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1999 by CRC Press LLC
JoIomoIry
87.1 Introouction
87.2 ascano Tclcmctry
ascano Tclcmctry asco on Amplituoc ascano
Tclcmctry asco on Ircqucncy
87.3 MultiplcChanncl Tclcmctry
Ircqucncy Division Multiplcxing Timc Division
Multiplcxing
87.1 IntroductIon
Tclcmctry is thc scicncc ol gathcring inlormation at somc rcmotc location ano transmitting thc oata to
a convcnicnt location to bc cxaminco ano rccoroco. Tclcmctry can by oonc by oillcrcnt mcthoos. optical,
mcchanical, hyoraulic, clcctric, ctc. Thc mcchanical mcthoos, cithcr pncumatic or hyoraulic havc acccpt
ablc rcsults lor short oistanccs ano arc usco in cnvironmcnts that havc a high lcvcl ol clcctromagnctic
intcrlcrcncc ano in thosc situations whcrc, lor sccurity rcasons, it is not possiblc to usc clcctrical signals,
lor cxamplc, in cxplosivc cnvironmcnts. Morc rcccntly, usc ol optical lbcr systcms allows thc mcasurc
mcnt ol broao banowioth ano high immunity to noisc ano intcrlcrcncc. Othcr proposco tclcmctry
systcms arc basco on ultrasouno, capacitivc or magnctic coupling, ano inlrarco raoiation, although thcsc
mcthoos arc not routincly usco. Thc oiscussion in this chaptcr will bc limitco to thc mostusco systcms.
tclcmctry basco on clcctric signals. Thc main aovantagc ol clcctric ovcr mcchanical mcthoos is that
clcctrically basco tclcmctry oocs not havc practical limits rcgaroing thc oistancc bctwccn thc mcasurcmcnt
ano thc analysis arcas, ano can bc casily aoaptco ano upgraoco in alrcaoy cxisting inlrastructurcs. Flcctric
tclcmctry mcthoos arc lurthcr oivioco ocpcnoing on thc transmission channcl that thcy usc as wirc
tclcmctry ano wirclcss (or raoio) tclcmctry. Wirc tclcmctry is tcchnologically thc simplcst solution. Thc
limitations ol wirc tclcmctry arc thc low banowioth ano low transmission spcco that it can support.
Howcvcr, it is usco whcn thc transmission wircs can usc thc alrcaoy cxisting inlrastructurc, as, lor
cxamplc, in most clcctric powcr lincs that arc also usco as wirc tclcmctry carricrs. Wirclcss tclcmctry is
morc complcx than wirc tclcmctry, as it rcquircs a lnal raoio lrcqucncy (PI) stagc. Dcspitc its complcxity,
it is wiocly usco bccausc it can transmit inlormation ovcr longcr oistanccs, thus, it is usco in thosc
applications in which thc mcasurcmcnt arca is not normally acccssiblc. It can also transmit at highcr
spccos ano havc cnough capacity to transmit scvcral channcls ol inlormation il ncccssary.
Iigurc 87.1 oisplays a gcncric tclcmctry systcm. It consists ol (not all thc blocks will bc always prcscnt)
(1) transouccrs to convcrt physical variablcs to bc mcasurco into clcctric signals that can bc casily
proccssco, (2) conoitioning circuits to amplily thc lowlcvcl signal lrom thc transouccr, limit its bano
wioth, ano aoapt impcoancc lcvcls, (3) a signalproccssing circuit that somctimcs can bc intcgratco in
thc prcvious circuits, (1) a subcarricr oscillator whosc signal will bc mooulatco by thc output ol thc
oillcrcnt transouccrs oncc proccssco ano aoaptco, (5) a cooilcr circuit, which can bc a oigital cncoocr,
an analog mooulator, or a oigital mooulator, that aoapts thc signal to thc charactcristics ol thc transmis
sion channcl, which is a wirc or an antcnna, (o) a raoio transmittcr, in wirclcss tclcmctry, mooulatco by
IhorI IozunoIoIo
Icnn 5ac !n!\crs!y
1999 by CRC Press LLC
thc compositc signal, (7) an impcoancc linc aoaptcr, in casc ol wirc transmission, to aoapt thc charac
tcristic impcoancc ol thc linc to thc output impcoancc ol thc circuits conncctco to thc aoaptcr, ano
(8) lor wirclcss communication, a transmitting antcnna. Thc rcccivcr cno consists ol similar mooulcs.
Ior wirclcss tclcmctry, thcsc mooulcs arc (1) a rccciving antcnna ocsignco lor maximum cllcicncy in
thc PI bano usco, (2) a raoio rcccivcr with a ocmooulation schcmc compatiblc with thc mooulation
schcmc, ano (3) ocmooulation circuits lor cach ol thc transmittco channcls. Ior wirc tclcmctry, thc
antcnna ano thc raoio rcccivcr arc rcplacco by a gcncric lront cno to amplily thc signal ano aoapt thc
linc impcoancc to thc input impcoancc ol thc circuits that lollow. Thc transmission in tclcmctry systcms,
in particular wirclcss oncs, is oonc by scnoing a signal whosc analog variations in amplituoc or lrcqucncy
arc a known lunction ol thc variations ol thc signals lrom thc transouccrs. Morc rcccntly, oigital tclcmctry
systcms scno oata oigitally as a lnitc sct ol symbols, cach onc rcprcscnting onc ol thc possiblc lnitc
valucs ol thc compositc signals at thc timc that it was samplco. Thc cllcctivc communication oistancc
in a wirclcss systcm is limitco by thc powcr raoiatco by thc transmitting antcnna, thc scnsitivity lo thc
rcccivcr ano thc banowioth ol thc PI signal. As thc banowioth incrcascs, thc contribution ol noisc to
thc total signal also incrcascs, ano conscqucntly morc transmittco powcr is nccoco to maintain thc samc
signaltonoisc ratio (SNP). This is onc ol thc principal limitations ol wirclcss tclcmctry systcms. In somc
applications, thc transmission to thc rcccivcr is oonc on basc bano, altcr thc conoitioning circuits. Thc
aovantagc ol bascbano tclcmctry systcms is thcir simplicity, although bccausc ol thc bascbano trans
mission, thcy arc normally limitco to only onc channcl at low spccos.
Not uncommonly, mcasurcmcnt systcm nccos to acquirc cithcr oillcrcnt typcs ol signals or thc samc
typc ol oata at oillcrcnt locations in thc proccss that is bcing monitorco. Thcsc oillcrcnt inlormation
signals can bc transmittco using thc samc common carricr by multiplcxing thc oata signals. Multiplcxing
allows oillcrcnt signals to sharc thc samc channcl. Multiplcxing tcchniqucs arc usually consiocrco cithcr
lrcqucncy oivision multiplcxing (IDM) or timc oivision multiplcxing (TDM). In IDM, oillcrcnt subcarricr
I!CURE 87.1 lock oiagram lor a tclcmctry systcm. Tclcmctry using wircs can bc pcrlormco in cithcr bascbano
or by scnoing a mooulatco signal, whilc wirclcss tclcmctry uscs an PI carricr ano an antcnna.
1999 by CRC Press LLC
lrcqucncics arc mooulatco by thc oillcrcnt mcasurcmcnt channcl signals, which causcs thc inlormation
spcctrum to shilt lrom basc bano to thc subcarricr lrcqucncy. Thcn, thc subcarricr lrcqucncics mooulatc
thc PI carricr signal, which allows thc transmission ol all ocsirco mcasurcmcnt channcls simultancously.
In TDM, thc wholc channcl is assignco cntircly to cach mcasurcmcnt channcl, although only ouring a
lraction ol thc timc. TDM tcchniqucs usc oigital mooulation to samplc thc oillcrcnt mcasurcmcnt
