Project

in
MAPEH
Submitted by: Submitted to:
Joanne L. Camasura Ms. Rocelyn Pahamutang
. History o! S"imming
Swimming has been recorded since prehistoric times; the earliest recording of swimming dates back
to Stone Age paintings from around 7,000 years ago. Written references date from 2000 !". Some of the
earliest references to swimming include the Gilgamesh, the Iliad, the #dyssey, the ible, Beowulf, and other
sagas. $n %&7', (ikolaus Wynmann, a )erman professor of languages, wrote the first swimming book, The
Swimmer or A Dialogue on the Art of Swimming *Der Schwimmer oder ein Zwiegesprch ber die
Schwimmkunst+. !ompetiti,e swimming in "urope started around %'00, mostly using breaststroke. $n %'7-,
.ohn Arthur /rudgen introduced the trudgen to Western swimming competitions, after copying the front crawl
used by (ati,e Americans. 0ue to a ritish dislike of splashing, /rudgen employed a scissor kick instead of the
front crawl1s flutter kick. Swimming was part of the first modern #lympic games in %'23 in Athens. $n %202
4ichmond !a,ill introduced the front crawl to the Western world. $n %20', the world swimming association,
56d6ration $nternationale de (atation *5$(A+, was formed. utterfly was de,eloped in the %2-0s and was at
first a ,ariant of breaststroke, until it was accepted as a separate style in %2&2. !a,e men from the Stone Age
were found in the 7!a,e of Swimmers7 near Wadi Sora on the )ilf 8ebir plateau in southwestern "gypt, near
the 9ibyan border. /hese pictures seem to show breaststroke or dog paddle, although it is also possible that the
mo,ements ha,e a ritual meaning unrelated to swimming. /his ca,e is also featured in the mo,ie The nglish
!atient. An "gyptian clay seal dated between 2000 !" and :000 !" shows four swimmers who are belie,ed
to be swimming a ,ariant of the front crawl. ;ore references to swimming are found in the abylonian bas<
reliefs and Assyrian wall drawings, depicting a ,ariant of the breaststroke. /he most famous drawings were
found in the 8ebir desert and are estimated to be from around :000 !". /he (agoda bas<relief also shows
swimmers inside of men dating back from -000 !" /he $ndian palace ;ohen=o 0aro from 2'00 !"
contains a swimming pool si>ed -0 m by 30 m. /he ;inoan palace of 8nossos in !rete also featured baths. An
"gyptian tomb from 2000 !" shows a ,ariant of the front crawl. 0epictions of swimmers ha,e also been
found from the ?ittites, ;inoans, and other ;iddle "astern ci,ili>ations, in the /epantitla compound at
/eotihuacan, and in mosaics in @ompeii.
$n %&7', (ikolaus Wynmann, a )erman professor of languages, wrote the first swimming book, The Swimmer
or A Dialogue on the Art of Swimming *Der Schwimmer oder ein Zwiegesprch ber die Schwimmkunst+.$n
%'0:, the lifebelt was in,ented by W.?. ;allison, the de,ice being known at that time as the 7SeamanAs 5riend7.
$n %'7-, .ohn Arthur /rudgen introduced the trudgen to Western swimming competitions, after copying the
front crawl used by (ati,e Americans.!aptain ;atthew Webb was the first man to swim the "nglish !hannel
*between "ngland and 5rance+, in %'7&.
$n %202 4ichmond !a,ill introduced the front crawl to the Western world.$n %30-, the first national swimming
organi>ation was established in .apan. "mperor )o<Bo>ei of .apan declared that schoolchildren should swim.$n
%70', the first known lifesa,ing group, 7!hinkiang Association for the Sa,ing of 9ife,7 was established in
!hina. Swimming was part of the first modern #lympic games in %'23 in Athens.An Amateur Swimming
Association of )reat ritain was organi>ed in %''0 with more than -00 members. /he main swimming styles
were the breaststroke and the recently de,eloped side stroke. /he first "uropean amateur swimming
competitions were in %''2 in Cienna.
