INTELLIGENT URBAN TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM

KKKA6424
Task 4
Video sensor

PROF. IR. DR. RIZA ATIQ ABDULLAH OK RAHMAT

Done by:

ALAA.H.MOUSA ID: P71081

Introduction
Traffic cameras are an innovative and extremely functional use of video surveillance
technology. You've seen their footage during traffic reports on the TV news. They're
atop traffic signals and placed along busy roads, and at busy intersections of the
highway. Whether they're recording traffic patterns for future study and observation
or monitoring traffic and issuing tickets for moving violations, traffic cameras are an
explosively popular form of video surveillance.

Advantages of Traffic Surveillance Cameras
Aid commuters - Traffic cameras placed at common congestion points on highways,
freeways, interstates and major arteries often share feeds with news outlets - both
radio and TV, which in turn pass them onto commuters in the form of traffic reports.
Normally, traffic flows do not vary much from day to day, but in the event of a severe
accident or road closure, a traffic alert can be extremely valuable for a time-crunched
commuter.
Valuable data - Traffic cameras that simply monitor car flows on roads and major
arteries are often maintained by state departments of transportation Along with
monitoring the roads for accidents or major closures, footage from traffic cameras is
influential in decisions regarding future road development and construction.
Enforce laws - Cameras used to enforce speed and red light laws are effective in
catching moving violations and issuing tickets.
Encourage safe driving - Visible surveillance cameras posted at intersections can
encourage safe driving habits and discourage moving violations.





1. AXIS Q87-E Network Camera
Introduction
Is ideal for mission-critical surveillance scenarios that demand 24-hour monitoring
of restricted areas. The cameras offer pan/tilt flexibility and simultaneous video
streams from a visual camera and a thermal camera, and allow detection,
recognition and identification from one single unit. The IP66-rated, outdoor-ready
AXIS Q87-E Network Camera Series comprises of AXIS Q8721-E and
AXIS Q8722-E. AXIS Q8721-E which provides a visual camera with 10x
optical zoom and autofocus, and thermal camera with 384x288 resolutionis
mounted on a motor that allows the entire unit to tilt and pan. AXIS Q8722-E
provides the same features but with thermal camera that offers VGA 640x480
resolution. The models are connected to the network using one Ethernet cable.
AXIS Q87-E models can pan 360 endlessly and tilt between -45 to +20 with a
preset accuracy of 0.02. The operating temperature ranges between -30 C to 45
C (-22 F to 113 F)
The thermal camera can achieve higher detection accuracy than a visual camera
since a thermal camera detects an object or a person hidden in a shadow or in a
dark area. It can also function in complete darkness and adverse weather
conditions. However, the visual camera allows for recognition possibilities and at
night, it can benefit from optional PT IR Illuminator kit A for better identification.
The combined visual/thermal camera units provide a powerful surveillance solution
Continuous rotation, endless 360 pan
IP66-rated
HDTV image quality
Thermal imaging
The visual cameras can deliver several independent H.264 streams. Both visual
From that switch only one Ethernet cable is necessary to view both cameras.
The visual camera provides 10x optical zoom and auto focus, and on top of that
AXIS Q87-E is mounted on a Pan/Tilt motor. AXIS Q87-E models can pan
360 endlessly and tilt between -45 to +20 with a preset accuracy of 0.02.
AXIS Q8721-E and AXIS Q8722-E cameras are available with either 35mm or
60mm lens for the thermal network camera; note that the thermal cameras come
in 30 or 8.3 fps.

Feature Network camera model
Outdoor vandal-resistant AXIS Q8721-E AXIS Q8722-E
Max video resolution
Visual camera: 1920 x 1080
Thermal camera: 384 x 288
Visual camera: 1920 x 1080
Thermal camera: 640 x 480
Megapixel/HDTV Visual camera: 2 MP/720p Visual camera: 2 MP/720p
Optical zoom Visual camera:10x Visual camera:10x
Max detection range
Humans (m/yards)
Thermal camera: 1200/1312* Thermal camera: 1800/1970*
Max detection range
Vehicles (m/yards)
Thermal camera: 3700/4046* Thermal camera: 5500/6015*
Day & Night functionality

* With 60mm lens on the thermal camera.

