3.

5 Angle of twist in elastic range

In this section, a relation will be derived between the angle of twist f of a circular shaft and the
torque T exerted on the shaft. The entire shaft will be assumed to remain elastic. Considering
first the case of a shaft of length L and of uniform cross section of radius c subjected to a torque
T at its free end we recall from sections before that the angle of twist f and the maximum
shearing strain gmax are related as follows:


Angle of twist


max=

But, in the elastic range, the yield stress is not exceeded anywhere in the shaft, Hookes law
applies, and we have gmax 5 tmaxyG.

max=

and solving for f, we write

=

Where is expressed in radians. The relation obtained shows that, within the elastic range, the
angle of twist is proportional to the torque T applied to the shaft.
Example
Problem 3.38




Solution












Design of Transmission Shafts


What is the power and torque ?

Power is How much work can be done in specified time
Torque is the load carry capacity

Principal transmission shaft performance specifications are:
power
speed

Designer must select shaft material and cross-section to meet performance specifications
without exceeding allowable shearing stress.
Determine torque applied to shaft at specified power and speed,











f
P P
T
fT T P
t e
t e
2
2
= =
= =
Find shaft cross-section which will not exceed the maximum allowable shearing stress,



Example of transmission shaft







( )
( ) ( ) shafts hollow
2
shafts solid
2
max
4
1
4
2
2 2
max
3
max
t
t
t
t
t
T
c c
c c
J
T
c
c
J
J
Tc
= =
= =
=



























Statically Indeterminate Shafts

Given the shaft dimensions and the applied torque, we would like to find the torque
reactions at A and B.
From a free-body analysis of the shaft


which is not sufficient to find the end torques. The problem is statically indeterminate.

Divide the shaft into two components which must have compatible deformations,




Substitute into the original equilibrium equation


m N 120 = +
B A
T T
A B
B A
T
J L
J L
T
G J
L T
G J
L T
1 2
2 1
2
2
1
1
2 1
0 = = = + = | | |
m N 120
1 2
2 1
= +
A A
T
J L
J L
T



Sample Problem 3.4

Two solid steel shafts are connected by gears. Knowing that for each shaft G = 77 GPa and that
the allowable shearing stress is 55 MPa, determine (a) the largest torque T
0
that may be applied
to the end of shaft AB, (b) the corresponding angle through which end A of shaft AB rotates.

SOLUTION:
Apply a static equilibrium analysis on the two shafts to find a relationship between T
CD

and T
0
.
Apply a kinematic analysis to relate the angular rotations of the gears.
Find the maximum allowable torque on each shaft choose the smallest.
Find the corresponding angle of twist for each shaft and the net angular rotation of end A.
Apply a static equilibrium analysis on the two shafts to find a relationship between T
CD

and T
0
.
Apply a kinematic analysis to relate the angular rotations of the gears.















( )
( )
0
0
73 . 2
mm 60 0
mm 22 0
T T
T F M
T F M
CD
CD C
B
=
= =
= =

C B
C C
B
C
B
C C B B
r
r
r r
| |
| | |
| |
73 . 2
mm 20
mm 60
=
= =
=




























Stress Concentrations