All About Moles

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ScalopusAquaticus.jpg

Masses o" Atoms

#magine we were to measure the mass o" atoms $%er&

di""icult' but not impossible().*hich would ha%e greater mass:
one carbon atom or one h&drogen atom+

,ow man& h&drogen atoms would we need to ha%e the same

mass as one carbon!-. atom+

What's Wrong?

/ot all h&drogen atoms contain onl& one proton.

Some contain a neutron' some contain two

neutrons. 0hese are called 11111111111111 o"
,&drogen.

2or this we will assume we are using the most

common isotopes o" each element. 0his is
common practice at 3rade -0 $incl #34S5).
#t emphasises conceptual understanding o%er long
calculations with lots o" decimals.

6lease use the #34S5 6eriodic 0able pro%ided on

the back o" the booklets.
$5ception: 1111111111111111111).

,ow Man& Atoms Are 0here in 7ne
3ram o" 4arbon+

*hat would we need to know+

+

The Mole

A mole is a unit "or particles.

7ne mole is 8.0. 9 -0

.3
particles.

8.0. 9 -0
.3
is called A%ogradro:s /umber' named
a"ter Amedeo A%ogadro $-;;8!-8<8' #talian).
A mole is a much more practical measurement o"
matter than atoms.
-. ,ow man& moles in -.0.= 9 -0
.3
molecules o"
carbon dioide+
.. ,ow man& molecules are there in 3 moles o"
sulphuric acid+
3. ,ow man& molecules in < moles o" chlorine gas+

Molar Mass

7ne mole is the number o" atoms in -. grams o"

carbon!-.. 4arbon!-. has -. grams / mole. 0his is
called the relati%e atomic mass.

0his rule works $approimatel&) "or e%er& element:

the mass number is the number o" grams per mole.
-. ,ow man& moles in .g o" sodium+
.. ,ow man& moles in -kg o" iron+
3. ,ow man& atoms in .= grams o" carbon+
=. ,ow man& atoms are there in 3. grams o"
copper+
<. ,ow man& atoms are there in =8 grams o"
magnesium+

Formula Mass

Since molecules are made o" atoms' the

relati%e "ormula mass is the sum o" the masses
o" the atoms it is made o".
5g 4alculate the "ormula mass o" 4opper
Sulphate.

Answer: 160 g/mol

>etermine the number o" moles in 80 grams o"

copper sulphate.
4opper ? 8= g/mol
Sulphur ? 3. g/mol
7&gen ? -8 g/mol

Answer: 0.5 moles

Beware of Gases

3ases "orm co%alent compounds $the& share

electrons).

Most gases are "ound in nature in pairs.

5g. 4alculate the number o" moles in -kg o"
7&gen.

Answer: 3-.< moles

6ol&atomic #ons $@e%iew+)

6ol&atomic ions contain more than one atom.

0he& must be treated as a whole ion' and written in

brackets i" there is more than one.
eg. Magnesium ,&droide
4opper Sulphate
Aluminium 4arbonate
Sodium Sulphate
Sodium ,&drogen 4arbonate

et 15 ! Mole " Mass ##
6age 3 in handout.
>on:t "orget 7&gen comes in
pairs.
A. and -0. are complicated
ions.
et 16: Mass ! Mole
6age = in handout.
>on:t "orget ,&drogen comes
in pairs.

$eterm%n%ng Formula Mass from
&uant%t%es

0he "ormula mass can be calculated "rom

known quantities and numbers o" moles.
5g 7ne can o" coke contains about =0 grams o"
sugar. 0his is about 0... moles o" sugar
$glucose). 4alculate the molecular mass o"
glucose.
/ote: this number will be wrong i" high "ructose
corn s&rup or other sugars are used instead.

et 1' from (oo)let

*al+ulat%ng Formula from Masses
of *onst%tuents

A sample o" sodium oide is "ound to contain -0

grams o" sodium and 3.=8 grams o" o&gen.
>etermine the "ormula "or sodium oide.
a) calculate the number o" moles o"
-0g Sodium: 111111111111111
3.=8g 7&gen $as single atoms): 11111111
b) >etermine the "ormula o" sodium oide:
1111111111111111111.

,%m%t%ng -eagants/-ea+tants

#t can be important in reactions to ha%e the

same amount o" reactants so that neither is
wasted.

Since reactions occur at the le%el o" atoms' it is

important to ha%e the same number o" moles o"
each.

0he reactant which will run out is called the

:limiting reagant:. 0he other reactant is said to
be :in ecess:.

@ocket 2uel

@ocket "uel is o"ten made "rom h&drogen and o&gen.

4alculate the mass o" o&gen required to react with
-kg o" h&drogen.
a) *rite a balanced equation "or the combustion o"
h&drogen:
b) 4alculate the number o" moles o" h&drogen in -kg.
c) ,ow man& moles o" 7&gen will be required to react
with the h&drogen "rom b)+
d) ,ow man& kg o" 7&gen will be required "or
To +he+) .our answer:
e) 4alculate the molecular mass o" water.
") ,ow man& moles o" water molecules will be
produced+
g) 4alculate the mass o" water produced. *hat does
this show+

/.0rate0 alts

Some salts ha%e h&drated and non!h&drated

"orms.

Anh&drous copper sulphate $white powder)

reacts with water to "orm h&drous copper
sulphate $blue cr&stals).

4uS7
=$s)
B <,
.
7
$l)
!!C 4uS7
=
.<,
.
7
$s)

4oncentration o" Solutions

4oncentrations o" solutions $such as acids and

bases) are o"ten measured in moles per litre.

- Ditre ? - dm
3
.
5g ,ow man& moles in -00mD o"
,cl at . mol/D+


6ercentage Eield

#n chemistr&' a &ield is the amount o" a product

obtained in a reaction.

0he "ractional/percentage &ield is the ratio o"

actual &ield to the theoretical maimum &ield
$based on the reactants used).

#n the :real world: it:s not alwa&s possible to

measure the amounts o" reactants per"ectl&'
and reactions do not alwa&s "inish' so most
:real!world: reactions ha%e low percentage
&ields.

A /.0rogen Balloon

A balloon contains -00g o" ,&drogen gas. #t is

burned in ecess o&gen' in a closed s&stem'
and the water %apour collected. ;00g o" water
%apour are collected.
a) 4alculate the theoretical &ield $"rom the last
question).
b) 4alculate the percentage &ield.
c) Suggest a reason wh& the percentage &ield
could not reach -00F.

7ld #34S5 Guestions

2rom handout.