2.Thermal camera
Introduction
Thermal cameras have many advantages, such as allowing users to detect people,
objects and incidents in complete darkness and difficult conditions such as smoke,
haze, dust and light fog. Eliminating the need for floodlights, they reduce light
pollution. In addition, a thermal camera is a reliable platform for integrating
intelligent software applications. A conventional network camera reacts to changes in
the captured image and can, for example, be disturbed by shades and back lighting. A
thermal network camera detects the thermal radiation from the object, which is a more
static parameter compared to visual changes in an image.






Benefits of integrating intelligent video applications
Axis thermal network cameras are an excellent complement to existing video
surveillance installations as they expand the systems video analytic capabilities, area
protection, such as thermal fences, providing discreet and cost-effective detection,
enhancing building security and emergency management.
The sensor in a thermal camera detects thermal radiation emitted from objects and
people. Thus, the sensor is not sensitive to changing light conditions, darkness or
other challenging conditions. This makes thermal cameras a perfect platform on
which to build more efficient 24/7 surveillance systems. Integrated with intelligent
video applications, such as video motion detection or tripwire, the camera can
automatically trigger an alert to the operator and at the same time trigger a
pan/tilt/zoom camera to supply video to the operator. All information is evaluated and
the operator can decide about the correct action to take








Motion detection
When an Axis thermal network camera has detected a moving object, it can trigger
other devices and actions such as sending an alarm to an operator, turning on flood
lights, or triggering a regular camera to retrieve visual information about the incident.
Since the camera will only record during the actual incident, the amount of recording
space will be minimized. This will facilitate video analysis and save valuable operator
time.

Tripwire detection
A virtual line can be placed in the image of the thermal network camera. The virtual
line will act as a tripwire. If an object crosses the virtual tripwire, the thermal network
camera can trigger another camera as in the motion detection example.
Integrating thermal network cameras with intelligent video applications has many
advantages. However, in order to get the optimum use of thermal network cameras
other things will have to be considered than when using conventional network
cameras. Definition of detection range, number of pixels across the object, and the
surrounding environment need to be considered. These parameters are of special
importance when integrating with an intelligent video application.





Definition of detection range according to Johnsons criteria
The resolution required to detect an object is stated in pixels and is determined by
means of Johnsons criteria. John Johnson, a US military scientist, developed this
method for predicting the performance of sensor systems during the 1950s. An object
can be a person, typically defined with a critical dimension of 0.75 m (2.46 ft.) or a
vehicle, typically defined with a critical dimension of 2.3 m (7.55 ft.). Johnson
measured the ability of observers to identify scale model targets under various
conditions, and came up with criteria for the minimum required resolution. These
criteria provide a 50 % probability of an observer distinguishing an object at the
specified level. For a thermal sensor, the temperature difference between the object
and its background needs to be at least 2 C. The levels of Johnsons criteria used for
Thermal network cameras are as follows:
> At least 1.5 pixels are needed for detection, that is, the observer can see that an
object is present.
> At least 6 pixels are needed for recognition, that is, the observer can distinguish the
object, for example, a person in front of a fence.
> At least 12 pixels are needed for identification, that is, the observer can distinguish
an object and object characteristics, for example, a person holding a crowbar in his
hand. Johnsons criteria were developed under the assumption that visible a human
observer processed information if an application algorithm instead processes the
information there will be specific requirements on the number of pixels needed on the
target for reliable operation. All intelligent video software algorithms need to work
with a certain number of pixels. The exact number may vary but as a as a rule of
thumb at least 6 pixels across the object are required, which is the same as recognition
according to Johnsons criteria. Even if a human observer would be able to detect the
object, the application algorithm often needs a larger amount of pixels at a given
detection range to work properly.


