ANIMAL HUSBANDRY FOR DEVELOPMENT

Ismail Yurdakok

ismailyurdakok@gmail.com

Economics in dictionary: “science of production, distribution and consump-

tion of goods.”(1) “Today’s (western)economy has got an obscure terminology.
Contradictory approaches and different comments of western economists make the
minds of human being confused and give an opinion that there is not any solution
for economic problems. But if we may look the economic problems with an out of
complex viewpoint, we may understand easily advantegeous aspects of different
solutions. Even ordinary people may understand these so-called “tangled a lot of
economic affairs”(2) In animal husbandry sector, we find the solutions for a lot
of problems of modern economy like unemployment, poverty etc. Working of muslims
in this sector is appropriate for their
history, their characteristics and their concept of civilisation; with new methods
and
systems. This is not “imported method” from western countries as a development
method.

Ahmad Najjar famous first generation Islamist economist was saying in Jeddah
thirty three years ago: “What is the way to rescue Islamic community from
underdeveloped position? Is it possible to rescue with imported methods and
systems of the other
(western) countries?”(3) Najjar says: “small (or non-important) incomes of
citizens may
be an essential resource of finance that we saw this in (small) non-interest
banking sys-
tem in Egypt.” (They had opened 9 small non-interest banks between the years 1963-
66
in small towns.) Animal husbandry sector also gives small incomes to the families
who
work in this sector with a few cattles. Ricardo was saying: “for accumulation of
capital, the state should not take taxes from agricultural products some
years.” We also say that
“except zakat” the Islamic State should not take any taxes from agricultural
products and
livestock animals for giving support to village economy in Islamic countries.
Animal husbandry also will help the high rate of capital accumulation speed that
it is higher in
developed countries than underdeveloped countries. Samuelson mentiones that:
“farmers who feed cows, their taxes is very low in USA.”(4)

Transforming a country’s economy from consumption economy towards productive

economy is very important for preventing poverty. Animal husbandry sector is
important for productive economy. Amartya Sen (he won Nobel Prize in 1998 for his
contributions to welfare economics) says in “Growth Economics”:

“The main reasons of poverty are:

(1) underdeveloped economy of country
(2) economy is towards consumption not productive
 (3) productivity is very low
(4) unemployment
(5) bad income distribution”(5)

Animal husbandry does not want much capital. That’s why it is appropriate for
underdeveloped countries. In the years of last big economic crisis (1999-2002) in
Turkey,
some jobless men began to animal husbandry only with one or two cows and they
achie-
ved to gain enough money for their families. Hundreds of thousands shops in the
cities
were closed in this crisis, some of the owners of these shops returned to their
villages,
they bought at the beginning 15 sheep and began to work,they also earned their
suste-
nance.Livestock animals are a deposit or insurance for the farmer. When he is in
need of money (e.g a new baby is born or an immediate wedding ceremony for
his children) he sells one or two of his animals and spends for his needs.

ABOLISHING OF POVERTY IN TEN YEARS

We see in the minutes of Kuwait 1th International Zakat Congress that with the
application (giving) of zakat (annual religious tax), there will be no poor in
Islamic countries in ten years.(6) Also Sabri Erdogdu studied on Turkish economy
according to the income of zakat and reached a similar result (in 1980) that for
Turkey, it is possible in 8,5 years for the abolishing of poverty when the (full)
zakat is given to the poor.(7)And also we have to remember livestock animals are
the (one of the) main sources of zakat.

BALANCE OF PAYMENTS

Balance of trade of underdeveloped countries are minus. The main reason

(of this) is “not able to pay” debt of import products with the income of exports.
Products
of animal husbandry sector also will help to build a powerful export
structure.Lack of food is not a problem only for underdeveloped countries but also
we see poor quarters in the big cities of developed countries. But a family busy
with (in) animal husbandry sector,can produce its meat, milk, butter, cheese
without paying any money. This sector is genuine economic power of a country for
economic, social, cultural and political independence. For powerful private sector
and for new employment fields, Islamic State have to support this sector.

We see “milk foundation”s in Islamic history that they used to distribute milk to
children free(without taking any money).(8) But today Dr.Chapra says: “ The
impor- tant of milk can not be denied for rich or poor
children but how much money a poor family can spend for milk in (even) a
capitalist society?”(9) “Food security” is also (still) a problem of all
humanity.

THE ECONOMY OF POVERTY

Contemporary famous economist Omar Chapra tells the sentence of the owner of Nobel
Prize (of 1979) Theodore Schultz: “The majority of the humankind are poors. If we
would know the economy of poverty, we would know the important problems of
economy”. Especially after 1980s, poverty became the important problem of western
economists. Sa-ying: “whereas” Omar Chapra: “It is said that ‘the economists are
the representatives of poors’but the western economists could not reach good
results for poors. Daily calory per capita is lower in 1985, than 1965 in a lot of
underdeveloped countries (according to World Bank report). In this
point ,Islamic economy is the only candidate for solving prob- lems of poors and
as a balanced world economy.” Animal husbandry sector will solve the problem of
insufficient alimentation and families busy with this sector will gain some
(probably in small amounts) surplus money (savings) and with this money,they will
be- come shareholders of big factories, companies, thus non-interest hot money
(savings) will be ready for industry. Improvement in the animal husbandry sector
means:the heaviest prob- lem on the governments “unemployment” will become,
less important because, this sector will provide “self-employment” for millions of
people.

THE COUNTRYSIDE DEVELOPMENT IS NECESSITY

Omar Chapra says: “The majority of the population of underdeveloped count-

ries are in open countries. Their reaching to welfare only will be possible with
countryside
agricultural (farming) development. This kind of development is not a preference
but a ne-
cessity for them. But for a good agricultural development (and farming) is
necessary the
increasing of their incomes. That’s why, in countryside we have to support small
and mic-
ro scale industries.”. Schumacher also says similar sentences: “The centers and
sources
of poverty in the world are -first of all- in the open country regions of poor
countries.
Their days pass in charities sent to them and (empty) development (promises). If
we do
not submit to them small scale technologies their problems (immigration to cities,
unemp-
loyment) will go on.(10) Small scale technologies are possible in leather, shoe
industry, in wool, meat, dairy, sheep intestine industries interested animal
husbandry. Chapra also mentiones Italian Small Business (from Alan Friedman) and
there are leather handiwork, shoe handiwork... in family-workshops in Italy.(11)

Louis Baeck mentiones Ibn Haldun’s economic thoughts, in the article of “The
Economic Thought of Classical Islamic Era”. Ibn Haldun says: “there are two
problems in the immigration towards cities, first; the cities grow excessively and
collapsing
(in city’s economy and social life) begins, the second; escaping (leaving) from
countryside causes decreasing in agricultural products. The result is famine and
illness.”(12) That
is famine is the problem of all eras.

