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Starting from Dimitris Christopoulos' thoughts on the matter this paper is going to try to give an insightful sociological review over the topic of national ideology and its relationship with citizenship and nation itself. First with an introduction on the term national ideology as a synonym of nationalism, stating what authors have to say about this. Leading later to an argument over the idea of nationalism and trying to bring new aspects/ perspectives to the old debate. Finally this essay will try to make a point based on those ideas, also looking at actual national movements based on nationalism that can ilustrate the topic. has national ideology been a way to progress or has it been a liability for the citizenship?
Key words: Nation, national ideology, nationalism, citizenship development
Originaltitel
NATION, ETHNICITY, RACE & CITIZENSHIP: THE ROLE OF NATIONAL IDEOLOGY IN CITIZENSHIP DEVELOPMENT
Starting from Dimitris Christopoulos' thoughts on the matter this paper is going to try to give an insightful sociological review over the topic of national ideology and its relationship with citizenship and nation itself. First with an introduction on the term national ideology as a synonym of nationalism, stating what authors have to say about this. Leading later to an argument over the idea of nationalism and trying to bring new aspects/ perspectives to the old debate. Finally this essay will try to make a point based on those ideas, also looking at actual national movements based on nationalism that can ilustrate the topic. has national ideology been a way to progress or has it been a liability for the citizenship?
Key words: Nation, national ideology, nationalism, citizenship development
Starting from Dimitris Christopoulos' thoughts on the matter this paper is going to try to give an insightful sociological review over the topic of national ideology and its relationship with citizenship and nation itself. First with an introduction on the term national ideology as a synonym of nationalism, stating what authors have to say about this. Leading later to an argument over the idea of nationalism and trying to bring new aspects/ perspectives to the old debate. Finally this essay will try to make a point based on those ideas, also looking at actual national movements based on nationalism that can ilustrate the topic. has national ideology been a way to progress or has it been a liability for the citizenship?
Key words: Nation, national ideology, nationalism, citizenship development
THE ROLE OF NATIONAL IDEOLOGY IN CITIZENSHIP DEVELOPMENT RODRIGO PENA BARBEITO 1 Rodrigo Pena Barbeito Abstract: Starting from Dimitris Christopoulos' thoughts on the matter this paper is going to try to give an insightful sociological revie over the topic of national ideology and its relationship ith citi!enship and nation itself" #irst ith an introduction on the term national ideology as a synonym of nationalism$ stating hat authors have to say about this" %eading later to an argument over the idea of nationalism and trying to bring ne aspects& perspectives to the old debate" #inally this essay ill try to ma'e a point based on those ideas$ also loo'ing at actual national movements based on nationalism that can ilustrate the topic" (has national ideology been a ay to progress or has it been a liability for the citi!enship) *ey ords: +ation$ national ideology$ nationalism$ citi!enship development INTRODUCTION: The sto! o"### $%t%&e'sh%( %s h)*st+', -! the "o+'.)t%o')/ '))t%0es o" ### ')t%o')/ %.eo/o,!, -+t )/so -! the t)$t%$)/ *)'e+0es o" ).*%'%st)t%0e ()$t%$e, )$$o.%', to the %'te')/ o %'te')t%o')/ $o'te1t2 ,Dimitris Christopoulos-" .he idea brought by Dimitris Christopoulos here is that citi!enship development has been restrained by national ideology$ so e could imagine that his vie is consistent ith an idea of nationalism as defining tool for the nations over history in both an international and national conte/t" And from here is here this paper is going to start the argument" But the thoughs on this topic have been there since a long time ago$ as e can see in the folloing 0uote" I )* 'ot )' Athe'%)' o ) Gee3, -+t ) $%t%&e' o" the 4o/.# ,Socrates- .hose ere the ords of Socrates more than 1222 years ago$ if e believe Plutarch of course" .he idea behind this 0uote is that$ not only Socrates considered himself a citi!en of the orld$ hich is interesting enough given the time$ but he asn't restricted to a nationalism" #rom here e have an opposite starting point ith a more utopic globali!ation vie and a less national restricted society" 3ronically enough this as a statement given to thousand years ago$ long before a 4global society5" So first of all$ hich idea lies behind the nationalism) 6hat is nationalism itself) And on 1 Rodrigo Pena Barbeito the other hand is nationalism something to avoid or is it something to embrace) .his or' ill see' to give a clear idea of the term$ trying to place it in a sociological frame" Secondly$ it ill intend to set an argument beteen the good side and the bad side of this idely used concept so in the end e ill be able to argue an opinion about its role in the devolopment of the citi!enship folloed by a conclusion on the topic" LITERATURE REVIE5 As seen in these first 0uotes from Christopoulos and Socrates$ it seems nationalism has alays been there some ay or another" But it's needed for a total understanding on this matter to have a neat definition of the term" So hat the