FreeVLSM Ebook

VLSM Made Easy Chika Nwokeoma
1 http://www.orbit-computer-solutions.com

Variable Length Subnet Masks

Made Easy
(VLSM)

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Contents
..
IP Addressing Overview.....4
. What an IP Address?.......4
. IP Address Format..........5
. IP Address Class and Range......6
Planning to Address the Network....8
. Why Plan, design and document....8
The Use of a hierarchal or structural IP Addressing
Scheme...9
. Benefits of a hierarchical network design...9
The use of Subnet in Structuring the Network....12
. Lets talk Subnet Mask.....12
Humans see Decimals; Computer sees Binary.....13
. IP Address Classes, decimals and binary
Summarized....14
Basic Subnetting Process....21
Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)....24
Benefits of VLSM:....24
Implementing VLSM....25
VLSM Practice....33

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IP Addressing Overview

My aim of writing this eBook is to teach you how to subnet using VLSM the easy way. I
will not go into those technical jargons; I will try as much as possible to use a laymans
language to pass my message through. For those of us who expect CCNA technical
jargons; forgive me, I follow and work out everything in live my own way and learn
jargons later!

I promised myself to go straight to VLSM, but I wont be doing some readers justice
without giving an overview of what IP addressing is. If you are writing the CCNA exam
or you are a network administrator, the thorough knowledge of TCP/IP especially IP
addressing and subnetting is a must!

What an IP Address?

An IP addressing is a sort of unique identification number used in the location of each
device on the network or internet. Its like a phone number, a house number, or post
code used to identify a house or location of an individual. (Those of us who work in a
post office know how it works.).

For your letter to reach its location, it must be addressed properly with the destination
country , when it get there, the post office will narrow it down to the state or province,
town, village and finally the street and house number then to the intended individual.
With this house number, you can send and receive letters.
The communication between hosts or devices (PCs, server, printers) on different
network is made possible through IP addresses..
Before we go further, lets see how to find your ip address of your computer.
The easiest way is to use the command prompt; for other ways see ways to find your IP
address.

In the command prompt; (Windows 7, Vista, and XP)

Click Start, and then select All Programs.

Click Accessories, and then select Command Prompt.

At the command prompt, enter: ipconfig
Tap the enter tab.


The IP address of your Computer will be displayed with the network mask and dns
server ip as the case may be

Nowwhat about the subnet mask; I could hear you ask, dont worry, we will go fully
into that as we proceed.

A proper IP address is divided into two parts: The Host Address and The Network
Address.
The host part of the address identifies the individual nodes or machines. (Just as a
number identifies a house in a street) While he network address portion identifies the
network or network segment on which the host or machines are located. (Just as the
post code locates a town or village where a house is)

IP addresses are divided into three main classes (five actually), these are Class A, Class
B and Class C.

Then, classes D and E..

(Class D addresses are used for multicasting, and Class E addresses are reserved for
testing future use.)

IP Address Format

A usable IP address is 32-bit (binary) which is broken up into four octets (parts), and is
set into a dotteddecimal notation pattern.

An octet is a set of 8 bits. Below is an example of an IP address with its four octets
arranged into its dotteddecimal pattern:

192.168.10.41

The diagram below will help you understand the classes, bits and octets, if it doesnt,
dont worry, as we go on; you will. Just stay with me.

IP Address Class and Range:
Class A:
Class A addresses
Class A IP addresses use the first 8 bits (first octet) to designate the network address. The other 24
bits or (Three Octets) are for the host address.
There are 16,777,214 host addresses available in a Class A address.

Class B IP addresses
Class B addresses use the first 16 bits (two octets) for the network address. The last
two octets are used for the host address. The first 2 bits, which are always 1s and 0s,
designate the address as a Class B address, and 14 bits are used to designate the
network. This leaves 16 bits (two octets) to designate the hosts.


Class C IP addresses
Class C addresses use the first 24 bits (three octets) for the network address, and only
the last octet for host addresses. The first 3 bits of all class C addresses are set to 1 1
0, leaving 21 bits for the network address, which means there can be 2.097,150 Class C
networks, but only 254 hosts per network.

