Life and times of Roman von Ungern-

Sternberg
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Baron Roman Nikolai Maximilian von Ungern-Sternberg (Russian: !"#$%
&'!()*%+(,'-'!)' -! ./01'2 3 4!5#%6$#!"#57
89:8;:
(<ecem=er
;>, 9??@ AB C Beptem=er 9@, 9>;97 Das an anti%BolsheEik Fieutenant General in the
Russian HiEil War and then an independent Darlord Dhose Isiatic HaEalry <iEision
Drested control of Juter KonLolia from occupyinL Hhinese forces in 9>;9M
NnLern%Btern=erLOs attraction to esoteric Buddhism and his eccentric, often Eiolent
treatment of enemies as Dell as his oDn troops earned him the so=riPuet Qthe Kad
BaronQ durinL the Russian HiEil WarM Re Das also an arch conserEatiEe pan%monarchist
Dho aspired to restore the Russian monarchy under Kichael IleSandroEich RomanoE
and reEiEe the Great KonLol Tmpire under the rule of the BoLd UhanM <urinL his short
fiEe month occupation of Juter KonLolia, NnLern%Btern=erL imposed order on the
capital Vkh UhWree throuLh fear, intimidation, and =rutal Eiolence aLainst opponents,
particularly BolsheEik supportersM
Ris su=sePuent inEasion of Bouthern Bi=eria in support of anti%BolsheEik re=ellions and
to head off a Red Irmy%KonLolian partisan inEasion in Xune 9>;9 ultimately led to his
defeat and capture tDo months laterM Re Das taken prisoner =y the Red Irmy and tried
for counterreEolution in AoEonikolaeEsk in 9>;9M Ifter a siS hour shoD trial he Das
found Luilty and eSecuted on Beptem=er 9@, 9>;9M
Contents
9 BioLraphy
o 9M9 First World War
o 9M; BolsheEik ReEolution, 9>9Y
o 9MZ RestorinL the independence of Juter KonLolia
o 9M[ KonLolia =efore the entry of BolsheEiks, 9>;9
o 9M@ <efeat, capture, and eSecution, 9>;9
; Bee also
o ;M9 TSternal links
Z Further readinL
[ References
Biography
Roman Aikolai KaSimilian Eon NnLern%Btern=erL as a child
RMFM Eon NnLern%Btern=erL Das =orn in Gra\, Iustria on <ecem=er ;>, 9??@ to a no=le
Baltic%German familyM Ris mother Das Bophie Hharlotte Eon Wimpffen, later Bophie
Hharlotte Eon NnLern%Btern=erL, and his father Das ]heodor Feonhard Rudolph Eon
NnLern%Btern=erL (9?@YC9>9?7M Vn 9??? his family moEed to ReEal (]allinn7, the
capital of Tstonia Dithin the Russian Tmpire, Dhere his parents diEorced three years
later in 9?>9M Vn 9?>[ his mother married Jskar Inselm Rerrmann Eon RoyninLen%
RueneM
8Z:
From 9>^^ to 9>^; NnLern attended the Aicholas V Gymnasium, ]allinnM Vn
9>^Z he enrolled in Karine Jfficers Hadet Bchool in BtM _eters=urLM Vn 9>^@ he left the
school to `oin the fiLhtinL in Tastern Russia durinL the Russo%Xapanese War, =ut it is
unclear Dhether he participated in operations aLainst the Xapanese, or if all military
operations had ceased =efore his arriEal in KanchuriaM
8[:
Vn 9>^a NnLern Das transferred
to serEice in _aEloEskoe Kilitary Bchool in BtM _eters=urL as a cadet of ordinary rankM
8@:

Ifter LraduatinL he serEed as an officer in Tast Bi=eria in the 9st IrLunsky and the 9st
Imursky Hossack reLiments, Dhere he =ecame enthralled Dith the lifestyle of nomadic
peoples such as the KonLols and BuryatsM Vn 9>9Z, at his rePuest, he transferred to the
reserEesM NnLern moEed to Juter KonLolia to assist KonLols in their struLLle for
independence from Hhina, =ut Russian officials preEented him from fiLhtinL Dith
KonLolian troopsM Re arriEed in the toDn of UhoEd in Destern KonLolia and serEed as
out%of%staff officer in the Hossack Luard detachment at the Russian consulateM
First World War
Jn Xuly 9>, 9>9[ NnLern `oined front%line forces as part of the second%turn Z[th
reLiment of Hossack troops stationed on the Iustrian Front in GaliciaM NnLern took part
in the Russian offensiEe in Tastern _russia, Dhere in 9>9@%9>9a he participated in rear%
