PREFACE

Assalamualaikum Wr. Wb
First I would like to thank God for the blessing, because only by the permit I could
finish this paper on time.
In this opportunity, I would like to thank for my parents who have given spiritual and
material support and dr. uweno, p. !km as my supervisor.
I made this paper to complete my duty in "nglish III and I hope this paper is useful
for all of us. !ut as a writer, I know that this paper still not perfect and have many mistakes
so I need critic from people who read my paper.
Wassalamualaikum Wr. wb
#akarta, #uly $%&%
"ki 'arliani
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CHAPTER I
ABSTRACT
An antio/idant is a molecule capable of inhibiting the o/idation of other molecules.
,/idation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons from a substance to an o/idi0ing
agent. ,/idation reactions can produce free radicals . In turn, these radicals can start chain
reactions that damage cells . Antio/idants terminate these chain reactions by removing free
radical intermediates, and inhibit other o/idation reactions. .hey do this by being o/idi0ed
themselves, so antio/idants are often reducing agents such as thiols , ascorbic acid or
polyphenols .
Although o/idation reactions are crucial for life, they can also be damaging1 hence,
plants and animals maintain comple/ systems of multiple types of antio/idants, such as
glutathione , vitamin + , and vitamin " as well as en0ymes such as catalase , supero/ide
dismutase and various pero/idases . 2ow levels of antio/idants, or inhibition of the
antio/idant en0ymes, cause o/idative stress and may damage or kill cells. As o/idative stress
might be an important part of many human diseases, the use of antio/idants in pharmacology
is intensively studied, particularly as treatments for stroke and neurodegenerative diseases .
3owever, it is unknown whether o/idative stress is the cause or the conse4uence of disease.
Antio/idants are widely used as ingredients in dietary supplements in the hope of
maintaining health and preventing diseases such as cancer and coronary heart disease .
Although initial studies suggested that antio/idant supplements might promote health, later
large clinical trials did not detect any benefit and suggested instead that e/cess
supplementation may be harmful. In addition to these uses of natural antio/idants in
medicine, these compounds have many industrial uses, such as preservatives in food and
cosmetics and preventing the degradation of rubber and gasoline .
CHAPTER II
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER III
DISCUSSION
Antioxidants in human body
Antio/idants are substances that function call to protect the body from free radical
attack. Are included in the group of these substances include vitamins, polipenol, carotene
and minerals. !y nature, these substances are very big role in humans to prevent disease.
Antio/idants do all that by simply pressing the cell damage caused by free radical o/idation
process. ,/idation is a type of chemical reactions involving the binding of o/ygen, hydrogen
release, or release electrons. ,/idation process is a natural event that occurs in nature and can
occur everywhere not least in our bodies.
Free radia!
Free radical o/ygen molecules is actually derived from the chemical structure change
as a result of environmental activities. "nvironmental activities that can create free radicals
such as radiation, pollution, smoking and so forth.. Free radicals circulating in the body tries
to steal electrons that e/ist in other molecules such as 5-A and cells. .his theft if successful
will damage cells and 5-A. +an be imagined if the free radicals so many outstanding will
also many damaged cells. 6nfortunately, the damage can cause these cells become unstable
which could potentially cause aging and cancer
C!assi"iation o" antioxidants based on its soure
.here are two kinds of antio/sidants based on its source , namely the natural antio/sidants
and synthetic antio/idants
-atural antio/sidants
Antio/idant e/traction yield natural ingredients. -atural antio/idants in food can be
derived from 7
8 .he e/isting antio/idant compounds from one or two food components,
8 Antio/idant compounds formed from reactions during processing,
8 Antio/idant compounds isolated from natural sources and added to food as a food
additive
Antio/idant compounds isolated from natural sources is derived from plants. -atural
antio/idant in several parts of plants, such as in wood, bark, roots, leaves, fruits, flowers,
seeds and pollen.
ynthetics antio/sidants
Antio/idants obtained from the synthesis of chemical reactions. ome e/amples of
permitted use of synthetic antio/idants for food use has been fre4uently used. -amely anisol
butyl hydro/y 9!3A:, butyl hydro/y toluene 9!3.:, propyl gallate, tert8butyl hidoksi 4uinon
9.!3;: and tocopherols. Antio/idant8these antio/idants are natural antio/idants that have
been produced synthetically for commercial purposes.
Soures o" antioxidants
Antio/idants can easily be derived from food. 6nfortunately many do not know that
these foods actually contain many antio/idants, so they buy antio/idant supplements that cost
is 4uite e/pensive. ome e/amples of food sources of antio/idants, among others7
<itamin A7
+arrots, broccoli, green vegetables, spinach, pumpkin, liver, potatoes, eggs, apricots,
mangoes, milk and fish.