previous literature tell us about nationalism in relation ith nations is that the classical definition of the concept has its origins in the nineteenth century international la$ from an european point of vie" At that time$ nation as a synonym of people$ and nation7states ere considered the representation of one ethnic group of people as the modern european states ere founded" So nationalism ould be understood as a simple representation of a nation's ideology" .he idea remained until the end of the tentieth century" 8it9a :agar ,1221- e/plains that those ideas that defined the nationalism ere rong$ since nation7states are not populated by a single ethnic group" Before the constitution of the nation7states e couldn't understand the national identity in the same ay though$ in the ancient greece for e/ample$ there ere an ensemble of city7states$ but e couldn't say nationalism as there as there asn't a real nation" 3n the medieval there ere fiefs and therefore the loyalty fell on the feudal lord and not in a national ideology" 3t as ith the revolutions$ specially ith the french revolution hen the idea of the people as an ideological hole emerged$ and e could argue that nationalism as the engine for that" .o support this$ e could ta'e a loo' at ;rnest <ellner's theories 1 for he thin's that nationalism ,as e no it- as born ith the modern era" <ellner or's ith 6eber=s definition of the state as that agency ithin society that possesses the monopoly of legitimate violence" >e notes that states only e/ist here there is division of labour$ and the state 4is that instit or set of instits specifically concerned ith the enforcement of order ,hatever else they may also be concerned ith-"5 Also he states ,going on ith the idea of the division of labour- that the modern economy needs substitutable and in that ay mobile people on a large scale$ it needs all people to be specialised but to move beteen specialisations" .herefore it is re0uired that all have a common education $ a similar culture" 43t is not the case$ as ;lie *edourie claims 1 $ that nationalism imposes homogeneity? 1 <ellner's 0uotes pulled out from <ellner's papers$ +ation and nationalism ,1@AB- and .hought and Change ,1@CD- 1 ;lie *edourie$ +ationalism ,%ondon: >utchinson$ 1@C2-" B Rodrigo Pena Barbeito it is rather that a homogeneity imposed by ob9ective$ inescapable imperative eventually appears on the surface in the form of nationalism"5 So <ellner argues that nationalism is a strong ruler among sociological behavior$ in his understanding he defined the concept ith the thesis that nationalism is an essential component of moderni!ation$ of the transition from agrarian to industrial society ,the latter re0uiring a state that can produce and be maintained by one common$ literate and accessible culture"- +ationalism for <ellner is thus deEned as: 4.he general imposition of a high culture on society$ here previously lo cultures had ta'en up the lives of the ma9ority$ and in some cases the totality$ of the population" 3t means the general diffusion of a school7mediated$ academy7 supervised idiom$ codiEed for the re0uirements of a reasonably precise bureaucratic and technological communication" 3t is the establishment of an anonymous impersonal society$ ith mutually substitutable atomised individuals$ held together above all by a shared culture of this 'ind$ in place of the previous comple/ structure of local groups$ sustained by fol' cultures reproduced locally and idiosyncratically by the micro7groups themselves"5 6ith this definition e differ from the 4classical one5 in the idea of nationalism as 9ust a reflection of the people from one nation" But <ellner's definition is not that complete though$ as he 'ind of forgets the ethnical part" >is nationalism basically rests on the idea of the common culture" .his nationalism ould be closer to the idea of a civic nationalism$ as the culture of the citi!ens is the most important aspect" 6hile other opposite definition ould be an ethnical nationalism$ here the ethnics or the race define the national identity" ;ven <ellner's nationalism might not be considering ethnics so much$ it still provides an interesting approach" #urthermore 8ichael *eating gives us an idea of ho nationalism has shaped the states and that current states may be ea'ened hile national movements are rising" >e claims that the globali!ation and global culture from above$ li'e Socrates' 0uote$ has been one reason hile belo it has been the ne social and political movements ithin the states on territories$ because of the political decentrali!ation" .he last reason ould be the neo7liberal ideology and the advance of a civil society" Fust as the states are ea'ening $ the nationalism seems to get stronger as a counterpoint" 3t is important to notice that the latest nationalist movements are more from regions ithin nations than from nations themselves" So long e have seen ho the idea of nationalism has evolved" 3n the first place it as refered as 9ust a result of the idiosyncrasy of a nation" 3t as later hen some authors argued that nationalism asn't restricted to a nation$ but it could be composed by a cultural or an ethnic group of individuals D Rodrigo Pena Barbeito ith a sentiment of belonging to a same community even if those communities don't correspond ith a nation7state borders" 3t's no time for a critical approach to the notion of nationalism and its role in citi!enship development" CONCLUSION After developing the idea of modern nation$ national ideology and nationalism ,both