action raids on German troops =y the FMAM _unin HaEalry Bpecial ]ask ForceM
8a:
<urinL
the Dar, NnLern Lained a reputation as a =raEe =ut someDhat reckless and mentally
unsta=le officerM IlthouLh decorated Dith seEeral military aDards, he Das eEentually
discharLed from one of his command positions for failinL to o=ey ordersM General
WranLel mentions NnLernOs determination in his memoirsM
Ifter the Fe=ruary ReEolution in 9>9Y, NnLern transferred to the Haucasian theater of
Dar, Dhere Russia Das fiLhtinL Dith ]urkeyM Vn Ipril 9>9Y near Nrmia, Vran, NnLern,
toLether Dith GriLori BemenoE, started to orLani\e a Eolunteer sPuad of local Byriac
Hhristians, Dho Dent on to score minor Eictories under NnLernOs command, =ut their
contri=ution to RussiaOs Dar effort Das limitedM
8Y:
Bolshevik Revolution, 1917
Ifter the BolsheEik%led Jcto=er ReEolution of 9>9Y, BemenoE and NnLern declared
their alleLiance to the RomanoEs and EoDed to fiLht the reEolutionariesM BemenoE,
=acked =y the Xapanese, appointed NnLern LoEernor of <auria, the larLe area to the
east%southeast of Fake BaikalM Vn the months that folloDed, NnLern distinLuished
himself =y his eSceedinLly eccentric =ehaEior, Dhich lead many
8quantify:
to du= him the
QKad BaronQM BemenoE and NnLern, thouLh ferEently anti%BolsheEik, Dere not part of
the White moEement and BemenoE refused to recoLni\e the authority of Idmiral
Ileksandr Uolchak, the nominal leader of the Whites in Bi=eriaM Vnstead he acted
independently, supported =y the Xapanese Dith arms and moneyM For White leaders like
Uolchak and <enikin, Dho =elieEed in a QRussia stronL and indiEisi=leQ, this
represented hiLh treasonM NnLern Das nominally su=ordinated to BemenoE =ut acted
independentlyM
8?:
Because of his successful military operations in Railar and <auria, NnLern receiEed the
rank of Ka`or%GeneralM BemenoE appointed him commandant of the <auria railDay
station and entrusted him Dith forminL military units to =attle BolsheEik forcesM Vn
<auria, NnLern formed the Eolunteer Isiatic HaEalry <iEision (Russian: bc'$,(d
(d 0'1'c'd7, a miS of Russians, Buryats, ]atars, Bashkirs, KonLols from different
tri=es, Hhinese, Kanchu, Xapanese, _olish eSiles and many othersM
8>:
NnLernOs unit Das
knoDn as Q]he BaEaLe <iEisionQ (Russian: e'(d 0'1'c'd7, a term properly referrinL
to the military unit consistinL of mountain peoples from the Haucasus or KonLolic
Ualmyks in the Russian Vmperial Irmy,
8citation needed:
Dhich fouLht in World War V and
later, after the Russian ReEolution, aLainst BolsheEiksM NnLern reinforced his military
station at <auria, creatinL a kind of fortress from Dhere his troops launched attacks on
Red forcesM
Fike many other White units, NnLernOs troops employed plunderinL as source of their
supplyM ]hey plundered trains passinL throuLh <auria to KanchuriaM While these
confiscations did not siLnificantly diminish the supplies of UolchakOs forces, priEate
Russian and Hhinese merchants lost considera=le propertyM
89^:
NnLern =elieEed that monarchy Das the only social system Dhich could saEe Western
ciEilisation from corruption and self%destructionM Re =eLan to pursue the idea of
restorinL GenLhis UhanOs KonLolian Tmpire % Dith the finL <ynasty proEidinL the
most appropriate candidate for the throneM NnLern souLht to orLani\e a military
eSpedition to KonLolia, at that time occupied =y the Hhinese troops formerly led =y
General gu Bhu\henL a mem=er of the pro%Xapanese Inhui HliPue in the Hhinese
LoEernment, to restore the rule of the BoLd Uhan as part of his plan to re%esta=lish
monarchies from the Far Tast to TuropeM
899:
]he Xapanese ordered the pro%Xapanese Hhinese Darlords to occupy KonLolia in order
to halt a possi=ly reEolutionary spilloEer from the Russian reEolutionaries into
KonLolia and Aorthern HhinaM
89;:
Ifter the fall of the Inhui HliPue, Hhinese soldiers in
KonLolia found themselEes effectiEely a=andonedM ]hey re=elled aLainst their
commanders, and plundered and killed KonLols and foreiLnersM
89Z:
Is part of his plans, NnLern traEeled to Kanchuria and Hhina proper (Fe=ruary throuLh
Beptem=er 9>9>7M ]here he esta=lished contacts Dith monarchistic circles, and also
made preparations for BemenoE to meet Dith the Kanchurian Darlord hhanL huolinM Vn
Xuly 9>9> NnLern married the Kanchurian princess Xi in an JrthodoS ceremonyM ]he
princess Das LiEen the name Tlena _aEloEna NnLern%Btern=erLM ]hey communicated in
TnLlishM ]his marriaLe had a political aim, as Xi Das a princess and a relatiEe of General
hhanL UuiDu, commander of Hhinese troops at the Destern end of the Hhinese%
Kanchurian RailDay (in Russian: KVZhD7, and LoEernor of RailarM
89[:
Restoring the independence of Outer Mongolia
Eon NnLern%Btern=erL
Ifter UolchakOs defeat at the hands of the Reds and the su=sePuent decision of Xapan to
DithdraD its eSpeditionary troops from ]rans=aikalia, BemenoE, una=le to Dithstand the
pressure of BolsheEik forces, planned a retreat to KanchuriaM NnLern, hoDeEer, saD this
as an opportunity to implement his monarchistic planM Jn Y IuLust 9>;^, he =roke his
alleLiance to BemenoE and transformed his Isiatic HaEalry <iEision into a Luerrilla
detachmentM
89@:
NnLernOs troops crossed the northern =order of Juter KonLolia on Jcto=er 9, 9>;^ and
moEed south%DestDardsM
89a:
NnLern entered into neLotiations Dith Hhinese occupyinL
forcesM Ill of his demands, includinL disarmament of the Hhinese troops Dere re`ectedM
Jn Jcto=er ;aC;Y and aLain on AoEem=er ;C[, 9>;^ NnLernOs troops assaulted
KonLoliaOs capital, NrLa (officially Aiislel Uhureei noD Nlaan=aatar7 =ut suffered
tremendous lossesM Ifter the defeat, NnLernOs troops retreated to the upper currents of
the Uherlen RiEer in Betsen%Uhan IimaL (district ruled =y princes Dith the title Betsen
Uhan7 in eastern Juter KonLoliaM Re Das supported =y KonLols Dho souLht
independence from Hhinese occupation, especially the BoLd Uhan, Dho secretly sent
NnLern his =lessinL for eSpellinL Hhinese from KonLoliaM ]he Hhinese had tiLhtened
their control of Juter KonLolia =y this time, strictly reLulatinL Buddhist serEices in
monasteries and imprisoninL Russians and KonLols Dhom they considered
QseparatistsQM IccordinL to memoirs =y KMGM ]ornoEsky, the Isiatic <iEision num=ered
9[a^ men, Dhile the Hhinese Larrison Das seEen thousand men stronLM ]he Hhinese had
the adEantaLe in artillery and machine Luns, and had =uilt a netDork of trenches in and
around NrLaM
89Y:
Jn Fe=ruary 9, 9>;9, NnLernOs detachment, led =y BM_M Re\ukhin, captured Hhinese
front%line fortificationsM Jther troops moEed to NrLa and to the Kan`usri Konastery on
BoLd Uhan Nul mountain south of NrLaM Jn Fe=ruary ;, NnLernOs troops =attled for
control of Hhinese front lines and secured parts of NrLaM
89?:
<urinL the =attle NnLernOs
special detachment of ]i=etans, KonLols, Buryats and Russians rescued the BoLd
GeLeen from house%arrest and transported him throuLh the BoLd Nul to Kan`usri
KonasteryM Jn Fe=ruary Z, NnLern LaEe his soldiers a respiteM BorroDinL a tactic from
GenLhis Uhan, NnLern ordered his troops to liLht a larLe num=er of camp fires in the
hills surroundinL NrLa, usinL them as reference points for Re\ukhinOs detachmentM ]his
also made the toDn appear to =e surrounded =y an oEerDhelminL forceM
89>:
Jn Fe=ruary
