Quantumoptics

AlexanderC.Frank,Dipl.Ing. V1.0January15th,2011

frank@phys.ethz.ch QOEL0077

FG2206

UniversalFunctionGenerator
AmplitudeandOffsettunableforall(Sine,TriangleandRectangle)Waveforms OutputVoltagecanbeashighas70Vpp(usefulforscanningpiezos) BuiltinClippingDetection BuiltinFrequencyCounter(withATmega8) AMModulationInput(controlsSineandTriangleonly) FMModulationInput(controlsallWaveforms) SyncOutput(TTL) min<1Hz,max>100kHzin5(widely)overlappingranges(StandardVersion) min<1Hz,max>10kHzin4(widely)overlappingranges(HighVoltageVersion)

ConstructionManual

Contents
FunctionalDescription

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 15

Schematics:PowerSupply Schematics:FunctionGenerator Schematics:ClippingDetection Schematics:FinalAmplifier Schematics:FrequencyCounter

Placement:Frontpanel Placement:Mainboard

BOM(BillofMaterial)Mainboard BOM(BillofMaterial)Frontpanel

SettingupOperation(Calibration)

Appendix Frontpanel

16 18

DatasheetXR2206,ApplicationNoteTAN005

FG2206ConstructionManualV1.0

FunctionalDescription
ThisFunctionGeneratorisbuiltaroundtheXR2206MonolithicFunctionGeneratorfrom Exar.Itiscapableofproducinghighqualitysine,squareandtrianglewaveformsofhigh stabilityandaccuracy. ThecircuituseseitheroneofthetimingcapacitorsC12,C8,C7,C6,C1orC40.Ittherefore hasfive(widelyoverlapping)ranges.(C40isreserve).InconjunctionwithR47andR2the Frequencymaybeadjusted.WhenFMisused,avoltagefrom0...3Visinjectedandthe changeinfrequencyisproportonaltothechangeofvoltage/R4. WhilsttheamplitudeofthesquarewavedependsonthedividerformedofR46,R20,R3as wellasR32andD12theamplitudeofthesineandtriangleareadjusteableinorderto equalthesquarewave.(byR33andR7). AbufferfollowsthewaveformswitchtodecoupletheloadofR34whichdeterminesthe amplitude.IC13isanactivebuffertoaddadcvoltageupontheacsignal.Thesocalled "Baseband"signalisnowpassedtothemainboard,whereanAD811finallybooststhe signalto20Vpp.JumperJ1issettherefore,thatthesignalispassedbacktothefrontpanel forclippingdetection.Thisisdonewithtworectifiersandtwocomparators.The comparatorlevelissetto+9.21V/9.21Vwhichmeansthatavoltagegreaterthan+10V/ lowerthan10VisabletotriggerthecomparatorandswitchonthecorrespondingLED. IncaseofaHighVoltageVersion,theRangeswitchisblockedtoallowonlyfrequencies <10kHz.TheoutputoftheAD811ontheMainboardisfedtotheinputoftheOPA452 whichdoesadditionalamplification.Inthiscase,jumperJ1hasissettopasstheoutputof theOPA452backtothefrontpanel,whereaslightlymodifiedclippingdetectoris monitoringtheoutput. TheFrequencycounterisrealisedwithanATMega8runningat4MHz.Itisresponsiblefor thecountingaswellasthemultiplexingofthe7SegmentDisplay.

FG2206ConstructionManualV1.0

PowerSupply

FG2206ConstructionManualV1.0
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FunctionGenerator

FG2206ConstructionManualV1.0
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ClippingDetection

FG2206ConstructionManualV1.0
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FinalAmplifier

FG2206ConstructionManualV1.0
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FrequencyCounter

FG2206ConstructionManualV1.0
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Placement:Frontpanel

FG2206ConstructionManualV1.0

Placement:BasePCB

FG2206ConstructionManualV1.0

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BOM(BillofMaterial)Mainboard
Pos
1 2 3 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 32 33 34 35 36 37 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

Name
BR1 BR2 BR3 C2 C3 C10 C18 C20 C21 C29 C30 C34 C35 C39 D2 D5 HEATSINK HEATSINK HEATSINK HEATSINK HEATSINK HEATSINK IC4 IC5 IC6 IC7 IC8 IC10 IC11 J1 K1 KL1 R5 R11 R12 R25 R26 R27 Tr1 Tr2

Value
GBU407 GBU407 GBU407 1000F/63V 1000F/63V 1F 10F 10F 1F 1000F/35V 1000F/35V 1F 1F 1F 24V 24V KHLK13 KHLK13 KHLK13 KHLK13 KHLK13 KHLK13 7812 7815 AD811 OPA452TA 7912 7805 7915 JUMPER3 VERBINDER_2x8 KLEMME2POL 1k 13k 47 100 10k 27k EI38SEK2X15V/107MA EI38SEK2X15V/107MA

Case
BRCKE6 BRCKE6 BRCKE6 D16R7,62_ELKO D16R7,62_ELKO 8X8R5,08 D6R2,54_ELKO D6R2,54_ELKO 8X8R5,08 C_ELKO_RM5,08_DM12,5 C_ELKO_RM5,08_DM12,5 8X8R5,08 8X8R5,08 8X8R5,08 DO41 DO41 KHLK13 KHLK13 KHLK13 KHLK13 KHLK13 KHLK13 TO220_LIEGEND TO220_LIEGEND DIL8 TO220/7 TO220_LIEGEND TO220_LIEGEND TO220_LIEGEND 1X03_BUCHSE VERBINDER_2X8 KLEMME2 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 R4 TRAFOEI38_1PRI2SEK TRAFOEI38_1PRI2SEK