cultural and ethnic- e can no try to choose a position in the argument about nationalism" Gn one hand e have the classic idea of nationalism bonded to the modern nation7states" .his old idea loo's li'e a result from the old period of european colonialism and the folloing states foundation$ and it doesn't allo us to see beyond the unreal ethnic and cultural homogeneity ithin those states" 6e can argue that in the first stages$ national ideology$ as easy to be mista'en ith this idea of a nation's ill" ;verybody could remember some e/amples to support this idea" #rance and the french revolution could seem obvious" .here's one thing clear though$ in those times nationalism as a poerful sociological engine" .he french revolution or the Hnited States independence are e/amples or ho a national identity can shape the orld" But on the other hand nationalism loo's li'e a more comple/ idea noadays" 3t's inside those nation7states here the nationalist feeling is emerging" And there it is here the ne theories about nationalism have something to say" +ationalism isn't 9ust a mere result of a nation7state$ but it has more to do ith culture and ethnicity" As 8ichael *eating suggested the nation7states are ea'ening but if e believed in the classic idea of national ideology$ nationalism should be fainting too$ hen in the last years it has been 0uite the opposite" .here are a lot of e/amples of ho nationalism is not something from the past$ but a very current phenomena" Since the former Soviet Hnion states to the nationalist movements in countries li'e Hnited *ingdom ith the scotch or in Spain ith Catalonia or the Bas0ue counrty" .hose independent movements are based in ideas of a cultural identity hich differs from the nation7state here they are ithhold no" Crimea is a very present e/ample of ho ethnicity and culture can shape a country and it implys a completely different movement ithin the also nationalist u'ranian events" Anyone can notice ith those e/amples that nationalism is still on vogue$ at this point 3 ould have to agree ith the initial topic" As Christopoulos statement suggest$ nationalism really has determined the development of the nations and the citi!enship$ but 3 ould chose another ords" .he term 4>amstrung5 seems 'ind of pe9orative$ and e could argue that nationalism has more than one dimesion and it's not easy to condemn it" 6hile regional nationalism ,the one hich implies I Rodrigo Pena Barbeito territories inside a sovereign territory- is seen as a bad thing by many authors$ there are 0uite less ho state the same for the nationalism according to the classical term" Although 3 ould say that the ea'ened states noadays can be seen as the european empires of the nineteenth century and this regional movements are li'e the first nations afterards" .he other idea$ supported by authors ho believe that nationalism is a past phenomena$ is that globalita!ion and free mar'et ma'e these movements$ this 4ne ave of nationalism5 something irrelevant$ even more$ anachronistic" But they are flourishing still" So 3 couldn't support that idea" Socrates' 0uote in this case ould be an utopic vision$ and thereby e ould have to drop the idea" ;ven ith such a big thing as globalita!ion is for nations and citi!enship$ nationalism seems to be more poerful" .he previous attempts to an europen federalism for e/ample haven't succeeded$ mostly because of the national ideology of the countries as stronger than the idea of a hole continental community ,ith different cultures-" So even nationalism has changed and maybe it asn't really there until the first industrial revolutions$ according to <ellner$ e can conlude that it has been$ and still is a huge factor for the citi!enship development" 3s it possible to say if nationalism is a good or a bad thing though) Certanly it has many faces$ and thus is not so easy to assert hether it is useful or not" 3t provides a sentiment of community and belonging" #or e/ample it gave birth to the H"S"A$ until then 9ust a british colony$ or even the first french republic" But it also can lead to conflicts and racism" 6e can't forget that it as behind nationalism here +a!ism started and the hatred it lead later" +ations ere divided because of it" So in the end 3 could only submit that hen e are tal'ing about nationalism it depends of the situation ,ethnics$ culture$ regional movements and so on- more than the term itself$ it can lead to a better situation for the citi!ens or not" 3t certanly colides ith the idea of a global society$ so if e believe in globalita!ion$ this is going to be a 0uestion that politicians and society ill have to consider in the folloing years" CR3.3CA% S.A+C; .he very first obstacle 3 faced in this eassy as the language itself$ 3've tried to e/press my ideas the best 3 could even english is not my mother language" 3 hope the result is admissible" .he second issue ould be the time 3 putted in this essay$ maybe not enough to have the result 3'd li'e" #inally concerning the content of this paper$ 3 ould have to say 3 couldn't reach an strong argument but 3 thin' the 0uestions raised and the approach are suitable for further analysis" C Rodrigo Pena Barbeito B3B%3G<RAP>J >obsbam ;F" 1@@2" +ations and +ationalism since 1KA2" Cambridge$ H*: Cambridge Hniv" Press <ellner ;" 1@CD" .hought and Change$ pp" 1DKLKA <ellner ;" 1@AB" +ations and +ationalism$ pp"1B271I1 *edourie ;" 1@C2" +ationalism ,0uoted by ;rnest <ellner in .houghts and Change Bruba'er R" 122@" 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