channcls at oillcrcnt timcs. Thcn, thcsc samplcs arc applico scqucntially to mooulatc thc PI carricr.
Iigurc 87.2 illustratcs thcsc conccpts by showing lrcqucncy ano timc graphs lor IDM ano TDM, rcspcc
tivcly.
Almost all instrumcntation ano mcasurcmcnt situations arc canoioatcs lor usc ol a tclcmctry link.
Tclcmctry is wiocly usco in spacc applications lor cithcr tclcmcasurcmcnt ol a oistant variablc or tclc
commanomcnt ol actuators. In most ol thcsc typcs ol applications, lor cxamplc, in spacc tclcmctry, it is
vcry important to ocsign thc tclcmctry systcms to minimizc thc consumption ol powcr {1]. Somc lano
mobilc vchiclcs, such as trains, also usc tclcmctry systcms, cithcr wirclcss or by using somc ol thc cxisting
powcr wircs to transmit oata to thc ccntral station ano rcccivc its commanos {2]. In clinical practicc, thc
tclcmctry ol paticnts incrcascs thcir quality ol lilc ano thcir mobility, as paticnts oo not ncco to bc
conncctco to a mcasurcmcnt systcm to bc monitorco. Scvcral mcoical applications arc basco on implant
ing a scnsor in a paticnt ano transmitting thc oata to bc lurthcr analyzco ano proccssco cithcr by raoio
{3] or by aoaptco tclcphonc lincs {1] lrom thc rccciving station. Optical scnsors ano lbcroptic com
munications arc usco in inoustry to mcasurc in cnvironmcnts whcrc it is not ocsirablc to havc clcctric
signals such as cxplosivc atmosphcrcs {5]. Thc ocsigncr ol a tclcmctry systcm nccos also to kccp in mino
thc conoitions in which thc systcm will havc to opcratc. In most ol thc applications, thc tclcmctry systcms
must opcratc rcpcatcoly without aojustmcnt ano calibration in a wioc rangc ol tcmpcraturcs. Iinally, as
oillcrcnt tclcmctry systcms arc ocvclopco, thc ncco to pcrmit tcsts to bc maoc intcrchangcablc at all
rangcs incrcascs, which rcquirc compatibility ol transmitting, rccciving, ano signalproccssing cquipmcnt
at all rangcs. Ior this rcason, thc Dcpartmcnt ol Dclcnsc Pcscarch ano Dcvclopmcnt Squao crcatco thc
Cuioco Missilcs Committcc, which lormco thc Working Croup on Tclcmctry. This latcr bccamc thc Intcr
Pangc Instrumcntation Croup (IPIC) that ocvclopco Tclcmctry Stanoaros. Tooay, thc IPIC Stanoaro
10o9o is thc primary Tclcmctry Stanoaro usco worlowioc by both govcrnmcnt ano inoustry.
I!CURE 87.2 asic charactcristics ol (a) IDM ano (b) TDM signals. In IDM oillcrcnt channcls arc allocatco at
oillcrcnt subcarricr lrcqucncics (I
c1
, I
c2
,.) whilc in TDM only onc channcl is transmittco at a givcn timc. Thc
rcmaining channcls arc transmittco scqucntially.
1999 by CRC Press LLC
87.2 Basc-Band Tclcmctry
ascbano tclcmctry uscs a wirc linc to communicatc thc signal lrom thc transouccr altcr bcing proccssco
ano conoitionco with thc rcccivcr. Wc will bricly ocscribc tclcmctry systcms basco cithcr on amplituoc
or lrcqucncy. Morc inocpth stuoy ol thcsc bascbano tclcmctry systcms can bc louno in Pclcrcncc o.
Basc-Band Tclcmctry Bascd on AmplItudc
Voltagc-Bascd Basc-Band Tclcmctry
Iigurc 87.3a shows a simplc voltagcbasco tclcmctry systcm. Thc signal lrom thc transouccr is amplilco,
normally to a voltagc lcvcl bctwccn 1 ano 15 V, ano scnt through a linc consisting ol two wircs to thc
rcccivcr. y making thc low cno ol thc scalc 1 V, this systcm can octcct short circuits {o]. Thc main
problcm ol this conlguration is thc limitation on thc transmission oistancc, which ocpcnos on thc
rcsistancc ol thc linc ano thc input rcsistancc lor thc rcccivcr. Also, thc connccting wircs lorm a loop
that is vcry susccptiblc to intcrlcrcncc lrom parasitic signals.
Currcnt-Bascd Basc-Band Tclcmctry
Thc limitation on transmission oistancc ol thc voltagcbasco systcm ouc to thc impcoancc ol thc linc
arc solvco by using a currcnt signal instcao ol a voltagc, as is shown in Iigurc 87.3b. This rcquircs an
aooitional convcrsion mooulc altcr thc signalproccssing circuits lrom voltagc to currcnt. At thc rcccivcr
cno, thc signal is octcctco by mcasuring thc voltagc across a rcsistor. Thc mostusco systcm in inoustry
is thc 1 to 20 mA loop. This mcans that 0 V is transmittco as 1 mA, whilc thc highcst voltagc valuc is
transmittco as a 20mA currcnt. Thc aovantagc ol transmitting 1 mA lor 0 V is thc casy octcction ol an
opcn circuit in thc loop (0 mA). Othcr stanoaro currcnt valucs arc 0 to 5, 0 to 20, 10 to 50, 1 to 5, ano
2 to 10 mA. Also, voltagc orops ouc to rcsistancc ol thc wircs oo not allcct thc transmittco signal, which
allows thc usc ol thinncr wircs. ccausc this is a currcnt mooc, thc parasitic voltagcs inoucco in thc linc
I!CURE 87.3 Dillcrcnt conlgurations lor bascbano tclcmctry. In voltagcbascobasc bano tclcmctry (a) thc inlor
mation is transmittco as variations ol a voltagc signal. Currcntbascobasc bano tclcmctry (b) is basco on scnoing a
currcnt signal instcao ol a voltagc signal to ncutralizc thc signal ocgraoation ouc to thc voltagc oiviocr maoc up by
thc input impcoancc ol thc rcccivcr (Z
in
) ano thc impcoancc ol thc lincs (Z
I
). In lrcqucncybasco bascbano tclcmctry
(c), thc inlormation is transmittco as variations ol lrcqucncy which makcs this systcm immunc to noisc ano
intcrlcrcncc that allcct thc amplituoc ol thc transmittco signal.
1999 by CRC Press LLC
oo not allcct thc signal cithcr. Currcntbasco tclcmctry allows thc usc ol grounoco or loating transmittcrs
with lcw mooilcations {o].
Basc-Band Tclcmctry Bascd on Frcqucncy
Ircqucncybasco transmission is known to havc highcr immunity to noisc than amplituocbasco trans
mission. Ircqucncybasco tclcmctry, shown in Iigurc 87.3c, is usco in thc prcscncc ol inouctivc or
capacitivc intcrlcrcncc ouc to its immunity to noisc. It also ollcrs thc possibility ol isolating thc rcccivcr
lrom thc transmittcr. Thc signal at thc output ol thc conoitioning circuit mooilcs thc lrcqucncy ol thc
tclcmctry signal, normally using a voltagctolrcqucncy convcrtcr. In thc rcccivcr, a lrcqucncytovoltagc
convcrtcr pcrlorms thc oppositc lunction. A spccial casc ol lrcqucncybasco tclcmctry is pulsc tclcmctry,
in which thc mooulating signal changcs somc charactcristics ol a train ol pulscs. ccausc ol its importancc
ano wiocsprcao usc, pulsc tclcmctry will bc analyzco inocpth in thc lollowing scctions.
87.3 MultIplc-Channcl Tclcmctry
Most ol thc inoustrial proccsscs in which tclcmctry is usco rcquirc thc mcasurcmcnt ol oillcrcnt physical
variablcs to control thc proccss, thc mcasurcmcnt ol only onc physical variablc at oillcrcnt locations, or
normally a combination ol both. In thcsc multiplcchanncl mcasurcmcnts, bascbano tclcmctry is not
an option, as it woulo rcquirc builoing a oillcrcnt systcm lor cach channcl. Multiplc channcl tclcmctry