Abdulaziz Al Duri writes that “Abbasid Governments in 3th and 4th hegira
centuries (10th, 11th centuries in CE) , gave credits and other supports to animal
husbandry sector.(13) But after four hundred years especially in Egypt, the life
of the village had been destroyed, animals had died, the tax of shepherdness and
because of other problems, a lot of villages had become ghost towns.(Al Duri
narrates from Maqrızi)

Every Islamic economist points similar problems of poor and/or underdeveloped

countries:high inflation, high unemployment rate, big trade deficits and heavy
debt.
All of these show a non-balanced macro economy. They study (have studied) a kind
of development that its target to decrease non-balanced positions in macroeconomy.
Western economists can not think a hope of a rapid development and full employment
without increasing inflation and without macroeconomic out of balance and without
heavy economic instability. These economists also have a fundamentalist economic
viewpoint. Omar Chapra gives two interesting examples:

(1)Eugene Staley says: “Underdeveloped countries can only

develope with the
imitation U.States.
(2)Gunnar Myrdal (the owner of Nobel Economy Prize of 1974)
claims that:
“ideals of modernisations are appropriate for western peoples but these ideals are
foreig-
ner for underdeveloped, poor countries( Asian Drama)”(14)

But we today know that after a hard and rational working of 25 years China
reached in 2003 Italy’s level in trading and its target to reach to the second
degree after USA in future 25 years. And Malaysia became a good example in
technology and industry, India in computer science. And the history tells to
Myrdal and Staley the opposite examples. Only three centuries ago Islamic
Countries were welfare states from Ottoman Empire to Avrangzib’s India, even a
hundred years ago, at the beginning years of 20th century Istanbul was the
cheapest city of the world. To solve the modern economy’s problems and to put an
Islamic economic development is not much difficult with Islamic principles.
Islamic lands saw a lot of welfare periods from the beginning years of Islamic
history in the periods of Truthful Caliphes (Hulafau Rashıdiyn), in Abbasid
Dynasty in the High Civilisation of Muslim Central Asia.

We absolutely have to take lessons from our history and also from our wrongs. And
we know that The Prophet Muhammad said:”Knowledge is the lost of the believer
(muslim), he takes it where he finds.” We –as muslims-take the useful knowledge
in economics or other sciences but not imitating, if adaptation is possible with
our Islamic culture and Islamic principles we do not avoid to take new knowledge.
In this point we will look at animal husbandry sector of western countries with
according to above viewpoint;

Animal husbandry sector in the period of National Expansion of USA

was im-
portant. The cattlemen dominated the plains from the late 1860s to the middle
1880s. By
going strategic control of the scarce supplies of water on the semiarid plains,
groups of
cattlemen controlled thousands of square miles of grazing land. Aided by the
development of the transcontinental railroads and by the perfection of mechanical
refrigeration, they were able to market their animals in the East and even in
Europe. But we also know today that, famous American writer Upton Sinclair wrote
his famous novel “The Jungle” (The Sloughterhouses of Chicago) and the people of
U.States saw tragical conditions in meat industry. After publishing of this novel
in 1906, in six months Food Act was changed by Congress. Big protests happened to
the cartels and trusts that American meat industry was in their hands. The novel
put hateful tricks of capitalists that they had wanted to prevent people’s
understanding of the realities. Dirty canned-meats...and deadly heavy working
conditions for workers that after a five years’ working in some parts of these
factories a lot of workers were losing their working power and they were becoming
beggars in the streets...that we have not seen like tragical examples in Islamic
history.

It is also a reality that western countries made a lot of progressive works in

breeding of farm animals in the past and today also there are a lot of breeding
institutions and a lot of experts work/study on animal husbandry in western
countries. In the west of England, Herefordshire is famous with Herefordshire Cow,
in the middle-east England, South Cambridgeshire Cow is bred to produce high
yields of milk and meat. South Hams in Devon Province dairy farming is widespread.
In Totnes there is a center for dairy products for collect, to process and for
distribution. In the Grantham plateaus of Lincolnshire sheep are bred. Around of
Oxfordshire milk production is important that depends on the cow breeding.
Southdown sheep is famous high quality of meat production and its thin wool.
Hampshire sheep is also famous with its meat and wool. British farmers worked for
breeding to produce highyields of meat on Hereford cow along the generations.
Economy of USA began to grow rapidly after 1815 and “animal husbandry empires”
and “great wheat empires” had been seen. A lot of new cities like Chicago were
established. There was sheep breeding from high valleys of Texas to New Mexico’s
Pecos Valley in 19th century in USA. But from the beginning years of 20th century
cow breeding started in these regions (states) and today we see cow breeding in
Arizona, Oklahoma, New Mexico and Texas. Texas is in the
first degree in breeding of cow and sheep in all of
the USA. Even in New England, for example Connecticut State is an
industry state but meat production and breeding of dairy cattle is also important.
There are 100,000,000 cows in USA and millions of sheep.There are 100 cows in
every 40 square kilometer in the West regions. We read “(Southern States of
USA)..the principle source of rural income is livestock, whose products are worth
more than twice as much as the income of the two principle crops, tobacco and
cotton...”(Grolier Encyclopaedia)

Corn, oats, barley and a lot of grains are grown for fodder in the vast inland
valleys of Canada and USA for breeding of millions of livestock animals. Meat
consumption is 45 kilograms for a person in USA and 5,2 kilograms in Turkey that
Turkey is not one of the poorest Islamic countries. There are millions of people
in Islamic countries that they only can see meat in their houses only in the days
of Aydu Adha (sacrifice festival).

$ 2,000 PER COW

It was declared in Cancun World Trade Organisation summit on Sept. 2003 that dairy
farmers in European Unity get an average subsid of $ 2,000 per cow, 100 times more
than foreign aid person given to Africa. Dairy farming is a good income from the
canton of Sankt Gallen of Switzerland of North hemisphere to Santa Fe State of
Argentina of South hemisphere. One of the biggest groups of the world “Unilever”
that has got more than 500 companies, Unilever’s history begins with butter
export. Anton and Johannes Brothers established a firm in Oss (city) in Netherland
in 1854 and began to export butter especially to England. This
family (Jurgens) was busy with dairy products from the beginning years of
1800s.”(Encyclopaedia Britannica)

In Denmark, food industry provides 35 % of total industry incomes of GDP. 90 % of

agricultural products come from animal products.Exports of animal farming industry
reach 29 % of total Denmark exports. Meat, cheese and butter are exported
especially to UK and Germany from Denmark Denmark’s area is 43,092 square
kilometres and population is 5,1 million.GDP is $ (USA) 151,2 billions. Per capita
$ 28,500 in Denmark.

Uruguay as a south America country its area is 176,000 square kilometres and
population is 3,400,000 but total number of sheep and cattle are 36,000,000.
Contribution of exports of animal husbandry as sheep and cattle as alive and as
meat, wool and leather is important for Uruguay’s economy. The biggest market for
meat export of Uruguay is European Countries and Brazil. Uruguay has not got
petroleum,naturel gas or coal but with animal husbandry this country provides a $
3,808 of per capita.

Swift and Armour (packaged-meat) and National Dairy (Kraft) are in the first 20
companies of 200 greatest companies of USA.

TEN-TIMES IN FIVE YEARS

Saanen a good breed of goat was bred to produce high yields of milk in Saanen
Valley in Switzerland. This is one of the most important breed of goat that we see
in a lot of European Countries and USA. Its milk whiter and easier for
digestion.As an example Turkey imported Saanen goats and a farmer bought 10 Saanen
goats and paid 3,000 dollars. After five years there are 100 goats and their
values is at least 30,000 dollars.