Remark
HV HV HV HV HV HV HV HV HV HV HV

FG2206ConstructionManualV1.0

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BOM(BillofMaterial)Frontpanel
Pos
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 55 57

Name
BU1 BU2 BU3 BU4 C1 C6 C7 C8 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C19 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 C27 C28 C31 C32 C33 C36 C37 C38 C40 D1 D3 D4 D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 R40 IC1

Value
BNCBUCHSE_GERADE BNCBUCHSE_GERADE BNCBUCHSE_GERADE BNCBUCHSE_GERADE 1nF 10nF 100nF 1uF 100n 10uF 10uF 47p 47p 1uF 1uF 10uF 10uF 10uF 10uF 47nF 10uF 470nF 100u 10uF 10uF 10uF 10uF 10uF 10uF Reserve CQY87 LL4148 LL4148 LL4148 CQY87 CQY87 CQY87 LL4148 LL4148 ZPD4V3 PT15LV 74HC14

Case
BNCBUCHSE_GERADE BNCBUCHSE_GERADE BNCBUCHSE_GERADE BNCBUCHSE_GERADE C2 C2 C2 C2 1206 C2 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 C2 LED_3MM_RM2,54 MINIMELF MINIMELF MINIMELF LED_3MM_RM2,54 LED_3MM_RM2,54 LED_3MM_RM2,54 MINIMELF MINIMELF MELF PT15LV SO14
12

Remark
MKS2 MKS2 MKS2 MKS2 MKS2 notused

FG2206ConstructionManualV1.0

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104

IC2 IC3 IC9 IC12 IC13 IC14 K2 K3 K4 LD1 Q1 R1 R2 R3 R4 R7 R8 R9 R10 R13 R14 R15 R16 R20 R21 R28 R29 R30 R31 R32 R33 R34 R35 R36 R37 R38 R39 R40 R41 R42 R43 R44 R45 R46 R47 R48 R49

XR2206 ATMEGA8(DIL28S) 7805CT LM393 TL082CFP TL082CFP VERBINDER_2x8 K1X02 K2X3 CC5612SRWA 4MHz 240 100k 3k0 6k8 50K 680 25k 30k 100k 62k 47 240 24k 2k2 680 10k 1k nb 1k 50K 10k 240 500 1M 1M 10k 100k 1k2 1k2 2k7 18k 2k7 4k7 6k8 240 10k

DIL16 DIL28S TO220 SO8_SOT961 SO8_SOT961 SO8_SOT961 VERBINDER_2X8 2X03_BUCHSE CX5612 HC49/U 1206 POTI_ECW1J 1206 1206 T7Y47k 1206 T7Y22k 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 T7Y47k POTI_ECW1J 1206 T7Y470 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206 1206

ISP distrelec661271 farnell:1141652 farnell:1141651 farnell:1141652 farnell:1141644 HV:33k HV:33k HV:100k

FG2206ConstructionManualV1.0

13

105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113

R50 R51 RN1 S1 S2 T4 T5 T6 T7

10k 2k2 330 STUFENSCHALTER_2X6 STUFENSCHALTER_3X4 BCR142 BCR142 BCR142 BCR142

1206 1206 SO16_SOT1091 DREH2X6 DREH3X4 SOT23/3 SOT23/3 SOT23/3 SOT23/3

Notes:
1.) IfyoubuildthestandardVersion(100kHz,20Vpp)itisnotnecessarytoassemble thepartswiththeRemark"HV"(=HighVoltage). 2.) IfyoubuildtheHighVoltageVersion,youmustchangeR39from10kto100k.R37 andR38from1Mto33k.(ClippingDetector) 3.) IncaseyouusethePCBfromELL,youmustfurthermakeachangementofthe layout.CutthecoppertracebetweenR39andK2(Pin1,2).SolderapieceofwirefromR39 totheoutput(ontheback).

FG2206ConstructionManualV1.0

14

Settingupoperation
Asmentionedbefore,therearefourpointstocalibrate. Setthegeneratorto"RECTANGLE"/SQUAREWAVEandmonitortheoutputonascope. Inorderto"see"something,setamplitudetoabout50%andoffsettoaboutzero. MeasuretheVoltage(peakpeak)ofthatsignal. NowswitchtoTRIANGLE.AdjustthewaveformwithR9andtheAmplitudewithR7sothat ithasthesameAmplitudeastherectangle/squarewave,measuredbefore. NowswitchtoSINE.AdjustthewaveformwithR36andtheAmplitudewithR33sothatit hasthesameAmplitudeastherectangle/squarewave,measuredbefore.

Makeshurethattherotaryswitchescannotbeoperatedoutsidethedesignatedrange. Turnthemtotheleftmechanicalstop.Placethelimitingringwiththenoseinposition number5fortherangeswitchandinpositionnumber3forthewaveformswitch. Cuttheboltfromtheswitch,sothatthefrontpanelrestsplanarontheswitch.

