The Elk (Cervus canadensis), is an ungulate mammal which is also known as

the 'wapiti' a native American word that means 'light-coloured deer'. It is one
of the largest deer species in the world, along with the Moose and the Sambar
Deer. Elks are native to North America and East Asia although they have
adapted well to countries where they have been introduced. In parts of Asia,
antlers and their velvet are used in traditional medicines. Elks are hunted as a
game species as their meat is leaner and higher in protein than beef or
chicken.

In North America, male elks are referred to as 'bulls' and females as 'cows', however, in Asia,
males are called 'stags' and females are called 'hinds'. Worldwide population of elk, counting
those on farms and in the wild, is approximately 2 million.

Elk Description

Elks are ruminant animals that have a four chambered stomach, the first
chamber stores food and the other three chambers digest it. Their hair has a
reddish hue during the summer which turns to a more lighter/grey colour
during the winter. Colouration can vary depending on season and habitat.

Elks have clearly defined buff coloured patches on their rumps. Calves are born spotted which is
common with many deer species and they lose their spots by the end of summer. Towards
winter, elks grow a thicker coat of hair consisting of long, waterproof guard hairs covering
dense, woolly under fur to insulate them from the cold. Some elks grow thin neck manes. When
summer is approaching, elks rub against trees to remove the excess hair from their bodies. Elks
wade or lie in streams, rivers, ponds and lakes to seek relief from heat and biting insects.

Males elks have very large antlers which begin to grow in the spring and are shed every winter.
Antlers can reach a length of 4 feet (1.2 metres) and weigh as much as 18 kilograms (40 pounds).
Antlers are made of bone and can grow at a rate of 1 inch per day. While actively growing, the
antlers are covered with and protected by a soft layer of highly vascularised skin known as
'velvet'. Blood pumping through the veins in the velvet on a bulls antlers cools before it returns
to the heart to help keep the animal cool. The velvet is shed in the summer when the antlers have
fully developed. Female elks do not have antlers. All elks have short tails.

Mature male elks are around 25% larger than female elks. Male elks stand around 5 feet (1.5
metres) tall at the shoulder, measure 8 feet (2.5 metres) in length and weigh 320 kilograms (700
pounds). Female elks stand 4 - 4.5 feet (1.3 metres) at the shoulder, measure 6.5 feet (2 metres)
from nose to tail and weigh an average of 225 kilograms (500 pounds).

Elk Habitat

Throughout their range, elks live in forest, forest edge and alpine meadows. In mountainous
regions, they often dwell at higher elevations in summer, migrating down slope for winter. The
highly adaptable elk also inhabit semi-deserts in North America.
 Elk Diet

Elks were herbivorous, eating grass and browsing vegetation from the edges of woodlands. They
also feed up on plants, leaves and bark. During the summer, elks eat almost constantly,
consuming between 4 and 7 kilograms (10 to 15 pounds) daily. Elks may supplement their diet at
salt licks, where they take in minerals that may help them grow healthy coats and produce
nutritious milk.

Elk Behaviour

Mature elks remain in male or female herds for most of the year. Elk cows have a strong herding
instinct. During spring and summer, herds of cows and their calves usually graze separately from
the bulls. An older cow usually leads the summer herd. As young bulls get older, they spend less
time with the cow herds. During winter, males and females forage together.

As with many deer species, elks migrate. Elks that live in mountainous regions migrate to areas
of higher altitude in springtime, following retreating snows and then to lower altitudes in the
autumn. During the winter, they prefer wooded areas and sheltered valleys for protection from
the wind and availability of tree bark to eat. Some species of elk such as the Roosevelt elk do not
migrate due to less seasonal variability of food sources.

Bull elks can move silently through forests at speeds up to 35 miles per hour. Both bulls and
cows are strong swimmers. Their walking stride is 30 to 60 inches, however, when running this
length can increase to 14 feet.

Agitated elks hold their heads high, lay their ears back and flare their nostrils and sometimes
even punch with their front hooves.

Natural predators of elks include wolves and cougars. Bears and coyotes kill some calves and
sick adults.

Elk Reproduction

Male elks engage in ritualised mating behaviours during the rut (the mating period), including
posturing, antler wrestling and bugling, a loud series of screams which establishes dominance
over other males and attracts females. The bugle call is one of the most distinctive calls in nature.
Bugling is often associated with an adaptation to open environments such as parklands,
meadows, and savannas, where sound can travel great distances. The rut lasts from August until
early winter. During this time a bull may have up to 20 cows in his harem which he defends
fiercely. A bull with a harem rarely feeds and he may lose up to 20 percent of his body weight.

Female elks have a short estrous cycle of only 1 or 2 days. The gestation period lasts between
240 to 262 days after which one or rarely, 2 calves are born. When close to giving birth, the
female elk will isolate herself from the rest of the herd and will remain isolated until the calf is
large enough to escape predators. Calves weigh around 15 - 16 kilograms (33 - 35 pounds) at
birth. A calf can stand by the time it is 20 minutes old. After around 2 weeks, calves are able to
join the herd and after 2 months, they are fully weaned. Calves remain with their mothers until
the next breeding period begins. Elks live 20 years or more in captivity, however, only 8 to 13
years in the wild.

Elk Conservation Status

Elks are susceptible to a number of infectious diseases, some of which can be transmitted to
livestock. Efforts to eliminate infectious diseases from elk populations, largely through
vaccination, have had mixed success.

Elks were once found across much of North America, however, they were killed off and driven
to take refuge in more remote locations. Today they live primarily in western North America,
especially in mountainous landscapes such as Wyoming's National Elk Refuge and Yellowstone
National Park. Some eastern U.S. states have reintroduced small elk herds into heavily wooded
wilderness areas.