Environmental considerations
It is essential to remember that Johnsons criteria are valid only in ideal conditions.
The weather conditions on site will affect the thermal radiation emitted from the
object and decrease the effective detection range. The detection range used in the
monographs above ideally requires a temperature difference of 2 C between the
targeted object and the background. This section will further explain how
environmental factors will influence thermal camera performance.
Environmental factors that affect the thermal camera include weather conditions and
the temperature difference between the object and its background. An object with
almost the same temperature as the background, such as a body on a hot summer day,
is harder to distinguish from its background than an object with a greater temperature
difference, such as a car with a running engine on a cold winter day.

The two most important environmental factors that affect the image of an object in the
camera are absorption and scattering. They reduce the thermal radiation that reaches
the camera, thereby reducing the distance at which the camera can detect an object.
Scattering has a greater effect on the loss of thermal energy than absorption.
Absorption
Water vapor (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air are the primary causes of
absorption. During absorption, the heat radiated from the object is absorbed by water
vapor and carbon dioxide and loses some of its energy before reaching the camera the
water vapor content of the air affects image quality even in sunny and clear weather.
In winter, if all other weather conditions are the same, the water vapor content of the
air is lower than in summer. Since water vapor content is lower, the water molecules,
allowing more, absorb less thermal radiation thermal radiation to reach the thermal
network camera and resulting in better image quality when compared to a summer
day.


Scattering
During scattering, the thermal radiation from the object is dispersed when it hits
particles in the air. The loss of radiation is directly related to the size and
concentration of the particles, droplets or crystals that constitute polluting, condensing
or precipitating conditions such as smog, fog, rain or snow. Fog appears when water
vapor in the air condenses into water droplets. The droplet sizes vary with different
kinds of fog. In dense fog, the water droplets are bigger due to accretion, thus
scattering thermal radiation more than light fog. Also, fog scatters thermal radiation to
a larger extent than both smog and haze because of the greater size and concentration
of its water droplets.
Rain and snow
Even though raindrops are larger than fog droplets, their concentration is lower. This
means that rain does not scatter thermal radiation as much as fog does. The level of
scattering during snow is somewhere in between the range of fog and rain. Sleet or
wet snow has a scattering level more similar to rain, whereas dry snow is more similar
to fog.











3.Smart Camera III
The digital camera concept for high-definition traffic enforcement images


Digital ROBOT Smart Camera III with up to 11MP


ROBOT Smart Camera III as detached camera head
Consistently tailored without compromise for every possible traffic enforcement
application, JENOPTIK Robot has the solution:
The compact camera includes an integrated processor or a remote processor
connected to the camera head by fiber optics. This is the only way to make use of the
advantages to ensure maximum benefit of each type of installation and to provide a
service-oriented solution. The resolution of the CCD ranges from 1.4 MP to 11 MP.
Features
Own lens
The same technology in a compact or divided form
Tried and tested in rough environment on the road (Field-tested /proven in
practice/proven in use)
Electrical isolation via fiber optics
The ROBOT SmartCamera III is a combination of a ROBOT SmartCamera III head
and a ROBOT SmartCamera III MPU (Main Processing Unit). The MPU is a special
module required for the operation of a camera head.. The MPU controls the connected
camera head and processes its data. The physical separation of the camera head and
the MPU allows many service-friendly and cost effective possibilities for the
implementation of technical traffic solutions.

4. Dome HD-SDI CCTV Surveillance Camera

HD-D20 Dome HD Camera features:

HD-SDI Technology (use only with HD-SDI compatible DVRs)
Plastic Housing Designed for Indoor Surveillance
Low Light and Zero Light Performance with 20 Infrared LEDs
Resolution: 1080p (1920 x 1080)
4.3mm Fixed Lens supports a 91.2 degree field of view
Black Base (Also available in White)
Tri-axis mount for ceiling or wall installations
12v DC Power
WDR / Wide Dynamic Range
Advanced On Screen Display controls for Light sensitivity, exposure, white balance,
day/night, digital noise reduction, color, SENS-UP, and sharpness adjustments



5. ANPR LPR Traffic CCTV HSBLC Camera
The camera JE-7800 is brilliant color by day, but at night, the camera will auto
switch to LPR mode and come into it's own. In other words this is not an Infra Red
(IR) camera to see people in the dark. It is designed to see number plates front or
rear. Even if the headlights are turned OFF, our NPR cameras will see the number
plate perfectly. A normal IR camera will reflect on the plate or have the opposite
effect.
The LPR camera is an all enclosed full body camera with auto iris vary focal 5-50mm
vary focal lens. It built in heater/blower for all weather conditions and designed for
capturing number plates at speeds in excess of 100kph

Main feature.