Important Persons, Dates and Countries
$mportant @ersons $mportant 0ates $mportant !ountries
(ikolaus Wynmann %':: "ngland
W.?. ;allison %':7 @aris
.ohn Arthur /rudgen %'72 )reat ritain
",erard 0igby %''0 "ngland and 5rance
4ichmond !a,ill %''2 .apan
a. $mportant @ersons
Nikolaus Wynmann, a )erman professor of languages, wrote the first swimming book, The Swimmer or
A Dialogue on the Art of Swimming *Der Schwimmer oder ein Zwiegesprch ber die Schwimmkunst+.
W.H. Mallison in,ented the lifebelt, the de,ice being known at that time as the 7SeamanAs 5riend7.
John Arthur Trudgen introduced the trudgen to Western swimming competitions, after copying the
front crawl used by (ati,e Americans.
!erard Dig"y also wrote a swimming book, claiming that humans could swim better than fish. 0igby
was a Senior 5ellow at St. .ohn1s !ollege, !ambridge, interested in scientific method. ?is short treatise, De arte
natandi, was written in 9atin and contained o,er :0 woodcut illustrations depicting ,arious methods of
swimming, including the breaststroke, backstroke and crawl. 0igby regarded the breaststroke as the most useful
form of swimming.
#i$hmond Ca!ill introduced the front crawl to the Western world.
b. $mportant 0ates
$n %&'', there was one watershed e,ent which is a swimming competition in 9ondon.
5rom %&'(, (ancy "dberg was acti,e as the first woman instructor in swimming in Stockholm,
making swimming lessons accessible for both gendersD she later also introduced swimming lessons for women
in 0enmark and (orway.
$n %&(), 8ing 9udwig $$ of a,aria built a swimming pool in 9inderhof castle.
$n %&&* an Amateur Swimming Association of )reat ritain was organi>ed with more than -00
members.
$n %&&), the first "uropean amateur swimming competitions were in Cienna.
c. $mportant !ountries
$n %'2&, .. ?. /hayers of ngland swam %00 yards *2% m+ in a record<breaking %D02.&0 using a
sidestroke.
/he second #lympic games in Paris in %200 featured 200 m, %000 m, and :000 m freestyle, 200 m
backstroke, and a 200 m team race *see also Swimming at the %200 Summer #lympics+.
An Amateur Swimming Association of +reat ,ritain was organi>ed in %''0 with more than -00
members. /he main swimming styles were the breaststroke and the recently de,eloped side stroke. $n
the sidestroke, the swimmer lies on one side.
!aptain ;atthew Webb was the first man to swim the "nglish !hannel *between ngland and
-ran$e+, in %'7&.
%30-, the first national swimming organi>ation was established in Japan. "mperor )o<Bo>ei of
.apan declared that schoolchildren should swim.
#. $inds o! %loats
a. Star 5loat
/he basic back float *also known as the back 7star7 float+. 9ie on your back in the water. While
maintaining a 7flat7 hori>ontal position, eEtend your legs out and make a large 7C7 with them, then stretch your
arms out to the sides, making a 7/7 with them. "nsure that your arms and legs are staying in the water. /ilt your
head backwards, and push your stomach up, as if an in,isible string is attached to your na,el and is pulling you
up towards the sky. ;aking sure your stomach is pushed upwards is absolutely key to maintaining a floating
position. $f you let your stomach and pel,is sink down, you will sink to the bottom. $f you are working with a
child, $ find telling them to make a 7big Santa !lause belly7 helpful, and telling them to try to look like @atrick
on (ickelodeon1s 7Spongeob.7
/he basic front float *also known as the front 7star7 float+. 9ie on your front in the water. While maintaining a
7flat7 hori>ontal position, eEtend your legs out and make a large 7C7 with them, then stretch your arms out to
the sides, making a 7/7 with them. "nsure that your arms and legs are staying in the water. @ut your face in the
water *but make sure you remember to breathe when you need toF+. $f you are worried that you will get water in
your nose, eEhale through your nose while doing your front float.
b. Sur,i,al 5loat
/he sur,i,al float uses ,ery little energy, making it ideal for situations when you don1t know how
long you1ll need to stay afloat. 9ie on your stomach with your face underwater and your arms and legs dangling.