We now will look at some FAO’s statistics (2001) about dairy products to compare
some developed, underdeveloped and some Islamic countries:
1,000 metric tons
MEAT PRODUCT IMPORT EXPORT TOTAL
World 237,145 25,005 25,923
235,674
Africa 11,270 749 128
11,918
Djibuti 11 1
12
Egypt 1,435 299
1 1,734
Mali 213
213
Morocco 590 4
8 585
Senegal 170 5
175
Sudan 693
11 682

North,Cent
America
Canada 4,118 580
1,407 3,260
Mexico 4,636 1,220
90 5,770
USA 37,811 2,075
4,980 34,883

PRODUCTION IMPORT EXPORT TOTAL

South
America 25,417 357 3,108
22,722
Argentina 3,180 117 245
3,682
Brazil 15,167 45
2,494 12,718
Chile 956 91
90 957
Uruguay 459 14
204 321
Venezuela 1,295 9
1 1,304
Asia 95,093 7,107
2,658 99,332
Bangladesh 114 14
128
China 65,264 2,367
1,701 65,908
India 5,575
248 5,327
Indonesia 1,742 28
11 1,759
Japan 2,894 2,845
6 5,511
Kuwait 77 79
1 155
Malaysia 972 180
13 1,138
Pakistan 1,782
3 1,779
Philippines 1,977 145
1 2,121
Saudi Arabia 593 412
27 978
Syria 339
339
Turkey 1,319 1
11 1,309
Untd.Arab.Em. 81 155
2 234

BUTTER 1,000 metric tons

WORLD 7,664 1,254
1,295 7,600
Africa 205 109
3 311
North,Cen.Amer. 690 130
23 791
Canada 85 26
16 89
USA 570 50
4 616
South America 193 10
21 182
Asia 3,449 191
20 3,619
Algeria 2 10
12
Egypt 97 45
142
Libya 3
3
Mauritania 1 2
3
Morocco 17 29
46
Nigeria 10 4
14
Senegal 1 1
2
Sudan 16
16
Tanzania 5
5
Tunisia 3 1
4
Azerbaijan 5 8
13
Bangladesh 18 2
20
Iran 152 13
165
Malaysia 10
1 9
Saudi Arabia 3 23
26
Turkey 112 2
114
Untd.Arab Em. 11
3 8
Uzbekistan 3 7
10

1,000 Metric tons

MILK PRODUCTION IMPORT EXPORT TOTAL
World 589,523 19,202 25,381
582,783
Africa 27,538 2,686 191
29,959 Camerun 184
53 2 235
Chad 224 5
229
Egypt 4,029 33
2 4,059
Libya 210 168
311
Mali 492 38
530
Nigeria 432 347
3 775
Sudan 4,963 64
5,027

North,Cen Amer. 96,378 1,320 742

96,875
Canada 8,106 129 133
8,055
Mexico 9,612 507 115
10,004
Panama 171 22
18 186
Trinidad Tob. 10 79
7 67
USA 75,025 49
428 74,646

South America 45,942 1,314 1,379

45,883
Argentina 9,866 12
778 9,099
Bolivia 211 58
28 241
Brazil 21,284 426
35 21,675
Uruguay 1,495 1
188 1,307

Asia 179,189 4,655

895 182,946
Bangladesh 2,139 169
2,308
Iran 6,013 2
6,015
Malaysia 39 595
77 557
Saudi Arabia 984 463
43 1,405
Turkey 9,494 16
1 9,511
Unit.Arab Em. 83 303
9 377

Europe 216,373 9,103

17,542 208,349
Germany 28,213 1,282
7,025 23,106
Netherlands 11,291 1,083
1,865 10,439
Russian Fed. 32,929 156
113 32,971
UK 14,709 363
411 14,675

Oceania 24,103 125

4,632 18,772
Australia 10,875 59
1,687 9,087
New Zealand 13,162 23
2,945 9,575

TEN SHEEP FOR EVERY PERSON

Area of New Zealand is 268,676 square kilometres and

population is
3,942,000. In 2002, there were about 10 sheep for every person in New Zealand
(even) compared with 20 sheep for every person in 1982 when the national flock
was largest 70,3 million.In 2002;
39,546,000 total sheep
4,495,000 total beef cattle
5,162,000 total dairy cattle
1,644,000 total deer
exports of New Zealand was $ (USA) 32 billion in 2002. Dairy
and
meat products are New Zealand’s biggest single export earners that
export of milk powder:$ 5,8 billion
export of meat: $ 4,4 billion. Dairy products is 22 % and
meat and edible
offal is 14 % of New Zeland’s exports. In the past (and today) animal farming
suppor-
ted the whole economy. Grazing and arable land use has decreased by 12 percent
since
1994 to 12,0 million hectares in 2002 and ‘mechanical and electrical machinery
pro-
duction’ reached 18 % of all production of NZ and 7 % of all export of N Zealand.
New
Zealand’s Per capita is $ 13,850

IS PER CAPITA UNIMPORTANT ?

Schumacher says: ‘Grand Domestic Product’ has not got any

meaning for
me. I understand ‘for govern the currency of money for some technical reasons’,
GDP may be very useful, but it has not any meaning for me for estimate of success.
All of the Islamist economists and some western economists
say ‘per ca-
pita is not very important for welfare of nation.’ This estimate is true for the
lack of just
income distribution in western countries. But, in Islamic countries, with zakat
(annual religious tax) and other instruments, to reach a just income distribution
is possible and
that’s why a high per capita is important for Islamic countries. Higher per capita
means
higher help to poors in Islamic countries, because zakat is given (calculated)from
all of
the capital.

SOME GOOD EXAMPLES IN ISLAMIC COUNTRIES

Harj an oasis in Najd region in Saudi Arabia. This oasis is

around some
deep puddles. It had been decided to build a state farm at the last years of
1930s. The
oasis became a productive agricultural land that cereal, date, vegetable and fruit
are
grown. The other economic activity is animal farming that cattle, poultry and
horse are
bred. Traditional dairy farming reached to great quantity especially the biggest
meat-milk
combine of the Middle East was opened in 1981 in the region. A city that would
live and work a population of 100,000 was planned in 1980s.
San’a a high region in Yemen, lands of San’a are at a height
of between 2,000-3,000 metres. Cattle breeding and leather manufacture is
widespread.
Sokoto (in Nigeria) is a famous market for leather goods and
livestock ani- mals. Products of leather handiwork are exported in great
amount. And there are a lot of
tanneries, a modern slaughterhouse and an icehouse in the city.

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AGAINST BIRTH CONTROL

 Imam Mawdudi says “to use all of the sustenance of God in
full rant-able
capacity and always looking for new sources and to work on hidden sources are the
so-
lutions of Islam for increasing of world population. Hurshid Ahmad says:”Guesses
and
estimates of Malthusian theory are unfounded suspicions and illusions. There is
not any
economic reason for birth control. On the contrary increasing of population is
useful for
economy. Natural sources are too much.” Animal husbandry sector is also a natural
so-
urce under our hands and not hidden, not under the earth like mines, ready for
food nee-
dings of millions. According to Malik b.Nabi’s thought: there are three vital
elements
for changing the position of underdeveloped countries: “man, soil and time, not
another,
these three are enough for economic development (no need much capital).” Malik b.
Nabi adds “head value is man for development”. Muhammad Shabbir Khan also says
similar sentences: “Establish a new Islamic model is very simple (not
complicated). (Is-
lamic economy first of all) offers (its rules) and then (makes) practice of
Islamic instruc-
tions about economic life on this model.” Faridi also supports this proposal,
Muhammad
Fanjari and Fared Neggar mention like these thoughts.(15)
At the beginning years of 1980s Hurshid Ahmad was saying: “the
brains of
muslims now are studying on independent development strategies that derive from
the thoughts and ideals of Islamic community.” All of the Islamic economic books
that were
written from 1965s point the abolition of famine and poverty. Sıddıqı points Imam
Ta-
havi’s ‘list of needings’ that we see ‘the food’ at the first rank.” To raise
famine and an-
xiety (of famine) and, to get products of basic needings for everybody and to
guarantee
these for future times (is necessary for an economy).”
According to M.Abdulmannan that he is one of the pioneer Islamic
economists:
“The (Islamic) model that will be established, this model should represent the
policy of
(good) dividing. In another expression: at the first step, this (good) dividing
policy shall
be put (in public opinion) and then a production policy for satisfaction of basic
needings
of human kind, not for needings of the market.”(16)
When the “basic needings of human kind” is said, we also remember
food nee-
dings and supporting of animal husbandry sector (and absolutely agricultural
sector). In
animal farming, the result of economic actions are seen very rapidly, in a short
time than
the other industries. The production of milk and dairy products begin at once,
after six
months production of wool and after nine months the produce of meat begin.
Insistence on animal husbandry sector is (will be) a challenge to
interest-free
western economy, especially if we can build small farms (and also big farms).
Animal
farms will be (like) small factories produce a lot of needings of human kind. To
work
in animal farming ‘is not to do what Keynes did’. Keynes made sit symbols like
‘money
and credit’ in the base of his economic theory. Islam puts goods (objects) like
‘property, service and working’ in place of ‘money and credit’.