<itamin +7
=epper > pepper, red pepper, parsley, guava, kiwi, broccoli, bean sprouts, persimmon,
papaya, strawberries, oranges, lemons, cauliflower, garlic, wine, raspberri, kepruk
orange, spinach, tomatoes and pineapple.
<itamin "7
Asparagus, avocados, olives, spinach, nuts, grain, vegetable oil, cereal.
+arotenes7
!eta carotene, lutein, lycopene, carrots, pumpkins, green vegetables, fruit, red fruit,
tomato, seaweed.
=olipenol7
!erri fruit, tea, beer, wine, olive oil, chocolate, coffee, walnuts, peanuts, fruit skins,
pomegranates and wine.
Classification of antioxidants based on its mechanism of action
!ased on its mechanism of action, antio/idants divided into primary antioxidant that
can react with free radicals or convert it into a stable product, and secondary antioxidants or
preventive antio/idants that can reduce the initial rate of chain reaction and antioxidant
tertiary . .he mechanism of cellular antio/idants by ,ng et al . 9&**?:, among others,
antio/idants that interact directly with oxidants , free radicals, or a single o/ygen, preventing
the formation of reactive o/ygen species1 change rekatif o/ygen species to less toxic 1 prevent
the ability of reactive o/ygen species1 and repair the damage that may arise.
Primary Antioxidants
=rimary antio/idants act to prevent the formation of new free radicals by cutting a chain
reaction and turn it into a product that is more stable . "/amples of primary antio/idants, is
the en0yme supero/ide dimustase 9,5:, catalase , and glutathione dimustase .
Seondary Antioxidants
econdary antio/idant compounds capture function and prevent the occurrence of radical
chain reactions. "/amples of such secondary antio/idants are vitamin " , vitamin + , and @8
carotene .
Tertiary Antioxidants
.ertiary antio/idant function of cells and tissue repair damage caused by free radicals.
"/ample of en0ymes that repair 5-A in the cells nucleus is sulfo/ideltetrahydrofuran
methionine reductase.
Classification of antioxidants based on soluble
Antio/idants are classified into two broad divisions, depending on whether they are soluble in
water 9hydrophilic: or in lipids 9hydrophobic: 7
Antioxidant
metabo!ite
So!ubi!ity Conentration in human
serum #$%&
Conentration
in !i'er tissue
#$mo!()*&
Asorbi aid
#'itamin C&
Water ?% A B% $B% 9human:
+!utathione Water C B,C%% 9human:
2ipoic acid Water %.& A %.) C A ? 9rat:
Uri aid Water $%% A C%% &,B%% 9human :
+arotenes 2ipid 8@8carotene7 %.? A &
8retinol 9vitamin A:7 & A (
? 9human, total
carotenoids
Too,hero!
#'itamin E&
2ipid &% A C% ?% 9human:
D
6bi4uinol
9coen0yme ;:
2ipid ? $%% 9human:
Urid aid
.he antio/idant in highest concentration in human blood is uric acid , which provides
about half of the total antio/idant capacity of human serum. 6ric acid is an o/ypurine
produced from /anthine by the en0yme /anthine o/idase , and is a waste product of purine
metabolism in primates, birds, and reptiles. An overabundance of this chemical in the body
causes gout . .he effects of uric acid in conditions such as stroke and heart attacks are still
not well understood, with some studies linking higher levels of uric acid with increased
mortality. .his apparent effect might either be due to uric acid being activated as a defense
mechanism against o/idative stress, or uric acid acting as a pro8o/idant and contributing to
the damage caused in these diseases.
Asorbi aid or -itamin C
Ascorbic acid or E vitamin + E is a monosaccharide o/idation8reduction 9 redo/ :
catalyst found in both animals and plants. As one of the en0ymes needed to make ascorbic
acid has been lost by mutation during primate evolution , humans must obtain it from the
diet1 it is therefore a vitamin. 'ost other animals are able to produce this compound in their
bodies and do not re4uire it in their diets. Ascorbic acid is re4uired for the conversion of the
procollagen to collagen by o/idi0ing proline residues to hydro/yproline .
In other cells, it is maintained in its reduced form by reaction with glutathione, which
can be catalysed by protein disulfide isomerase and glutaredo/ins . Ascorbic acid is redo/
catalyst which can reduce, and thereby neutrali0e, reactive o/ygen species such as hydrogen
pero/ide. In addition to its direct antio/idant effects, ascorbic acid is also a substrate for the
redo/ en0yme ascorbate pero/idase , a function that is particularly important in stress
resistance in plants. Ascorbic acid is present at high levels in all parts of plants and can reach
concentrations of $% millimolar in chloroplasts .
-itamin E or Too,hero!s
<itamin " is the collective name for a set of eight related tocopherols and tocotrienols ,
which are fat8soluble vitamins with antio/idant properties. ,f these, F8tocopherol has been
most studied as it has the highest bioavailability , with the body preferentially absorbing and
metabolising this form.