When you need to breathe, bring your head back up and out of the water while pushing down with your arms
and legs. After you take in a breath, hold it and relaE completely for a few seconds to drop back into the water.
When you need to breathe again, eEhale as you bring your face back up out of the water.
c. /reading Water
$f you need to look around while floating, try treading water. /his uses more energy than other
types of floating, but it keeps your head up and out of the water so you see your surroundings. 8eeping your
arms outstretched, mo,e them slowly on the surface of the water while performing scissor kicks to stay afloat.
d. ?ori>ontal ack 5loat
When performing the hori>ontal back float, you1re not using much energy and you1re probably
pretty comfortable, too. $n the hori>ontal back float, you lie on your back in the water with your back slightly
arched, your arms out to the sides and your legs straight and naturally floating abo,e water le,el. Bour face
won1t go underwater and your legs, if relaEed, will float.
e. Certical ack 5loat
Similar to the hori>ontal back float, the ,ertical back float keeps less of your body abo,e the water,
but your face is still always abo,e water le,el. Bour upper chest and your face stay out of the water; your legs
drop down underwater. 8eep your arms eEtended and kick only when it becomes necessary to stay afloat.
-. 8inds of 8icks

,utter.ly/ Dolphin 0i$k < powerful fluid kick from the hips down, feet together. /his is the only kick
allowed in butterfly e,ents, and is also done during the underwaters *after di,es and turns, before breaking the
surface+ during freestyle and backstroke e,ents as well. 0oing this kick will diaGualify you in a breakstroke
race.

-lutter/ -reestyle 0i$k < kick in which feet mo,e independently in rapid flutter motion. /his is the
kick that you see swimmers do for freestyle and breakstroke e,ents or butterfly e,ent.
,reaststroke/ -rog 0i$k < most technical kick. eginning with legs straight and together, knees
bend to bring the feet up, then legs seperate and then feet arc out and down, e,entually bringing legs back
together in starting position. /he mo,ement is similar to how frogs swim, hence its commonly being reffered to
as 1frog kick1. /his kick is only used for breaststroke, although technically it is swallowed in freestyle *,irtually
all competitors elect to preform the much faster futter kick+.
&. S"imming Attires' E(ui)ments
a. ;en1s Swimsuits
$n western culture, men1s swimsuit styles include boardshorts, =ammers, swim trunks, briefs or 7speedos7,
thongs, and g<strings, in order of decreasing lower body co,erage.
,oardshorts *occasionally in ritish "nglish, s1im shorts+ are a style of men1s and, recently, women1s
summerwear. /hey were originally de,eloped for aGuatic sports, specifically for surfing, but in more recent
years they ha,e grown in popularity outside of these sports, and ha,e become a popular form of general beach
and summerwear.
A 2ammer is a style of swimsuit used mainly in competition to obtain speed ad,antages.
Trunks as men1s underwear are a shorter ,ersion of boEer briefs and made in modern and traditional
styles. 9ike boEer shorts, trunks co,er the midsection of the body *hence the name 1trunk1+.
A s1im "rie., "udgie smugglers, or ra$ing "rie., refers to any briefs style male swimsuit such as those
worn in competiti,e swimming and di,ing .
/he thong is a garment generally worn as either underwear or as a swimsuit in many industriali>ed
societies around the world. $t may also be worn for traditional ceremonies or competitions such as sumo
wrestling.
A +3string is a type of thong underwear or swimsuit, a narrow piece of cloth, leather, or plastic, that
co,ers or holds the genitals, passes between the buttocks, and is attached to a band around the hips, worn as
swimwear or underwear by women and men.
/he s4uare $ut or s4uare leg style suit is a form<fitting male swimsuit used as a slightly more
conser,ati,e style than swim briefs for water polo and di,ing, or for recreational wear. 9ike swim briefs, they
are made of a nylon and spandeE blend.