RED CROSS TENTS

“It was a boat ride that Hakeem Latif will never forget. Latif, a
36-year-old
Iraqi, had lived as a refugee in Iran for eight years..There he paid $ 6,000 to
“people
smugglers” for a short but risky trip to Australia. Latif and his family were
among 140
people crammed into an old, 100-foot-long Indonesian fishing boat, which was
battered
by the rough Indian Ocean during the two-day journey.” It was terrible,” says
Latif:

“I risked the lives of my wife and children. But we decided we would live together
or die together. But for God’s will,the boat was certain death.”...Many other
Middle Eastern refugees are trying to join them..Many other Middle Eastern
refugees are thought to be
in Kuala Lumpur or Jakarta, ready to make the last peg of a journey that typically
begins
in Turkey,Pakistan or Iran...Chinese smugglers, called “snakeheads,” are also
busy. They
sell refugees fake passports, or fraudulent visas,..people who travel to Australia
from Pa-
kistan and Sri Lanka typically arrive in dilapidated vessels with little safety
equipment.
Last January an Indonesian fisherman was sentenced to four years in prison for
taking
140 Middle Easterners to Christmas Island 2,600 kilometers off Australia’s western
coast”(17) To read like these news or to see Red Cross tents in some poor Islamic
co- untries are not good scenes for a community of dynamic religion as
Islam. Whereas mus-
lims, ten centuries ago, were breeding new kinds of camels and they had got new
tech-
niques in the breeding of livestock and horses. High plateaus of North Africa were
“sheep countries”. Spanish Merino sheep was bred by Berber muslims in Spain that
they
had been settled there. Cattle breeding was seen especially in the valleys of on
the shores of Atlantic Ocean of Morocco.(18)

Hurshid Ahmad mentiones the “targets of development policy” and

says:
“We advocate that preference should be given for these three fields:
To provide production of basic needings and foods in great
amount
To provide defence needings of Islamic world
To provide basic (heavy) industry productions (19)

Omar Chapra also says: “the duties of Islamic State are –first
of all- destro-
ying of poverty, to reach full employment and to reach highest growth
speed.”(20)
Roger Graudy criticizes western capitalist economy: “The West
provided!
the income distribution that caused to die of 50 millions people every year from
famine
and bad nutrition in the third world.”(21) The realities confirm Graudy’s
sentences that
after a 300 years of capitalist history, the problem of famine still could not be
solved and we still see slogans under FAO’s title “helping to build a world
without hunger” and “working together to fight hunger and poverty”. We also
see tragical calls like “23 count-
ries in Sub-Saharan Africa are facing food emergencies,according to new report
released by FAO today. (July,23,2003)”, “Famine threatens 4 million people in
southern Africa (Feb.,22,2002)”, “Food insecurity and vulnerability information
appeal..”

PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PBUH) IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY SECTOR

After these, we may look at the problem from the viewpoint of

Islam. The word
“an’am” (cattle), we see 32 times in Quran. We understand that animals were
created for
benefit of human being, and the continuation of man’s life. These statements of
Quran
show this:
“Have they not seen how We (Allah) have created for them of Our
handi-
work the cattle,so that they (mankind) are their owners,
And We have subdued them (animals) to them (human), so that some
of them
they have for riding, and some for food,
Benefits and drinks (milk). Do they not then give thanks?” (The
Chapter of Ya
Sin,verses:71-2-3)
In these and similar verses, Quran shows us the profits and
benefits of the ani-
mals and the ways of benefits. Also in the life of the Prophet Muhammad that this
life is the only the best practice of Quranic principles, we see a lot of
examples, in Prophet’s daily life about our subject.
The life of the Prophet: his marking by himself the livestock
animals, his taring
(smearing with tar) the animals and working as a shepherd, his life is in the
centre of the
of animal farming. He was in working permanent continuous as a model for his
compani-
ons. Anas b. Malik narrates: “Abdullah (the son of Abu Talha al Ansari) was born
(Abu
Talha was Anas’s stepfather). I took Abdullah (baby) to the Prophet Muhammad to
show
him. The Prophet had worn a woollen cloth and was smearing with tar to a camel.
(22)

EVERY PROPHET WORKED IN THE ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

“(God said :) “What is that in your right hand, O

Moses ?”.Moses said: “It is
my stick (rod), upon it I lean,and with it I beat down (shake) leaves for my flock
(my sheep) and I have other uses it”(Quran, The Chapter of Ta Ha, v,17-8)
The Prophet Muhammad had worked in the sector of livestock
when he was
young. One day he mentioned a name of flower,the companions said: “O the Prophet
of
Allah, as if you were a shepherd in wilderness (open plains) ?”.(23) Indeed,the
Prophet
had worked as a shepherd. Another time,the Prophet said to his friends: “There is
not
any prophet but he absolutely worked as a shepherd.” The companions asked: “O the
Prophet, also you were ?” “Yes” said the Prophet: “I drove sheep in the quarter
of Kararet of Mecca” (24) In another time: “I used to drive our sheep in the
quarter of Jiyad.” We learn that,the Prophet, sometimes at Jiyad (the lower part
of Mecca) sometimes at Kararet (a site around Mecca) used to drive sheep. The
Prophet was twenty years old in that time(25)
The Christians also say “the good shepherd” for Jesus Christ.
And the Pro-
phet Moses, we see this verse in Quran:

“And when he (Moses) came to the water of Midian he found

there a whole tribe of men, watering. And he found apart from them two women
keeping back (their
flocks). (Moses) said: “What is your trouble ?” The two said: “We can not give
our flocks to drink till the shepherds return from the water; and our father
is a very old man.” (Qa-
sas;v,23). And Moses had worked as a shepherd in the farm of the Prophet Shuayb.

WHO IS THE BEST MAN ?

