
puberty:
Ages 6-12
Children pour repressed
libidinal energy into asexual
pursuits such as sports,
same-sex friendships, and
school.

Critical Events
and Related
Conflicts to be
Resolved
Possible Outcome in
Terms of the
Emergence of
Personality Traits
Possible Outcome in
Terms of the
Emergence of
Personality Traits
Eriksons
Developmental
Crises
Social
Rules
Physical sexual changes
reawaken repressed needs.
Direct sexual feelings
towards others lead to
sexual gratification.
Over-indulgence yields an
anal expulsive personality
characterized by gullibility,
dependence, optimism,
admiration.
Trait models analyze personality in terms of basic
dimensions. McCrae and Costa maintain that personality
can be described using five higher-order traits which are
widely referred to as the Big Five.
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Conscientiousness
Extroversion Openness
Created by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Cattells
Personality
Factors
16 key factors of
personality, each with
two dimensions. These
dimensions are
assessed using the
16PF for adults, the
HSPQ for teens, the
CPQ ESPQ for late and
early elementary.
Dimension A vs. Dimension B
Reserved Outgoing
Dull Bright
Emotionally affected Emotionally stable
Humble Assertive
Serious Happy-go-lucky
Expedient Conscientious
Shy Venturesome
Tough Minded Tender Minded
Trusting Suspicious
Practical Imaginative
Forthright Astute
Self Assured Apprehensive
Conservative Experimenting
Group Dependent Self-Sufficient
Undisciplined Controlled
Relaxed Tense
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Touchy Moody
Active
Sociabl
e
Calm Contented
Quiet
Passive
Anxious
Rigid
Sober
Pessimistic
Reserved
Unsociable

Restless
Aggressive
Excitable
Changeable
Impulsive
Optimistic


Careful
Thoughtful
Peaceful
Controlled
Reliable
Placid
Outgoing
Talkative
Responsive
Easygoing
Lively
Carefree
Phlegmatic Sanguine
Melancholic Choleric
Hans Jrgen Eysenck
Created for AIU Online by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
This is Dr. Gordon Vessels 2005
version of a circular diagram that
appears in many forms and in many
publications and PPT slide shows.
Eysenck identified three
basic traits, each comprised
of many sub-traits.
1. Extraversion
(assertiveness, sociability,
expressiveness)
2. Neuroticism
(anxiety, guilt, unhappiness)
3. Psychoticism (risk-taking,
impulsivity, thrill-seeking)
Primary source: Eysenck, Hans and Eysenck, H.L. (1998). Dimensions of Personality. Transaction Publishers. This slide arranged by Gordon Vessels, 2005.
Physiological
Safety
Belonging
Esteem
Maslows Self-Actualization Need
Fulfilling Our Potential
He studied healthy, creative
people: Abe Lincoln, Tom
Jefferson and Eleanor
Roosevelt Self-Aware
and self-accepting
Open and spontaneous
Loving and caring
Problem-centered
not self-centered;
other-directed not
ego-directed
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
Carl Rogers
The Social Self:
the way I appear
to other people
The Personal
Self: my
perceptions,
motives, feelings
What others
expect of Me
What I expect
of Myself
The way
others see Me
The way I see
myself
The Individuals Self Concept
Basic layout extracted from a PPT slide set created by the Management Department at the University of St. Andrews in the UK. Retrived from
http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/management/text/cm/second-yr/2001_02/Lecture4a.ppt#27 Arranged in this slide by Dr. Gordon Vessels, 2005
Biological relatives are much more similar in
personality than strangers.
A comparison of twins raised (a) together and
(b) apart provides evidence for a contributing
genetic cause for personality.
Inherited characteristics are referred to as
temperament.
Genetics of Personality
Raised Apart Raised
Together

MZ DZ MZ DZ

.48 .18 .58 .23

.29 .30 .57 .24
Well-being
Social
Closeness
Genetic
effect
Environmental effect
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
BEHAVIOR GENETICS
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.0
T
w
i
n

C
o
n
c
o
r
d
a
n
c
e

R
a
t
e
s

Alcoholism
(Female)
Autism
Dizygotic
Alcoholism
(Male)
Schizophrenia
Alzheimers
Disease
Affective
Disorder
Reading
Disability
1.0
Monozygotic
Reproduced by Gordon Vessels, Ed.D. 2004
Social-Cognitive School
Julian Rotter
(1966, 82, 90)
A. Bandura
(1994, 1995)
E. Tolman
(1938)
External/Internal
Locus of Control
Self-efficacy Latent Learning
Generalized
Expectancies
Observation
Imitation
Cognitive Map
Reciprocal
Determinism
Reciprocal
Determinism
Insight
Source: PPT slide by Samaan, Evette (2005). Retrieved at http://faculty.riohondo.edu/esamaan/Approaches%20to%20Understanding%20Human%20Development.ppt#44 She drew from
Craig, C.J. and Baucum, D. (2001). Human Development, 9
th
Edition. Lebanon, IN: Prentice-Hall Direct. This slide arranged by Gordon Vessels 2005.
Personality and schizophrenia
Stable personality differences exist among
persons with schizophrenia
personality traits of particular interest in
schizophrenia consists of the Cluster B
personality disorders:
histrionic,
narcissistic,
borderline and
antisocial
Higher levels of histrionic and narcissistic traits
were related to poorer neuro-cognition
higher levels of narcissistic traits were
negatively correlated with childhood physical
abuse
Higher levels of borderline traits were
uniquely related to the report of childhood
sexual abuse
higher levels of antisocial traits were related
to higher levels of childhood physical abuse
P.H. Lysaker et al. / Schizophrenia Research 68 (2004) 8794
Personality and non psychotic
disorder
High levels of Neuroticism in those with major
depression and post-traumatic stress disorder
Levels of Extraversion/Positive Emotionality
appear to be somewhat lower than normal in
all of the unipolar mood and anxiety disorders
Agoraphobia to be characterized by low
Extraversion
W. Gamez et al. / Journal of Anxiety Disorders 21 (2007) 526539