FG2206ConstructionManualV1.0

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Frontpanel

FG2206ConstructionManualV1.0
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FG2206ConstructionManualV1.0

17

XR-2206
...the analog plus company TM

Monolithic Function Generator

February 2008-8

FEATURES D Low-Sine Wave Distortion, 0.5%, Typical D Excellent Temperature Stability, 20ppm/C, Typ. D Wide Sweep Range, 2000:1, Typical D Low-Supply Sensitivity, 0.01%V, Typ. D Linear Amplitude Modulation D TTL Compatible FSK Controls D Wide Supply Range, 10V to 26V D Adjustable Duty Cycle, 1% TO 99%

APPLICATIONS D Waveform Generation D Sweep Generation D AM/FM Generation D V/F Conversion D FSK Generation D Phase-Locked Loops (VCO)

GENERAL DESCRIPTION The XR-2206 is a monolithic function generator integrated circuit capable of producing high quality sine, square, triangle, ramp, and pulse waveforms of high-stability and accuracy. The output waveforms can be both amplitude and frequency modulated by an external voltage. Frequency of operation can be selected externally over a range of 0.01Hz to more than 1MHz. The circuit is ideally suited for communications, instrumentation, and function generator applications requiring sinusoidal tone, AM, FM, or FSK generation. It has a typical drift specification of 20ppm/C. The oscillator frequency can be linearly swept over a 2000:1 frequency range with an external control voltage, while maintaining low distortion.

ORDERING INFORMATION
Operating Temperature Range 40C to +85C 0C to +70C 0C to +70C

Part No.

Package

XR-2206P XR-2206CP XR-2206D

16 Lead 300 Mil PDIP 16 Lead 300 Mil PDIP 16 Lead 300 Mil JEDEC SOIC

Rev. 1.04
E2008

EXAR Corporation, 48720 Kato Road, Fremont, CA 94538 z (510) 668-7000 z (510) 668-7017 1

XR-2206

VCC 4 TC1 Timing Capacitor TC2 6 5 VCO

GND 12

BIAS 10 11 SYNCO

Timing Resistors

TR1

7 Current Switches Multiplier And Sine Shaper

TR2 FSKI AMSI

8 9 1

+1

STO

MO

WAVEA1 13 WAVEA2 14 SYMA1 15 SYMA2 16

Figure 1. XR-2206 Block Diagram

Rev. 1.04 2

XR-2206

AMSI STO MO VCC TC1 TC2 TR1 TR2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9

SYMA2 SYMA1 WAVEA2 WAVEA1 GND SYNCO BIAS FSKI

AMSI STO MO VCC TC1 TC2 TR1 TR2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9

SYMA2 SYMA1 WAVEA2 WAVEA1 GND SYNCO BIAS FSKI

16 Lead PDIP, CDIP (0.300)

16 Lead SOIC (Jedec, 0.300)

PIN DESCRIPTION
Pin # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Symbol AMSI STO MO VCC TC1 TC2 TR1 TR2 FSKI BIAS SYNCO GND WAVEA1 WAVEA2 SYMA1 SYMA2 I I I I I I O O I O O Type I O O Description Amplitude Modulating Signal Input. Sine or Triangle Wave Output. Multiplier Output. Positive Power Supply. Timing Capacitor Input. Timing Capacitor Input. Timing Resistor 1 Output. Timing Resistor 2 Output. Frequency Shift Keying Input. Internal Voltage Reference. Sync Output. This output is a open collector and needs a pull up resistor to VCC. Ground pin. Wave Form Adjust Input 1. Wave Form Adjust Input 2. Wave Symetry Adjust 1. Wave Symetry Adjust 2.

Rev. 1.04 3

XR-2206
Test Conditions: Test Circuit of Figure 2 Vcc = 12V, TA = 25C, C = 0.01mF, R1 = 100kW, R2 = 10kW, R3 = 25kW Unless Otherwise Specified. S1 open for triangle, closed for sine wave.
XR-2206P Parameters General Characteristics Single Supply Voltage Split-Supply Voltage Supply Current Oscillator Section Max. Operating Frequency Lowest Practical Frequency Frequency Accuracy Temperature Stability Frequency Sine Wave Amplitude Stability2 Supply Sensitivity Sweep Range Sweep Linearity 10:1 Sweep 1000:1 Sweep FM Distortion Recommended Timing Components Timing Capacitor: C Timing Resistors: R1 & R2 Triangle Sine Wave Triangle Amplitude Sine Wave Amplitude Max. Output Swing Output Impedance Triangle Linearity Amplitude Stability Sine Wave Distortion Without Adjustment With Adjustment 2.5 0.4 1.0 2.5 0.5 1.5 % % R1 = 30kW See Figure 7 and Figure 8 40 Output1 160 60 6 600 1 0.5 80 160 60 6 600 1 0.5 mV/kW mV/kW Vp-p W % dB For 1000:1 Sweep 0.001 1 100 2000 0.001 1 100 2000 mF kW 2 8 0.1 2 8 0.1 % % % fL = 1kHz, fH = 10kHz fL = 100Hz, fH = 100kHz +10% Deviation 0.5 1 0.01 +1 +10 4800 0.01 1000:1 2000:1 0.1 +4 +50 0.5 1 0.01 +2 +20 4800 0.01 2000:1 MHz Hz % of fo C = 1000pF, R1 = 1kW C = 50mF, R1 = 2MW fo = 1/R1C 10 +5 12 26 +13 17 10 +5 14 26 +13 20 V V mA R1  10kW Min. Typ. Max. XR-2206CP/D Min. Typ. Max. Units Conditions

DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

ppm/C 0C  TA  70C R1 = R2 = 20kW ppm/C %/V fH = fL VLOW = 10V, VHIGH = 20V, R1 = R2 = 20kW fH @ R1 = 1kW fL @ R1 = 2MW