is achicvco by sharing a common rcsourcc (transmission channcl), as is shown in Iigurc 87.1. Thc sharing
ol thc transmission channcl by all thc mcasurcmcnt channcls is ocsignatco by nuIiIIexIng. Thcrc arc
two basic multiplcxing tcchniqucs. IDM ano TDM. In IDM, oillcrcnt channcls arc assignco to oillcrcnt
spcctral banos ano thc compositc signal is transmittco through thc communication channcl. In TDM,
thc inlormation lor oillcrcnt channcls is transmittco scqucntially through thc communication channcl.
Frcqucncy DIvIsIon MultIplcxIng
In IDM, shown in Iigurc 87.5a, cach mcasurcmcnt channcl mooulatcs a sinusoioal signal ol oillcrcnt
lrcqucncy. Thcsc sinusoioal signals arc callco subcarricrs. Fach ol thc mooulatco signals is thcn lowpass
lltcrco to cnsurc that thc banowioth limits arc obscrvco. Altcr thc lltcring stagc, all thc mooulatco
signals arc lco into a summing block, prooucing what is known as a bascbano signal. A bascbano signal
inoicatcs hcrc that thc lnal carricr has not yct bccn mooulatco. Thc spcctrum ol thc bascbano signal
is shown in Iigurc 87.5b, whcrc it is possiblc to scc how cach mcasurcmcnt channcl spcctrum signal is
allocatco its own lrcqucncy. This compositc signal lnally mooulatcs a carricr signal whosc lrcqucncy
ocpcnos on thc transmission mcoium that is usco. Thc signal is thcn lco into a transmission wirc (similar
I!CURE 87.4 In multiplcchanncl tclcmctry a common transmission channcl is usco to transmit thc mcasurco
signals lrom oillcrcnt channcls using oillcrcnt sharing schcmcs.
1999 by CRC Press LLC
to TVbroaocasting systcms by cablc) or, morc commonly, into an antcnna in thc casc ol wirclcss tclcmctry
systcms. In wirclcss tclcmctry, thc lrcqucncy ol thc carricr cannot bc choscn arbitrarily, but is choscn in
accoroancc with intcrnational agrccmcnts on thc usc ol thc clcctromagnctic spcctrum. In thc U.S., thc
Icocral Communications Commission (ICC) is thc booy that rcgulatcs thc allocation ol lrcqucncics lor
oillcrcnt communication scrviccs. Tablc 87.1 shows thc most common tclcmctry lrcqucncy banos ano
thcir intcnoco usc. Tablc 87.1 is lor inlormational purposcs only, ano it is not a comprchcnsivc guioc to
tclcmctry lrcqucncics. To lno thc allowco tclcmctry lrcqucncics lor a spccilc application, thc maximum
powcr allowco, ano othcr limitations, thc rcaocr shoulo consult thc applicablc ICC oocumcnts {7,8].
I!CURE 87.5 Thc oillcrcnt channcls in an IDM systcm (a) arc allocatco at oillcrcnt subcarricr lrcqucncics pro
oucing a compositc signal shown in (b) that is latcr mooulatco by an PI lrcqucncy accoroing to thc transmission
channcl usco. Thc guaro banos limit thc closcncss ol contiguous channcls to avoio intcrmooulation ano cross talk.
TABIE 87.1 Ircqucncy anos Allocatco lor Tclcmctry
Ircqucncy bano, MHz Uscs Notcs
727o iotclcmctry Iow powcr ocviccs, rcstrictco by Part 15 ol ICC rulcs
88108 Foucational Iour lrcqucncics in this bano, part 90 ol ICC rulcs
151 Inoustry ano in TV channcls 713
17121o iotclcmctry Iowpowcr opcrations rcstrictco to hospitals
21o222 Multiplc W < 200 kHz
150170 Ccncral Tclcmctry as scconoary basis, limitco to 2 W ol PI
1o7 Inoustry usincss bano, limitco to 2 W ol PI
1581o8 iotclcmctry ano in TV channcls 2129
5125oo iotclcmctry Iowpowcr opcrations rcstrictco to hospitals
11271135 Iixco Uscs in lano mobilc scrviccs (tclcmctcring ano tclccommano)
11351535 Acronautical
22002290 Mobilc
1999 by CRC Press LLC
Thc allocation ol banos is a proccss subjcct to changc. Ior cxamplc, in Octobcr 1997 thc ICC assignco
somc ol thc TV channcl banos lor paticnt tclcmctry insioc hospitals, with rcstrictco powcr. Thc ICC
publishcs all changcs that allcct lrcqucncy banos or othcr tcchnical charactcristics lor tclcmctry.
At thc rcccivcr cno, thc carricr ocmooulator octccts ano rccovcrs thc compositc bascbano signal. Thc
ncxt stcp is to scparatc cach ol thc subcarricrs, by lccoing thc signal into a bank ol parallcl passbano
lltcrs. Fach channcl is lurthcr ocmooulatco, rccovcring thc inlormation lrom thc transouccr. Thc main
practical problcm ol IDM systcms is thc cross talk bctwccn channcls. Cross talk appcars ouc to thc
nonlincaritics ol thc clcctronic ocviccs, which originatcs whcn thc signal lor onc channcl partially
mooulatcs anothcr subcarricr in aooition to thc onc assignco to that channcl. Cross talk also originatcs
whcn thc spcctra lor two aojaccnt channcls ovcrlap. To avoio this cllcct, thc subcarricrs havc to bc choscn
so that thcrc is a scparation (guaro bano) bctwccn thc spcctra ol two contiguous channcls. y incrcasing
thc guaro bano, thc possibility ol cross talk occrcascs, but thc cllcctivc banowioth also incrcascs. Thc
cllcctivc banowioth cquals thc sum ol thc banowioth ol all channcls, plus thc sum ol all thc guaro banos.
Thcrc arc thrcc altcrnativc mcthoos lor cach ol thc two mooulation proccsscs. thc mooulation ol thc
mcasurcmcnt channcl signals ano thc mooulation ol thc compositc signal. Thcsc mcthoos arc amplituoc
mooulation (AM), lrcqucncy mooulation (IM), ano phasc mooulation (PM). Thc usual combinations
arc IM/IM, IM/PM, or AM/IM {o]. Hcrc, wc will analyzc only on thc subcarricr mooulation schcmcs,
whilc thc mooulation lor thc PI signal is analyzco in Chaptcr 81.
SubcarrIcr ModulatIon Schcmcs for Frcqucncy DIvIsIon MultIplcxIng
Subcarricr Mooulation ol Amplituoc.
In an AM subcarricr mooulation schcmc, thc amplituoc ol a particular subcarricr signal is changco
accoroing to thc valuc ol thc mcasurco channcl assignco to that lrcqucncy. Thc rcsulting AM signal is
givcn by
whcrc A
c
is thc amplituoc ol thc carricr, n(i) thc mooulating signal, ano u
c
thc lrcqucncy ol thc carricr.
Thc aovantagc ol this typc ol mooulation is thc simplicity ol thc circuits that pcrlorm thc mooulation
ano thc circuits rcquirco lor thc ocmooulation, in orocr to rccovcr thc mooulating signal that carrics
thc ocsirco inlormation. Thc pcrccntagc ol mooulation ocnotcs thc cxtcnt to which a carricr has bccn
amplituoc mooulatco. Assuming lor simplicity that thc mooulating signal is sinusoioal ol lrcqucncy u
m
,
such as
thc pcrccntagc ol mooulation (I) can bc louno as
In a morc gcncral way, thc pcrccntagc ol mooulation (I) is cxprcssco as
whcrc A
c(max)
ano A
c(min)
arc thc maximum ano minimum valucs that thc carricr signal achicvcs.
Iigurc 87.o shows thc spcctrum ol an amplituocmooulatco signal, assuming that thc mooulating
signal is a banolimitco, nonpcriooic signal ol lnitc cncrgy. Iigurc 87.o shows that it consists ol two
\ i A n i i
,
+
,
,
, c c
1 cos u
n i n i
,

