ENDOCRINE SYSTEM REVIEW SHEET

Type of Control Neural Neural Hormonal Hormonal

Stimulus (stimuli)
for seretion
Impulses from
!ypot!alamus (lo" #$%
inrease& Na'% pain)
Impulses from
!ypot!alamus (stret!in( of
er)i*+ su,in( on -reast)
.HRH (from !ypot!alamus) $RH (from !ypot!alamus)
Hormone Antidiuretic hormone Oxytocin (OT) Growth Hormone (GH) Prolactin (PRL)
Tar(et tissue(s) /i&ney% -loo& )essels
Smoot! musle of uterus+
-reast
Mainly -ones% s,eletal
musle
#reast (mammary (lan&s)
Me!anism of
interation "0 ell
$lasma mem-rane
reeptors+ 1
n&
messen(er
$lasma mem-rane
reeptors+ 1
n&
messen(er
$lasma mem-rane
reeptors+ 1
n&
messen(er
$lasma mem-rane reeptors+
1
n&
messen(er
2tion(s)
Inreases "ater
permea-ility of olletin(
&uts+ "ater retention+
&ilutes eletrolytes+
Causes onstrition of -loo&
)essels
Stimulates ontration of
smoot! musle in uterus
(&urin( !il&-irt!) an&
&uts of -reast (in latatin(
female)
Stim3 ell &i)ision an&
protein synt!esis+ inreases
fat use as ener(y soure
(spares (luose) -y s,eletal
musle+ stimulates
somatome&in seretion+
inrease plasma (luose
Stimulates pro&ution of
mil, -y mammary (lan&s
In!i-ition 4o" -loo& eletrolytes
.HIH (fr3 !ypot!alamus)+
somatome&ins
$IH (from !ypot!alamus+
stim3 -y risin( $R4 an&
estro(en le)els)
Disor&ers
Diabetes insipidus
(!yposeretion) resultin( in
inrease& urine pro&ution
("ater loss)% &e!y&ration+
!ADH (!yperseretion)
resultin( in "ater retention
lea&in( to !ypertension
Gi"antism (!yper3) resultin(
in e*essi)e (ro"t!+
acrome"aly (!yper)
resultin( in (ro"t! of soft
tissues+ pituitary dwar#ism
(!ypo) resultin( in small
stature
Hyperprolactinemia (!yper3)
resultin( in (alatorr!ea
(mil, pro&ution in non5
latatin( female)% la, of
menses% infertility in "omen+
impotene in men
Mis3
In!i-ite& -y alo!ol%
&iureti &ru(s
$ositi)e fee&-a, ontrol
Cylial release (!i(!est in
e)enin( an& at ni(!t)
Site of $ro&ution0
Seretion
$ro&ue& in !ypot!alamus+
serete& -y
neuro!ypop!ysis
$ro&ue& in !ypot!alamus+
serete& -y
neuro!ypop!ysis
2&eno!ypop!ysis 2&eno!ypop!ysis
Type of Control Hormonal Hormonal Hormonal Hormonal
Stimulus (stimuli)
for seretion
TRH (from !ypot!alamus+
ol&% pre(nany% lo" T6)
CRH (from !ypot!alamus) .nRH (from !ypot!alamus) .nRH (from !ypot!alamus)
Hormone
Thyroid tim$ Hormone
(TH)
Adrenocorticotropic
Hormone (A%TH)
&ollicle'timulatin"
Hormone (&H)
Luteini(in" Hormone (LH)
Tar(et tissue(s) T!yroi& 2&renal Corte*
O)aries (7emale) 0 Testes
(male)
O)aries (7emale) 0 Testes
(male)
Me!anism of
interation "0 ell
$lasma mem-rane
reeptors+ 1
n&
messen(er