Figure 5 Figure 3 Figure 2, S1 Open Figure 2, S1 Closed

Notes 1 Output amplitude is directly proportional to the resistance, R , on Pin 3. See Figure 3. 3 2 For maximum amplitude stability, R should be a positive temperature coefficient resistor. 3 Bold face parameters are covered by production test and guaranteed over operating temperature range.
Rev. 1.04 4

XR-2206
DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (CONTD)
XR-2206P Parameters Amplitude Modulation Input Impedance Modulation Range Carrier Suppression Linearity Square-Wave Output Amplitude Rise Time Fall Time Saturation Voltage Leakage Current FSK Keying Level (Pin 9) Reference Bypass Voltage 0.8 2.9 12 250 50 0.2 0.1 1.4 3.1 0.4 20 2.4 3.3 0.8 2.5 12 250 50 0.2 0.1 1.4 3 0.6 100 2.4 3.5 Vp-p ns ns V mA V V Measured at Pin 11. CL = 10pF CL = 10pF IL = 2mA VCC = 26V See section on circuit controls Measured at Pin 10. 50 100 100 55 2 50 100 100 55 2 kW % dB % For 95% modulation Min. Typ. Max. XR-2206CP/D Min. Typ. Max. Units Conditions

Notes 1 Output amplitude is directly proportional to the resistance, R , on Pin 3. See Figure 3. 3 2 For maximum amplitude stability, R should be a positive temperature coefficient resistor. 3 Bold face parameters are covered by production test and guaranteed over operating temperature range.

Specifications are subject to change without notice

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS Power Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26V Power Dissipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750mW Derate Above 25C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5mW/C Total Timing Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6mA Storage Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . -65C to +150C

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION The XR-2206 is comprised of four functional blocks; a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), an analog multiplier and sine-shaper; a unity gain buffer amplifier; and a set of current switches. The VCO produces an output frequency proportional to an input current, which is set by a resistor from the timing
Rev. 1.04 5

terminals to ground. With two timing pins, two discrete output frequencies can be independently produced for FSK generation applications by using the FSK input control pin. This input controls the current switches which select one of the timing resistor currents, and routes it to the VCO.

XR-2206
VCC

1mF 4 1 5 C 6 FSK Input 9 7 8

VCO

16 Mult. And Sine Shaper 15 14 13 Current Switches 2 11 10 12 1mF 3 R3 25K + 1mF VCC 5.1K 5.1K

Symmetry Adjust 25K S1 = Open For Triangle = Closed For Sinewave THD Adjust 500 Triangle Or Sine Wave Output Square Wave Output

S1

R1 R2

+1

XR-2206 10K VCC

Figure 2. Basic Test Circuit

6 Peak Output Voltage (Volts) 5 4 3 2 1

Triangle Sinewave 20 40 60 80 100 R3 in (KW)

26

70C Max. Package Dissipation 1KW 2KW 10KW

22 ICC (mA)

18

14 30KW 10 8 12 16 20 24 28 VCC (V)

Figure 3. Output Amplitude as a Function of the Resistor, R3, at Pin 3

Figure 4. Supply Current vs Supply Voltage, Timing, R

Rev. 1.04 6

XR-2206
10M

Timing Resistor ( W )

1M

100K

10K

1K

10-2

MAXIMUM TIMING R NORMAL RANGE TYPICAL VALUE MINIMUM TIMING R

1.0

0.5

10

102

104

106

4V 4V 0 VCC / 2 DC Voltage At Pin 1

Frequency (Hz)

Figure 5. R versus Oscillation Frequency.

Normal Output Amplitude

Figure 6. Normalized Output Amplitude versus DC Bias at AM Input (Pin 1)

5 4 3 C = 0.01mF Trimmed For Minimum Distortion At 30 KW 2 1 0 1.0 10 100 103 Timing R K(W)

4 Distortion (%)

Distortion (%)

10 100 1K

R=3KW VOUT =0.5VRMS Pin 2 RL=10KW

0 10K 100K 1M Frequency (Hz)

Figure 7. Trimmed Distortion versus Timing Resistor.

Figure 8. Sine Wave Distortion versus Operating Frequency with Timing Capacitors Varied.

Rev. 1.04 7

XR-2206
3 C=0.01mF 2 Frequency Drift (%) 1 R=1MW R=2KW R=200KW R=10KW R=200KW IC R=1MW Sweep Input Rc + VC R IB IT Pin 7 or 8

0 R=10KW R=2KW R=1KW -2 -3 -50 R=1KW -25 0 25 50 75

-1

+ 3V 12

100

Ambient Temperature (C)

125

Figure 9. Frequency Drift versus Temperature.

VCC

Figure 10. Circuit Connection for Frequency Sweep.