[, NnLern launched a ma`or assault on the remaininL Hhinese positions in NrLa from the
east, capturinL the most fortified positions at the =arracks and the Hhinese trade
settlement (Hhinese: , Maimaicheng7M ]he entire capital Das finally taken after
seEeral fierce =attles, althouLh a part of Hhinese troops had a=andoned the toDn earlierM
AeEertheless, small =attles continued throuLh Fe=ruary @M
BetDeen Karch 99 and 9Z NnLern captured a fortified Hhinese =ase at Hhoir south of
NrLai Dhile Hhinese soldiers a=andoned hamyn%jWd Dithout a =attleM
8;^:
When remaininL Hhinese troops, haEinL retreated to northern KonLolia near Uyakhta,
then attempted to round NrLa to the Dest in order to reach Hhina, Russians and KonLols
feared an attempt to re%capture NrLaM BeEeral hundred Hossack and KonLol units Dere
dispatched to meet the Hhinese troops of seEeral thousand strenLth in the area of NrLa %
Nliastai road near the ]uul riEer in central KonLoliaM ]here =attles raLed from Karch
Z^ to Ipril ;, the Hhinese troops Dere routed and pursued to the southern =order of the
countryM ]hus Hhinese forces left Juter KonLoliaM
8;9:
Mongolia before the entry of Bolsheviks, 191
]he BoLd Uhan (9?a>%9>;[7 of KonLolia
NnLern, KonLolian lamas and princes =rouLht the BoLd Uhan from Kan`usri
Konastery to NrLa on Fe=ruary ;9, 9>;9M Jn Fe=ruary ;;, a solemn ceremony took
place, restorinL the BoLd Uhan to his riLhtful throneM
8;;:8;Z:
Is a reDard for oustinL the
Hhinese from NrLa, the BoLd Uhan Lranted NnLern the hiLh hereditary title darkhan
khoshoi chin wang in the deLree of khan, and other priEileLesM Jther officers, lamas and
princes Dho had participated in these eEents also receiEed hiLh titles and aDardsM
8;[:
For
sei\inL NrLa, NnLern receiEed from BemenoE the rank of Fieutenant%GeneralM KonLolia
Das proclaimed an independent monarchy under the theocratic poDer of BoLd Uhan, or
the ?th BoLd GeLen Xe=tsundam=a UhutuktuM
Jn Karch 9Z, 9>;9, KonLolia Das proclaimed an independent monarchy, under NnLern
Eon Btern=erL as a dictatorM I mystic Dho Das fascinated =y =eliefs and reliLions of the
Far Tast such as Buddhism and Dho =elieEed himself to =e a reincarnation of GenLhis
Uhan, NnLern Eon Btern=erLOs philosophy Das an eSceptionally muddled miSture of
Russian nationalism Dith Hhinese and KonLol =eliefsM Ris traditionalism and
orientalism, Puite atypical for Western culture at that time, contri=uted to his reputation
as the QKad BaronQM
Ristorians note that NnLern Das EieDed as the incarnation of the QGod of WarQ (the
fiLure of Xamsaran in ]i=etan and KonLol folklore7M IlthouLh many KonLols may haEe
=elieEed him to =e a deity, or at the Eery least an incarnation of GenLhis Uhan, NnLern
Das neEer officially proclaimed to =e any of these incarnationsM
8;@:
HiEil poDer oEer
KonLolia formally =elonLed to the BoLd UhanM
8;a:
IccordinL to some eyeDitnesses (his enLineer and officer Uamil Gi\ycki, and
adEenturer and Driter Ferdynand Intoni JssendoDski, etcM7, NnLern Das the first to
institute order in NrLai imposinL street cleaninL and sanitation, and promotinL reliLious
life and tolerance in the capital, and attemptinL to reform the economyM
Ris Isiatic HaEalry <iEision consisted of national detachments, such as the Hhinese
reLiment, Xapanese unit, Earious Hossacks reLiments, KonLol, Buryat, ]atar and other
peoplesO unitsM NnLern said that 9a nationalities serEed in his diEisionM <o\ens of
]i=etans also serEed as part of his troopsM ]hey miLht haEe =een sent =y 9Zth <alai
Fama, Dith Dhom NnLern communicated, or these ]i=etans may haEe =elonLed to the
]i=etan colony in NrLaM
8;Y:
I staunch anti%semite, NnLern ordered the eSecution of Z?