$lasma mem-rane
reeptors+ 1
n&
messen(er
$lasma mem-rane
reeptors+ 1
n&
messen(er
$lasma mem-rane reeptors+
1
n&
messen(er
2tion(s)
Stimulates pro&ution of
t!yroi& !ormones (T8 an& T6
9t!yro*ine:)+ stimulates
(ro"t! an& &e)elopment of
t!yroi& (lan&
Stimulates pro&ution of
ortiosteroi&s from
a&renal orte*% espeially
(luoortioi&s
7emale 5 stimulates
&e)elopment of o)arian
folliles an& ooytes+
stimulates seretion of
estro(ens
Male 5 stimulates pro&ution
of sperm
7emale 5 stimulates
o)ulation+ stimulates
estro(en an& pro(esterone
seretion
Male 5 stimulates seretion
of testosterone an& in!i-in
In!i-ition
Risin( le)els of t!yro*ine%
"arm -o&y temp3+ .HIH
Risin( le)els of ortisol Risin( le)els of (ona&al
!ormones an& in!i-in
Risin( le)els of (ona&al
!ormones an& in!i-in
Disor&ers
Seon&ary !ypert!yroi&ism+
seon&ary !ypot!yroi&ism
See al&osterone an&
ortisol
Mis3
2lso serete& -y ot!er
tissues (e3(3% lun(s) in small
amounts
Site of $ro&ution0
Seretion
2&eno!ypop!ysis 2&eno!ypop!ysis 2&eno!ypop!ysis 2&eno!ypop!ysis
Type of Control Hormonal Humoral Humoral
Stimulus (stimuli)
for seretion
TSH from a&eno!ypop!ysis Ele)ate& -loo& Ca
1'
le)els 4o" -loo& Ca
1'
le)els
Hormone T)* Thyroxine (T+) %alcitonin Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Tar(et tissue(s) 2ll e*ept -rain% #one #one
Me!anism of
interation "0 ell
Intraellular reeptors% affet (ene ati)ity
$lasma mem-rane
reeptors+ 1
n&
messen(er
$lasma mem-rane reeptors+
1
n&
messen(er
2tion(s)
Inrease -asal meta-oli rate of nearly e)ery ell in -o&y
(&oes not affet MR in -rain% spleen% testis% uterus% t!yroi&)+
inreases O1 use+ inreases !eat pro&ution (alori(eni)+
inreases protein an& fat meta-olism
"it! .H% promotes normal &e)elopment of -ones+ promotes
normal neural &e)elopment+ promotes normal !eart an& -loo&
)essel ati)ity (assures proper -loo& pressure)
Stimulates osteo-lasts+
in!i-its osteolasts
Stimulates osteolasts
(-rea,&o"n -one matri*)+
in!i-its osteo-lasts (-one
matri* -uil&ers)+ in&iretly
stimulates upta,e -y (ut
an& rea-sorption -y ,i&ney
In!i-ition Hi(! -o&y temperature+ !i(! t!yro*ine le)els 4o" -loo& alium Hi(! -loo& alium
Disor&ers
Hashimoto,s thyroid (!ypo) ; autoimmune &estrution of
t!yroi& resultin( in my*e&ema+ myxedema (!ypo) ; lo" #MR%
-ra&yar&ia% lo" -o&y temp3 <mental slu((is!ness=+ cretinism
(!ypo) ; mental an& p!ysial retar&ation &ue to !yposeretion
&urin( &e)elopment+ Gra-e,s disease (!yper) ; autoimmune
&isease in "!i! anti-o&ies resem-le TSH an& o)er stimulate
t!yroi& resultin( in ta!yar&ia% !i(! -loo& pressure% !i(!