1mF 4 1 5 C 6 9 7 8 Current Switches +1

VCO

16 Mult. And Sine Shaper 15 14 13 2 11 S1 200 Triangle Or Sine Wave Output Square Wave Output 10K + 10mF VCC 5.1K 5.1K VCC S1 Closed For Sinewave

2M

R1

1K

10 +

12

3 R3 50K

XR-2206

1mF

Figure 11. Circuit tor Sine Wave Generation without External Adjustment. (See Figure 3 for Choice of R3)
Rev. 1.04 8

XR-2206
VCC

1mF 4 1 5 1 F= RC C 6 9 R1 7 8 Current Switches +1

VCO

16 Mult. And Sine Shaper 15 14 13 2 11 10 + 1mF 12 3 R3 50K + 10mF VCC 5.1K 5.1K

Symmetry Adjust 25K RB S1 Closed For Sinewave S1 RA 500 Triangle Or Sine Wave Output Square Wave Output 10K VCC

2M

1K

XR-2206

Figure 12. Circuit for Sine Wave Generation with Minimum Harmonic Distortion. (R3 Determines Output Swing - See Figure 3)

VCC

1mF 1 5 >2V <1V F1 F2 R1 R2 F1=1/R1C F2=1/R2C C 6 9 7 8

VCO

4 16 Mult. And Sine Shaper 15 14 13 Current Switches +1 2 11 10 12 + 1mF 3 XR-2206 200

FSK Input

FSK Output

R3 50K +

10mF

VCC

5.1K

5.1K

Figure 13. Sinusoidal FSK Generator

Rev. 1.04 9

XR-2206
VCC 1mF 4 1 5 C 6 9 R1 R2 7 8 Current Switches +1
VCO

1 f+ 2 C R1 ) R2 16 Duty Cycle =

Mult. And Sine Shaper

R1 R1 ) R2

15 14 13 2 11 Sawtooth Output Pulse Output 5.1K + VCC

10 +

12

3 R3 24K

XR-2206

1mF

10mF

VCC

5.1K

5.1K

Figure 14. Circuit for Pulse and Ramp Generation.

Frequency-Shift Keying The XR-2206 can be operated with two separate timing resistors, R1 and R2, connected to the timing Pin 7 and 8, respectively, as shown in Figure 13. Depending on the polarity of the logic signal at Pin 9, either one or the other of these timing resistors is activated. If Pin 9 is open-circuited or connected to a bias voltage  2V, only R1 is activated. Similarly, if the voltage level at Pin 9 is 1V, only R2 is activated. Thus, the output frequency can be keyed between two levels. f1 and f2, as: f1 = 1/R1C and f2 = 1/R2C For split-supply operation, the keying voltage at Pin 9 is referenced to V-. Output DC Level Control The dc level at the output (Pin 2) is approximately the same as the dc bias at Pin 3. In Figure 11, Figure 12 and Figure 13, Pin 3 is biased midway between V+ and ground, to give an output dc level of  V+/2.
Rev. 1.04 10

APPLICATIONS INFORMATION Sine Wave Generation Without External Adjustment

Figure 11 shows the circuit connection for generating a sinusoidal output from the XR-2206. The potentiometer, R1 at Pin 7, provides the desired frequency tuning. The maximum output swing is greater than V+/2, and the typical distortion (THD) is < 2.5%. If lower sine wave distortion is desired, additional adjustments can be provided as described in the following section.
The circuit of Figure 11 can be converted to split-supply operation, simply by replacing all ground connections with V-. For split-supply operation, R3 can be directly connected to ground.

XR-2206
With External Adjustment: The harmonic content of sinusoidal output can be reduced to -0.5% by additional adjustments as shown in Figure 12. The potentiometer, RA, adjusts the sine-shaping resistor, and RB provides the fine adjustment for the waveform symmetry. The adjustment procedure is as follows: 1. Set RB at midpoint and adjust RA for minimum distortion. 2. With RA set as above, adjust RB to further reduce distortion. and can be adjusted by varying either R or C. The recommended values of R, for a given frequency range, as shown in Figure 5. Temperature stability is optimum for 4kW < R < 200kW. Recommended values of C are from 1000pF to 100mF. Frequency Sweep and Modulation: Frequency of oscillation is proportional to the total timing current, IT, drawn from Pin 7 or 8: PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION Description of Controls Frequency of Operation: The frequency of oscillation, fo, is determined by the external timing capacitor, C, across Pin 5 and 6, and by the timing resistor, R, connected to either Pin 7 or 8. The frequency is given as:

f 0 + 1 Hz RC

Triangle Wave Generation The circuits of Figure 11 and Figure 12 can be converted to triangle wave generation, by simply open-circuiting Pin 13 and 14 (i.e., S1 open). Amplitude of the triangle is approximately twice the sine wave output.

FSK Generation

f+

320I T (mA) Hz C(mF)

Figure 13 shows the circuit connection for sinusoidal FSK signal operation. Mark and space frequencies can be independently adjusted by the choice of timing resistors, R1 and R2; the output is phase-continuous during transitions. The keying signal is applied to Pin 9. The circuit can be converted to split-supply operation by simply replacing ground with V-.

Timing terminals (Pin 7 or 8) are low-impedance points, and are internally biased at +3V, with respect to Pin 12. Frequency varies linearly with IT, over a wide range of current values, from 1mA to 3mA. The frequency can be controlled by applying a control voltage, VC, to the activated timing pin as shown in Figure 10. The frequency of oscillation is related to VC as:

Pulse and Ramp Generation

V f+ 1 1 ) R 1 C 3 RC RC

Hz

Figure 14 shows the circuit for pulse and ramp waveform generation. In this mode of operation, the FSK keying terminal (Pin 9) is shorted to the square-wave output (Pin 11), and the circuit automatically frequency-shift keys itself between two separate frequencies during the positive-going and negative-going output waveforms. The pulse width and duty cycle can be adjusted from 1% to 99% by the choice of R1 and R2. The values of R1 and R2 should be in the range of 1kW to 2MW.
Rev. 1.04 11

where VC is in volts. The voltage-to-frequency conversion gain, K, is given as:

K + fV C + 0.32 HzV R CC
CAUTION: For safety operation of the circuit, IT should be limited to  3mA.

