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• That science, or class of sciences, which treats of the exact relations existing
between quantities or magnitudes, and of the methods by which, in accordance with
these relations, quantities sought are deducible from other quantities known or
Definition of mathematics supposed; the science of spatial and quantitative relations
ROLE OF MATHEMATICS
• Easy to difficult
• Concrete to abstract
• General to specific
• Specific to general
Easy to difficult • Maths should be taught from easy to • Basically, we learn about number
difficult concepts. first than operation. If we don’t
• From lower level to higher level of know about numbers then how to
difficulties operate?
Concrete to abstract • In the concrete stage, the teacher • (e.g., red and yellow chips, cubes,
begins instruction by modeling each base-ten blocks, pattern blocks,
mathematical concept with fraction bars, and geometric
concrete materials figures).
• Abstract stage, the teacher models • The teacher uses using only
the mathematics concept at a numbers, notation, and
symbolic level, mathematical symbols to represent
the number of circles or groups of
circles, operation symbols (+, –, ) to
indicate addition, multiplication, or
division.
General to specific • Teach maths from general topic and • First we learn about general things
narrow down to specific concept. about money then we learn about
• Usually, the introduction of the the monetary skills, value, the
topic tells the general concept of operation involve money and etc
the topic, then it tells specific
items of the topic
Specific to general • Learn maths form specific to • We learn about the monetary skills
general concept. first then discusses about
• Focuses on the sub-topic first then issues/experience involving money.
to the main topic
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• In order for students to develop their innate number sense, and a working knowledge of the above concepts, they must have
:
○ a great variety of interactions with their environment,
○ exploring and manipulating, comparing, arranging and rearranging real objects and sets of objects.
Many of these types of interactions and experiences occur incidentally for sighted children, but the blind child is at great risk for
missing valuable and relevant incidental information. So, teachers & parents should provide both structured and informal
opportunities to handle and explore, note likenesses and differences, match, group and classify, order, and experience other
relationships with real objects to prepare them for understanding the same relationships with numbers
Concept of Mathematics
1. Classification
2. Sequence
3. One-one correspondence
4. Conservation
Sequence / It is ordering objects, then • ordering from • working in this area with real objects on the
quantities, and eventually largest to smallest basis of quality (e.g., ordering family
Ordering numbers, according to members' shoes or belts according to
specific given criteria. attributes such as length).
• Having family members or class members line
up according to height can also help to
facilitate understanding of sequence
• To practice positional ordering, have a student
line up the rest of the children in a group, and
then identify each as first, second, third, . . .
last.
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One-to-one • Understanding • They can place one • Have the child compare/match/sort groups of
correspondence relationship sock inside one objects into sets; then have him or her
shoe or one shoe on identify the number of items in each set,
one foot; • Expressing them by name and by some pattern
• they can get one (e.g., clapping or ringing a bell the same
napkin or snack for number of times as the number in the set).
each member of
the family or class;
• They can place
pieces in one-piece
puzzles.
conservation • Knowing that a given • The value of RM1 is • give them a ball of clay and let them divide it
amount remains the same as 2 coins on into smaller amounts as they wish, and then
same though its 50 cents. combine the smaller shapes to demonstrate
appearance may the constancy of amount
change.
Cerebral-palsy
Visual/ auditory Perception = pengamatan Blinds- hard to learn by visual Student needs a lot of practices
about size, distance and space.
perception To use eyesight & hearing to learn Deaf – hard to learn by audio
Memory Ability to keep & store knowledge Students with difficulties to Ask student to write a note about
or anything remember information & the important topics.
concept
Language Difficulties in understanding Maths concept : first, last, Teacher uses simple & direct
language & maths concept. then, more than, less than & language so that student easy to
etc. understand.
Abstract thinking Ii is hard for LD students to think To imagine something/ Use concrete materials to teach
abstractly. concept. them before ask them to relate to
(penaakulan) abstract concept
Social Exposure from family & friends. Family taught them how to Teach them maths by social skills.
count stairs, money and let
Through TV, daily life activites & them go to the market.
etc
Reading Abilities to read How to solve problem if they Teach them thru symbols or
cannot read? concrete materials.
Teaching Explanation
strategies
• Carrying out the plan is usually easier than devising the plan
• Be patient – most problems are not solved quickly nor on the first attempt
• If a plan does not work immediately, be persistent
• Do not let yourself get discouraged
• If one strategy isn’t working, try a different one
4. Look back (reflect)
• Does your answer make sense? Did you answer all of the questions?
• What did you learn by doing this?
• Could you have done this problem another way – maybe even an easier way?
Newman Model
Direct learning
• Maths content
• Maths acquisition
• Evaluation
• Mastery learning
• Problem solving
• Generalization/ conclusion
• Promoting positive attitude towards maths.
Informal • Observe while a child is playing usually in his/her natural environment. The
• Observation observer is able to see the interactions between the child and peers as well as
• Check list & rating noting speech and language, and motor abilities.
scales
• interviews
Types • Concrete
• Abstract
• Portable
• Visual
• Audio
Characteristics • Attractive
• Colourful
• Not dangerous
• Effective
• Long-lasting
• Clear
• Suitable for any kind of students
• Suitable for the subject
• easy to handle
Communication Use mathematics to communicate in daily life Go to the market & buy things
Self awareness Be able to know about basic info about their own I/c no, house number, family’s phone
self number
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Social Get connected with other people using mathematics Change hp number between friends,
social interaction in the market/ school
Use of public facilities Be able to use public facilities without any help To use public phone, how to pay LRT
ticket.
Wealth & health Be able to learn the monetary skills & their own Use money, know body’s temperature,
health blood pressure, buy & eat medication
Self direction Know the orientation and direction Left, right, straight
Career Be able to get job and have their own life Work at the bank, cashier, sales
promoter or etc.