One day a woman Ummu Malik Al Bahzeyyate asked the Prophet

Muham-
mad: “Who is the best man?” The Prophet answered: “(He is) the man (lives, works)
in
cattle, he gives their rights (their sustenance and he does not cruelty to the
animals) and
obeys to his God (performs the prayers).(26)
There were shepherd companions that Abu Saed Al Hudri had said
to Abu
Sa’saa: “I see, you like to live in the countryside and in open plains. When you
are among
in your sheep and you are in countryside in the pasture and you want to call azan
(when
the prayer time begins), you (have to) call azan in a loud voice, because..”(27)
In a similar sentence, the Prophet said that: “A position of a
shepherd who
calls azan on the part of a mountain and performs his prayer, Allah pleases (is
agreeable
to) this shepherd and Allah says: “All of you! Look at my servant, he is calling
azan, he performs his (daily) prayer and he fears from me. I forgave him and I
inserted him to the
Paradise.” (28)
The Prophet also had said: “The best property of a man may be
his sheep. A
muslim runs away from disorder (and selects (goes) to) the top (hills) of the
mountains
or to bottoms of the valleys.”(29)
Indeed, there is not any engine noise in this sector and there is
a quiet job envi-
ronment, no air pollution, no stress, no harmful conditions for workers especially
nervous
persons may select this sector for working.
One day the Prophet said to a woman companion Ummu Hanee that:
“Buy a
sheep. Because there is blessing (fruitfulness,fertility) in sheep.”(30)

WOMAN SHEPHERDS

Muawiya b. Hakam Al Sulame had got a flock of sheep. A female slave

used to
drive this cattle, between (the places of) Uhud and Jawwaniyya. One day Muawiya
went
to look at the flock and was informed that a wolf had taken a sheep (killing) and
had ta-
ken away. Muawiya slapped to the female slave. He returned to Madina and mentioned
this event to the Prophet. The Prophet became very angry,for his slapping to her.
Muawi-
ya saw this and then said: “O Envoy of Allah (the Prophet)! do I emancipate (set
free)
her?”...The Prophet said: “Emancipate her”...”(31)
There was another woman shepherd of Umar (b.Hattab). Also she was a
female
slave. She saw a sheep that it would die in a brief (short) time. She had not got
a knife
but she saw a sharp small stone. She slaughtered this sheep with this stone (like
flint).
Umar came and saw but said: “Do not eat it, I am going to the Prophet and I shall
ask it”
and the Prophet said: “You may eat it”.(32)
The companions of the Prophet used to drive their camels
in turn,day by
day. Uqba b. Amer narrates: “my turn had come. I had driven the herd of camels and
at the end of the day I had taken the herd to the shed. After that, I reached to
the city-centre and the Prophet was saying to the community somethings.”(33)
The sector of livestock will go on to the doosday. The
Prophet informed
that, Abu Hurayra tells: “I heard, the Prophet was saying. “(a time will come and
future
generations) will leave Madina in this advantageous position. And there will not
stay any-
one in Madina except wild animals and wild birds (that they look for their
sustenance in
Madina). (After this period) Two shepherds from the tribe of Muzayna want to go
to Ma-
dina and will call (shout at) to their sheep (gathering them) and set out on way
to
Madina. These shepherds will reach Madina and find it empty (there is not any
human-
kind and in a wild position) and when they reached to the quarter of Saneyyat-ul
Wada,
they will fall dawn upon their faces and will die.(34)
 RICH SHEPHERDS

The Prophet said –when Archangel Gabriel had asked him ‘the
time of the
doomsday’- “In this matter (the man of ) is questioned does not have more
knowledge
from the man he asks”, but the Prophet informed the signs of the doomsday that:
“Your watching (seeing) for the shepherds, they competes to build the
buildings.”(35)
And another sentence of the Prophet in this subject:(in the last day of the
world) “The
man when he was milking his milch-camel, the milked milk (comes out from the
nipple)
can not reach to the pot, but in a short time the doomsday will occur.”(36)

The livestock sector was one of the most important elements of

economic
life in the time of the Prophet. Around Madina, there were a lot of pastures.
Salama b.
Aqwa narrates: “one day, I set out on way ( to go to forest of Gaba) before the
prayer of
daybreak. At that days the milch-camels of the Prophet (the camels of the Islamic
State,
Treasury’s camels) were grazing at the pasture of Zuqarad.On my way I met...”(37)

HYGIENIC PRECAUTIONS

Abu Humayd Al Saeda tells: “I brought a bowl of milk to the

Prophet from the
pasture of Naqee. But there is not any lid on the bowl. The Prophet said: “Did you
shut a
piece of cloth on it (or you might put) a piece of wood on this bowl.”(38) The
pasture of
Naqee was a place in the valley of Aqeyq that was far from 12 miles from the
capital-city
(Madina). The Prophet had assigned a 12 miles place around Madina for pasture.(39)
The Prophet had ordered to put a piece of cloth or a piece of wood on the bowl of
milk, that his purpose was to protect the food and drinks from sand, dust and the
other harmful microbes. This is very important for the production of diary
products and meat.

QUARANTINA

The Prophet had given importance to health of the animals. He says:

“The ow-
ner of the ill-camels should not bring his ill-camels to near the owners of the
good-
healty camels.”(40) The diseases of animals that are spreaded rapidly, we see in
the his-
tory, and in modern times, millions of animals of livestock died from these
disease. After
seven centuries from the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) the world noticed this reality.
The
word ‘quarantine’ originally referred to the “forty days” (from Italian quaranta)
after arri- val in port, during which crew of a ship suspected of having an
infectious illness aboard
was denied contact with the shore. This measure was introduced in the 14th century
when
part of Venice tried to protect itself from bubonic plauge.(41)

USING OF WATERS OF THE PASTURES

About the using of the waters in the pastures, the Prophet said:
“Anyone can
not be impeded (can not be prohibited) to use the water, this water is excess (a
lot) for
using of its owner (possessor). The owner of the water used for his need and there
are
(some water back) if this water is prohibited (it means that) the grass is
impeded, prohibi-
ted.(42) (A man has got a well in the pasture,and there is not any well around, if
the other
villagers’s sheep can not be watered from this well, these animals can not walk,
can not go ahead and can not eat grass in the other pastures. For this reason, if
the owner of this well prohibits the use of water of this well for the other
animals, he also (it means) prohibits the eating of the grass. That’s why, he
should permit to the other flocks to use the water of the well (but after the
owner of the well used necessary waters for his flock.) (43)

TO FERTILIZE THE ANIMALS

The Prophet ordered not to take money (fee) when the owners of
the animals
give the male animals (animal kept for breeding) on deposit (temporary). A man
asked
the Prophet that: “O Envoy of Allah,what is the necessary charity (except zakat
(religi-
ous legal alms of annually) for camels ?” The Prophet said:

(1) “When the camels come to water and camels are milked and (some of)
their milk are given to the poor and to the men of passing there. (This tradition
was befo-
re Islam in the Arab community,and Islam also ordered to go on this good
behaviour).
(2)To give the buckets of water or buckets of milk to the men of
need
(3)To give the male camels (for breeding) on deposit.”(44)

MILK AND DIARY PRODUCTS

“And in the cattle (too) you have a lesson. We (Allah) give you drink of that
which is in their bellies, between bowels and blood, pure milk,palatable for
those who drink.”(The Chapter of Nahl (Bee);v,66)

A BLESSED FRUITFUL PROFITABLE WORK

The Prophet Muhammad also points that the livestock (sector) is a

blessed,
fruitful, profitable work. One day the Prophet gave one denar (gold coin) to Urva
(a com-
panion) to buy a sheep. Urva bought two sheep. And then, in the market place, he
sold one of them for one denar and returned to the Prophet with a sheep and one
denar. The Prophet prayed to Allah for Urva for fruitful, profitable in his trade.
As a result of this(prayer)
Urva used to earn a lot of profit if he buys (and sels) (even) stone! (rock).(45)
Sometimes the Prophet used to give flock (cattle) to the people
as a gift. Anas
tells: “The Envoy of Allah (the Prophet) used to give that was wanted from him. A
man
came to the Prophet and the Prophet gave him a lot of sheep that these sheep would
fill
the valley of between two mountains. This man returned to his tribe and said: “O
my tribe,
(you have to) be (all of you) muslims. Because Muhammad bestows a lot that he does
not
fear from poverty.”(46)