XR-2206
Output Amplitude: Maximum output amplitude is inversely proportional to the external resistor, R3, connected to Pin 3 (see Figure 3). For sine wave output, amplitude is approximately 60mV peak per kW of R3; for triangle, the peak amplitude is approximately 160mV peak per kW of R3. Thus, for example, R3 = 50kW would produce approximately 13V sinusoidal output amplitude. Amplitude Modulation: Output amplitude can be modulated by applying a dc bias and a modulating signal to Pin 1. The internal impedance at Pin 1 is approximately 100kW. Output amplitude varies linearly with the applied voltage at Pin 1, for values of dc bias at this pin, within 14 volts of VCC/2 as shown in Figure 6. As this bias level approaches VCC/2, the phase of the output signal is reversed, and the amplitude goes through zero. This property is suitable for phase-shift keying and suppressed-carrier AM generation. Total dynamic range of amplitude modulation is approximately 55dB.
CAUTION: AM control must be used in conjunction with a well-regulated supply, since the output amplitude now becomes a function of VCC.

VR

VCC

11

15 V2 5

14

16 6

13

3 2

7 6 5

VCC

8 10 VR V1

VCC 4 IntnI. Reg. 12

VR

VR V1 V2

Figure 15. Equivalent Schematic Diagram

Rev. 1.04 12

XR-2206
16 LEAD CERAMIC DUAL-IN-LINE (300 MIL CDIP)
Rev. 1.00

16 1

9 8

E D Base Plane Seating Plane L e B B1 c A1 A E1

INCHES SYMBOL A A1 B B1 c D E1 E e L MIN 0.100 0.015 0.014 0.045 0.008 0.740 0.250 MAX 0.200 0.060 0.026 0.065 0.018 0.840 0.310

MILLIMETERS MIN 2.54 0.38 0.36 1.14 0.20 18.80 6.35 MAX 5.08 1.52 0.66 1.65 0.46 21.34 7.87

0.300 BSC 0.100 BSC 0.125 0 0.200 15

7.62 BSC 2.54 BSC 3.18 0 5.08 15

Note: The control dimension is the inch column

Rev. 1.04 13

XR-2206
16 LEAD PLASTIC DUAL-IN-LINE (300 MIL PDIP)
Rev. 1.00

16 1 D

9 8 E1 E A2

Seating Plane

A L A1 B e B1

eA eB

INCHES SYMBOL A A1 A2 B B1 C D E E1 e eA eB L MIN 0.145 0.015 0.115 0.014 0.030 0.008 0.745 0.300 0.240 MAX 0.210 0.070 0.195 0.024 0.070 0.014 0.840 0.325 0.280

MILLIMETERS MIN 3.68 0.38 2.92 0.36 0.76 0.20 18.92 7.62 6.10 MAX 5.33 1.78 4.95 0.56 1.78 0.38 21.34 8.26 7.11

0.100 BSC 0.300 BSC 0.310 0.115 0 0.430 0.160 15

2.54 BSC 7.62 BSC 7.87 2.92 0 10.92 4.06 15

Note: The control dimension is the inch column

Rev. 1.04 14

XR-2206
16 LEAD SMALL OUTLINE (300 MIL JEDEC SOIC)
Rev. 1.00

16

E
1 8

C Seating Plane e B A1 L A

INCHES SYMBOL A A1 B C D E e H L MIN 0.093 0.004 0.013 0.009 0.398 0.291 MAX 0.104 0.012 0.020 0.013 0.413 0.299

MILLIMETERS MIN 2.35 0.10 0.33 0.23 10.10 7.40 MAX 2.65 0.30 0.51 0.32 10.50 7.60

0.050 BSC 0.394 0.016 0 0.419 0.050 8

1.27 BSC 10.00 0.40 0 10.65 1.27 8

Note: The control dimension is the millimeter column

Rev. 1.04 15

XR-2206

NOTICE EXAR Corporation reserves the right to make changes to the products contained in this publication in order to improve design, performance or reliability. EXAR Corporation assumes no responsibility for the use of any circuits described herein, conveys no license under any patent or other right, and makes no representation that the circuits are free of patent infringement. Charts and schedules contained here in are only for illustration purposes and may vary depending upon a users specific application. While the information in this publication has been carefully checked; no responsibility, however, is assumed for inaccuracies. EXAR Corporation does not recommend the use of any of its products in life support applications where the failure or malfunction of the product can reasonably be expected to cause failure of the life support system or to significantly affect its safety or effectiveness. Products are not authorized for use in such applications unless EXAR Corporation receives, in writing, assurances to its satisfaction that: (a) the risk of injury or damage has been minimized; (b) the user assumes all such risks; (c) potential liability of EXAR Corporation is adequately protected under the circumstances. Copyright 2008 EXAR Corporation Datasheet February 2008 Reproduction, in part or whole, without the prior written consent of EXAR Corporation is prohibited.
Rev. 1.04 16

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...the analog plus company TM

High-Quality Function Generator System with the XR-2206

June 1997-3

INTRODUCTION Waveform or function generators capable of producing AM/FM modulated sine wave outputs find a wide range of applications in electrical measurement and laboratory instrumentation. This application note describes the design, construction and performance of such a complete function generator system suitable for laboratory usage or hobbyist applications. The entire function generator is comprised of a single XR-2206 monolithic IC and a limited number of passive circuit components. It provides the engineer, student, or hobbyist with a highly versatile laboratory instrument for waveform generation, at a very small fraction of the cost of conventional function generators available today. However, they represent the typical performance characteristics measured by EXARs application engineers during the laboratory evaluation of the function generator system shown in Figure 1. The typical performance specifications listed below apply only when all of the recommended assembly instructions and adjustment procedures are followed: (a) Frequency Ranges: The function generator system is designed to operate over four overlapping frequency ranges: 1Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1KHz to to to to 100Hz 1KHz 10KHz 100KHz