XeDs in NrLa, Dhile the total num=er of eSecutions Das approSimately ?[aM
8;?:
!efeat, capture, and e"ecution, 191
]he BolsheEiks started infiltratinL KonLolia shortly after the Jcto=er reEolution 9>9Y,
iMeM lonL =efore they took control of the Russian ]rans=aikaliaM Vn 9>;9, Earious Red
Irmy units =elonLinL to BoEiet Russia and to its satellite state, the Far Tastern
Repu=lic, inEaded neDly independent KonLolia to defeat NnLernM ]hese forces
included the Red KonLolian leader and independence hero <amdin BWkh=aatarM Bpies
and Earious smaller diEersionary units Dent ahead to spread terror and =etrayal to
Deaken NnLernOs forcesM NnLern orLani\ed an eSpedition to meet these forces in Bi=eria
and to support onLoinL anti%BolsheEik re=ellionsM BelieEinL he had the unDaEerinL
popular support of locals in Bi=eria and KonLolia, NnLern failed to properly strenLthen
his troops despite =einL Eastly outnum=ered and out%Lunned =y the Red forcesM
RoDeEer, un=eknoDnst to NnLern, the Reds had successfully crushed uprisinLs in
Bi=eria, and the BoEiet economic policies had temporarily softened in FeninOs AT_M
Npon NnLernOs arriEal, feD local peasants and Hossacks Eolunteered to `oin himM
Vn the sprinL the Isiatic HaEalry <iEision Das diEided into tDo =riLades: one under the
command of Fieutenant%Leneral NnLern and the second under Ka`or%General Re\ukhinM
Vn Kay, Re\ukhinOs =riLade launched a raid =eyond the Russian =order to the Dest of
the BelenLe RiEerM NnLernOs =riLade left NrLa and sloDly moEed to the Russian toDn of
]roitskosaEsk (present%day Uyakhta in Buryatia7M KeanDhile, the Reds moEed larLe
forces toDards KonLolia from different directionsM ]hey had a tremendous adEantaLe in
ePuipment (armored cars, airplanes, rail, Lun=oats, ammunition, human reserEes, etcM7
and in num=ers of troopsM Is a result, NnLern Das defeated in =attles that took place
=etDeen Xune 99 and 9Z and failed to capture ]roitskosaEskM ]hen the com=ined
BolsheEik and Red KonLol forces entered KonLolia and captured NrLa after a feD
small skirmishes Dith NnLernOs Luard detachmentsM
8;>:
RaEinL captured NrLa on Xuly a, 9>;9, the Red forces failed to defeat the main forces of
the Isiatic <iEision (NnLernOs and Re\ukhinOs =riLades7M NnLern reLrouped and
attempted to inEade ]rans=aikalia across the Russo%KonLolian =orderM ]o rally his
soldiers and local people, NnLern Puoted an aLreement Dith GriLory BemyonoE and
pointed to a supposed Xapanese offensiEe Dhich Das to support their driEe, althouLh
neither BemenoE, nor Xapanese Dere eaLer to assist himM Ifter seEeral days rest, on Xuly
9?, the Isiatic <iEision started its raid into BoEiet territoryM TyeDitnesses Uamil
Gikycki and Kikhail ]ornoEsky LaEe similar estimates of their num=ers: a=out three
thousand men in totalM
8Z^:
NnLernOs troops penetrated deeply into Russian territoryM ]he
BoEiets declared martial laD in areas Dhere the Whites Dere eSpected, includinL
lerkhneudinsk (noD Nlan%Nde, the capital of Buryatia7M NnLernOs troops captured many
settlementsi the northernmost =einL AoEoselenLinsk, occupied =y them on IuLust 9M By
this time, NnLern understood that his offensiEe Das ill%preparedi he also heard a=out the
approach of larLe forces of the RedsM Jn IuLust ;, 9>;9 he =eLan his retreat to
KonLolia, Dhere he declared his determination to fiLht HommunismM While NnLernOs
troops Danted to a=andon the Dar%effort and to head toDards Kanchuria to `oin Dith