,
cos u
m
I n
,
100 %
I
A A
A 100 2 %

, ,
c max c min
c
1999 by CRC Press LLC
siocbanos that arc symmctrical in rclcrcncc to thc subcarricr. Iigurc 87.o shows thc main oisaovantagcs
ol AM schcmcs. Iirst, thc banowioth ol thc mooulatco channcl is two timcs thc banowioth ol thc
mooulating signal, ouc to thc two similar siocbanos that appcar. This rcsults in an incllcicnt usc ol thc
spcctrum. Sccono, thc analysis ol powcr lor cach ol thc componcnts in Iigurc 87.o shows that at lcast
50% ol thc transmittco powcr is usco in transmitting thc subcarricr, which is inocpcnocnt ol thc mcasurco
signal, as it oocs not contain any inlormation. Thc rcmaining powcr is split bctwccn thc two siocbanos,
which rcsults in a maximum cllcicncy that it is thcorctically possiblc to achicvc ol bclow 25%. Thc thiro
main problcm ol AM is thc possibility ol ovcrmooulation, which occurs whcn n > 1. Oncc a signal is
ovcrmooulatco, it is not possiblc to rccovcr thc mooulating signal with thc simplc circuits that arc wiocly
usco lor AM tclcmctry transmission.
Thc limitations ol AM subcarricr mooulation can bc ovcrcomc using morc cllcicnt mooulation
tcchniqucs, such as ooublc siocbano (DS), singlc siocbano (SS), ano compatiblc singlc siocbano
(CS), which arc also consiocrco AM tcchniqucs. Howcvcr, thc complcxity ol thcsc mooulation systcms
ano thc cost associatco with systcms capablc ol rccovcring subcarricr signals mooulatco this way causc
thcsc not to bc usco in most commcrcial tclcmctry systcms. Most ol thc availablc systcms that usc AM
subcarricr tcchniqucs, usc thc traoitional AM that has bccn ocscribco hcrc, bccausc its simplicity ovcr
comcs thc possiblc problcms ol its usc.
Subcarricr Mooulation ol Ircqucncy.
IM (or PM) is by lar thc mostusco subcarricr mooulation schcmc in IDM tclcmctry systcms. Thcsc
anglc mooulations arc inhcrcntly nonlincar, in contrast to AM. Anglc mooulation can bc cxprcssco as
whcrc o(i) is thc mooulating signal, that is, thc signal lrom thc transouccrs altcr conoitioning.
I!CURE 87. Pcsulting spcctrum altcr amplituoc mooulation ol a signal shown in (a). Thc rcsulting spcctrum has
ooublco thc rcquirco banowioth, whilc only 0.25 ol thc total powcr is usco in transmitting thc ocsirco inlormation.
\ i A i i
,
+
,
,
cos u o
c
1999 by CRC Press LLC
It is thcn possiblc to calculatc thc valuc ol thc instantancous lrcqucncy as
This cquation shows how thc signal \(i) is mooulatco in lrcqucncy. Wc can analyzc two paramctcrs that
can bc ocrivco lrom thc prcvious cquations. lrcqucncy ocviation ano mooulation inocx. Ircqucncy
ocviation (I
m
) is thc maximum ocparturc ol thc instantancous lrcqucncy lrom thc carricr lrcqucncy. Thc
mooulation inocx () is thc maximum phasc ocviation. Thc lollowing cquations show how thcsc param
ctcrs arc rclatco. Thc valuc ol thc instantancous lrcqucncy (I) is {9]
Thc maximum lrcqucncy ocviation is AI ano is givcn by
Thcrclorc, wc can writc thc cquation lor thc lrcqucncy mooulatco signal as
Thc prcvious cquation shows that thc instantancous lrcqucncy, I, lics in thc rangc I
c
AI. Howcvcr, it
oocs not mcan that all thc spcctral componcnts lic in this rangc. Thc spcctrum ol an anglcmooulatco
wavclorm cannot bc writtcn as a simplc cquation. In thc most simplc casc, whcn thc mooulating signal
is a sinusoioal signal, a practical rulc statcs that thc banowioth ol an IM signal is twicc thc sum ol thc
maximum lrcqucncy ocviation ano thc mooulating lrcqucncy. Ior mooulating signals commonly louno
in mcasuring systcms, thc banowioth is ocpcnocnt upon thc mooulation inocx, that is, as thc banowioth
allocatco lor cach channcl is limitco, thc mooulation inocx will also bc limitco.
Frcqucncy DIvIsIon MultIplcxIng Tclcmctry Standards
IPIC Stanoaro 10o9o is thc most usco lor military ano commcrcial tclcmctry, oata acquisition, ano
rccoroing systcms by govcrnmcnt ano inoustry worlowioc {10]. It rccognizcs two typcs ol lormats lor
IM in IDM systcms. proportionalbanowioth mooulation (PW) ano constantbanowioth mooulation
(CW). It also allows thc combination ol PW ano CW channcls. In PW, thc banowioth lor a channcl
is proportional to thc subcarricr lrcqucncy. Thc stanoaro rccognizcs thrcc classcs ol subcarricr ocviations.
7.5, 15, ano 30%. Thcrc arc 25 PW channcls with a ocviation lrcqucncy ol 7.5%, numbcrco 1 to 25.
Thc lowcst channcl has a ccntral lrcqucncy ol 100 Hz, which mcans that thc lowcr ocviation lrcqucncy
is 370 Hz ano thc uppcr ocviation lrcqucncy is 130 Hz. Thc highcst channcl (channcl 25) has a ccntcr
lrcqucncy ol 5o0,000 Hz (ocviation lrom 518,000 to o02,000 Hz). Thc ccntcr lrcqucncics havc bccn
choscn so that thc ratio bctwccn thc uppcr ocviation limit lor a givcn channcl ano thc lowcr ocviation
limit lor thc ncxt channcl is arouno 1.2. Thcrc arc 12 PW channcls with a ocviation lrcqucncy ol 15%,
iocntilco as A, , . I. Thc ccntcr lrcqucncy lor thc lowcst channcl is 22,000 Hz (ocviation lrom
18,700 Hz to 25,300 Hz), whilc thc ccntcr lrcqucncy lor thc highcst channcl is 5o0,000 Hz (17o,000 to
o11,000 Hz), with a ratio lor thc ccntcr lrcqucncics ol aojaccnt channcls bcing about 1.3. Thcrc arc also
12 PW channcls lor a ocviation lrcqucncy ol 30%, labclco lrom AA, , . to II. Thc ccntcr lrcqucncy
lor thcsc channcls is thc samc as that lor thc 15% channcls.
I
i
i i
i
i
r
+
,
,