GENERAL DESCRIPTION The basic circuit configuration and the external components necessary for the high-quality function generator system is shown in Figure 1. The circuit shown is designed to operate with either a 12V single power supply, or with 16V split supplies. For most applications, split-supply operation is preferred since it results in an output dc level which is nearly at ground potential. The circuit configuration of Figure 1 provides three basic waveforms: sine, triangle and square wave. There are four overlapping frequency ranges which give an overall frequency range of 1Hz to 100KHz. In each range, the frequency may be varied over a 100:1 tuning range. The sine or triangle output can be varied from 0 to over 6V (peak to peak) from a 600W source at the output terminal. A squarewave output is available at the sync output terminal for oscilloscope synchronizing or driving logic circuits. TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS The performance characteristics listed are not guaranteed or warranted by EXAR Corporation.

The range selection is made by switching in different timing capacitors. (b) Frequency Setting: At any range setting, frequency can be varied over a 100:1 tuning range with a potentiometer (see R13 of Figure 1.) (c) Frequency Accuracy: Frequency accuracy of the XR-2206 is set by the timing resistor R and the timing capacitor C, and is given as: f = 1/RC The above expression is accurate to within 15% at any range setting. The timing resistor R is the series combination of resistors R4 and R13 of Figure 1. The timing capacitor C is any one of the capacitors C3 through C6, shown in the figure. (d) Sine and Triangle Output: The sine and triangle output amplitudes are variable from 0V to 6Vpp. The amplitude is set by an external potentiometer, R12 of Figure 1. At any given amplitude setting, the triangle output amplitude is approximately twice as high as the sinewave output. The internal impedance of the output is 600W.

Rev. 1.02
E1995

EXAR Corporation, 48720 Kato Road, Fremont, CA 94538 z (510) 668-7000 z FAX (510) 668-7017 1

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(e) Sinewave Distortion: The total harmonic distortion of sinewave is less than 1% from 10Hz to 10KHz and less than 3% over the entire frequency range. The selection of a waveform is made by the triangle/sine selector switch, S2. (f) Sync Output: The sync output provides a 50% duty cycle pulse output with either full swing or upper half swing of the supply voltage depending on the choice of sync output terminals on the printed circuit board (see Figure 1.)

V EE

V CC

VEE

R1 30K Q AM INPUT D S1 Range Select Switch E F G AMPLITUDE 50K R12 H C3 C4 C5 C6 1 F 0.1F 0.01F 0.001F

RX 1 AM INP.

U1 4 VCC SYM ADJ. 9 5 KEY IN TC1 16

R7 1K

V CC 15 R11 25K R5 5K 2 P L R6 5K OUTPUT SYNC OUTPUT (HALF SWING)

SYMMETRY

XR-2206
6 SINE OUT TC2

R V CC

MULT OUT 11 13

SYNC OUT R9 1M R2 100K DC OFFSET V CC V EE V+ RED C2 10F 10V R14 5.1K R3 1K GND BLACK C1 10F 10V V EE I J R13 SWEEP INPUT R15 5.1K VBLUE VEE R4 9K VEE 12 GND T R 1 7 T R 2 8 WA1

M R8 300 R10 1K O

SYNC OUTPUT (FULL SWING)

B Y P A S WA2 S 10 C7 10F 6V

S2 TRI/SINE SW N

14

K 1M

FREQUENCY

Figure 1. Circuit Connection Diagram for Function Generator (See (i) for Single Supply Operation)

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g) Frequency Modulation (External Sweep): Frequency can be modulated or swept by applying an external control voltage to sweep terminal (Terminal I of Figure 1.) When not used, this terminal should be left open circuited. The open circuit voltage at this terminal is approximately 3V above the negative supply voltage and its impedance is approximately 1000W. (h) Amplitude Modulation: The output amplitude varies linearly with modulation voltage applied to AM input (terminal Q of Figure 1.) The output amplitude reaches its minimum as the AM control voltage approaches the half of the total power supply voltage. The phase of the output signal reverses as the amplitude goes through its minimum value. The total dynamic range is approximately 55dB, with AM control voltage range of 4V referenced to the half of the total supply voltage. When not used, AM terminal should be left open-circuited. (i) Power Source: Split Supplies: +/-6V, or single supply: +12V. Supply Current 15mA (see Figure 2). For single supply operation bias resistors, R14 and R15 should be added, the GND point left floating and V-tied to ground. EXPLANATION OF CIRCUIT CONTROLS Switches

Triangle/Sine Waveform Switch, S2: Selects the triangle or sine output waveform.
Trimmers and Potentiometers

DC Offset Adjustment, R9: The potentiometer used for adjusting the dc offset level of the triangle or sine output waveform. Sinewave Distortion Adjustment, R10: Adjusted to minimize the harmonic content of sinewave output. Sinewave Symmetry Adjustment, R11: Adjusted to optimize the symmetry of the sinewave output. Amplitude Control, R12: Sets the amplitude of the triangle or sinewave output. Frequency Adjust, R13: Sets the oscillator frequency for any range setting of S1. Thus, R13 serves as a frequency dial on a conventional waveform generator and varies the frequency of the oscillator over an approximate 100 to 1 range.
Terminals A. Negative Supply -6V B. Ground C. Positive Supply +6V D. Range 1, timing capacitor terminal E. Range 2, timing capacitor terminal F. Range 3. timing capacitor terminal G. Range 4, timing capacitor terminal H. Timing capacitor common terminal I. J. Sweep Input Frequency adjust potentiometer terminal

