Molesp 100512054854 Phpapp01

For FULL presentation click HERE >> www.warnescience.
net
SAMPLE ONLY SAMPLE ONLY SAMPLE ONLY
K Warne
For FULL presentation click HERE >> www.warnescience.net
Atomic Weights
You must be able to
Describe the mole as the SI unit for amount of substance
Relate amount of substance to relative atomic mass
Describe relationship between the mole and Avogadros
number
Conceptualise the magnitude of Avogadros number
Describe the relationship between molar mass and
relative molecular mass
Calculate the molar mass of a substance given its
formula
THE NEUTRAL ATOM
The atomconsists of a . containing protons
and neutrons surrounded by a cloud of .
Atomic Number (Z)
Number of . in the Nucleus (= number of
electrons in a neutral atom.)
Mass number (A) = Number of protons + neutrons.
Notation
Z
A
X
.. Number
(smaller) .
. Number
(bigger) .
symbol
Neutrons =

THE NEUTRAL ATOM
The atomconsists of a nucleus containing protons and
neutrons surrounded by a cloud of electrons.
Atomic Number Z - Number of protons in the Nucleus =
number of electrons in a neutral atom.
Mass number A = Number of protons + neutrons.
Notation
Z
A
X
Atomic Number
(smaller) = PROTONS
Mass Number
(bigger) = P + N
symbol
Neutrons = Mass number
Atomic Number
= A - Z
Relative Mass Atomic
Certain products, such as paper for example, are sold by the ream.
A ream is 500 sheets. Since it is impractical to actually count out
500 sheets, the weight (mass) of 500 sheets is determined; then each
ream is packaged according to this mass.
Atoms are even smaller than paper, so it is not possible to actually
count them. However, it is possible to know the mass of an atom in
respect to the mass of another atom.
The Relative mass of an object is expressed by comparing it
mathematically to the mass of another object. So the relative mass of
an orange in relation to a grapefruit is .6. The relative mass of the
grapefruit in relation to a grapefruit is 1.0.
Atoms are compared to the lightest atom (hydrogen) which is 12 times
lighter (1/12 of the mass of) one carbon atom.
THE RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS IS THE NUMBER OF TIMES
AN ATOMIS HEAVIER THAN 1/12 OF A C
12
ATOM.
The Mole
The mole is defined as, the amount of .. with the same number of
particles as .. grams of carbon 12. (n used as symbol for
moles)
602 300 000 000 000 000 000 000
Six hundred and two thousand, three hundred, billion billion !
6.023x10
23
particles
12.00 g
C
Symbol
(.)
Number of particles = no of moles x no. particles in a mole
Particles = ..
The Mole
The mole is defined as, the amount of matter with the same number of
elementary particles as 12 grams of carbon 12. (n used as symbol for
moles)
602 300 000 000 000 000 000 000
Six hundred and two thousand, three hundred, billion billion !
6.023x10
23
particles
12.00 g
C
Symbol (L)
Number of particles = no of moles x no. particles in a mole
Particles = n x L
The Mole and Mass
The mole is defined in such a way that the MASS NUMBER (A) of an element
is equal to the relative atomic mass mass of one mole of the substance. (in
grams) - THE MOLAR MASS
Eg Na = 23g/mol, water(H
2
O)=18g/mol
Z
A
X
Atomic Number
(smaller)
Mass Number
(bigger)
protons + neutrons
Periodic Table Symbol
Relative atomic