other Russian mmiLrms, it soon =ecame clear that NnLern had other ideasM Re Danted to
retreat to ]uEa, then to ]i=etM ]roops under =oth NnLern and Re\ukhin effectiEely
mutinied and hatched plots to kill their respectiEe commandersM Jn IuLust 9Y,
Re\ukhin Das killedM I day later conspirators unsuccessfully tried to assassinate
NnLernM Ris command then collapsed as his =riLade =roke apartM Jn ;^ IuLust NnLern
Das captured =y the BoEiet detachment led =y the famous Luerrilla commander _MTM
Bhchetinkin (later a notorious mem=er of the Hheka7M
8Z9:
Ifter a shoD trial of a hours and 9@ minutes on 9@ Beptem=er 9>;9, prosecuted =y
nemelyan naroslaEsky, the Baron Das sentenced to eSecution =y firinL sPuadM ]he
sentence Das carried out that Eery eEeninL or niLht in AoEonikolaeEskM
QWhen he learnt of his death, the BoLd Uhan ordered prayers for his soul to =e read
throuLhout KonLoliaM ]hey Dere undou=tedly neededMQ
8Z;:
Frther reading
Bodisco ]hM Eon, <uLin IM, TEola XM, Fern=ach KM, FreitaL nM, Greiner IMWM,
Kutti HM, AesmeloD IM ;^^YM Baron Ungern von Sternberg der et!te
KriegsgottM Btraelen: ReLin%lerlaLM
Ropkirk, _eter (9>?a7 Setting the "ast #ba!e$ on Secret Service in Boshevik
#siaM <on Kills, JntM
Uamil Gikycki (9>;>7M _r\e\ Nr`ancha` i KonLol`eM FDoD C Wars\aDa: DydM
hakladu AarM imM JssolinskichM
Uu\min, BerLei FM (;^997M %he &istory of Baron Ungern' #n "()erience of
*econstructionM KoscoD: UKU BciM _ress, VBBA >Y?%@%?YZ9Y%a>;%;M
Uu\min, BMFM (compiler7 (;^^[7M Baron Ungern v Dokumentakh i MemuarakhM
KoscoD: UKU BciM _ress, VBBA @%?YZ9Y%9a[%@M
Uu\min, BMFM (compiler7 (;^^[7M +egendarnyi Baron$ ,ei!vestnye Stranitsy
-ra!hdanskoi VoinyM KoscoD: UKU BciM _ress, VBBA @%?YZ9Y%9Y@%^M
Kaclean, Fit\roy (9>Y[7M %o the Back of BeyondM Fittle, BroDn o HoM, BostonM
KichaloDski WMBtM (9>YY7M %estament BaronaM Wars\aDa: FudoDa Bpold\ielnia
WydM
JssendoDski, Ferdynand (9>;;7 Beasts. Men and -odsM AeD norkM
_almer, Xames (;^^?7 %he Boody /hite BaronM Fondon: Fa=er and Fa=erM VBBA
^%@Y9%;Z^;Z%Y
_ershin, <M_M (9>>>7 Baron Ungern. Urga i #tanbuakM Bamara: ILniM
_o\ner, lladimir (9>Z?7 Boody Baron$ the Story of UngernSternbergM AeD
norkM
Q_ersonal surEey of some =ooksQ M RetrieEed ;^^>%^[%^9M
du fuenoy, _aulM p_erfectinL the BhoD ]rial: ]he Hase of Baron Eon NnLern%
Btern=erL,q *evoutionary *ussia, 9>: 9, Xune ;^^aM
du fuenoy, _aulM pWarlordism r la russe: Baron Eon NnLern%Btern=erLss Inti%
BolsheEik Hrusade, 9>9Y%9>;9,q *evoutionary *ussia, 9a: ;, <ecem=er ;^^Z
nu\efoEich, Feonid M +e baron Ungern. khan des ste))es
hnamenski, Indrei (;^997 *ed Shambhaa$ Magic. 0ro)hecy. and -eo)oitics
in the &eart of #siaM Wheaton, VF: fuest BooksM VBBA >Y?%^%?Z@a%^?>9%a
Referen!es
9M "mp p # Uu\min, BMFM ]he Ristory of Baron NnLernM In TSperience of
ReconstructionM KoscoD: UKU BciM _ress, ;^99, VBBA >Y?%@%?YZ9Y%a>;%;
;M "mp p # adopted Russian name: - ./01'2 3 45#%6$#"#5,
Dhich transliterates as Roman Fyodorovi!h fon Ungern-Shternberg
ZM "mp p # Uu\min, BMFM ;^99M ]he Ristory of Baron NnLernM In TSperience of
ReconstructionM KoscoD: UKU BciM _ress, VBBA >Y?%@%?YZ9Y%a>;%;, pM;;%;Z
[M "mp p # ]ornoEsky, KMGM TEents in KonLolia%Uhalkha in 9>;^%9>;9M % Vn:
FeLendarnyi Baron: Aei\Eestnye Btranitsy Gra\hdanskoi loinyM KoscoD: UKU BciM _ress,
;^^[, VBBA @%?YZ9Y%9Y@%^ pM 9>^
@M "mp p # Uu\min, BMFM ;^99M ]he Ristory of Baron NnLernM In TSperience of
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