It has been claimed that the F8tocopherol form is the most important lipid8soluble antio/idant,
and that it protects membranes from o/idation by reacting with lipid radicals produced in the
lipid pero/idation chain reaction.his removes the free radical intermediates and prevents the
propagation reaction from continuing. .his reaction produces o/idised F8tocophero/yl
radicals that can be recycled back to the active reduced form through reduction by other
antio/idants, such as ascorbate, retinol or ubi4uinol.
.his is in line with findings showing that F8tocopherol, but not water8soluble
antio/idants, efficiently protects glutathione pero/idase C 9 G=GC :8deficient cells from cell
death G=/C is the only known en0yme that efficiently reduces lipid8hydropero/ides within
biological membranes.

+!utathione
Glutathione 9G3: is a tripeptide. It contains an unusual peptide linkage between the
amine group of cysteine and the carbo/yl group of the glutamate side chain. Glutathione, an
antio/idant, helps protect cells from reactive o/ygen species such as free radicals and
pero/ides. Glutathione is nucleophilic at sulfur and attacks poisonous electrophilic conHugate
acceptors. Glutathione has multiple functions7
It is the maHor endogenous antio/idant produced by the cells, participating directly in
the neutrali0ation of free radicals and reactive o/ygen compounds, as well as
maintaining e/ogenous antio/idants such as vitamins + and " in their reduced 9active:
forms.
.hrough direct conHugation, it deto/ifies many /enobiotics 9foreign compounds: and
carcinogens, both organic and inorganic.
It is essential for the immune system to e/ert its full potential
It plays a fundamental role in numerous metabolic and biochemical reactions such as
5-A synthesis and repair, protein synthesis, prostaglandin synthesis, amino acid
transport and en0yme activation. .hus, every system in the body can be affected by
the state of the glutathione system, especially the immune system, the nervous system,
the gastrointestinal system and the lungs.
Ho. to /or) Antioxidants
If in a place where the reaction of o/idation reaction produces a byproduct of free radicals
9I,3: without the presence of antio/idants the free radicals will attack other molecules
around it.
.he result of this reaction will be able to produce another free radical molecule that is ready
to attack another. "ventually will form a very dangerous chain reaction.
6nlike the case when there are antio/idants.. Free radicals will immediately react with
antio/idant molecules to form a stable and not dangerous. Jeactions were stopped until here.
Without the presence of antio/idants
Jeactant 8K product L I ,3
,3 L 95-A, proteins, lipids: 8K =roduct L other free radicals
,ther free radicals which will start the same reaction with a molecule that no diekitarnya.
With the presence of antio/idant
Jeactant 8K product L I ,3
,3 L antio/idant 8K Items stable
Antio/idants with free radicals tend to react in advance compared with other
molecules because antio/idants are very easily o/idi0ed or strong reducing agents are
compared with other molecules. o the effectiveness of antio/idants depends on how strong
o/idation power compared with other molecules. .he more easily o/idi0ed is the more
effective antio/idant.
PICTURE OF ANTIO0IDANTS /OR1
Antioxidants ,rotet in e!!s2 Ho. do antioxidants .or) in our body3
,ne of the most fre4uent types of damage done to our body is caused by molecules
known as free radicals. Free radicals are molecules that lose electrons , so that the molecule
becomes unstable and is always trying to take electrons from other molecules or cells. ,ur
body constantly e/posed to the outside world environmentally, physically and mentally.
"nvironmental wise such as sun rays 9ultra violet rays:, air pollution, water pollution,
preservative food or poor nutrition diet choice and medications. =hysical wise such as
e/cessive e/ercise. 'ental wise such as stress due to work, relationship and financial
problems.
All the above factors cause free radicals and our body is continuously being
bombarded by these free radicals. And if perform any activities,our body is burning and
producing to/ins by reacting with o/ygen 9which is o/idation7 Hust like the apple cut in half
and turns brown:.
CHAPTER I-
CONC4USION
Antio/idants are substances that function call to protect the body from free radical
attack. Are included in the group of these substances include vitamins, polipenol, carotene
and minerals. !y nature, these substances are very big role in humans to prevent disease.
Antio/idants do all that by simply pressing the cell damage caused by free radical o/idation
process.
.he result of o/idation of fats in the food turned out to have a maHor impact on human
health that consume them. Mnowledge of how to prevent this o/idation process is necessary,
which in turn is very beneficial in the maintenance of health of each individual. Mnowledge
of various types of antio/idants that e/ist in nature as well as health benefits for the body of
great help in regulating our diet to get healthy and fit body.
Fruits and vegetables are good sources of antio/idants. !uah8buahan dan sayuran
merupakan sumber antioksidan yang baik. o for now, the best way to ensure ade4uate
intake of the antio/idant nutrients is through a balanced diet consisting of ?8N servings of
fruits and vegetables per day.
J"F"J"-+"