-undoshi is the traditional .apanese undergarment for adult males, made from a length of cotton.
b. HniseE styles
#ash guard is a type of athletic shirt made of spandeE and nylon or polyester. 4ash guards may be worn
as an alternati,e to wetsuits during warmer weather. /hey may also offer HC protection.
A 1etsuit is a garment, usually made of foamed neoprene, which is worn by surfers, di,ers, windsurfers,
canoeists, and others engaged in water sports, pro,iding thermal insulation, abrasion resistance and buoyancy.
A dry suit or drysuit pro,ides thermal insulation or passi"e thermal protection to the wearer while
immersed in water, and is worn by di,ers, boaters, water sports enthusiasts, and others who work or play in or
near cold water. A dry suit normally protects the whole body eEcept the head, hands, and possibly the feet. $n
some configurations, howe,er, all of these are co,ered as well. 0ry suits are used typically in these casesD
where the water temperature is below %&I! *30I5+.
for eEtended immersion in water abo,e %&I! *30I5+, where discomfort would be eEperienced by a wet
suit user.
with an integral helmet, boots, and glo,es for personal protection when working in and around
ha>ardous liGuids.
Drag suits are a pair of shorts or any loose shirts worn o,er a swimmer1s inner swimsuit to increase
resistance against the water and build up the swimmer1s endurance.
#a$ing suits are swimsuits made of technologically ad,anced fabrics biomimetically designed with a
surface that mimics the rough shark denticles to reduce drag along key areas of the body. /he characteristics of
the fabric impro,e shape retention and increase muscle compression to reduce ,ibration and retain muscle shape
to reduce fatigue and power loss. A,ailable in a ,ariety of cuts such as bodyskin, legskin and kneeskin.
c. Women1s swimsuits
A one3pie$e s1imsuit is a usually skin<tight one<piece swimsuit worn by women and girls when
swimming in the sea or in a swimming pool, or for any acti,ity in the sun, such as sun bathing.
/he "ikini is typically a women1s two<piece swimsuit. #ne part of the attire co,ers the breasts and the
other part co,ers the groin and part of or the entire buttocks, lea,ing an unco,ered area between the two.
/he tankini *also known as tanGueray+ is a bathing suit combining a tank top, mostly made of
spandeE<and<cotton or 9ycra<and<nylon, and a bikini bottom introduced in the late %220s.
A monokini, sometimes referred to as a unikini, is a woman1s one<piece garment comprising only the
lower half of a bikini, lea,ing the breasts unco,ered.
A "ur4ini *or "urkini+ swimsuit is a type of swimsuit for women designed by 9ebanese Australian
Aheda Janetti under the company name Ahiida.
51imming Pool
6ength &0 m *%3: ft+ Water Temperature 2&K2' I! *77K'2 I5+
Width 2& m *'2 ft+ 6ight intensity minimum %&00 luE *%:0 footcandles+
Num"er o. 6anes %0 Depth ;inimum 2.0 m *3 ft 7 in+
6ane 1idth 2.& m *' ft 2 in+ 7olume
;inimum 2,&00 m
-
*'',000 cu ft+ or
2,&00,000 9 *&&0,000 imp gal; 330,000 HS gal+ or
%-',''','''.''2 mol, depending on depth
*. Sa!ety Measures +e!ore, -uring, and A!ter
a. efore
Always know the weather conditions before going out for a swim. Stop swimming as soon as you see
any indication of a bad weather.
Always ask a lifeguard about the beach and the surfing conditions before di,ing in, if you want to swim
in the seaL ocean
0o not get into the water thinking that you will be able to swim. 5irst and most importantly, learn to
swim.
Always try and swim where there is a lifeguard a,ailable so that if anything does go wrong, help is
always at hand.
0o not drink and swim. Alcohol and swimming is a deadly miE and a sure recipe for disaster. Alcohol
impairs =udgment, balance, and coordination and will affect your swimming.
(e,er swim alone.
b. 0uring
$f you do go to swim somewhere else apart from a swimming pool, then do not di,e into unknown water
or into shallow breaking wa,es as those can be Guite decepti,e.
@rotect your head, neck, and spine and don1t di,e into unfamiliar waters.
