General Chemistry PD Dr. R.

Schmid
Chapter 2
1
Atoms, Molecules und Ions
Atoms, Molecules and
Ions first steps
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
2

Copyright
Copyright
This document contains figures from the book:
Chemistry The Central Science
T.L. Brown, H.E. LeMay, B.E. Burston
11E, Verlag: Pearson Education
ISBN 0-13-235848-4
ISBN 978-0-13-235-848-4
It is allowed for the lecturer to distribute this document, containing
these figures, under myBTU.
A further distribution of the figures in any form is subject to restrictions
of the publisher:
2009, 2006,2003,2000,1997,1994,1991,1988,1985,1977 2009, 2006,2003,2000,1997,1994,1991,1988,1985,1977 by by
Pearson Pearson Education Education, Inc. , Inc.
Upper Upper Saddle Saddle River, NJ 07485 River, NJ 07485
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
3
The Atomic Theory of Matter
The structure and behavior of atoms are key to
understanding both physical and chemical properties of
matter.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
4
The Atomic Theory of Matter
atomos
=
uncuttable
(460-370 BC)
stated later on the opposite
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
5
The Fundamental Laws of Chemistry
Daltons atomic theorie: (postulates)
Each element is composed of extremely small particles
All atoms of a given element are identical
Compounds atoms of more than one element combine
Atoms of one element cannot be changed into atoms of a
different element by chemical reactions.
John Dalton
(1766-1844)
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
6
The Fundamental Laws of Chemistry
1. Law of constant composition
In a given compound, the relative numbers and kinds of atoms are
constant.
2. Law of conservation of mass (matter)
The total mass of materials present after a chemical reaction is the
same as the total mass present before the reaction.
3. Law of multiple proportions
If two elements A and B combine to form more than one compound,
the masses of B that can combine with a given mass A are in the ratio
of small whole numbers.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
7
The Discovery of Atomic Structure
An image of the surface of the semiconductor GaAs
(gallium arsenide) scanning tunneling microscopy
electrons
Atomic core: protons, neutrons
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
8
The Discovery of Atomic Structure
Particles with the same charge repel one another, wheras
particles with unlike charges attract one another.
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
9
The Discovery of Atomic Structure
1897 - Joseph John Thomson
dicovered the Electron
These measurements made it possible to calculate a value of
1,76 x 10
8
coulombs
*
per gram for the ratio of the electrons electrical charge
to its mass. *
coulomb (C) SI unit for the electrical charge
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
10
The Discovery of Atomic Structure
mass
e ch
gram
coulomb arg
10 76 , 1
8
=
Electrical Charge to mass ratio of the Electron
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
11
The Discovery of Atomic Structure
Robert Milikan (University of Chicago), succeeded in
measuring the charge of an electron (1909)!
Millikans oil-drop experiment
Charge of an electron: 1,6 10
-19
C
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
12
The Discovery of Atomic Structure
Charge-to-mass ratio: 1,76 10
8
C/g
Charge of an electron: 1,6 10
-19
C
g
g C
C
ss Elektronma
28
8
19
10 1 , 9
/ 10 76 , 1
10 6 , 1

=
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
13
The Rutherford Experiment (1911)
Rutherfords experiment: scattering of -particles
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
14
The Rutherford Experiment (1911)
Rutherfords model explaining the scattering of -particles
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
15
The Modern View of Atomic Structure
Protons discovered by Rutherford (1919)
Neutrons discovered by Chadwick (1932)
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
16
The Modern View of Atomic Structure
Every atom has an equal number of electrons and
protons, so atoms have no net electrical charge
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
17
Masse der Atome - u
Heaviest Atom: 4 10
-22
g
u = 1,66054 10
-24
g
1836
smaller
the tiny nucleus carries most of
the mass of the atom.
the elecrons play the major role in
chemical reactions.
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
18
Atomic Numbers, Mass Numbers, and Isotopes
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
19
Atomic Weights
u = 1,66054 10
-24
g
Where is the u coming from ?
Isotope of carbon
12
C is assigned a mass of exactly 12 u !
All other elements have a non-integer mass !!!
Atomic and molecular masses can be
measured with great accuracy with a mass
spectrometer.
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
20
Atomic Weights
Exact mass: 34,969 u (
35
Cl) 36,966 u (
37
Cl)
Nominal mass: 35 u
Average mass: 35,45 u
Calculate the average mass of Cl !
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
21
The Periodic Table
Periods
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
22
The Periodic Table
Main group elements
Transition group elements
Inner transition elements: Lanthanides, Actinides
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
23
Arranging the elements by atomic number reveals a periodic
pattern of properties
The Periodic Table
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
24
The Periodic Table
Similar properties
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
25
The Periodic Table
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
26
The Periodic Table
A
l
k
a
l
i

m
e
t
a
l
s
A
l
k
a
l
i
n
e
e
a
r
t
h
m
e
t
a
l
s
C
h
a
l
c
o
g
e
n
s
H
a
l
o
g
e
n
s
N
o
b
l
e