SHOW ME THE MARKET PLACE

After immigration to Madina, the Prophet had done brothers of

every immig-
rants from Mecca to Ansars(helpers) from Madina. As a result of this, the
immigrants
that had come from Mecca became accustomed to business life of Madina and the im-
migrants had got their jobs.
The Prophet had done Abdurrahman b.Avf (an immigrant) with
Sa’d b.
Rabee (he was native of Madina) as a brothers. Sa’d said to Abdurrahman that: “my
pos-
sestion (property,wealth) is, in your service.” (you may use them what and how you
want). But Abdurrahman said: “may Allah give profitable in your wealth, but show
me
the market place of Madina. Abdurrahnman had begun the business of diary products
and in a short term he became one of the richest companions of the Prophet.(47)

A lot of companions used to work in the sector of dairy

products, because
the livestock sector had an important role in the life of the companions. The
Prophet had
said: “There is not any thing fills the place of milk as a food and (also) as a
drink.(48)
And in another statement: “If a man gives as on deposit (lends) a diary sheep
(milch- sheep) or a mich-camel for a fixed period to a (poor) family (for
charity), the good deed
(God’s reward) of this gift is absolutely very big.”(49)

PROPHET’S SHARE

An example that the Prophet likes milk: “Meqdad (a companion)

says: “I
came to Madina with two of my friends. From hungry and tired we became as if we
can
not see and as if we can not hear. We present ourselves to the companions of the
Prophet, but no one invited us (to their homes for offering a food.Probably Meqdad
and his friends had met with poor companions and these companions had not got any
food to
offer them). At the end,we came to the Prophet. He said to us: “Let’s go to the
house”. But also in the house of the Prophet,there is not any food. There were
three she-goats. The Prophet said: “Milk them their milks and let’s share out the
milk. We milked the milk and put the Prophet’s share. They stayed in Madina about
15 days. And they used to come every night to the house of the Prophet and
milked the goats and drink and sleep in a room of the Prophet. Every night the
Prophet used to come to his house very late (the Prophet was busy the problems of
muslims)...At that night I drank my share of
milk and I went to the bed. But...I drank (also) the Prophet’s milk.”(And then
interesting events occured..)”(50)

Goat provides milk, flesh, leather and hair. A good milk goat
produces two
liters of milk a day for seven or eight months of the year. The Saanen and the
Nubian, a
cross of several breeds, gives richer milk than the others. The goat matures in a
year and
will produce milk for five years, if bred each year.
Anas narrates another event: “The Prophet visited us in our
house. He wanted
water. We immediately milked a sheep. And then I mixed some water of this well to
the
milk (probably the milk had got too fat). I offered to the Prophet. The Prophet
drank the
milk.(51) We noticed that some water were mixed to the milk. Probably, in the
Madina
region the milk had got too fat. Also Abdullah b.Abbas mentiones that the Prophet
drank milk and wanted some water and rinsed out (washed out) his mouth and said:
“this (milk) is fatty.”(52)
From time to time, the Prophet and his companions used to offer
milk to
each other. Safwan b. Umayya had sent milk to the Prophet (53), and another time
the
Prophet had sent milk to Abbad b. Besheyr and Usayd b. Hudayr.(54)
Aeysha (the Prophet’s wife) had mentioned troubles in the early
times in Ma-
dina to her cousin Urwa, saying. “In two months,we used to see new moons
(crescents)
three times (the time passes) but the fire was not burnt in the house of the
Prophet (we
can not prepare meals, there was poverty)”. Urwa’s question: “O aunt, what did you
eat ?” (in this long period). Aeysha answered: “date and water, and the Prophet’s
some neighbours from Ansar (natives of Madina) they used to send milk from their
sheep, we used to drink this milk.”(55)

Milk is the most important food that has got all of the necessary
elements
of aliment for organisma of human being, proteins,minerals. Even the milk is mixed
to the
bread for protect its fresh and to increase its value of diet.
The companions used to make butter and cheese and aket (a kind of
dry-yog-
hurt) in the time of the Prophet. One day, the Prophet went to the house of Anas.
Anas and his mother had got some sheep. The mother of Anas offered the Prophet
butter and date. But the Prophet was fasting at that day and said: “put the butter
and date to their pots, I am fasting.”(56)
A woman companion Ummu Malek, she used to give butter to the
Prophet as a
gift, from time to time.(57)
There was a kind of meal, its name was ‘hays’ the date without
seeds and bu-
tter with dry sour curd, they used to be mixed that the Prophet used to eat from
time to
time.(58) Another day, in Tabuk, some cheese was brought to the Prophet and the
Prophet cut the cheese, saying: “In the name of Allah, the Compassionate, the
Merciful.”(59)

Aket was dry-yoghurt that the companions of the Prophet used to

give aket to
the poor as a charity of sadaqa-e fetr (is given to the poor at late days of holy
(fasting)
month of Ramazan). Abu Saed Al Khudre says: “we used to give sadaqa-e fetr in the
time of the Prophet from three foods:Aket, date and barley.”(60) Yoghurt:semifluid
or jellylike diary product made from milk fermented by the introduction of a
lactic-acid bacterium. The product is an important staple food in the near and far
east and in the Balkans. It is often made from skim milk, but it can also be
prepared from whole and evaporated milk. Its food value is consistent with the
kind of milk used in its preparation.

LEATHER MANUFACTURING

“It is Allah Who made your habitations homes of rest for you, and
made for
you out of the skins of animals (tents for) dwellings which you find light when
you travel and when you stop; and out of their wool, fur and hair, rich stuff
(to serve you) for a time.”

(Quran,The Chapter of Nahl,v,80)

The skins of livestock animals were used in different works in the

time of the
Prophet. Tents from skins (leathers), shoes, waterbags from leather, pillows from
leather.
Skins were used to make leather by treatment with tannic acid, etc. The skins
used to be tanned even in the house of the Prophet. Umar says: “I entered to the
room of the Prophet. The Prophet had leaned over to his side, on a rush mat. I sit
down, he pulled up his waist-wrapper. There was any cover on him (blanket etc.).
The traces of the rush mat on his chest were very clear. I looked at the room. A
palm of barley at this side, and the other side of the room a palm of leaves of
qaraz was being used for tanning the skins, and a(new-made) sheep-leather rug had
been hung on the wall...”(61)
The Prophet had got a pillow made from leather that its inside was
full of date
fibers. Aeysha says: “The Prophet’s mattres that he used to sleep on it, also this
bed was made from leather and its inside also was full of date fibers.”(62)

The famous companion Ali sent ore of gold that was not purified
from its soil
in a leather-bag. This ore of gold had been taken as zakat (annual religious tax).
(63) There was another leather-bag its name Uqqa, butter and honey used to be put
in it.(64) There was a leather-bag for water for the Prophet that he used to
perform ritual-ablution from the water of this leather-bag.(65) The prophet gave
a banquet dinner to his companions when he was married with Safeyya. The Prophet
ordered to Belal and the leather-table-clothes were spreaded and aket, butter and
dates were eaten.(66)

The Prophet had used shoes from leadher-made.Ubayd b. Jurayj said

to Abdul-
lah b. Umar: “I see, you put leather-made sandal on (slipper)”. Abdullah b. Umar
said:..
I put leather-made sandal on because I saw the Prophet put like these sandals on,
and the Prophet performed the ritual ablution when his legs were in these
sandals.”(67)
There were prayer rugs from leather in the time of the
Prophet.Mugera b.Shu-
ba narrates: “The Prophet performed his prayer on a fur of tanned-skin.”(68)

The members of the family of the Prophet were also used to work
in the work
of tan.Jaber tells: “The Prophet came to his wife Zaynab. She was rubbing a skin
(of an
animal) with her hands.(69)

WOOL PRODUCTION

“(Allah created) the cattle, some of them (carry) load and some
of them, beds
are made from their wool.”(Quran, the Chapter of An’am, v,142)
“(Allah made from cattles’s) wool, fur and hair, your houses’s
needs and your
trade (to serve you) for a time.”(Quran, Nahl, v ,80)

Women and men used to wear woollen dresses, clothes in the time
of the Pro-
phet from time to time. Aeysha (the wife of the Prophet) tells. “After performing
the day-
break prayer, the women used to return from mosque covering their mırts”(a kind of
co-
ver made from woollen and mohair).(70) The Prophet also used to wear woollen
dresses
like his companions, Aeysha also tells: “One day, the Prophet took on his shoulder
a woo-
llen cloak, this cloak had been made from black hair (of woollen) and there were
some
embroidery on this cloak..”(71).