IP Address Classes Summary Table

Class Address Range Number of
Networks
(Bits)
Number of Hosts
(Bits)
Number of Hosts/Network
A 1-126 8 24 16,777,214
B 128-191 16 16 5,534
C 192-223 24 8 254

... If you are writing the CCNA
exam or you are a network
administrator, the thorough
knowledge of TCP/IP especially IP
addressing and subnetting is a
must!


Planning to Address the Network

Its a well recommended practice for a network administrator not to randomly allocated
address space in an organizations network. A well designed or structured network
address provides network scalability and should be planned and documented.

Why Plan, design and document?

Planning, design and documenting your network IP addressing helps in the
Prevention of duplication of addresses
i. Prevention of duplication of addresses: To err is human they say, so by
proper planning for network addressing and design, each host in the
organization network must be allocated with a unique IP address. This
prevents the assignment of an IP address to more than one host.
ii. It ensures in the Proper control access to the network: By planning and
documenting of allocation of addresses, the security and accessibility of
network devices such as servers are easily controlled. For example, if an
organization server that provides resources to internal or external network is
randomly addressed, blocking access to its address is difficult and clients may
not be able to locate this resource
iii. It helps in the Monitoring of network security and performance: Similarly,
we need to monitor the security and performance of the network hosts and the
network as a whole. As part of the monitoring process, we examine network
traffic looking for addresses that are generating or receiving excessive packets.
If we have proper planning and documentation of the network addressing, we
can identify the device on the network that has a problematic address.

Some examples of different types of hosts are:

End devices for users (PCs, laptops, PDA, etc.)
Servers and peripherals
Hosts that is accessible from the Internet (servers)
Intermediary devices (switches, bridges, hubs, access points etc.)
Each of these network devices should be assigned with a logical block of addresses
which has to fall within the address range of the organizations network.

Each network devices should be assigned with a
logical block of addresses which has to fall
within the address range of the organizations
network.


The Use of a hierarchal or structural IP Addressing Scheme

A hierarchical addressing structure logically groups networks into smaller subnetworks
known basically as subnets.

An effective hierarchical address structure consists of a classful network address in the
Core Layer of the organizations network; then is subdivided or sequentially broken
down into smaller subnets in the Distribution and Access Layers.

This type of addressing structure helps in simplifying network management and
troubleshooting and also improves scalability and routing performance. Unlike a flat IP
addressing design which does not scale well in a large network.

Using a well-structured or hierarchical IP addressing scheme for a network makes it
easier to increase the size of the network. A larger network can accommodate more
users, remote branches or offices. Also properly designed hierarchical IP addressing
scheme also makes it easier to perform route summarization

Benefits of a hierarchical network design

A well-structured network with the proper allocation and deployment of IP address
blocks has the following features:
Routing stability
Service availability
Network scalability

The diagram below shows two examples; one representing a non-hierarchical and the
other a hierarchical addressing. Both examples use the same network topology. Only
the addressing scheme changed.

Switched LAN's at the Access Layer connect to a Distribution Layer router, which
connects to a Core Layer router, which in turn connects to the internet.

An effective hierarchical address structure
consists of a classful network address in the
Core Layer of the organizations network;
then is subdivided or sequentially broken
down into smaller subnets in the
Distribution and Access Layers.

In the non-hierarchical addressing assignment, each network IP addresses is not
related, as follows:

Connection to the internet: 192.168.10.0
Core to Distribution Layer: 192.168.5.0
LAN 1: 10.10.1.0
LAN 2: 172.17.10.0


In the hierarchical network addressing design, there is a logical grouping of networks address:

Connection to the internet: 172.16.0.0 /16
Core to Distribution Layer: 172.17.1.0 /24
LAN 1: 172.17.1 .32 /27
LAN 2: 172.17.1.64 /27


The use of Subnet in Structuring the Network

Why use subnet?
Subnetting helps to ensure the smooth flow of network traffic between hosts on the
network. More especially, it helps in the proper management of IP address. By
organizing hosts into logical groups, subnetting can improve network security and
performance.

These are some of the reasons to divide the network into subnets:
Physical location
Logical grouping
Security
Application requirements
Broadcast containment
Hierarchical network design

Lets talk Subnet Mask

In order to use subnetting to structure the network, it is very important to have a clear
understanding of the structure of the subnet mask.