g
a
s
e
s
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
27
The Periodic Table
Metals:
luster
high heat conductivity
high electrical conductivity
at room temperature solid exception: mercury [Hg]
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
28
Metals and Nonmetals
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
29
Molecules and Chemical Formulas
diatomic molecules
Seven common elements exist
as diatomic molecules at room
temperature
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
30
Molecules and Chemical Formulas
Most molecular substances that we will encounter contain only
nonmetals
The composition of each compound is given by its
chemical formula.
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
31
Picturing Molecules
Methane:
CH
4
molecular formula
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
32
Ions and Ionic Compounds: Cations and Anions
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
33
Ions and Ionic Compounds: Cations and Anions
Cation
Anion
Nonmetal atoms
Metal atoms
Loses an
electron
Gains an
electron
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
34
Ions and Ionic Compounds: Cations and Anions
Very stable electron arrangement of the noble gases
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
35
Ions and Ionic Compounds: Cations and Anions
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
36
Ions and Ionic Compounds: Cations and Anions
O
2-
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
37
Ions and Ionic Compounds: Cations and Anions
Charges of some common ions
The steplike line that divides metals from nonmetals also separates
cations from anions.
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
38
Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds are generally combinations of metals and
nonmetals, as in NaCl.
Molecular compounds are generally composed of nonmetals only,
as in H
2
O.
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
39
Ionic Compounds
Chemical compounds are electrically neutral
Na
+
+ Cl
-
NaCl
Ba
2+
+ 2Cl
-
BaCl
2
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
40
Naming Inorganic Compounds
Chemical Nomenclature
19 million known chemical substances
System used in naming substances
Many important substances that have been known for
a long time, such as water and ammonia, do have
individual, traditional names common names
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
41
Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds
Cations formed from metal atoms have the same name as the
metal
Positive Ions (Cations)
If a metal can form different cations, the positive charge is
indicated by Roman numeral in parentheses following the name
of the metal
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
42
Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds
The metals that form only one cation are those of groups:
1A (Na
+
, K
+
, and Rb
+
),
2A (Mg
2+
, Ca
2+
, Sr
2+
, and Ba
2+
), Al
3+
(Group 3A)
and two transition-metal ions: Ag
+
und Zn
2+
.
Positive Ions (Cations)
Cations formed from nonmetal atoms have names
that end in ium.
NH
4
+
ammoniumion
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
43
Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds
monoatomic anions are formed by using the ending ide.
Negative Ions (Anions)
a few simple polyatomic anions also have names ending -ide .
polyatomic anions containing oxygen have names ending in
-ate or -ite.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
44
Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds
Negative Ions (Anions)
Common oxyanions.
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
45
Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds
Negative Ions (Anions)
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
46
Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds
Negative Ions (Anions)
Anions derived by adding H+ to an oxyanion are named by adding as
a prefix the word hydrogen or dihydrogen.
Ions of group 7A always have a 1- charge: (F
-
, Cl
-
, Br
-
und I
-
)
Ion of group 6A always have a 2- charge: (O
2-
und S
2-
).
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
47
Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds
Ionic Compounds
Names of ionic compounds consist of the cation name
followed by the anion name
CaCl
2
calcium chloride
Al(NO
3
)
2
aluminum nitrate
Cu(ClO
4
)
2
copper(II) perchlorate
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
48
Names and Formulas of Acids
Acids are named in a special way!
A substance whose molecules yield hydrogen ions
(H
+
) when dissolved in water.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
49
Names and Formulas of Acids
If the anion in the acid
ends in -ide, change the
ending to -ic acid and
add the prefix hydro- .
HCl: hydrochloric acid
HBr: hydrobromic acid
HI: hydroiodic acid
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
50
Names and Formulas of Acids
If the anion in the acid
ends in -ate, change the
ending to -ic acid.
HClO
3
: chloric acid
HClO
4
: perchloric acid
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
51
Names and Formulas of Acids
If the anion in the acid
ends in -ite, change the
ending to -ous acid.
HClO: hypochlorous
acid
HClO
2
: chlorous acid
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
52
Names and Formulas of Binary Molecular Compounds
The name of the element farther to the left in the periodic table is
usually written first.
Exception: Oxygen is written last !!!
If both elements are in the group in the periodic table, the one having
the higher atomic number is named first
The name of the second element is given an ide ending
Greek prefixes Number of atoms of each element
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
53
Nomenclature of organic compounds
The simplest hydrocarbons (compounds
containing only carbon and hydrogen) are alkanes.
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.
General Chemistry PD Dr. R. Schmid
Chapter 2
54
Nomenclature of organic compounds
When a hydrogen in an alkane is replaced with something else
(a functional group, like -OH in the compounds above),
the name is derived from the name of the alkane.
The ending denotes the type of compound.
An alcohol ends in -ol.
from: CHEMISTRY THE CENTRAL SCIENCE 11E, Brown, LeMay, Bursten, Murphy (Pearson - Prentice Hall); 2009 Prentice Hall, Inc.