#MR% "ei(!t loss% ner)ousness% limite& ener(y% e*op!t!almus
(protrusion of eye-alls)% to*i (oiter
Hyperparathyroidism
(!yper) ; -one loss% ele)ate&
plasma Ca
1'
Mis3
2ffet -ot! nulear an& mito!on&rial DN2 ati)ity+
!ormones re>uire io&ine (I)+ !yposeretion treate& -y
synt!eti !ormone treatment+ !yperseretion treate& -y
remo)al or irra&iation of t!yroi& (must -e on !ormone
t!erapy t!ereafter)
Hi(! -loo& Ca
1'
results in
!ypoati)e neurons+
important in !il&ren
(ati)e -one remo&elin()
Essential to maintain -loo&
Ca
1'
le)els for neuron an&
musle funtion+ lo" -loo&
Ca
1'
results in !yperati)e
neurons
Site of $ro&ution0
Seretion
T!yroi& T!yroi& $arat!yroi&
Type of Control Humoral0Hormonal Hormonal
Stimulus (stimuli)
for seretion
Hi(! -loo& /
'
(main)+ lo" -loo& Na
'
+ 2CTH ("!en )ery !i(!) A%TH (from a&eno!ypop!ysis)
Hormone Aldosterone %ortisol
Tar(et tissue(s) /i&neys (main)% panreas% sali)ary (lan&s% s"eat (lan&s 4i)er% s,eletal musle
Me!anism of
interation "0 ell
Intraellular reeptors% affet (ene ati)ity Intraellular reeptors+ affet (ene ati)ity
2tion(s)
Stimulates rea-sorption (,eepin() of Na
'
an& seretion
(loss) of /
'
Seon&arily% inreases "ater retention ("ater follo"s Na
'
)
an& inreases -loo& pressure
Maintains -loo& (luose (espeially in times of prolon(e&
stress ; resistane p!ase of .2S) -y?
promotin( (luoneo(enesis+
stimulatin( use of fats @ amino ai&s -y musle
anti5inflammatory properties &erease inflammation
In!i-ition Hi(! -loo& Na
'
% lo" -loo& /
'
7ee&s -a, to !ypot!alamus an& a&en&o!ypop!ysis
Disor&ers
Aldosteronism (!yper) ; inrease& Na
'
retention lea&in( to
!ypertension+ loss of /
'
lea&in( to neural an& musular
&ysfuntion+ Addison,s disease (!ypo) resultin( in
&erease& Na
'
rea-sorption lea&in( to !ypotension%
inrease& /
'
lea&in( to neural an& musular &ysfunton+
%ushin",s disease (!yper+ mainly of ortisol) lea&in( to
e*ess Na
'
"ater retention% an& !ypertension% lo" /
'

lea&in( to neural an& musular &ysfuntion (see also
cortisol #or Addison,s and %ushin",s diseases)
Addison,s disease (!yposeretion) resultin( in
!ypo(lyemia (lo" -loo& su(ar)+ %ushin",s disease
(!yperseretion% mainly of ortisol) resultin( in
!yper(lyemia (!i(! -loo& su(ar+ steroid diabetes)%
re&istri-ution of fat (moon fae an& -uffalo ne,)% mas,in(
of infetions+ "ei(!t loss% loss of musle an& -one mass+
e&ema (effet of e*ess 2l&osterone)
Mis3 2lso serete& at en& of renin5an(iotensin pat!"ay Ase& linially to treat inflammatory &isor&ers
Site of $ro&ution0
Seretion
Bona (lomerulosa of a&renal orte* Bona fasiulata of a&renal orte*
Type of Control Hormonal Hormonal Neural Neural
Stimulus (stimuli)
for seretion
&H.LH for (ona&al
!ormones+ A%TH for
!ormones from a&renal
orte*
&H.LH for (ona&al
!ormones+ A%TH for
!ormones from a&renal
orte*
Stimulation -y
pre(an(lioni neurons of
sympat!eti &i)ision
Stimulation -y pre(an(lioni
neurons of sympat!eti &i)ision
Hormone Testosterone (andro"ens) /stro"ens.Pro"esterone /pinephrine 0orepinephrine
Tar(et tissue(s)
S,eletal musle% (ona&s%
-one
#reasts% a&ipose% -one%
uterus
Smoot! musle% ar&ia
musle+ s,eletal musle+
li)er
Smoot! musle of -loo& )essels
Me!anism of
interation "0 ell
Intraellular reeptors+
affet (ene ati)ity
Intraellular reeptors+
affet (ene ati)ity
$lasma mem-rane
reeptors+ 1
n&
messen(er
$lasma mem-rane reeptors+ 1
n&

messen(er
2tion(s)
7rom BR? may !elp start
pu-erty
7rom testis? stimulate
protein synt!esis in
musle+ &e)elopment an&
funtion of male se*
or(ans+ &e)elopment of
seon&ary se*
!arateristis
7rom BR? may !elp start
pu-erty
7rom o)ary? stimulate
&e)elopment an&
maintenane of seon&ary
se* !arateristis% se*
or(ans in female
Inreases !eart rate
(atta!es to -eta
reeptors)+ &ilates -ron!i
(atta!es to -eta
reeptors)+ inreases -loo&
(luose -y stimulatin(
release -y li)er
(!yper(lyemi)+ stimulates
(lyo(enolysis in s,eletal
musle+ stimulates fat
-rea,&o"n
Stimulates onstrition of
perip!eral (utaneous) an&
&i(esti)e -loo& )essels resultin(
in inrease& -loo& pressure
In!i-ition
Risin( le)els in!i-it 7SH%
4H% .nRH seretion
Risin( le)els in!i-it 7SH%
4H% .nRH seretion
Disor&ers
MasuliniCation in females
(&ue to e*ess 2CTH or
a&renal tumor)
.yneomastia in males (&ue
to e*ess 2CTH or a&renal
tumor)
Mis3
.ona&oortioi&s from BR are minor ompare& to ones
from testes (male) or o)ary (female)
Release& &urin( alarm
p!ase of .2S
Release& &urin( alarm p!ase of
.2S
Site of $ro&ution0
Seretion
Bona retiularis of a&renal
orte* (-ot!)+ Testes
(male)
Bona retiularis of a&renal
orte* (-ot!)+ o-aries
(female)
2&renal me&ulla
(!romafin ells)
2&renal me&ulla (!romafin
ells)
Type of Control Humoral Humoral
Stimulus (stimuli)
for seretion
4o" -loo& (luose% !i(! -loo&
amino ai&s
Hi(! -loo& (luoseD+ !i(! -loo& fatty ai&s or amino ai&s+
parasympat!eti impulses (Va(us 9E: ner)e)
Hormone Gluca"on !nsulin Thymosin
Tar(et tissue(s) 4i)erD+ s,eletal musle+ a&ipose 4i)er+ s,eletal musle+ a&ipose
4ymp!ati tissue (T
ells)
Me!anism of
interation "0 ell
$lasma mem-rane reeptors+ 1
n&
messen(er
$lasma mem-rane reeptors+ 1
n&
messen(er
2tion(s)
Inrease -loo& (luose -y
stimulatin(?
(lyo(enolysis -y li)er
(luoneo(enesis -y li)er
Stimulates (lyo(enolysis an&
use of fats an& amino ai&s -y
s,eletal musle
Stimulates tri(lyeri&e
-rea,&o"n in a&ipose
Dereases -loo& (luose -y?
stimulatin( inrease& upta,e -y musle an& fat ells+
in!i-itin( (lyo(enolysis (-rea,&o"n of (lyo(en) -y
li)er% s,eletal musle+
in!i-itin( (luoneo(eneis ((luose formation) -y li)er+
stimulatin( (lyo(en formation -y li)er an& s,eletal
musle
Stimulates immuno5
ompetane in T ell
lymp!oytes
In!i-ition Hi(! -loo& (luose 4o" -loo& (luose
Disor&ers
Diabetes mellitus ; Type I (IDDM) ma,es no insulin resultin(
in !yper(lyemia (fi(!t5or5fli(!t response to !yper(lyemia
reates a positi)e fee&-a, loop ma,in( t!in(s "orse)%
lipi&emia% (luosuria% ,etonuria (as ,etone -o&ies are ma&e)%
polyuria% poly&ypsia (e*treme t!irst)+ untreate& lea&s to
,etoai&osis an& &ia-eti oma3 Type II (NIDDM) ells !a)e
&erease& response to insulin+ hyperinsulinism e*ess of insulin
usually &ue to o)er&ose lea&in( to insulin s!o,
Mis3 2lp!a ells #eta ells
Site of $ro&ution0
Seretion
$anreati islets $anreas islets (islets of 4an(er!ans) T!ymus