The subnet mask shows where or location of hosts in a network.

The subnet mask is a 32-bit value that differentiates between the network bits and the
host bits. It consists of a string of 1s followed by a string of 0s. The 1 bit represents the
network portion and the 0 bits represent the host portion.
To get clearer perspective of this, look back at the diagram on IP addressing overview.

Below are the IP address classes subnet masks:
Class A addresses use a default subnet mask of 255.0.0.0 or a slash notation
(CIDR) of /8
Class B addresses use a default mask of 255.255.0.0 or /16
Class C addresses use a default mask of 255.255.255.0 or /24

The 255 part of it represents the network portion and the 0 parts represents the host
portion

The subnet mask shows where or
location of hosts in a network

Humans see Decimals; Computer sees Binary.

Ok, this might sound out of place, but emphatically, what we see is different from how
the computer sees it. For example; right click on any webpage, click on the view
source from the pop up menu window and you get to see how computer sees the
webpage you are seeing!

Same goes to IP addressing and subnet masks. Humans see decimals, but computer
sees and calculates in binary.

Firstly, below is a cram table as I called it, this table will give you a quick access,
especially on the day of your CCNA exam or when addressing a subnetwork.

The cram table summarized all the classes A to C.
Subnetting on different classes is the same process; the only difference is on the octet
you are working on. To subnet a class; you need to work on the host bits of that class:

Class A = Second octet
Class B = Third octet
Class C = Fourth octet

SUBNET CRAM TABLE
Bit Value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Bit Borrowed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Usable host
address
126 62 30 14 6 2
Subnet Mask 128 192 224 240 248 252 255 256
Subnet
Prefix/CIDR
/25 /26 /27 /28 /29 /30

To get the network address, you add the bit
value borrowed to get the subnet mask.

Example: When you borrow 1 bit = 128 value
So your network address subnet mask will be
255.255.128.0 (Class B).

If you had borrowed 2 bits = 128+64 = 192
Your network address subnet mask will be
255.255.192.0. etc.etc


IP Address Classes, decimals and binary Summarized
Is not enough to pass the CCNA exam, anyone can do it these days by purchasing
question dumps. But how will tour performance be in the real world!
I know this part will be somehow difficult and boring, but if you want to be good
in your subnetting; you need to learn the breakdown below; in detail about
decimal and binary conversion.
Study the decimal and binary parts carefully; you will notice how bits are turned
on from 0 to 1 to turns it into a network: (remember the Subnet mask
determines the location of the network). Study this from time to time, is no
rocket science!!
Class A (Network. Host. Host. Host) subsequently, in order to subnet, we went
on to borrow a bit from the host bit to turn it on into a network address.
Remember, in class A, you are working on the FIRST octet.
Example of Class A IP Address: 10.0.0.0
Default dotted decimal Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0
Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
Slash Notation or CIDR: /8
Number of host bits: 24 (counting the 0s)
Hosts Possible, 2 to the power of n minus 2: 16777214
One bit is borrowed from the host part below: (see the bold 1s)
Dotted decimal Subnet Mask: 255.128.0.0
Number of host bits: 23

Two bits are borrowed from the host part below:

Three bits are borrowed from the host part below:

Four bits are borrowed from the host part below:


Five bits are borrowed from the host part below:
Subnet Mask in Binary: 11111111.11111000.00000000.00000000>

Six bits are borrowed from the host part below:

Seven bits are borrowed from the host part below:


Class B

Example IP address: 172.16.0.0 (Network. Network. Host. Host
Borrow bits from the host part to turn it on or into a network address.
Remember, in class B, you are working on the SECOND octet.


One bit is borrowed from the host part below:

Subnet Mask in Binary 11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000









Five bits are borrowed from the host part below:




Seven bits are borrowed from the host part below:



From here is Class C, (Network. Network. Network. Host)
In class C, you borrow bits from the host part to turn it on or into a network address.
Remember, in class C, you are working on the THIRD octet.


One bit is borrowed from the host part below:









Five bits borrowed from the host part below:




Humans see decimals, computer sees and
calculate in binary.
Subnetting on different classes is the
same process; the only difference is on
the octet you are working on. To subnet a
class; you need to work on the host bits
of that class.