Sony 1/3" Supper Had! CCD

Recognize the plate
number distinctly at any speed

World Best 600TV Line of
Resolution
Built-in RS-485 Bus for remote
access the menu to configure

6 - 50mm Auto Iris Lens

Built-in Heater & Fan,

IR Available distance: 1 - 40
Meters
Wide range operation temperature -
40 to +60C

IR Light Value can be adjustable
and stored
Separate glass: no Light diffusion
and fog proof

Shutter Speed 1/50 - 1/120,000
Adjustable
IP65 Water-Proof

IR Cut Filter

It Can Keep Stable Work Under Any
Climate

HSBLC and WDR function

1 channel alarm In/ Out

How they can be utilized in traffic management system.
Cameras have dependably been a component in Intelligent Traffic Systems In any
case about whether; the part of cameras in these frameworks has changed. To start
with, cameras just served as a straightforward checking or catching gadget for
watching activity stream Today, the camera in an ITS framework is the improved
"eye" of the framework itself, helping astounding pictures that are utilized for
requesting movement control requisitions, for empowering extra vehicle
characterization. Cameras are intended to help all standard movement requisitions.
Around their numerous different characteristics, they offer:
Easy joining
High picture quality
A high dynamic extent
High affectability
A remarkable value/execution proportion

Today's superior-cameras are the "advanced eye" for Intelligent Transportation
Systems (ITS), supplying high-determination pictures significantly under testing
conditions. Cameras give present day transportation frameworks the force of vision
from distinguishing activity violations to movement checking and toll accumulation
frameworks. The video camera innovations utilized for these reasons fall into two
gatherings: mechanical cameras (machine vision) and system cameras Both camera
innovations offer diverse capacities past their unique ranges of provision, making
them good with a wide mixture of transportation tasks.





Ordinary provisions for video cameras in the ITS field are:
Enforcement (e.g., speed authorization, red light implementation, and path violation
identification)
Tolling (e.g., Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) and toll authorization to counteract
misrepresentation)
Traffic Monitoring (e.g., observing movement stream, way, and climate conditions,
and searching for mischances or different occurrences)
Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) (eg. excursion time estimation,
stopping or access control results and in addition clever activity observing,
Risky Aspects of Traffic Security Cameras
Weather - Whether they're monitoring intersections or looking out for traffic jams,
traffic cameras are subject to damage caused by weather. Heat, wind, rain, snow and
ice can all damage or ruin a traffic security camera.
Accidents - Since they're placed on busy roads and intersections, there is also a
chance that accidents could damage traffic cameras.
Configuration Considerations for Roadway Cameras
Traffic monitoring cameras and red light or speed cameras have different purposes
and therefore desrve seperate consideration when installing. Consider the following
when looking to install traffic monitoring or red light cameras
For traffic surveillance cameras:
What are the major roadways in your area?
At what time is traffic in your area the heaviest (aka "Rush Hour")?
Are there certain features in roadways where traffic naturally congests?
For speed and red light cameras:
Are there any particular intersections in your area where accidents and violations
are common?
Are moving violations a particular problem in your area?Setup Advice for Traffic
Surveillance Cameras
For speed and red light cameras:
When installing cameras, make sure that all areas of the intersection are covered.
Usually, cameras are placed above the signals or mounted on each corner of the
intersection
Consider installing a flash or other light source for night recording
Consult with local law enforcement to find the most troublesome intersections
Make sure your cameras are placed and calibrated to record the license plate data
off of violating cars.
To protect cameras against the elements, place them in environment-controlled
housings.
For road surveillance and monitoring cameras:
Place cameras so they overlook common congestion areas
Make sure cameras have adequate visibility and a good view of all lanes involved
Temperature and humidity controlled camera housings can help protect the camera
against weather.