There were toys for children from woollen . A woman companion

Rubayy
tells: “We used to take out the children (to the fields etc.) with us (that
children were
fasting) in the holy fasting-month of Ramazan. And we used to make woollen toys
for
those children.”(72) There were woollen curtains and Aeysha says that she had put
a
woollen-curtain on the window..”(73) In the days of the farewell-pilgrimage, the
Prophet
had stayed in a woollen-tent. Another woollen-tent was used in the mosque that in
the
second-ten days of Ramazan, the Prophet had stayed in a tent of made of felt
(wool) in
the mosque.(74)

The woollen-clothes keep warm and they are useful for the
health of the body
of mankind. There are one billion domesticated sheep in the world and they produce
2,500,000,000 kilograms of raw (unwashed) wool each year. This is equivalent to
about
1,400,000,000 kilograms of clean wool. Seven countries produce about 75% of the
world’s wool supply. They are Australia, Russia, New Zeland, Argentina,the
Republic of
South Africa, USA and Uruguay. We see there is not any Islamic countries in first
grades
although woollen-production and trade is one of the traditional and historical
jobs of
muslims.

PRODUCTS OF MEAT

“Say: I do not find in that which is revealed to me anything (of

meat) prohibi-
ted to an eater that he eats thereof, except it be carrion, or (and) blood poured
forth, or
(and) meat of pig that is dirty, or (and) an animal which was slaughtered to the
name of
other than Allah (this situation a vice). But whoso is compelled (thereto) neither
craving
nor transgressing, (for him) surely your God is Forgiving, Merciful.”

(Quran, An’am, v,145)

“How should you not eat of (meats) over which the name of Allah
has been
mentioned, when Allah has explained to you that which is forbidden to you, unless
you
are compelled by necessity...”

(Quran, An’am, v,119)

We know that, the Prophet and his companions had got a lot of
hungry-days
in Mecca period and in Madina period. But when food was found, the Prophet and his
companions used to eat all together. Abu Hurayra narrates: “A dish of meat was
brought
to the Prophet and a part from its side of arm was put in front of the Prophet. He
used to
like to eat especially this part of meat. He bit into this part with his front
teeth.”(75)

Anas tells: “The Prophet performed the afternoon prayer (and we

were behind
him all of us). After the prayer, the community came out from mosque. A man from
the tribe of the sons of Salama came and said: “O Prophet!we want to
slaughter a camel and
we want your coming. The Prophet “Yes” said. He walked and we all together walked
him. The camel was slaughtered, cut into parts and some parts were cooked and we
ate
before the sunset.(76)
The Prophet encouraged the muslims to offer to the people meals,
saying: “O
you the muslim-womens! a neighbour woman should not belittle her neighbour
woman’s offer that she sent a dish made from trotters (the soup of trotter or the
dish of
trotter=sheep’s feet) (77)
The Prophet did not want to slaughter the milch livestock
animals. One night
he and Abubakir and Umar visited a house of a man from Ansar. This man went to the
garden and brought a branch of date that there were a lot of fresh and ripe dates
and said: “(please eat these”. And he took a knife with his hand (to slaughter a
sheep). The Prophet said:“Avoid to slaughter a milch-sheep”.(78)

We learn an information that, meat was being sold in the

capital-city Madina.
Abu Musa al Ash’aree informs: “There was a person, his name was Abu Shuayb (from
Ansar). Abu Shuayb’s worker used to sell meat. One day, Abu Shuayb saw the Prophet
and realized (from the Prophet’s face) the Prophet was hungry. He said to worker:
“Cook
for us a meal for five persons. The fifth of these persons will be the Prophet. He
cooked
the meal and Abu Shuayb invited the Prophet.(79)

Jaber b. Abdullah narrates an event about slaughtering of a cow.

The Prophet
was returning to Madina, when he arrived to a settlement,its name was Serar, he
ordered
to slaughter a cow. It was slaughtered and the people of the group ate it.(80) In
the fare-
well pilgrimage of the Prophet, he had slaughtered two white-black rams.(81)

DRIED-MEAT CANNED MEAT

Savban narrates: “The Prophet slaughtered his sacrifice (ram).

And then he
said to me: “O Savban! make dry this meat.” I dried the meat and in the long
voyage
towards Madina, I gave from this meat to the Prophet from time to time.(82) In the
time
of the Prophet, to dry the meat, at first the meat used to be boiled for a short
time and then it used to be put between two stones and left between two stones
until it became dried-meat. Thus the meat used to be prevent to spoil and it would
be a suitable food for journeys.

THEIR “NUMBER ONE PROBLEM”

The problem of famine lasts in different parts of the world. There

are a lot of
countries in the world that their “number one problem” is poverty. And in some
countries
it is getting worse. For example of the 76 million peoplein the Philippines, more
than 38
percent, live below poverty level, defined as income under $ 220 (83). But we also
know
that there are a lot of countries that their citizens’s annual income is under $
100.

We hear sometimes in the news that: “Yet simply getting aid into
the country
obviously does not solve the problem” said, Mr...the World Food Program spokesman.
The work of livestock is a solution for the problem of immigration, inside the
countries
and in the world. The problems of refugees are social, economic and cultural even
poli-
tical problems especially for the rich countries. A both is full of refugees or a
ship is full
of refugees that they look for a job or better conditions for their lives, sink in
the Pasific
or in the Caribbean-Sea or five or ten men or women with some childs are found
their
corpses in the secret parts of a truck...There are a lot of disasters, we watch in
the news.

The work of livestock is also a solution for the problems of

growing-cities.
The encourage of livestock will prevent also the immigration from villages to
cities.
Some rich countries like New Zealand, Australia, Netherlands
reached their
richness with the successful plans and working in the sector of livestock.
In the underdeveloped countries, the number of unemployeds
changes every
year, even this number changes from this season to the other season. But the
activity of
livestock supplies employment in every month of the year and the men and women in
their old age they can work in this sector and even teenage generation also can
work
in this sector without any heavy condition for them.
Some other industries in this sector are like many sheep by-
products also
have value. Lanolin, the fatty substance removed from wool during processing, is
used in
salves, lotions, hair dressings, shaving creams, and other cosmetics. It also has
some industrial uses. Hormones and other pharmaceutical compounds are obtained
from the glands
of sheep. Fat from sheep and other animals is used in making synthetic rubber.
Sheep-fat derivates are used in the processing of antibiotics and as foam-control
agents. Cleaned sheep intestines serve as sausage casings and are also processed
for use as tennis-racket strings. Absorbable surgical sutures are also sheep by-
products.
From meat production to leather and shoe industry, diary
products, woollen
industry; this sector produces also value added taxes for Islamic government’s
budget.
This sector also one of the main sources of zakat (or zakat budget) that it is
important
for social justice..