Basic Subnetting Process

Using the cram table makes subneting on any of the classes easier.

When using a hierarchical addressing scheme, the subnet mask reveals so much
information about the IP and network address.
For example, an IP address of 192.168.10.45 /27 shows the following information:

Given the above IP address, with the slash notation or CIDR, you will know (following
the cram table) that /27 means the subnet mask will be 255.255.255.224.
This means that 3 additional host bits were borrowed with the bit value of 32 and this
creates 6 subnets (2^3 = 6). Now this will accommodate 30 usable host addresses (32,
but 2 reserved for network and broadcast)

Bit Value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Bit Borrowed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Usable host address 126 62 30 14 6 2
Subnet Mask 128 192 224 240 248 252 255 256
Subnet Prefix/CIDR /25 /26 /27 /28 /29 /30

The network address in this case will be:

Network Address: 192.168.10.32
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.224
Usable host addresses: 192.168.10.33 to 192.168.10.62
Broadcast address: 192.168.10.63
192.168.10.64 starts the network address of the next subnet.

Note: if you are wondering how we got the 224 in the
fourth octet of the subnet mast; we added the bits
value we borrowed: 128+64+32 = 224 or /27

Each time a bit is borrowed, you have to minus
2(each for network and broadcast address) from
the bit value to obtain the number of usable IP
address for hosts


Example 2

Giving the IP address of 192.168.20.72 /26
What is the network address, subnet mask, usable hosts addresses and broadcast
address.

Bit Value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Bit Borrowed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Subnet Mask 128 192 224 240 248 252 255 256

If you look at the cram table, /26 means 2 bit value was borrowed from the host bits of
the network to create a subnet.
Bits value: 128+64=192.

So the subnet mask will be 255.255.255.192

Network address: 192.168.20.64
Usable hosts addresses: 192.168.20.65 to 192.168.20.126

Next network address will be: 192.168.20.128

If we have to continue:

Network address: 192.168.20.128 /26
Usable host range: 192.168.20.129 to 192.168.20.190

Usable host range: 192.168.20.193 to 192.168.20.254


Refresher:
Basic subnetting does not scale well in a large network. A
subnet of /26 is required to accommodate only network
segment of 58 hosts. Using a basic subnetting scheme is
not only wasteful, but creates only four subnets. But with
VLSM concept, you can subnet a subnet. VLSM allows the
use of different masks for each subnet.

Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM)

VLSM basically is subnetting a subnet. This concept of subnetting a subnet address,
provide for efficient use of address space.
With VLSM, IP network addressing is structured in hierarchical form, this enables the
router to summarize routes in the routing table.

Route summarization helps to reduce the size of routing tables in distribution and core
routers, and the Smaller the routing tables, the less CPU time for routing lookups.

Dont get me wrong, basic subnetting is only works well for smaller networks but does
not offer the flexibility needed in larger networks.

Most classless routing protocols support the use of VLSM because the subnet mask is
sent with all routing update packets. Classless routing protocols include RIPv2, EIGRP,
and OSPF.

Benefits of VLSM:
Allows efficient use of address space
Allows the use of multiple subnet mask lengths
Breaks up an address block into smaller blocks
Allows for route summarization
Provides more flexibility in network design
Supports hierarchical enterprise networks

VLSM basically means, subnetting a subnet.
This concept of subnetting a subnet address,
provides for efficient use of address space.

Implementing VLSM #1

To really understand how VLSM works, you need to be clear on how block sizes work to
create a VLSM subnet masks.

For example, when you have host requirement of 52, then you will need the block size
of 64, if you require 13 host, you have to work with block size 16.

Even if you need 45 hosts, block size of 64 will have to be your choice. You dont cut
corners by trying to create or make up block sizes! Thats why the cram table is so
effective.

Example:

Lets use the topology below as an example on how you can use VLSM to break up a
subnet into smaller portions for use on serial links so as to save IP address wastage,
mind you each network is has an equal host range of 30:

Given the subnet address: 192.168.10.0 /27

Firstly, we bring the Modified cram table and refer to it as we go along:

Bit Value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Bit Borrowed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Subnet Mask 128 192 224 240 248 252 255 256

As we move along, use the cram table as guidance

There are four routers, R1, R2, R3, and R4.
R1 is connected to R2 via Serial link (Subnet Address: 192.168.10.192 /30).

