Chemistry Paper 6 Notes

1) What is the purpose of ice or cold water?

Ans) To cool down the gas so that it condenses and turns into a liquid.
2) When the gas collecting tube is upside down, give a property of this gas.
Ans) t is less dense than air.
!) Why is a pencil used in drawing the base line in chro"atography?
Ans) f pen was used, its in# will dissolve in the solvent used and the in# particles
in it will separate into colored dots, and so, the e$peri"ent won%t be accurate.
&) When using ethanol, give a better apparatus arrange"ent, and why?
Ans) 'over apparatus with a lid, because ethanol is volatile.
() n the tests and observation tables, when in the first row, they tell you that
upon heating condensation occured, there will be a question as#ing what does
this show about the solid?
Ans) t is hydrated.
)) When copper is used in a test, and the answer is four "ar#s, what is the best
answer?
Ans) *ight blue precipitate +ppt) which is soluble in e$cess to for" dar# blue
solution.
,) Why is this e$peri"ent done in a fu"e cupboard?
Ans) t releases har"ful gases that are poisonous. t is to$ic.
-) Which result appears to be inaccurate?
Ans) t is the point not appearing on the drawn graph, you read it%s $.a$is and
write it with a reason indicating that it doesn%t occur in the graph.
/) Why should the solid be crushed?
Ans) t increases surface area for a faster rate of reaction.
10) Why is the e$peri"ent "ade in a well.ventilated roo"?
Ans) To prevent the burning of the substance.
11) 1$plain the ter" +2ecant).
Ans) 3ilter45our the liquid leaving the solid alone.
12) Why is concentrated sulphuric acid not used to dry a""onia?
Ans) 6ecause it will react with the base a""onia, which is neutrali7ation
reaction.
1!) Why should sa"ples be ta#en fro" different parts of the field?
Ans) To get "ore accurate results8 to have a fair test8 to deter"ine the average
p9 of all the soil of the field.
1&) :uggest why it is i"portant to #now the p9 of the soil.
Ans) To #now whether it is acidic or basic, whether crops will grow well in it or
not, and what #ind of base to use for neutrali7ing it.
1() What is necessary for rusting?
Ans) Water +hu"idity) and o$ygen +air).
1)) :uggest why in a rusting e$peri"ent does the water level increase.
Ans) ;$ygen is used up, and water starts to or ta#es its place.
1,) 3or electrolysis, state the observations.
Ans) The bulb will light . A "etal is for"ed on the cathode < 3i77 of gas
produced.
1-) :uggest a suitable "aterial for electrodes.
Ans) =raphite . 'arbon . :teel.
1/) When copper o$ide is reacted with hydrogen, what is the colour change?
Ans) 6lac# to 6rown, because copper o$ide is reduced to copper.
20) 9ow can you distinguish between water and ethanol?
Ans) >se cobalt chloride paper, it turns fro" pin# to blue with water, but there will
be no change with ethanol.
21) 9ow can you distinguish between sulphuric acid and aqueous sodiu"
sulphate? Ans) There are three tests, you can use a "etal carbonate in which
carbon dio$ide will be produced with sulphuric acid but there will be no change
with sodiu" sulphate. ?ou can add a "etal, in which hydrogen is produced with
sulphuric acid, but no change in sodiu" sulphate. 3inally, you could use an
indicator li#e lit"us paper, it will change to red with sulphuric acid, but there will
be no change with sodiu" sulphate.
22) 9ow can you distinguish between hydrochloric acid and nitric acid?
Ans) Add silver nitrate, in which white ppt will be for"ed with hydrochloric acid,
but there will be no reaction with nitric acid.
2!) What is the purpose of the "ineral wool?
Ans) To absorb and hold the liquid.
2&) When there is a delivery tube involved in a question, what precaution should
be ta#en in the e$peri"ent when the heat is re"oved?
Ans) @e"ove the delivery tube fro" water to prevent suc#.bac#.
2() n rate of reactions, always include the word Acollisions between particlesA.
2)) 9ow can you distinguish between al#ene and al#ane?
Ans) >se bro"ine water, in which the al#ene will decolourise it fro" reddish
brown to colorless, but nothing happens with an al#ane,
2,) 9ow can you distinguish between chlorine and sodiu" chloride?
Ans) Add lit"us paper, it will bleach with chlorine, but nothing happens to it with
sodiu" chloride.