ASSIGNED PASTURES

The Prophet Muhammad assigned as a pasture the land of Naqe’

(around
Madina) for horses and camels and the caliph Umar also the lands of Rabaza and
Sharaf
(between Mecca and Madina).
In the period of Umar, a man from Basra wanted a land from
state, to grow
clover (probably for his animals). Caliph Umar wrote a decree to governor Abu Musa
al
Ash’aree that if this land had not got any owner: “Give him this land”. This event
points
an encouragement of Islamic state for animal husbandry sector. There is another
know-
ledge that; caliph Umar permitted for state’s pastures for cattles of poors. He
ordered the
officials that: “Who has got a few camel or a few sheep,you should take (permit)
his
cattle to the state’s pasture. But the cattles of Osman (b.Affan) and Abdurrahman
(b.Avf)
‘do not let them into the pasture’. Because if the cattles of Osman or Abdurrahman
die,
both of them have got date gardens and agricultural affairs. But the poors,if
their cattles
die, they run to me with crying; “O Amer-al Mu’meneyn! (O Caliph!) Solve our
problem”
(84)
The average standart of living depends on “income getting
power” and to
make increase this power. Animal husbandry sector gives this power to people who
work
in this sector. And this income is a “disposable income” that this is important
for general
market of the country and high circulation of money in the country.
We can say:animal husbandry sector for “national income and
economic wel-
fare” and as an engine for “economic development”.

END NOTES

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2-Encyclopaedia of Seerah, v,2, p,288
3-Najjar Ahmad, Non-Interest Banks, part,2
4-Samuelson P.A, Economics, p,870
5-Sen Amartya, Growth Economics, p,496-512
6-minutes of the “1th International Zakat Congress of Kuwait”, p,247-79
7-Erdogdu Sabri, Savings and Economic Growth in Islamic Economy, p,54
8-Mubarak Muhammad, Economic System in Islam, p,210
9-Chapra Umar, Islam and Economic Development, p,37
10-Schumacher E.F, Good Work, p,102
11-Chapra, Islam and Economic Dev., p,102 (in Turkish edition)
12-non-published article of Louis Baeck in “Booklets of Economy” of Mustapha Ozel,
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13-Al Duri, Muqaddimah Fi Tareykh Al Eqtesad-al Arabi, (Introduction to History of
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14-Chapra, p,48
15-Sıddıqi Najatullah, Economics of Islam, part:5
16-Abdulmannan M, The Making of Islamic Economics Society, part,2
17-Newsweek, March 13, 2000
18-Lombard Maurice, Islam:In the Previous Victory Years, p,158-9
19-Hurshid Ahmad, Economic Development In An Islamic Framework, p,33
20-Chapra, Islamic Welfare and Its role in Economy, “1th International Congress of
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21-Graudy Roger, Islam and Western Crisis, p,14-15
22-Bukhari, Kitab-al Lebas, Bab,Hamisa;Muslim, Kitab-al Adab,Bab,5, Hadith ,22
23-Muslim, K, Eyman, B,81, Hd,302
24-Bukhari, K,Ejarah, B,Kayfa Bad’al Khalq, Babu Ya’kufuna..
25-Sharhu Tajreyd-al Sareyh al Bukhari, v,7, p,29
26-Termizi, K.Fetan, B,15, Hd,2177
27-Bukhari, K,Azaan, B,Raf’us Sawt
28-Nayl-al Awtar, v,2, p,39 (from Abu Davud and Ahmad)
29-Bukhari, K.Eyman, B,Min al Din Al Ferar; Nesai;Abu Davud
30-Ibn Majah (from Sharhu Tajreyd al Bukhari hd,1361)
31-Muslim, K.Masajed wa Mawaadey-us Salat, B,7, Hd,33; Nasai,K.Sahv,B,Al Kalam..
32-Bukhari, K.Zabaeh wa-s Sayd, B,Ma Anhara-d Dam
33-Muslim, K.Tahara, B,6, Hd,17
34-Bukhari, K,Hajj, B,Man Rageba Min al Madina; Muslim, K,Hajj, B,91, Hd,499
35-Bukhari, K,Estezan, B,Ma Jae Fe-l Bina; Muslim, K.Eyman, B,1, Hd,1; Nasai; Ibn
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36-Muslim, K,Fetan wa Ashrat-us Saat, B,27, Hd,140
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38-Muslim, K,Ashreba, B,11, Hd,93
39-Nayl-al Awtar, v,5, p,35
40-Muslim, K,Salaam, B,33, Hd,105
41-Grolier Encyclopaedia
42-Muslim, K,Musaaqaat, B,8, Hd,36; Abu Davud,K,Ejarah
43-Nayl-al Awtar, v,5, p,345
44-Muslim, K,Zakat, B,6, Hd,27; Nay-al Awtar, v,5, p,166
45-Bukhari, K,Bad’el Khalq, B,Sual-al Mushrekeyn
46-Muslim, K,Fadael, B,14, Hd,57
47-Bukhari, K,Buyu, B,1, K,Nekah, B,Kawl-al Rajul
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49-Bukhari, K,Heba wa Fadleha; Muslim, K,Zakat, B,22, Hd,73; Termizi, K,Berr wa-s
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50-Muslim, K,Ashreba, B,32, Hd,174; Termizi, K,Estezan, B,Kayf-as Salaam, Hd,1719
51-Bukhari, K,Heba wa Fadleha, B,Man Estasqa; Ibn Majah, K,Taharah, B,Madmadah;
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52-Bukhari, K,Ashreba, B,Shurbu-ul Laban be-l Mae; Muslim, K,Hayz, B,24
53-Termizi, K,Esteyzan
54-Termizi, K,Tafser-al Quran, Hd,2977
55-Bukhari, K,Heba wa Fadleha, Hd,2
56-Bukhari, K,Sawm
57-Muslim, K,Fadael, B,3, Hd,8
58-Muslim, K,Sawm, B,32, Hd,170
59-Abu Davud, K,At’emah, B,Akl-ul Jubun
60-Bukhari, K,Kusuf, B,Sadaqa-e Fetr; Muslim, K,Zakat, B,4, Hd,20;
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63-Muslim, K,Ashreba, B,20, Hd,142
64-Bukhari, K,Heyl, B,Ma Yakrahu
65-Bukhari, K,Kusuf, B,Estaaana; Ibn Majeh, K,Eqamat-us Salat
66-Bukhari, K,Maghazee, B,Gazwat-u Haybar; Muslim, K,Nekah, Hd,87
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69-Muslim, K,Nekah, B,2, Hd,9
70-Bukhari, K,Azaan, B, Khuruj-al Nesa’; Muslim, K,Masajed, B,40, Hd,23;
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71-Muslim, K,Lebas, B,6, Hd,36;
72-Muslim, K,Seyam, B,21, Hd,137
73-Nayl-al Awtar, v,2, p,183-115 (from Bukhari and Ahmad)
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76-Muslim, K,Masajed, B,34, Hd,197
77-Bukhari, K,Heba wa Fadleha, Hd,1; Muslim, K,Zakat, B,29, Hd,90
78-Muslim, K,Ashrebah, B,20, Hd,140
79-Muslim, K,Ashrebah, B,19, Hd,138
80-Muslim, K,Musaaqaat, B,21, Hd,115
81-Muslim, K,Qasaamah, B,9, Hd,30
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83-Newsweek, May 28, 2001
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