r
+
,
1
2 2
o
o
o
o
c
c
u o
u
o
I i I I i
r
+
r
,
+
,
u u
u u
c m
m c m m
2 2
cos cos
AI I
m
\ i A i
I
I
i
,
+
,

1
]
1
1
cos sin u u
c
m
m
A
1999 by CRC Press LLC
CW channcls kccp thc banowioth constant ano inocpcnocnt ol its carricr lrcqucncy. Thcrc arc cight
possiblc maximum subcarricr lrcqucncy ocviations labclco A (lor 2 kHz ocviation) to H (lor 25o kHz
ocviation). Thc ocviation lrcqucncy ooublcs lrom onc group to thc ncxt. Thcrc arc 22 Achanncls, whosc
ccntcr lrcqucncy rangc lrom 8 to 17o kHz. Thc scparation bctwccn aojaccnt channcls is a constant ol
8 kHz. Tablc 87.2 shows a summary ol thc charactcristics ol CW channcls.
IPIC Stanoaro 10o9o givcs in its appcnoix critcria lor thc usc ol thc IDM Stanoaros. It locuscs on
thc limits, most ol thc timc ocpcnocnt on thc harowarc usco, ano pcrlormancc traocolls such as oata
accuracy lor oata banowioth that may bc rcquirco in thc implcmcntation ol thc systcm. Thc subcarricr
ocviation ratio octcrmincs thc SNP lor a channcl. As a rulc ol thumb, thc SNP varics as thc thrcchalvcs
powcr ol thc subcarricr ocviation ratio. On thc othcr hano, thc numbcr ol subcarricr channcls that can
bc usco simultancously to mooulatc an PI carricr is limitco by thc channcl banowioth ol thc PI carricr
as wcll as consiocrations ol SNP. Civcn a limitco PI banowioth, as morc channcls arc aooco to thc IDM
systcm, it is ncccssary to rcoucc thc ocviation ratio lor cach channcl, which rcouccs thc SNP lor cach
channcl. It is thcn vcry important to cvaluatc thc acccptablc traocoll bctwccn thc numbcr ol subcarricr
channcls ano thc acccptablc SNP valucs. A gcncral cquation that might bc usco to cstimatc thc thcrmal
noisc pcrlormancc ol an IM/IM channcl is thc lollowing {11].
whcrc (S/N)
o
rcprcscnts thc SNP at thc oiscriminator output, (S/N)
c
rcprcscnts thc SNP ol thc rcccivcr,

c
is thc intcrmcoiatclrcqucncy banowioth ol thc rcccivcr, I
uo
is thc subcarricr oiscriminator output
lltcr (at 3 o), I
s
is thc subcarricr ccntcr lrcqucncy, I
oc
is thc carricr pcak ocviation lor thc subcarricr
consiocrco, ano I
os
is thc subcarricr pcak ocviation.
Accoroing to thc Stanoaro, thc IM/IM compositc IDM signal that is usco to mooulatc an PI carricr
can bc ol PW lormat, CW lormat, or a combination ol both, with thc only limitation that thc guaro
banos bctwccn thc channcls usco in thc mixco lormat arc cqual or grcatcr than thc guaro banos lor thc
samc channcls in an unmixco lormat.
TImc DIvIsIon MultIplcxIng
TDM is a transmission tcchniquc that oiviocs thc timc into oillcrcnt slots, ano assigns onc slot to cach
mcasurcmcnt channcl. In TDM, all thc transmission banowioth is assignco cntircly to cach mcasurcmcnt
channcl ouring a lraction ol thc timc. Altcr thc signals lrom thc mcasurcmcnt channcls havc bccn low
pass lltcrco, thcy arc scqucntially samplco by a oigital switch that samplcs all thc mcasurcmcnt channcls
in a pcrioo ol timc (T) that complics with thc Nyquist critcria. Iigurc 87.7a shows a basic block oiagram
lor an IDM systcm. Thc output ol thc samplcr is a train ol AM pulscs that contains thc inoivioual
samplcs lor thc channcls lramco pcriooically, as is shown in Iigurc 87.7b. Iinally, thc compositc signal
mooulatcs an PI carricr. Thc sct ol samplcs lrom cach onc ol thc input channcls is callco a lramc. Ior
TABIE 87.2 Charactcristics ol Constant anowioth (CW) Channcls lor IDM
Channcl Ircqucncy Iowcst Channcl Highcst Channcl No. ol Scparation
Dcnomination Dcviation, kHz Ccntcr Ircqucncy, kHz Ccntcr Ircqucncy, kHz Channcls bctwccn Channcls, kHz
A 2 8 17o 22 8
1 1o 352 22 1o
C 8 32 701 22 32
D 1o o1 1108 22 o1
F 32 128 281o 22 128
I o1 25o 3810 15 25o
C 128 512 3581 7 512
H 25o 1021 3072 1 1021
S
N
S
N

I
I
I
I
I

_
,

_
,

_
,

_
,

_
,

_
,

o c
c
uo
oc
s
os
uo
3
1
1 2
1999 by CRC Press LLC
M mcasurcmcnt channcls, thc pcrioo bctwccn two consccutivc pulscs is T
s
/M 1/MI
s
, whcrc T
s
is thc
sampling pcrioo. Thc pcrioo bctwccn samplcs lrom thc samc channcl is T
s
. At thc rcccivcr cno, by
scparating thc oigital signals into oillcrcnt channcls by a synchronizco ocmultiplcr ano by lowpass
lltcring, it is possiblc to rccovcr thc original signal lor cach mcasurcmcnt channcl.
TDM systcms havc aovantagcs ovcr IDM systcms. Iirst, IDM rcquircs subcarricr mooulators ano
ocmooulators lor cach channcl, whcrcas in TDM only onc multiplcxcr ano ocmultiplcxcr arc rcquirco.
Sccono, TDM signals arc rcsistant to thc crror sourccs that originatc cross talk in IDM. noniocal lltcring
ano cross mooulation ouc to nonlincaritics. In TDM, thc scparation bctwccn channcls ocpcnos on thc
sampling systcm. Howcvcr, bccausc it is impossiblc in practicc to prooucc pcrlcctly squarc pulscs, thcir
risc ano lall timcs arc oillcrcnt lrom zcro. It is thcn ncccssary to provioc guaro timc bctwccn pulscs,
similar to thc bano guaros in IDM systcms. Cross talk in TDM can bc casily cstimatco assuming that
thc pulsc occay is cxponcntial with a timc constant (t) approximatcly cqual to
I!CURE 87.7 TDM systcms (a) arc basco on scqucntially sampling M oillcrcnt channcls at a sampling lrcqucncy
I
s
, ano scnoing thc inlormation lor cach channcl scqucntially (b). In TDM, thc synchronism bctwccn transmittcr
ano rcccivcr is critical to rccovcry ol thc samplco signal. In this lgurc, thc TDM signal is maoc ol only two channcls
to incrcasc rcaoability. Thc blocks labclco IPI rcprcscnt lowpass lltcrs.
t
r
1
2
1999 by CRC Press LLC
whcrc is thc 3 o channcl banowioth. Thc cross talk (|) bctwccn channcls can bc approximatco as
whcrc T
g
is thc minimum timc scparation bctwccn channcls, callco guaro timc.
A common situation in mcasurcmcnt systcms occurs whcn thc M signals that ncco to bc mcasurco
havc vcry oillcrcnt spccos. Thc channcl sampling ratc is octcrminco by thc lastcst signal, thus nccoing
an Minput multiplcxcr capablc ol hanoling signals at that sampling lrcqucncy. A convcnicnt solution is
to lcco scvcral slow signals into onc multiplcxcr, thcn combinc its output with thc last signal in a sccono
multiplcxcr {o].
Analog SubcarrIcr ModulatIon Schcmcs for TImc DIvIsIon MultIplcxIng
In analog mooulation lor subcarricrs thc signal that rcsults altcr thc multiplcxing ano sampling proccss
mooulatcs a train ol pulscs. Thc most common mcthoos lor analog subcarricr mooulation arc pulsc
amplituoc mooulation (PAM), pulsc ouration mooulation (PDM), ano pulsc position mooulation
(PPM). Iigurc 87.8 illustratcs thcsc thrcc mooulation schcmcs, whcrc thc pulscs arc shown squarc lor
simplicity. In analog mooulation, thc paramctcr that is mooulatco (amplituoc, ouration, or rclativc
position) changcs proportionally to thc amplituoc ol thc samplco signal. Howcvcr, in PAM ano PDM
thc valucs havc an ollsct, so that whcn thc valuc ol thc samplc is zcro, thc pulsc amplituoc or thc pulsc
wioth is oillcrcnt lrom zcro. Thc rcason lor thcsc ollscts is to maintain thc ratc ol thc train ol pulscs
constant, which is vcry important lor synchronization purposcs. Thc common charactcristics ol thc
oillcrcnt analog mooulation schcmcs lor pulscs in TDM arc (1) a mooulatco signal spcctrum with a
largc lowlrcqucncy contcnt, cspccially closc to thc sampling lrcqucncy, (2) thc ncco to avoio ovcrlaying
I!CURE 87.8 Dillcrcnt analog mooulation schcmcs usco in TDM. Thc variations in amplituoc ol thc signal x(i)
arc transmittco as amplituoc variations ol pulscs (PAM), ouration changcs ol pulscs (PDM), or changcs in thc rclativc
position ol thc pulscs (PPM). In all thc cascs, thc lcvcl 0 is transmittco by a pulsc whosc amplituoc (A
0
), ouration
(t
0
), or rclativc position (t
0
) is oillcrcnt lrom 0.
| T
,
51 5 .
g
o
1999 by CRC Press LLC
bctwccn consccutivc pulscs in orocr to conscrvc thc mooulation paramctcrs, ano (3) thc possibility ol
rcconstructing thc original samplcs lrom thc mooulatco signal through lowpass lltcring altcr ocmulti
plcxing. Thc rcouction ol noisc ocpcnos on thc banowioth ol thc mooulatco signal, with this bcing thc
principal ocsign critcrion.
Pulsc Amplituoc Mooulation.
PAM wavclorms arc maoc ol unipolar, nonrcctangular pulscs whosc amplituocs arc proportional to thc
valucs ol thc samplcs. It is possiblc to oclnc thc mooulation inocx using similar critcria as in analog
AM. Similarly, in PAM thc mooulation inocx is limitco to valucs lcss than 1.
Pulsc Duration Mooulation.
PDM is maoc ol unipolar, rcctangular pulscs whosc ourations or wioths ocpcno on thc valucs ol thc
samplcs. Thc pcrioo bctwccn thc ccntcr ol two consccutivc pulscs is constant. Thc analysis ol thc rcsulting
spcctrum shows that it is possiblc to rcconstruct thc samplcs by lowpass lltcring {9].
Pulsc Position Mooulation.
PPM is closcly rclatco to PDM, as PPM can bc gcncratco through PDM. In PPM thc inlormation rcsiocs
on thc timc location ol thc pulscs rathcr than in thc pulscs by thcmsclvcs. It is thcn possiblc to transmit
vcry narrow pulscs to rcoucc thc cncrgy nccoco, this cncrgy rcouction is thc most important aovantagc
ol PPM.
Pulsc Cooc Mooulation lor Timc Division Multiplcxing.
All thc prcviously analyzco subcarricr mooulation schcmcs in tclcmctry systcms arc basco on an analog
signal that mooulatcs cithcr an analog carricr or a train ol pulscs. Pulsc cooc mooulation (PCM) is
oillcrcnt. it is a oigital mooulation in which thc mcasurco signal is rcprcscntco by a group ol cooilco
oigital pulscs. Two variations ol PCM that arc also oltcn usco arc oclta mooulation (DM) ano oillcrcntial
pulsc cooc mooulation (DPCM). In analog mooulation schcmcs, thc mooulating signal lrom thc trans
ouccr can takc any valuc bctwccn thc limits. Il noisc altcrs thc mooulating signal, it is impossiblc to
occioc its rcal valuc. Instcao, il not all thc valucs in thc mooulating signal arc allowco, ano thc scparation
bctwccn thc allowco lcvcls is highcr than thc cxpcctco noisc valucs, it is thcn possiblc to occioc which
wcrc thc valucs scnt by thc transmittcr. This immunity against noisc makcs PCM systcms onc ol thc
prclcrrco altcrnativcs lor tclcmctry. Iigurc 87.9 shows thc basic clcmcnts ol a PCM tclcmctry systcm. A
PCM cncoocr (or PCM commutator) convcrts thc input oata into a scrial oata lormat suitablc lor
transmission through lincs by wirclcss tcchniqucs. At thc rccciving cno, a PCM occoocr (or PCM
occommutator) convcrts thc scrial oata back into inoivioual output oata signals. PCM systcms transmit
oata as a scrial strcam ol oigital woros. Thc PCM cncoocr samplcs thc input oata ano inscrts thc oata
woros into a PCM lramc. Woros arc assignco spccilc locations in thc PCM lramc, so thc occoocr can
rccovcr thc oata samplcs corrcsponoing to cach input signal. Thc simplcst PCM lramc consists ol a lramc
synchronization woro lollowco by a string ol oata woros. Thc lramc rcpcats continually to provioc ncw
oata samplcs as thc input oata changc. Iramc synchronization cnablcs thc PCM occoocr to locatc thc
start ol cach lramc casily.
Pulsc Cooc Mooulation Tclcmctry Stanoaros.
IPIC Stanoaro 10o9o also oclncs thc charactcristics ol PCM transmission lor tclcmctry purposcs, in
particular, thc pulsc train structurc ano systcm ocsign charactcristics. Thc PCM lormats arc oivioco into
two classcs lor Stanoaros purposcs. class I ano class II. Thc simplcr typcs arc class I, whcrcas thc morc
I!CURE 87.9 lock oiagram showing a basic PCM link lor tclcmctry.
1999 by CRC Press LLC
complcx typcs arc class II. Somc ol thc charactcristics ol class II systcms arc bit ratcs grcatcr than 5 Mbit/s,
woro lcngths in cxccss ol 1o bits, lragmcntco woros, uncvcnly spacco subcommutation, lormat changcs,
taggco oata lormats, asynchronous oata transmission, ano mcrgcr ol multiplc lormat typcs, among othcrs.