$t is also ,ery important to remember not to chew any kind of gum or food while swimming as you can
easily choke.
c. After
$f you ha,e a pool, do not lea,e the pool open. $nstead, try and enclose it with some kind of high fence
which can be locked. 0o not lea,e the pool accessible to children as they can easily fall inside.
.. Pur)ose ' /bjecti0es o! S"imming
a. @ersonal Safety
/he most ob,ious reason for knowing how to swim is the ability to sur,i,e in water. Soon or later in life, you
are likely to find yourself in or near water. Whether it be fishing by a lake, lounging by a pool, or on ,acation on
a cruise, water is a big part of most people1s li,es and accidents can happen. $f the water is deep, and you find
yourself in it, you are going to need to know how to swim if you want to sur,i,e.
b. Safety #f #thers
/he ability to swim is not only important for your own safety, but it can be important for others around you too.
According to the !enters for 0isease !ontrol and @re,ention, -,:00 people drown e,ery year in the Hnited
States. 8nowing how to swim means you may ha,e a chance to sa,e some of them if you are nearby. $f you are
a parent, you definitely want to know how to swim to help sa,e your children in the case of accidental water
encounters. 0rowning is the second<leading cause of in=ury<related death among children %: and under.
c. Swimming 5or @leasure
Spending time in the water can be pleasurable. A good swim in your pool or at the beach can be much needed
comfort on a hot summer day. "Eercising in water can help relie,e stress and impro,e your fitness. Water sports
are a great way to be competiti,e and achie,e goals. Swimming and water acti,ities like surfing, water skiing
and =et skiing are also great for sociali>ing with friends. Without the knowledge of swimming, it would be ,ery
difficult if not impossible to participate in this pleasurable acti,ities.
d. ?ealth
Swimming is a great form of eEercise. $t reGuires the use of many muscles that you may not ordinarily use
during other workouts. $t can help you build strength and endurance, which is helpful to your metabolism and
cardio,ascular system. /he natural resistance and buoyancy in water makes eEercises less strenuous on your
limbs and muscles. $t also pro,ides a natural cooling element for the body during workouts.
e. 4ecreational
/he most common reason for swimming is probably recreation, where the swimmer enters the water merely for
en=oyment. ;any swimming styles are suitable for recreational swimming. ;ost recreational swimmers prefer a
style that keeps their head out of the water and uses an underwater arm reco,ery, for eEample reaststroke, side
stroke, or 1dog paddle1.
f. !ompetition
!ompetiti,e swimming is swimming with the goal to maEimi>e performance, usually the speed of swimming.
!ompetiti,e swimming became popular in the %2th century, and is an e,ent at the Summer #lympic )ames.
/here are four swimming disciplines regulated by the 5$(A, swum o,er different distances.
Swimming is also a crucial part of other sports, such as water polo, synchroni>ed swimming and triathlon.
g. 4escue
Swimming is also used for rescue to a,oid 0rowning. ;ost of the time this will be self rescue, where a person
in,oluntarily enters the water and swims to stay afloat or to reach safety.
$n addition to self rescue, swimming is also used to rescue other swimmers in distress. /here are a number of
speciali>ed swimming styles specially for the purpose of rescuing swimmers in distress *see 9ist of swimming
styles+. Such techniGues are studied for eEample by lifeguards, or members of the !oast )uard. /he training of
these techniGues also e,ol,ed into competitions, as for eEample surf lifesa,ing.
h. #thers
A number of people enter the water and swim as part of their work. 5or eEample, Abalone di,ers or pearl di,ers
swim and di,e to obtain an economic benefit, as do spear fishermen.
Swimming is also done to ad,ance the sciences. (aturally, swimming is studied to impro,e the swimming
performances of !ompetiti,e swimmers. ut swimming and di,ing is also often used in ;arine biology to
obser,e plants and animals in their natural habitat. #ther sciences may also use swimming. 8onrad 9oren> for
eEample swam with geese as part of his studies of animal beha,ior.
Swimming is also done for health purposes, as for eEample rehabilitation after in=uries.