Range Select Switch, S1: Selects the frequency range of operation for the function generator. The frequency is inversely proportional to the timing capacitor connected across Pins 5 and 6 of the XR-2206 circuit. Nominal capacitance values and frequency ranges corresponding to switch positions of S1 are as follows:
Position 1 2 3 4 Nominal Range 1Hz to 100Hz 10Hz to 1KHz 100Hz to 10KHz 1Hz to 100kHz Timing Capacitance 1mF 0.1mF 0.01mF 0.001mF

K. Frequency adjust potentiometer negative supply terminal L. Sync output (1/2 swing) M. Sync output (full swing) N. Triangle/sine waveform switch terminals O. Triangle/sine waveform switch terminals P. Triangle or sinewave output Q. AM input R. Amplitude control terminal

If additional frequency ranges are needed, they can be added by introducing additional switch positions.

Rev. 1.02 3

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PARTS LIST The following is a list of external circuit components necessary to provide the circuit interconnections shown in Figure 1. Capacitors: C1, C2, C7 C3 C4 C5 C6 Resistors: R1 R2 R3, R7 R4 R5, R6 R8 RX 30KW, 1/4 W, 10% 100KW, 1/4 W, 10% 1KW, 1/4 W, 10% 9KW, 1/4 W, 10% 5KW, 1/4 W. 10% 300KW,1/4 W, 10% 62KW, 1/4 W, 10% (RX can be eliminated for maximum output) BOARD LAYOUT Care should be given to the layout of the board, to prevent noise from the supplies from affecting the XR-2206 performance. Any simple power supply having reasonable regulation may be used. Figure 2 gives some recommended power supply configurations. Electrolytic, 10F, 10V Mylar, 1F, nonpolar, 10% Mylar, 0.1F, 10% Mylar, 0.01F, 10% Mylar, 1000pF, 10% S1 S2 Power Supply: Dual supplies 16V or single +12V Batteries or power supply unit (See Figure 2 (a) and Figure 2 (b).) Miscellaneous: Knobs, solder, wires, terminals, etc. Rotary switch, 1-pole, 4 positions Toggle or slide, SPST

The following two resistors are used in single supply applications: R14, R15 5.1KW, 1/4 W 10%

Precaution: Keep the lead lengths small for the range selector switch. This will reduce stray capacitance.
ADJUSTMENT PROCEDURE When assembly is completed and you are ready to put the function generator into operation, make sure that the polarity of power supply and the orientation of the IC unit are correct. Then apply the dc power to the unit. To adjust for minimum distortion, connect the scope probe to the triangle/sine output. Close S2 and adjust the amplitude control to give non-clipping maximum swing. Then adjust R10 and R11 alternately for minimum distortion by observing the sinusoidal waveform. If a distortion meter is available, you may use it as a final check on the setting of sine-shaping trimmers. The minimum distortion obtained in this manner is typically less than 1% from 1Hz to 10KHz and less than 3% over the entire frequency range.

Potentiometers: R9 R10 R11 Trim, 1MW, 1/4 W Trim, 1KW, 1/4 W Trim, 25KW, 1/4 W

The following additional items are recommended to convert the circuit of Figure 1 to a complete laboratory instrument: Potentiometers: R12 R13 Switches: Amplitude control, linear, 50KW Frequency control, audio taper, 1MW

Rev. 1.02 4

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T1 115 VAC CT 12.6V RMS

D1

D2 R1 51

+6V RED

D3

D4

C1 500F

D5 6V

GND BLACK

C2 500F R2 51

D6 6V

-6V BLUE

(a) Zener Regulated Supply

6V + +6V RED

GND BLACK

6V +

-6V BLUE

(b) Battery Power Supply

T1: Filament Transformer (Primary 115V Secondary 12.6 VCT 0.5A) D1 - D4: 1N4001 or Similar D5, D6: 1N4735 or Similar R1, R2: 51, 1/2W, 10%

Figure 2. Recommended Power Supply Configurations

Rev. 1.02 5

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Rev. 1.02 6

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Rev. 1.02 7

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NOTICE EXAR Corporation reserves the right to make changes to the products contained in this publication in order to improve design, performance or reliability. EXAR Corporation assumes no responsibility for the use of any circuits described herein, conveys no license under any patent or other right, and makes no representation that the circuits are free of patent infringement. Charts and schedules contained here in are only for illustration purposes and may vary depending upon a users specific application. While the information in this publication has been carefully checked; no responsibility, however, is assumed for inaccuracies. EXAR Corporation does not recommend the use of any of its products in life support applications where the failure or malfunction of the product can reasonably be expected to cause failure of the life support system or to significantly affect its safety or effectiveness. Products are not authorized for use in such applications unless EXAR Corporation receives, in writing, assurances to its satisfaction that: (a) the risk of injury or damage has been minimized; (b) the user assumes all such risks; (c) potential liability of EXAR Corporation is adequately protected under the circumstances. Copyright 1996 EXAR Corporation Application Note June 1997 Reproduction, in part or whole, without the prior written consent of EXAR Corporation is prohibited.
Rev. 1.02 8