2-) 9ow can you distinguish between copper sulphate and copper carbonate?
Ans) Acidify with hydrochloric acid, and add bariu" chloride, there will be white
ppt with sulphate, but no white ppt with carbonate ;@ Bust add hydrochloric acid,
in which nothing happens with sulphate, but a fi77 or effervescence of carbon
dio$ide will occur with carbonate.
2/) When a "easuring cylinder is used, and they as# for a change in apparatus
to get "ore reliable results, you should say that a burette or pipette can be used
instead as it is "ore accurate.
!0) Colu"e of reagent used decreases if it is "ore concentrated.
!1) n an e$peri"ent observation of p9 value, they "ay as# what type of
acid4base is used... ?our answer should be either wea# or strong acid4base . A
strong acid lies between p9 values of 0 and 2, and a wea# one lies between !
and ). , is neutral. A wea# base lies between - and 11, while a strong one lies
between 12 and 1&.
!2) A concentrated acid is an acid that contains a large nu"ber of 9D, hydrogen
ions. Cice versa with dilute acid.
!!) A concentrated base is a base that contains a large nu"ber of ;9.%
hydro$ide ions. Cice versa with dilute base.
!&) A strong acid is one that ioni7es or dissociates co"pletely giving 9D ions in
solutions. Cice versa with a wea# one..
!() A strong base is one that ioni7es or dissociates co"pletely giving ;9. ions
in solutions. Cice versa with a wea# one..
!)) 'oncentrated solutionE A solution where a large nu"ber of solute and a little
a"ount of solvent is involved.
!,) 9ow can you "a#e crystals? 1)9eat till point of crystalli7ation. 2) Test
solution on watch glass. !) *eave to cool gradually in an evaporating dish then
#eep in a free7er to for" crystals. &) 2ry the" with filter paper and collect the
crystalsF
!-) 9ow can you detect the point of crystalli7ation?
Ans) 5lace a stirring rod in the solution and see the for"ation of the first crystals
on it.
!/) When you crush, you use a pestle and "ortar.
&0) =rass is ground with ethanol rather than water because chlorophyll is "ore
soluble in ethanol.
&1) 'olour of rusty iron fillings is brown +orange and red are thin# accepted)
&2) f pure o$ygen was used instead of air, rusting will be faster.
&!) ?ou can speed up the drying process by using a fan or by increasing
te"perature or heating4war"ing in an oven. G;T a catalyst.
&&) The action of a *iebig condenser is to change4condense4cool down
stea"+gas) to water+liquid).
&() To chec# for the purity for a collected solvent, test it%s "elting or boiling point.
&)) The chro"atogra" needs to be sprayed with locating agent when a"ino
acids are investigated because they are colorless.
&,) f water contained salt, this will have no effect on rusting. 9owever if a bigger
substance is being rusted, it will be slower.
&-) 9ydrated copper sulphate will turn fro" 6lue to White upon heating.
&/) :aturatedE no "ore solute can be dissolved in a solvent AT A ';G:TAGT
T1H51@AT>@1.
(0) An e$cess a"ount of reactant is used to "a#e sure that co"plete a"ount of
the other reactant will be used.
(1) :o"eti"es, crystals are dried using filter paper instead of heating to prevent
the co"plete loss of water fro" crystals, and to prevent crystals fro" brea#ing or
"elting.
(2) 9ow could you #now which reactant is in e$cess?
Ans) At the end of the reaction, the e$cess reactant will be visible.
(!) 1$cess "eans "ore than what is needed4"ore than what can react4"ore
than what can dissolve.
(&) When lead bro"ide is used, you can use a fu"e cupboard or use goggles,
lab coat, gloves because it is to$ic.
(() To separate two different solutions with different boiling point, use fractional
distillation.
()) 5hysical test of waterE 9eat water, it will boil at 100 degrees 'elsius, or heat
ice and it will "elt at 0 degrees 'elsius.
(,) 'he"ical test of waterE Add blue cobalt chloride paper, it turns pin#..... ;@
Add anhydrous copper sulphate, it turns blue.
(-) 3ire will be produced if alcohol is touched with lighted splint, therefore a
water bath should be used when heating it. *agging or insulation can be used to
control te"perature for accurate results.
(/) >nreacted reactant is called e$cess.
)0) As reactants are heated, the particles gain energy, "ove faster, and their
#inetic energy increases therefore there will be "ore collisions and rate
increases.