mass
or
mass(g) of one
mole
Relative Masses
Relative atomic(A
r
) - The mass of the atomrelative to 1/12 of
the mass of a C
12
atom. (Number of times heavier than)
O - 16one atom of oxygen is 16 times heavier than 1/12 of the mass of a C
12
atom,
Na - 23 one atom of sodium , H - 1 etc.
Formula mass (M
r
) - The sum of all the atomic masses of the
atoms in a molecule.
Water H
2
O one molecule of water has a relative mass of
(2x(1)+16) = 18 - that is the molecular or formula mass of
water.
M
r
(H
2
O) = 18 (Times heavier than)
Atomic Structure
Symbol
Notation
Name Protons Neutrons
Mass
Number
Electrons
Calcium
31
15
P
14 30
13 6
Mg
ISOTOPES
Symbol PROTONS ELECTRONS NEUTRONS
Carbon 12
12
6
C
Carbon 13
13
6
C
Boron 10
10
5
B
Boron 11
11
5
B
Hydrogen 1
Hydrogen 2
Chlorine 35
Chlorine 37
Relative Masses - examples
Calculate the Formula (Molecular) masses of:
O
2
(oxygen gas) M
r
(O
2
) = 2x16 = 32
Cl
2
(chlorine gas) M
r
(Cl
2
) = 2x35. 5 = 71.0
NaCl (sodium chloride - table salt)
M
r
(NaCl) = 23+35.5 = 58.5
CaCO
3
(calcium carbonate)
M
r
(CaCO
3
) = 40.1+12+(3x16) = 100.1
(NH
4
)
2
Cr
2
O
7
(ammonium dichromate)
M
r
((NH
4
)
2
Cr
2
O
7
) = 2(14+4)+2(52)+7(16) = 252
Isotopes
Chlorine has two isotopes
37
17
Cl &
35
17
Cl
Cl(35) has 35-17=18neutrons Cl(37) has 20 neutrons!
37
Cl (25%) &
35
Cl (75%) - exist in the ratio 1:3
Calculate the average mass of a Cl atom. (Two methods)
In 100 atoms 25 have a mass of 37 and 75 have mass 35!
Average A
r
(Cl)= total mass = (37x25)+(35x75) = 35.50
no of atoms 100
Or
4 atoms 3 are 35 and one is 37!
Av A
r
(Cl) = (37x1)+(35x3) = 35.50
4
Relative Atomic Mass
Z
A
X
Atomic Number
(smaller)
Mass Number
(bigger)
protons + neutrons
Relative atomic
mass
or
mass(g) of one
mole
Periodic Table Symbol
Calculate: The mass in grams -
1. of one mole of copper chloride (CuCl
2
)
2. one mole of carbon dioxide (CO
2
)
3. One and a half moles of oxygen (O
2
)
4. TWO moles of methane (CH
4
)
5. Four moles of water.
m = n x M
r
mass of substance = number of moles x mass of 1 mole
The Mole - moles --> Mass
m = n x Mr
Calculate the mass of
2 moles of copper oxide (CuO)
0.5 moles of copper (II) sulphate (CuSO
4
)
0.01 moles of calcium carbonate
5 moles of ammonium carbonate
mass = moles x relative mass
The Mole - moles --> Mass
m = n x Mr
Calculate the mass of
2 moles of copper oxide
(CuO) m = nxMr = 2x(63.5+16) = 159 g
0.5 moles of copper (II) sulphate
m (CuSO
4
) = n x Mr = 0.5 x ( (63.5) + 32.1 + 4(16) ) = 79.8 g
0.01 moles of calcium carbonate
Mr (CaCO
3
) = n x Mr = 0.01 x ( 40 + 12 + 3(16) ) = 1 g
5 moles of ammonium carbonate
m(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
= n x Mr = 5 x ( 2(14+4)+12+3(16) ) = 5 x (96) = 480g
The Mole - mass calculations
C + O
2
CO
2
Carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide as shown.
If 0.12g of carbon are reacted with excess oxygen what mass of
carbon dioxide would be formed?
1. Balance the reaction
2. Work out moles of reactant(mass given).
3. Go through the equation to find out the number of moles
being formed
4. 4. Work out quantity asked for.
The Mole - mass calculations
C + O
2
CO
2
Carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide as shown.
If 0.12g of carbon are reacted with excess oxygen what mass of