LAN network addresses

R1 network address: 192.168.10.0 /27.

Now if you remember earlier we defined VLSM as subnetting a subnet. Below, the IP
address 192.168.10.0 (which is a subnet) will be broken down further; into smaller
networks. Listed below are available subnets, and a list of Variable Length Subnets for
the mentioned network subnet.

Subnets of 192.168.10.0 (this can be termed as Subnet Number: 0 )
Subnet Address: 192.168.10 .0 /27
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.224

First Network Subnet Address: 192.168.10.32 /27 (if you look at the cram table, you
will see that 3 bits were borrowed and this accommodates 30 usable host addresses, 2
is reserved for network and broadcast address.)

Second Network Subnet Address: 192.168.10.64 /27 (32 + 32 = 64)

Third Network Subnet Address: 192.168.10.96 /27 (64 + 32 = 96)

Four Network Subnet Address: 192.168.10.128 /27 (96 + 32 = 128)

Fifth Network Subnet Address: 192.168.10.160 /27 (128 + 32 = 160)

Sixth Subnet Network Address: 192.168.10.192 /27 (128 + 32 = 192)

As mentioned earlier, each network is has an equal host range of 30. In each block, we
reserved 2 for network and broadcast addressing.

Subnet for the WAN links

Subnets of 192.168.10.192 (subnet 0)

R1 R2 Subnet Address: 192.168.10.192 /30 (192 + 4* = 196

R2 R3 Subnet Address: 192.168.10.196 /30 (196 + 4 = 200)

R3 R4 Subnet Address: 192.168.10.200 /30

*+ 4, because we need to minimize
wastage of ip address space. Two
usable address for each WAN link, one
for broadcast and one for network.


This is how the network IP addressing structure will look like:


Implementing VLSM #2.

Lets look at another practice example, this time; we will work with different host
ranges with different network masks for different router interfaces.

Scenario

Suppose as a network Administrator, you are presented with the following requirements
and network IP 192.168.10.0 /26:
London HQ = 58 host addresses
Aberdeen HQ = 26 host addresses
Quebec HQ = 10 host addresses
Idaho HQ = 10 host addresses
WAN links = 2 host addresses (each)

When implementing this VLSM subnetting scheme, we have to allow for some growth in
the number of hosts. This is the whole essence of VLSM Subnetting.

We will start from the largest to the smallest. According to the requirement, London,
the largest requires 58 hosts.

If we follow the cram table, we will have to borrow 2 bits to use /26.

Bit Value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Bit Borrowed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Subnet Mask 128 192 224 240 248 252 255 256

192.168.10.0/26
This will give us 62 usable host addresses reserving 2 for network and broadcast, with
the subnet mask of 192

London Network IP address: 192.168.10.0
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.192
Host Range: 192.168.10.1 to 192.168.10.62

(Next Network will start at 192.168.10.64)

Aberdeen (26 host address)

We will use the next available network which is 192.168.10.64/27 (because of the number of host:
28)

Bit Value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Bit Borrowed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Subnet Mask 128 192 224 240 248 252 255 256

To minimize the waste of addresses, we are going to borrow 3 bits. If you look at the cram table, an
address block of /27 will be sufficient:

Aberdeen Network IP: 192.168.10.64/27
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.224
Host Range: 192.168.10.65 to 192.168.10.94

Next Network will start at 192.168.10.96 (That is 64 + 32 = 96 due to the network requirement of 10
hosts, and leaves some for expansion.)

Quebec (10 usable host addresses)

Bit Value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Bit Borrowed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Subnet Mask 128 192 224 240 248 252 255 256

The 3 bits borrowed will accommodate our requirement at this time with different subnet mask.