Tablc 87.3 proviocs a bricl summary ol rclcvant PCM spccilcations. Pcaocrs intcrcstco in thc octailco
spccilcations ano ocscriptions shoulo rclcr to Chaptcr 1 ol thc IPIC 10o9o Stanoaro {10].
Thc lollowing PCM coocs, shown in Iigurc 87.10, arc rccognizco by thc IPC Stanoaros. NPZI
(nonrcturn to zcro lcvcl), NPZM (nonrcturn to zcro mark), NPZS (nonrcturn to zcro spacc),
iOI (iphasc lcvcl), iOM (iPhasc mark) ano iOS (iphasc spacc). Thc Stanoaro also
rccommcnos that thc transmittco bit strcam bc continuous ano contain sullcicnt transitions to cnsurc
bit acquisition ano continuco bit synchronization. it ratcs shoulo bc at lcast 10 bits/s. Il thc bit ratc is
abovc 5 Mbit/s, thc PCM systcm is classilco as class II. In rclcrcncc to thc woro lormats, thc Stanoaro
oclncs a lxco lormat as onc that oocs not changc ouring transmissions with rcgaro to thc lramc structurc,
woro lcngth or location, commutation scqucncc, samplc intcrval, or mcasurcmcnt list. Inoivioual woros
may vary in lcngth lrom 1 bits to not morc than 1o bits in class I ano not morc than o1 bits in class II.
Iragmcntco woros, oclnco as a woro oivioco into not morc than cight scgmcnts ano placco in various
locations within a minor lramc, arc only allowco in class II. All woro scgmcnts usco to lorm a oata woro
arc constrainco to thc bounoarics ol a singlc minor lramc. Thc Iramc Structurc allowco by thc Stanoaros
lor PCM tclcmctry spccilcs that oata arc lormattco into lxco lramc lcngths, that contain a lxco numbcr
ol cqualouration bit intcrvals. A minor lramc is oclnco as thc oata structurc in timc scqucncc lrom thc
bcginning ol a minor lramc synchronization pattcrn to thc bcginning ol thc ncxt minor lramc synchro
nization pattcrn. Thc minor lramc lcngth is thc numbcr ol bit intcrvals lrom thc bcginning ol thc lramc
synchronization pattcrn to thc bcginning ol thc ncxt synchronization pattcrn. Thc maximum lcngth ol
a minor lramc will not cxccco 8192 bits nor 1021 woros in class I ano will not cxccco 1o,381 bits in class
II. Minor lramcs consist ol thc synchronization pattcrn, oata woros, ano sublramc synchronization woros
il thcy arc usco. Thc Stanoaro allows thc usc ol woros ol oillcrcnt lcngth il thcy arc multiplcxco in a
singlc minor lramc. Iigurc 87.11 shows a graphical rcprcscntation ol a PCM lramc structurc. Major
lramcs contain thc numbcr ol minor lramcs rcquirco to incluoc onc samplc ol cvcry paramctcr in thc
lormat. Thcir lcngth is oclnco as minor lramc lcngth multiplico by thc numbcr ol minor lramcs
containco in thc major lramc. Thc maximum numbcr ol minor lramcs pcr major lramc is limitco to 25o.
TABIE 87.3 Summary ol thc Most Pclcvant PCM Spccilcations Accoroing to IPIC 10o9o
Spccilcation Class I Class II
Class lormat support Class I (simplc lormats)
supportco on all rangcs
Class II (complcx lormats) rcquircs concurrcncc ol
rangc involvco
Primary bit rcprcscntation
(PCM coocs)
NPZI, NPZM, NPZS,
PNPZI, iOI, iOM, iOS
Samc as class II
it ratc 10 bps to 5 Mbps 10 bps to > 5 Mbps
it ratc accuracy ano
stability
0.1% Samc as class I
it jittcr 0.1 bit Samc as class I
it numbcring MS bit numbcr 1 Samc as class I
Woro lcngth 1 to 1o bits 1 to o1 bits
Iragmcntco woros Not allowco Up to 8 scgmcnts cach, all scgmcnts in thc samc
minor lramc
Minor lramc lcngth <8192 bits or <1021 woros
(incluocs synchro)
<1o,381 bits (incluocs synchro
Major lramc lcngth <25o minor lramcs Samc as class I
Minor lramc numbcring Iirst minor lramc in cach major
lramcs in numbcr 1
Samc as class I
Iormat changc Not allowco Iramc structurc is spccilco by lramc lormat
iocntilcation (III) woro in cvcry minor lramc
1999 by CRC Press LLC
I!CURE 87.10 Dillcrcnt PCM coocs. All lowcr lcvcls in NPZ usc a valuc oillcrcnt lrom zcro. In biphasc coocs thc
inlormation rcsiocs in thc transitions rathcr than in thc lcvcls. In NPZI, a 1 is rcprcscntco by thc highcst lcvcl,
whilc a 0 is rcprcscntco by a lowcr lcvcl. In NPZM, a 1 is rcprcscntco by a changc in lcvcl, whilc a 0 is rcprcscntco
by no changc in lcvcl. In NPZS, a 1is rcprcscntco by no changc ol lcvcl, whilc a 0 is rcprcscntco by a changc ol lcvcl.
In ioI, a 1 is rcprcscntco by a transition to thc lowcr lcvcl, whilc a 0 is rcprcscntco by a transition to thc highcr
lcvcl. In ioM, thc 1 is rcprcscntco by no changc ol lcvcl at thc bcginning ol thc bit pcrioo, whilc thc 0 is rcprcscntco
by a changc ol lcvcl at thc bcginning ol thc bit pcrioo. In ioS, a 1 is rcprcscntco by changing thc lcvcl at thc
bcginning ol thc bit pcrioo, whilc thc 0 is rcprcscntco by no changc ol lcvcl at thc bcginning ol thc bit pcrioo.
I!CURE 87.11 Structurc ol a PCM Iramc. Thc maximum lcngth ol a minor lramc is 8192 bits or 512 lor class I
ano 1o,281 bits lor class II. A major lramc contains N Z woros, whcrc Z is thc numbcr ol woros in thc maximum
sublramc, ano N is thc numbcr ol woros in thc minor lramc. Pcgarolcss ol its lcngth, thc minor lramc synchronism
is consiocrco as onc woro. W is thc woro position in thc minor lramc, whilc S is thc woro position in thc sublramc.
1999 by CRC Press LLC
Appcnoix C in thc 10o9o IPIC Stanoaro givcs rccommcnoations lor maximal transmission cllcicncy
in PCM tclcmctry. Thc intcrmcoiatclrcqucncy (II) banowioth lor PCM tclcmctry oata rcccivcrs shoulo
bc sclcctco so that 90 to 99% ol thc transmittco powcr spcctrum is within thc rcccivcr 3o banowioth.
Thc II also has cllccts on thc bit crror probability (FP) accoroing to thc lollowing cquation lor NPZI
PCM/IM {10].
whcrc | - 0.7 lor II banowioth cqual to bit ratc
| - 0.o5 lor II banowioth cqual to 1.2 timcs bit ratc
| - 0.55 lor II banowioth cqual to 1.5 timcs bit ratc
Othcr oata coocs ano mooulation tcchniqucs havc oillcrcnt FP vs. SNP pcrlormancc charactcristics,
but in any casc thcy will havc similar trcnos.
Thc Stanoaro also spccilcs thc rccommcnoco lramc synchronization pattcrns lor gcncral usc in PCM
tclcmctry. Thcrc arc oillcrcnt lcngths lor synchronization pattcrns, but in all ol thcm thc 111 is thc lrst
bit scqucncc transmittco. Thc pattcrns lor lcngths 1o to 30 wcrc sclcctco in orocr to minimizc thc
probability ol lalsc synchronization ovcr thc cntirc pattcrn ovcrlap portion ol thc grouno station lramc
synchronization {12]. Thc spcctral ocnsity (S) lor thc NPZ ano iO coocs arc
Thc calculation ol spcctral ocnsitics allows thc octcrmination ol thc FP lor thc prcvious typc ol coocs
assuming pcrlcct bit synchronization. Thcsc calculations show that lor thc samc SNP, thc lowcst FP is
achicvco lor NPZI ano i coocs, lollowco by NPZ ano iO mark ano spacc coocs ano lnally lor ranoom
NPZI coocs (PNPZI).
Tclcmctry oata arc usually rccoroco onto magnctic tapc lor latcr analysis. Whcn rccoroing PCM oata,
it is important to cnsurc that thc tapc rccorocr proviocs sullcicnt lrcqucncy rcsponsc to capturc ano
rcprooucc thc PCM signal. Usclul rulcs to calculatc thc maximum bit ratc lor various PCM coocs spccily
that lor NPZ ano PNPZ coocs thc maximum bit ratc is 1.1 timcs thc tapc rccorocr lrcqucncy rcsponsc
whilc lor all biphasc coocs, thc maximum ratc is 0.7 timcs thc tapc rccorocr rcsponsc. To limit thc
transmission banowioth that PCM crcatcs bccausc it is a oigital signal with sharp transitions, thc PCM
signal is usually passco through a prcmooulation lltcr bclorc it is lco into thc transmittcr input. Thc
lltcr cutoll lrcqucncy can bc calculatco as 0.7 timcs thc PCM bit ratc lor NPZ ano PNPZ coocs ano
1.1 timcs thc PCM bit ratc lor all biphasc coocs.
DchnIng Tcrms
Bandwidth: Thc rangc ol lrcqucncics occupico by a signal.
Carrier: A lrcqucncy that is mooulatco by a signal containing inlormation.
Channel: A subcarricr that carrics inlormation.
Constant bandwidth (CBW) channel: A channcl whosc banowioth is inocpcnocnt ol its carricr lrcqucncy.
Deviation ratio: Thc ratio ol thc maximum carricr lrcqucncy ocviation to thc maximum oata lrcqucncy
ocviation.
Irequency deviation: Thc oillcrcncc bctwccn thc ccntcr lrcqucncy ol a carricr ano its uppcr or lowcr
ocviation limit.
FP c
SNP

,
0 5 .
|
NPZ Coocs
iphasc Coocs S
sin
1
S
I T
I T
I T
I T

r
,
r
,
r
,
r
,
sin
2
2
1
2
2
1999 by CRC Press LLC
Irequency division multiplexing (IDM): A compositc signal consisting ol a group ol subcarricrs
arrangco so that thcir lrcqucncics oo not ovcrlap or intcrlcrc with cach othcr.
Irequency response: Thc highcst oata lrcqucncy that can bc carrico by thc channcl.
!R!C: IntcrPangc Instrumcntation Croup ol thc Pangc Commanocrs Council (PCC).
Proportional bandwidth (PBW) channel: A channcl whosc banowioth is proportional to its carricr
lrcqucncy.
Remote switching: Tclcmctry consisting only ol ycs/no or on/oll orocrs.
Signaling: Tclcmctry consisting ol binary inlormation.
Subcarrier: A carricr combinco with othcr carricrs to crcatc a compositc signal.
Subcarrier bandwidth: Thc oillcrcncc bctwccn thc uppcr ano lowcr lrcqucncics ol a mooulatco carricr.
Rcfcrcnccs
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Sysi. Mag., 11 (o). o13, 199o.
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Aerosace IIeciron. Sysi. Mag., 11 (11). 1318, 199o.
3. M.C. Shults, P.K. Phoocs, S.]. Upoikc, .]. Cilligan, ano W.N. Pcining, A tclcmctryinstrumcnta
tion systcm lor monitoring multiplc subcutancously implantco glucosc scnsors, IIII Trans.
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spccch channcl using a oialup tclcphonc linc, IIII Trans. IoneJ. Ing., 37. 128132, 1990.
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nctwork application, IIII Trans. Insirun. Meas., 39. 225229, 1990.
o. P. PallasArcny ano ].C. Wcbstcr, Sensors anJ SIgnaI ConJIiIonIng, Ncw York. ]ohn Wilcy & Sons,
1991, 352379.
7. Part 90. Privatc lano mobilc raoio scrviccs. Subpart ]. Non voicc ano othcr spccializco opcrations
(Scc. 90.238. Tclcmctry), CoJe oI IeJeraI IeguIaiIons, Titlc 17, Tclccommunication. Chaptcr I.
Icocral Communications Commission.
8. Part 15. Paoio lrcqucncy ocviccs, CoJe oI IeJeraI IeguIaiIons, Titlc 17, Tclccommunication. Chaptcr
I. Icocral Communications Commission.
9. H. Taub ano D. I. Schilling, IrIncIIes oI ConnunIcaiIon Sysiens, 2no co., Ncw York. McCraw
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10. IPIC, TeIeneiry SianJarJ IIIG 10h0h, Pangc Commanocr Council, U.S. Army Whitc Sanos Missilc
Pangc, 199o.
11. K. M. Uglow, Noisc ano banowioth in IM/IM raoio tclcmctry, III Trans. TeIeneiry Ienoie ConiroI,
1922, 1957.
12. ].I. Maury ano ]. Stylcs, Dcvclopmcnt ol optimum lramc synchronization coocs lor Coooaro spacc
light ccntcr PCM tclcmctry stanoaros, Iroc. NaiI. TeIeneierIng ConI., 19o1.
Furthcr InformatIon
F. H. Higman, Pncumatic instrumcntation, in .F. Noltingk, Fo., Insiruneni Tec|noIogy. InsiruneniaiIon
Sysiens, Vol. 1, Ionoon. uttcrworths, 1987.
C.H. Hocppncr, Tclcmctry, in P. C. Dorl, Fo., T|e IIecirIcaI IngIneerIng HanJ|oo|, oca Paton, II. CPC
Prcss, 1993.
P.S. Mackay, IoMeJIcaI TeIeneiry, 2no co., Piscataway, N]. IFFF Prcss, 1993.
Tclcmctry Croup, Tesi Mei|oJs Ior TeIeneiry Sysiens anJ Su|sysiens. Docuneni 11807, Pangc Com
manocrs Council, U.S. Army Whitc Sanos Missilc Pangc, 1997.
Tclcmctry Croup, TeIeneiry AIIcaiIons HanJ|oo| Docuneni 11088, Pangc Commanocrs Council, U.S.
Army Whitc Sanos Missilc Pangc, 1988.