carbon dioxide would be formed?
1. Balance the reaction
2. Work out moles of reactant(mass given).
n(C) = m/Ar = 0.12/12 = 0.01 mol
3. Go through the equation to find out the number of moles
being formed
- the molar ratio: C:CO
2
1:1
- => n(CO
2
) = 0.01 mol
4. Work out quantity asked for.
m(CO
2
) = nxMr = 0.01 x (12+2(16)) = 0.01 x 44 = 0.44 g
Limiting reagent example
Ammonia gas is made by reacting ammonium chloride with calcium hydroxide
according to:
NH
4
Cl + Ca(OH)
2
NH
3
+ CaCl
2
+ H
2
O
If 32.1 g of ammonium chloride reacts with 7.5 g calcium hydroxide in solution,
Show by calculation; which is the limiting reagent and what mass of ammonia
is produced.
1. Balance the reaction.
2. Calculate moles given (both).
3. Work through molar ratio to decide which is limiting reagent.
4. Use limiting reagent to calculate quantity asked as before.
Limiting reagent example
Ammonia gas is made by reacting ammonium chloride with calcium hydroxide
according to:
NH
4
Cl + Ca(OH)
2
NH
3
+ CaCl
2
+ H
2
O
If 32.1 g of ammonium chloride reacts with 7.5 g calcium hydroxide in solution,
Show by calculation; which is the limiting reagent and what mass of ammonia
is produced.
Percentage Composition
Analysis of a compound by mass makes it
possible to work out the % mass of each
element.
eg Table salt: NaCl mass analysis:
One mole of NaCl would have a mass of
23 + 35.5 = 58.5g
The % composition can be found using the formula:
Mass element X x100
Total Mass Compound
%Na = [
..
/
(..)
]x100 = ..% (by mass)
%Cl = (
..
/
(.)
)x100 = %
% Mass Element X =
Percentage Composition from mass.
Eg2 Calculate the % of oxygen in water.
Mr (H
2
O) = (
m(O)
/
Mr(H2O)
)x100
= (
16
/
18
)x100
= 88.9%
Empirical and Molecular Formula.
A compound consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only. The
% by mass are Carbon 40.0% and 6.7% hydrogen. Calculate the
empirical and molecular formula of the compound if M
r
= 60gmol
-1
%(O) = 100 (40+6.7) = 53.3
C H O
In 100g: 40.0g 6.7g 53.3g
n=
m
/
Mr
:
40
/
12
6.7
/
1
53.3
/
16
3.33 6.7 3.33
3.33 3.33 3.33
Simplest: 1 2.01 1
Empirical Formulae:
CH
2
O (12+2+16 = 30)
Molecular Formula: 2(CH
2
O)
C
2
H
4
O
2
(Mr = 2x30)
Concentration - Molarity
The concentration of a solution is defined as the . of
per . (dm
3
) of .
solute
solute
Final volume of
..
500cm
3
=
+
Concentration =
Amount of (.)
Volume of
30g of
NaCl
C =
n
v
Volume Conversions
1 dm = .. cm
1 dm
3
= cm
3
1 m
3
= .. dm
3
= .cm
3
(10
.
)
1cm
3
1 dm
3
(1 litre)
10 cm
3
10 cm
3
10 cm
3
Decimal Conversions
King Henry Died a miserable death called measles
Kilo Hecta Decca m(unit) deci centi milli
1000 100 10 1
1
/
10
1
/
100
1
/
1000
1m
?km
0. 0 0 1km
1 m = 0.001 km
1 km = 1000 m
Conversions
1 cm = 0.1 dm
1 cm
2
= (0.1)
2
dm
2
1 cm
2
= 0.01 dm
2
1 cm
3
= (0.1)
3
dm
3
1 cm
3
= 0.001 dm
3
1 dm
3
= 1000 cm
3
25 cm
3
= 0.025 dm
3
Molar Volumes
One mole of an ideal (ANY) gas occupies a volume of 22,4dm
3
at
standard temperature and pressure. (STP)
STP: T= 0C, 273K P =1 atmosphere (101,3kPa)
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
2Fe + 3H
2
O
What volume of hydrogen reacts with 50g of Fe
2
O
3
Fe
2
O
3
: H
2
1 : 3
n(H
2
) =3n(Fe
2
O
3
) = 3(0.3125) = 0.9375
v(H
2
) = nxM
v
= 0.9375x22.4 = 21dm
3
n(Fe
2
O
3
) = m/M
r