Quebec Network IP: 192.168.10.96 /28
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.240
Host range: 192.168.10.97 to 192.168.10.110

Next Network will start at 192.168.10.112 (That is 96 + 16 = 112 due to the network requirement of
10 hosts)


Idaho (10 usable addresses)

Idaho network address will start at 192.168.10.112 /28
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.240
Host range: 192.168.10.113 to 192.168.10.126

Bit Value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Bit Borrowed 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Subnet Mask 128 192 224 240 248 252 255 256

Next subnets will be for the WAN Links, which are point-to-point links. This require 2 addresses
spaces each and will begin from: 192.168.10.128

We are borrowing 6 bits with bits value of 4 (according to host requirement)

WAN 1
Host range: 192.168.10.129 to 192.168.10.130 /30
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.252
Broadcast: 192.168.10.131
Both routers will be assigned with an IP each and the remaining 2 addresses will be for network and
broadcast.

Next network will begin from 192.168.10.132 (128 + 4 =132)

WAN 2
Network: 192.168.10.132 /30
Host range: 192.168.10.133 to 192.168.10.134
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.252
Broadcast: 192.168.10.135

Next network will begin from 192.168.10.136 (132 + 4 =136)


WAN 3
Network: 192.168.10.136 /30
Subnet mask: 255.255.255.252
Host range: 192.168.10.137 to 138
Broadcast: 192.168.10.139

Administrators Network IP Plan table

Name Subnet
Address
Address
Range
Broadcast
Address
Network/
Mask prefix
London (58 hosts) 192.168.10.0 .1 - .62 .63 192.168.10.0/26
Aberdeen 192.168.10.64 .65 - .94 .95 192.168.10.64 /27
Quebec 192.168.10.96 .97 - .110 .111 192.168.10.96 /28
Idaho 192.168.10.112 .113 126 .127 192.168.10.112 /28
WAN 1- 2 192.168.10.128 .129 130 .131 192.168.10.128 /30
WAN 2 - 3 192.168.10.132 .133 134 .135 192.168.10.132 /30
WAN 3 - 4 192.168.10.136 .137 138 .139 192.168.10.136 /30

Refresher
To really understand how VLSM works, you need to be
clear on how block sizes work to create a VLSM subnet
masks.
For example, when you need host requirement of 52, then
you will need the block size of 64, if you require 13 host,
you have to work with block size 16. Even if you need 45
hosts, block size of 64 will have to be your choice. You
dont cut corners by trying to create or make up block
sizes! Thats why the cram table is so effective.

Bit Value + Bit Value = Subnet Mask

8 bits = 11111111 = 128+64+32+16+8+4+2+1 = 255
7 bits = 11111110 = 128+64+32+16+8+4+2= 254
6 bits = 11111100 = 128+64+32+16+8+4 = 252
5 bits = 11111000 = 128+64+32+16+8 = 248
4 bits = 11110000 = 128+64+32+16 = 240
3 bits = 11100000 = 128+64+32 = 224
2 bits = 11000000 = 128+64 = 192
1 bits = 10000000 = 128 = 128
0 bits = 00000000 = 0 = 0


VLSM Practice



VLSM Activity 1
Test your skills by filling in the appropriate values to complete the IP addressing structure
required.
IP Address 200.199.90.0

Try your VLSM Addressing Skill.
IP Address 172.17.10.0
Host
Requirement
/notation No. of hosts subnet Host Range Broadcast

24 /27 30 172.17.10.0 1 30 .31
24
25
10
6
2
Host
requirements
/slash No. of hosts Subnet Host Range Broadcast
60 /26 62 200.199.90.0 1 62 .63
28
25
12
2
2

CCNA Exam Essentials

Try and have put the cram table in your head, this will
help you to understand how IP addressing and
subnetting works. Follow this procedure:

1. When you get to the exam testing Centre, write out
the cram table on the scribbler you will be given so that
you can refer to it when facing subnetting question.

2. Determine your block size (128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4,)

3. Dont forget to reserve for the broadcast address.
(Number before the next subnet)

4. Dont forget to copy and save config file and pinging
to see if your configuration worked

Web Resources
http://www.tcpipguide.com/
http://www.9tut.com
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk365/technologies_tech_note09186a00800a67f5.shtm
http://www.subnetting-secrets.com/vlsm.html
http://www.techexams.net/forums/ccna-ccent/19607-vlsm-practice.html
http://www.certforums.com/forums/general-cisco-certifications/19828-vlsm-
examples.html

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