= 50/(2(56)+3(16)) = 0.3125mol
moles =
volume
/
molar volume
==> n =
v
/
Mv
22.4 dm
3
ASKED GIVEN
Mole Calculations
MOLES
MOLES
MASS MASS
VOLUME
VOLUME
CONCENTRATION
CONCENTRATION
MOLAR
RATIO
Number
Of
particles
Number
Of
particles
Volume - Volume Calculations
H
2
+ N
2
--> NH
3
If 3.00 dm
3
of nitrogen are reacted to produce ammonia, what
volume of hydrogen will be required? (At STP)
1. 3H
2
+ N
2
--> 2NH
3
2. n(N
2
) = v/M
v
= 3/22.4 = 0.134mol
3. N
2
: H
2
1:3 n(H
2
) = 3(N
2
)
4. n(H
2
) = 3(0.13) = 0.401mol
5. v(H
2
) = n(H
2
)M
v
= 0.401(22.4) = 8.98dm
3
Mass Volume Calculations
1. Balance the equation - 3H
2
+ N
2
--> 2NH
3
2. Calculate the moles of the substance given.
n(NH
3
) = v/M
v
= 46/22.4 = 2.05 mol
3. Work through the molar ratio to find out the moles of the substance
asked.
N
2
: NH
3
as 1 : 2
n(N
2
) = 1/2(n(NH
3
)) = 1/2(2.05) = 1.03 mol
4. Calculate the quantity asked for.
m(N
2
) = n(N
2
)Mr = 1.03(28) = 28.84 g
2. H
2
+ N
2
--> NH
3
What mass of nitrogen (in dm
3
) would be needed to produce 46dm
3
of
ammonia?
Standard Solution
A standard solution is one
for which the concentration
is precisely known.
Since
c =
n(solute)
/v(solvent)
=
m
/
Mr V
The number of moles of
solute (Mass)
The volume of solution.
These values must be
accurately determined.
2.45g
Mass is determined
accurately using an
electronic balance.
Possible accuracies of
0.1 - 0.0001g
KMnO
4
Volume is measured
using a volumetric
flask.
250 cm
3
100 cm
3
, 200 cm
3
,
Weighing Technique
Procedure - Weighing by difference.
1. Zero scales and clean the pan.
2. Weigh the weighing container.
3. Add (approximately) the
required amount of salt. Take
care not to drop any salt onto
the pan.
4. Transfer the salt to a clean
beaker.
5. Reweigh the weighing
container.
6. Subtract the final mass of the
container from the mass of salt
and container to give the mass
of salt transferred to the beaker.
Mass is determined accurately
using an balance (electronic
or triple beam).
Possible accuracies of 0.1 -
0.0001g
2.45g
KMnO
4
Results:
Mass salt + container:
Final Mass container:
Mass salt transferred:
Volumetric Flask
Making a standard solution.
1. Rinse a clean & dry 100 cm
3
beaker with
a little distilled water.
2. Transfer the correctly weighed amount
of salt to the beaker. Ensure NO SALT
IS LOST.
3. Add 50 - 80 cm
3
water the salt and stir
gently with a glass rod until all salt is
dissolved. DO NOT REMOVE THE
ROD FROM THE SOLUTION NOR
ALLOW ANY DROPS OF SOLUTION
TO ESCAPE.
4. Add ALL the solution to volumetric
flask via funnel. Ensure glass rod and
beaker are thoroughly rinsed. (Include
rinsings.)
5. Add enough solvent to bring the level up
to the mark.
Hi -
This is a SAMPLE presentation only.
My FULL presentations, which contain a lot more more slides and other resources, are freely
available on my resource sharing website:
www.warnescience.net
(click on link or logo)
Have a look and enjoy!
WarneScience

Molesp 100512054854 Phpapp01

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Molesp 100512054854 Phpapp01

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

For FULL presentation click HERE >> www.warnescience.

For FULL presentation click HERE >> www.warnescience.net

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen