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Depiction of the

Devil as seen in the


Codex Gigas.
Devils - a fresco
detail from the Rila
Monastery
Devil
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Devil (from Greek: !"#$%&%' or dibolos =
slanderer or accuser)
[1]
is believed in many
religions, myths and cultures to be a supernatural
entity that is the personication of evil and the
enemy of God and humankind. The nature of the
role varies greatly, ranging from being an
effective opposite force to the creator god, locked
in an eons long struggle for human souls on what
may seem even terms (to the point of dualistic
ditheism/bitheism), to being a comical gure of
fun or an abstract aspect of the individual human
condition.
While mainstream Judaism contains no overt
concept of a devil, Christianity and Islam have
variously regarded the Devil as a rebellious fallen
angel that tempts humans to sin, if not commit
evil deeds himself. In these religions particularly
during periods of division or external threat the
Devil has assumed more of a dualistic status
commonly associated with heretics, indels, and
other unbelievers. As such, the Devil is seen as
an allegory that represents a crisis of faith,
individualism, free will, wisdom and
enlightenment.
In mainstream Islam and Christianity, God and
the Devil are usually portrayed as ghting over
the souls of humans. The Devil rules hell, where
he and his demons punish the damned. The Devil
commands a force of evil spirits, commonly
known as demons.
[2]
The Hebrew Bible (or Old
Testament) describes the Adversary (ha-satan)
as an angel who instigates tests upon humankind.
[3][4]
Many other
religions have a trickster or tempter gure that is similar to the Devil.
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Modern conceptions of the Devil include the concept that it symbolizes
humans' own lower nature or sinfulness.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Abrahamic religions
2.1 Judaism
2.2 Apocrypha/Deuterocanon
2.3 Christianity
2.4 Islam
2.5 Bah' Faith
2.6 Yazidism
3 Other religions
3.1 Neopaganism
3.2 New Age movement
3.3 Satanism
3.4 Zoroastrianism
3.5 Hinduism
3.6 Buddhism
3.7 Ancient Egypt
4 World folklore
5 Other names
5.1 Demons
5.2 Titles
6 God as the Devil
7 See also
8 Footnotes
9 References
10 External links
Etymology
Devil descends from the Middle English devel, from Old English d(ofol,
that in turn represents an early Germanic borrowing of Latin diabolus.
This in turn was borrowed from Ancient Greek dibolos (!"#$%&%'),
"slanderer",
[5]
from diaballein "to slander": dia- "across, through" + ballein
"to hurl". In the New Testament, "Satan" occurs more than 30 times in
passages alongside dibolos, referring to the same person or thing as
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Satan.
Abrahamic religions
Judaism
See also: Satan#Judaism
In mainstream Judaism there is no concept of a devil like in mainstream
Christianity or Islam. Texts make no direct link between the serpent that
tempts Eve in the Garden of Eden from Genesis and references to a
Satan in the rst book of Chronicles
[3]
and in Job.
[4]
In Hebrew, the
biblical word ha-satan (!" #" $%) means "the adversary"
[6]
or the obstacle, or
even "the prosecutor" (recognizing that God is viewed as the ultimate
Judge). As much as the Devil exists in any form of Judaism, his role is as
an adversary and an accuser which is assigned rather than assumed.
For the Hasidim of the eighteenth century, ha-satan was Baal Davar.
[7]
Apocrypha/Deuterocanon
See also: Apocrypha, Biblical apocrypha, and Deuterocanonical
books
In the Book of Wisdom, the devil is represented as the one who brought
death into the world.
[8]
The Second Book of Enoch contains references
to a Watcher angel called Satanael,
[9]
describing him as the prince of the
Grigori who was cast out of heaven
[10]
and an evil spirit who knew the
difference between what was "righteous" and "sinful".
[11]
A similar story
is found in 1 Enoch; however, in that book, the leader of the Grigori is
called Semjz. In the apocryphal literature, Satan rules over a host of
angels.
[12]
Mastema, who induced God to test Abraham through the
sacrice of Isaac, is identical with Satan in both name and nature.
[13]
The Book of Enoch contains references to Sathariel, thought also to be
Sataniel and Satan'el. The similar spellings mirror that of his angelic
brethren Michael, Raphael, Uriel and Gabriel, previous to his expulsion
from Heaven.
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The Devil depicted in
the Temptation of
Christ, by Ary
Scheffer, 1854.
Christianity
Main article: Devil in Christianity
See also: Satan#Christianity and War in Heaven
In mainstream Christianity the Devil is known as
Satan and sometimes as Lucifer, although it has
been noted that the reference in Isaiah 14:12 to
Lucifer, or the Son of the Morning, is a reference
to the Babylonian king.
[14]
Some modern
Christians consider the Devil to be an angel who,
along with one-third of the angelic host (the
demons) rebelled against God and has
consequently been condemned to the Lake of
Fire. He is described as hating all humanity, or
more accurately creation, opposing God,
spreading lies and wreaking havoc on the souls
of mankind. Other Christians consider the devil in
the Bible to refer guratively to human sin and
temptation and to any human system in
opposition to God.
Satan is often identied as the serpent who convinced Eve to eat the
forbidden fruit; thus, Satan has often been depicted as a serpent. Though
this identication is not present in the Adam and Eve narrative, this
interpretation goes back at least as far as the time of the writing of the
book of Revelation, which specically identies Satan as being the
serpent (Rev. 20:2).
In the Bible, the devil is identied with "The dragon" and "the old serpent"
in the Book of Revelation 12:9, 20:2 have also been identied with Satan,
as have "the prince of this world" in the Book of John 12:31, 14:30; "the
prince of the power of the air" also called Meririm, and "the spirit that now
worketh in the children of disobedience" in the Book of Ephesians 2:2;
and "the god of this world" in 2 Corinthians 4:4.
[16]
He is also identied
as the dragon in the Book of Revelation (e.g.
[17]
), and the tempter of the
Gospels (e.g.
[18]
).
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Horns of a goat and a ram,
goat's fur and ears, nose
and canines of a pig, a
typical depiction of the
Devil in christian art. The
goat, ram and pig are
consistently associated
with the Devil.
[15]
Detail of
a 16th-century painting by
Jacob de Backer in the
National Museum in
Warsaw.
Beelzebub is originally the name of a
Philistine god (more specically a certain
type of Baal, from Baal Zebb, lit. "Lord of
Flies") but is also used in the New
Testament as a synonym for Satan. A
corrupted version, "Belzeboub", appears in
The Divine Comedy.
In other, non-mainstream, Christian beliefs
(e.g. the beliefs of the Christadelphians) the
word "satan" in the Bible is not regarded as
referring to a supernatural, personal being
but to any 'adversary' and guratively refers
to human sin and temptation.
[19]
Islam
Main article: Devil (Islam)
In Islam the Devil is referred to as Iblis or
sometimes the Shaytan (Arabic: Like the
usage of the word satan in the Hebrew
Bible, Shaytan is also a word used to refer
to beings called demons in the Christian Bible, especially the New
Testament). According to the Qur'an, God created Iblis, along with all of
the other jinn, out of "smokeless re". The primary characteristic of the
Devil, besides hubris, is that he has no power other than the power to
cast evil suggestions into the hearts of men and women.
According to Muslim theology, Iblis was expelled from the grace of God
when he disobeyed God by choosing not to pay homage to Adam, the
father of all mankind. He claimed to be superior to Adam, on the grounds
that man was created of earth unlike himself. As for the angels, they
prostrated before Adam to show their homage and obedience to God.
However, Iblis, adamant in his view that man is inferior, and unlike angels
was given the ability to choose, made a choice of not obeying God. This
caused him to be expelled by God, a fact that Iblis blamed on humanity.
Initially, the Devil was successful in deceiving Adam, but once his
intentions became clear, Adam and Eve repented to God and were freed
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from their misdeeds and forgiven. God gave them a strong warning about
Iblis and the res of Hell and asked them and their children (humankind)
to stay away from the deceptions of their senses caused by the Devil.
According to the verses of the Quran, the Devil's mission until the
Qiyamah or Resurrection Day (yaum-ul-qiyama) is to deceive Adam's
children (mankind). After that, he will be put into the res of Hell along
with those whom he has deceived. The Devil is also referred to as one of
the jinns, as they are all created from the smokeless re. The Qur'an
does not depict Iblis as the enemy of God, as God is supreme over all his
creations and Iblis is just one of his creations. Iblis's single enemy is
humanity. He intends to discourage humans from obeying God. Thus,
humankind is warned to struggle (jihad) against the mischiefs of the
Satan and temptations he puts them in. The ones who succeed in this
are rewarded with Paradise (jannath ul rdaus), attainable only by
righteous conduct.
Bah' Faith
In the Bah' Faith, a malevolent, superhuman entity such as a devil or
satan is not believed to exist.
[20]
These terms do, however, appear in the
Bah' writings, where they are used as metaphors for the base nature of
man. Human beings are seen to have free will, and are thus able to turn
towards God and develop spiritual qualities or turn away from God and
become immersed in their self-centered desires. Individuals who follow
the temptations of the self and do not develop spiritual virtues are often
described in the Bah' writings with the word satanic.
[20]
The Bah'
writings also state that the devil is a metaphor for the "insistent self" or
"lower self" which is a self-serving inclination within each individual.
Those who follow their lower nature are also described as followers of
"the Evil One".
[21][22]
Yazidism
An alternate name for the main deity in the tentatively Indo-European
pantheon of the Yazidi, Melek Taus, is Shaitan.
[23]
Rather than Satanic,
however, Yazidism is better understood as a remnant of a pre-Islamic
Middle Eastern religion, and/or a ghulat Su movement founded by
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Sheikh Adi ibn Musar. The connection with Satan, originally made by
Muslim outsiders, attracted the interest of 19th-century European
travelers and esoteric writers.
Other religions
Neopaganism
Christian tradition has frequently identied pagan religions and witchcraft
with the inuence of Satan. In the Early Modern Period, the Church
accused alleged witches of consorting and conspiring with Satan.
Several modern conservative Christian writers, such as Jack Chick and
James Dobson, have depicted today's neopagan and witchcraft religions
as explicitly Satanic.
Few neopagan reconstructionist traditions recognize Satan or the Devil
outright. However, many neopagan groups worship some sort of Horned
God, for example as a consort of the Great Goddess in Wicca. These
gods usually reect mythological gures such as Cernunnos or Pan, and
any similarity they may have to the Christian Devil seems to date back
only to the 19th century, when a Christian reaction to Pan's growing
importance in literature and art resulted in his image being translated to
that of the Devil.
[24]
New Age movement
Participants in the New Age movement have widely varied views about
Satan, the Devil, and so forth. In some forms of Esoteric Christianity
Satan remains as a being of evil, or at least a metaphor for sin and
materialism, but the most widespread tendency is to deny his existence
altogether. Lucifer, on the other hand, in the original Roman sense of
"light-bringer", occasionally appears in the literature of certain groups as
a metaphorical gure quite distinct from Satan, and without any
implications of evil. For example, Theosophy founder Madame Blavatsky
named her journal Lucifer since she intended it to be a "bringer of light".
Many New Age schools of thought follow a nondualistic philosophy that
does not recognize a primal force for evil.
Even when a dualistic model is followed, this is more often akin to the
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The Baphomet,
adopted symbol of
some Left-Hand
Path systems,
including Theistic
Satanism.
Chinese system of yin and yang, in which good
and evil are explicitly not a complementary
duality. Schools of thought that do stress a
spiritual war between good and evil or light and
darkness include the philosophy of Rudolf
Steiner, Agni Yoga, and the Church Universal and
Triumphant.
Satanism
Main articles: Satanism, LaVeyan Satanism,
Setianism, and Theistic Satanism
Some religions worship the Devil. This can be in
a polytheistic sense where "God", Satan, and
others are all deities with Satan as the preferred
patron; or it can be from a more monotheistic
viewpoint, where God is regarded as a true god,
but is nevertheless deed.
Some variants deny the existence of God and the Devil altogether, but
still call themselves Satanists, such as Anton LaVey's Church Of Satan
which sees Satan as a representation of the primal and natural state of
mankind.
[25]
Much "Satanic" lore does not originate from actual Satanists, but from
Christians. Best-known would be the medieval folklore and theology
surrounding demons and witches. A more recent example is the Satanic
ritual abuse scare of the 1980s beginning with the memoir Michelle
Remembers which depicts Satanism as a vast (and unsubstantiated)
conspiracy of elites with a predilection for child abuse and human
sacrice. This genre regularly describes Satan as actually appearing in
person in order to receive worship.
[26]
Zoroastrianism
Main article: Angra Mainyu
In the Gathas, the oldest texts of the Zoroastrian Avesta, believed to
have been composed by Zoroaster himself, the poet does not mention a
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manifest adversary. Ahura Mazda's Creation is "truth", asha. The "lie"
(druj) is manifest only as decay or chaos, not an entity.
Later, in Zurvanism (Zurvanite Zoroastrianism), Ahura Mazda and the
principle of evil, Angra Mainyu, are the "twin" offspring of Zurvan, 'Time'.
No trace of Zurvanism exists after the 10th century.
Today, the Parsis of India largely accept the 19th century interpretation
that Angra Mainyu is the 'Destructive Emanation' of Ahura Mazda.
Instead of struggling against Mazda himself, Angra Mainyu battles
Spenta Mainyu, Mazda's 'Creative Emanation.'
Hinduism
In contrast to Christianity and Islam, Hinduism does not recognize any
central evil force or entity such as the Devil opposing God and man.
Hinduism does recognize that different beings (e.g., asuras) and entities
can perform evil acts, under the temporary dominance of the guna of
tamas, and cause worldly sufferings. The Rajasic and Tamasic Gunas of
Maya are considered especially close to the Abrahamic concept, the
hellish parts of the Ultimate Delusion called "Prakriti". An embodiment of
this is the concept of Advaita (non-dualism) where there is no good or
evil but simply different levels of realization.
On the other hand in Hinduism, which provides plenty of room for
counterpoint, there is also the notion of dvaita (dualism) where there is
interplay between good and evil tendencies.
[27]
A prominent asura is
Rahu whose characteristics are similar to those of the Devil. However,
Hindus, and Vaishnavites in particular, believe that an avatar of Vishnu
incarnates to defeat evil when evil reaches its greatest strength. The
concept of Guna and Karma also explain evil to a degree, rather than the
inuence of a devil.
To be more specic, Hindu philosophy denes that the only existing thing
(Truth) is the Almighty God. So, all the asuric tendencies are inferior and
mostly exist as illusions in the mind. Asuras are also different people in
whom bad motivations and intentions (tamas) have temporarily
outweighed the good ones (Sattva). Different beings like siddha,
gandharva, yaksha etc. are considered beings unlike mankind, and in
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some ways superior to men.
In Ayyavazhi, ofcially an offshoot of Hinduism prominent in Tamil Nadu
(a southern state in India with Dravidian heritage), followers, unlike most
other branches of Hinduism, believes in a Satan-like gure, Kroni. Kroni,
according to Ayyavazhi is the primordial manifestation of evil and
manifests in various forms of evil, i.e., Ravana, Duryodhana, etc., in
different ages or yugas. In response to such manifestation of evil,
believers, in Ayya-Vazhi religion believe that God, as Vishnu manifests in
His Avatars such as Rama and Krishna to defeat evil. Eventually, the
Ekam with the spirit (the spirit taken by Narayana only for incarnating in
the world) of Narayana incarnates in the world as Ayya Vaikundar to
destroy the nal manifestaion of Kroni, Kaliyan.
Kroni, the spirit of Kali Yuga is said to be omnipresent in this age and that
is one reason followers of Ayya Vazhi, like most Hindus, believe that the
current yuga, Kali Yuga is so degraded.
Buddhism
Main article: Mara (demon)
A devil-like gure in Buddhism is Mara. He is a tempter, who also
tempted Gautama Buddha by trying to seduce him with the vision of
beautiful women who, in various legends, are often said to be Mara's
daughters. Mara personies unskillfulness, the "death" of the spiritual life.
He tries to distract humans from practicing the spiritual life by making the
mundane alluring or the negative seem positive. Another interpretation of
Mara is that he is the desires that are present in one's own mind
preventing the person from seeing the truth. So in a sense Mara is not an
independent being but a part of one's own being that has to be defeated.
In daily life of the Buddha the role of devil has been given to Devadatta.
Ancient Egypt
Main articles: Set (mythology) and Apep
In the Ausarian drama we nd that Ausar (Greek: Osiris) is chopped into
13 pieces by Set. Auset (Isis) collects all of his pieces save his phallus.
Horus, son of Ausar and Auset sets out to avenge the death and
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Depiction of the Devil
interviewing Mayor Hall
dismemberment of his father by confronting Set. Horus is victorious over
Set and Ausar, being brought back from the dead becomes lord of the
underworld. It is this drama that gives us the cosmic conict between
good and evil, evil being embodied by Set. This is not to say that Set was
always seen as an evil character in Ancient Egyptian theology. There are
many times in Ancient Egyptian history where conicts between different
"houses" lead to the depreciation of one god relative to another.
As in most polytheistic faiths, the characters involved differentiate
themselves from the Western tradition of a devil in that all the gods are
closely related. In this case, numerous historic texts suggest that Set is
the Uncle or Brother of Horus and in the "defeat" of Set, we see another
separation from the norm in the devouring/assimilation of Set into Horus
with the result of Horus having depictions of both the falcon head and the
(unknown animal) head of Set. This (like Buddhism) represents a
dissolution of dichotomy.
World folklore
In the Western Christian tradition, the Devil
has entered popular folklore, particularly in his
role as a trickster gure. As such, he is found
as a character in a wide number of traditional
folktales and legends from Ireland,
Newfoundland, Italy and the United Kingdom,
where he often attempts to trick or outwit
other characters. In some of these tales, the
Devil is portrayed as more of a folk villain than
as the personication of evil. The Devil also
features prominently in a number of
hagiographical tales, or tales of the saints
such as the popular tale of St. Dunstan, many
of which may fall outside the authorized
religious canon. The Devil is also a recurring feature in tales explaining
the etymology of geographical names, lending his name to natural
formations such as The Devil's Chimney.
David Ferriero, Archivist of the United States, claims to have only one
piece of correspondence with the Devil in the nation's vast and varied
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Diablo III cover
collections. A letter sent from Baltimore at the end of the American Civil
War to Confederate leader Jefferson Davis bemoans the rebellion
against the United States and is signed by "the Devil".
[28]
A series of video games was created "in honor" of
the devil, by Blizzard North company. "Diablo" is an
action role-playing series of games, in which Diablo
terrorizes the world and the hero gets rid of him,
again and again.
Bob Dylan refers to the Satan in his song "Man of
peace", from his album Indels. Dylan claims that
the Satan can be wearing even the most pleasant
disguise and can be found in everyone, even the
least expected.
[29]
Other names
Further information: Devil in Christianity#Sources of Christian
teaching
Demons
In some religions and traditions, these titles are separate demons; others
identify these names as guises of The Devil. Even when thought of as
individual demons, some are often thought of being under the Devil's
direct control. This identies only those thought of as the Devil; List of
demons has a more general listing.
Azazel, Asael (Hebrew): King
of Devils
Baphomet, a demon
supposedly worshiped by the
Knights Templar
Beelzebub, ba'al zevuv &'( ()(*
(Hebrew): Lord of the ies
(Matthew 10:25
(http://tools.wmabs.org
/bibleversender
/?book=Matthew&
verse=10:25&src=!))
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Belial, Beliar, Bheliar
(Hebrew): without master,
despicableness of the earth,
Lord of Pride (2 Corinthians
6:15 (http://tools.wmabs.org
/bibleversender
/?book=2%20Corinthians&
verse=6:15&src=!))
Mastema, a devil in the Book
of Jubilees
Sammael, Samiel, Sammael
(Hebrew): "Poison of God"
Lilith, a female demon in
Jewish mythology.
Titles
These are titles that almost always refer to the Devil.
666 or 616, the Number of the
Beast
Angra Mainyu, Ahriman:
"malign spirit", "unholy spirit"
Antichrist, the coming of the
Devil to the mortal world in
Christianity
Dark Lord
Der Leibhaftige (German): "He
Himself"
[citation needed]
Diabolus, Diabolos (Greek:
)"#$%&%'): "cutting through"
Father of Lies (John 8:44), in
contrast to Jesus ("I am the
truth").
Iblis, the devil in Islam
Lord of the underworld / Lord
of Hell / Lord of this World
Lucifer / The Morning Star
(Greek and Roman): bringer of
light, illuminator; the planet
Venus, often portrayed as
Satan's name before he fell
Leviathan
Mephistopheles, he who
avoids the light (*+')
Old Scratch, The Stranger, Old
Nick: a colloquialism for the
devil, as indicated by the name
of the character in the story
The Devil and Tom Walker
Old Hob
Prince of Darkness / Air
Satan / The Adversary,
Accuser, Prosecutor
(The ancient/old/crooked
/coiling) Serpent
Shaitan, an Arabic name for
Satan
Klski (Iceland)
[30]
Voland (medieval France)
A list of liturgical names for the Devil may be found in Jeffrey Burton
Russell, Lucifer, the Devil in the Middle Ages (Cornell University Press,
1986), p. 128, note 76 online. (http://books.google.com
/books?id=3FJtnOsqtqAC&pg=RA1-PA128&
dq=%22liturgical+names+for+the+Devil%22&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&
as_minm_is=1&as_miny_is=2009&as_maxm_is=12&as_maxy_is=2009&
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as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES)
God as the Devil
Main article: God as the Devil
Several religious authors throughout history have advanced the notion
that the god of the Abrahamic Bible and its sequels is consistent in
character with the Devil. They make the case that the Biblical God is a
divine force that wreaks suffering, death and destruction and that tempts
or commands humanity into committing mayhem and genocide. Tertullian
accuses Marcion of Sinope, the rst great heretic of Christianity in the 1st
century, that he "[held that] the Old Testament was a scandal to the
faithful and accounted for it by postulating [that Jehovah was] a
secondary deity, a demiurgus, who was god, in a sense, but not the
supreme God; he was just, rigidly just, he had his good qualities, but he
was not the good god, who was Father of Our Lord Jesus Christ."
[31]
The
Church condemned his writings as heretical. John Arendzen (1909) in
the Catholic Encyclopedia (1913) mentions that Eusebius accused
Apelles, the 2nd-century AD Gnostic, of considering the Inspirer of
Old-Testament prophecies to be not a god, but an evil angel.
[32]
Hegemonius (4th century) accuses the Persian prophet Mani, founder of
the Manichaean sect in the 3rd century AD, identied Jehovah as "the
devil god which created the world"
[33]
and said that "he who spoke with
Moses, the Jews, and the priests is the [Prince] of Darkness, not
the god of truth."
[34]
These writings refer to the Abrahamic God variously as "a
demiurgus",
[31]
"an evil angel",
[32]
"the devil god",
[33]
"the Prince of
Darkness",
[34]
"the source of all evil",
[35]
"the Devil",
[36]
"a demon",
[37]
"a
cruel, wrathful, warlike tyrant",
[38]
"Satan"
[39]
and "the rst beast of the
book of Revelation".
[40]
See also
Deal with the Devil
Devil in popular culture
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Hell, Hades, Underworld
Lawsuits against the Devil
The Devil (Tarot card)
Non-physical entity
Footnotes
^ "devil" (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9030155). Encyclopdia
Britannica Online. Encyclopdia Britannica. June 29, 2007.
1.
^ Revelation 12:9 (http://tools.wmabs.org/bibleversender
/?book=Revelation&verse=12:9&src=!)
2.
^
a

b
1Chronicles 21:1 (http://tools.wmabs.org/bibleversender
/?book=1Chronicles&verse=21:1&src=!)
3.
^
a

b
Job 1:11 (http://tools.wmabs.org/bibleversender/?book=Job&
verse=1:11&src=!)
4.
^ !"#$%&%' (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper
/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddia%2Fbolos),
Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
5.
^ For example in Numbers 22:22 (http://tools.wmabs.org/bibleversender
/?book=Numbers&verse=22:22&src=HE) and Samuel 29:4
(http://tools.wmabs.org/bibleversender/?book=Samuel&verse=29:4&
src=HE) and other places, the word "adversary" appears in the translation,
which in the original Hebrew is "ha-satan".
6.
^ The Dictionary of Angels" by Gustav Davidson, 1967 7.
^ "But by the envy of the devil, death came into the world" - Book of Wisdom
II. 24
8.
^ 2 Enoch 18:3 9.
^ "And I threw him out from the height with his angels, and he was ying in
the air continuously above the bottomless" - 2 Enoch 29:4
10.
^ "The devil is the evil spirit of the lower places, as a fugitive he made
Sotona from the heavens as his name was Satanail, thus he became
different from the angels, but his nature did not change his intelligence as far
as his understanding of righteous and sinful things" - 2 Enoch 31:4
11.
^ Martyrdom of Isaiah, 2:2; Vita Ad et Ev, 16) 12.
^ Book of Jubilees, xvii. 18 13.
^ See, for example, the entries in Nave's Topical Bible (http://studylight.org
/con/ntb/view.cgi?number=T3103), the Holman Bible Dictionary
(http://studylight.org/dic/hbd/view.cgi?number=T3937) and the Adam Clarke
Commentary (http://studylight.org/com/acc/view.cgi?book=isa&chapter=14&
verse=12#Isa14_12).
14.
^ Fritscher, Jack (2004). Popular Witchcraft: Straight from the Witch's
Mouth. Popular Press. p. 23. ISBN 02-99203-04-2. "The pig, goat, ram all
of these creatures are consistently associated with the Devil."
15.
^ 2 Corinthians 2:2 (http://tools.wmabs.org/bibleversender
/?book=2%20Corinthians&verse=2:2&src=!)
16.
Devil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil
15 von 18 11.03.14 01:04
^ Rev. 12:9 17.
^ Mat. 4:1 18.
^ "Do you Believe in a Devil? Bible Teaching on Temptation."
(http://www.christadelphia.org/pamphlet/devil.htm). Retrieved 2007-05-29.
19.
^
a

b
Smith, Peter (2000). "satan". A concise encyclopedia of the Bah'
Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. p. 304. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
20.
^ Bah'u'llh; Bah,u,llh (1994) [1873-92]. "Tablet of the World"
(http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/TB/tb-8.html#pg87). Tablets of Bah'u'llh
Revealed After the Kitb-i-Aqdas. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bah' Publishing
Trust. p. 87. ISBN 0-87743-174-4.
21.
^ Shoghi Effendi quoted in Hornby, Helen (1983). Hornby, Helen (Ed.), ed.
Lights of Guidance: A Bah' Reference File (http://bahai-library.com
/hornby_lights_guidance_2&chapter=4#n1738). Bah' Publishing Trust,
New Delhi, India. p. 513. ISBN 81-85091-46-3.
22.
^ Drower, E.S. The Peacock Angel (http://www.avesta.org/yezidi
/peacock.htm). Being Some Account of Votaries of a Secret Cult and their
Sanctuaries. London: John Murray, 1941.
23.
^ Hutton, Ronald (1999). Triumph of the Moon. Oxford: Oxford
UniverUniversity Press. p. 46. ISBN.
24.
^ "Church of Satan ofcial statement of beliefs"
(http://www.churchofsatan.com/home.html). Churchofsatan.com. Retrieved
2012-04-05.
25.
^ "SATANISM: Real & imaginary" (http://www.religioustolerance.org
/satanism.htm). Religioustolerance.org. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
26.
^ "Hindu Concept of God" (http://www.shaivam.org/hipgodco.htm).
Shaivam.org. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
27.
^ "American Artifacts: Inside the Archivists Ofce" (http://www.c-span.org
/Events/American-Artifacts-Inside-the-Archivists-Ofce/10737423396/).
American History TV (National Cable Satellite Corporation (C-SPAN)).
December 26, 2011. Event occurs at 15:40.
28.
^ "Bob Dylan - "Man of Peace" lyrics" (http://www.metrolyrics.com/man-of-
peace-lyrics-bob-dylan.html).
29.
^ "Vsindavefurinn: How many words are there in Icelandic for the devil?"
(http://visindavefur.hi.is/svar.asp?id=4793). Visindavefur.hi.is. Retrieved
2012-04-05.
30.
^
a

b
"Marcionites". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton
Company. 1913.
31.
^
a

b
"Gnosticism". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton
Company. 1913.
32.
^
a

b
Manichaeism (http://www.themystica.org/mystica/articles
/m/manichaenism.html) by Alan G. Hefner in The Mystica, undated
33.
Devil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil
16 von 18 11.03.14 01:04
^
a

b
Acta Archelai of Hegemonius, Chapter XII, c. AD 350, quoted in
Translated Texts (http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Manicheism
/Manicheism_II_Texts.pdf) of Manicheism, compiled by Prods Oktor
Skjrv, page 68. History of the Acta Archelai explained in the Introduction
(http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Manicheism/Manicheism_I_Intro.pdf),
page 11
34.
^ Albigenses (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01267e.htm) by Nicholas
Weber in Catholic Encyclopedia, 1907
35.
^ Martin Luther by Oswald Bayer (http://translate.google.com
/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u=http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Bayer&
ei=iPvTSeK-CZOotAPM_4yrCg&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=3&ct=result&
prev=/search%3Fq%3Doswald%2Bbayer%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Doff%26
sa%3DG%26num%3D100%26newwindow%3D1) in The Reformation
Theologians: An Introduction to Theology in the Early Modern Period, edited
by Carter Lindberg, Wiley-Blackwell, 2002 (partial text available at Google
Books (http://books.google.com/books?id=NXthK1iravwC)). See The Evil
One; God as the Devil; God's Wrath, page 58..9.
36.
^ The Age of Reason by Thomas Paine, 1794, Part I, Chapter VII,
Examination of the Old Testament
37.
^ A Book of Blood: Biblical atrocities (http://www.ebonmusings.org/atheism
/atrocities.html) on Ebon Musings, undated
38.
^ Walter L. Williams (http://www.usc.edu/dept/elab/anth/FacultyPages
/williams.html), private correspondence (quoted here with permission),
March 19, 2009, referring to The Essential Teachings of Jesus and Mary by
Walter L. Williams, unpublished manuscript, December 24, 2008, excerpts
available at The Community Of Jesus And Mary
(http://www.jesusandmary.info)
39.
^ The Old Serpent Chained (http://www.authorhouse.com/Bookstore
/ItemDetail.aspx?bookid=32848) by "Son of man", Author House, 2006. (Full
text of book available by clicking "Free Preview", then "Download the free
eBook".)
40.
References
The Origin of Satan, by Elaine Pagels (Vintage Books, New York 1995)
explores the development, the "demonization" of the character of Satan
against the background of the bitter struggle between the early Church and
the Synagogue to be the legitimate heir of ancient Hebrew religious tradition.
She discusses how Satan becomes a gure that reects our own hatreds
and prejudices, and the struggle between our loving selves and our fearful,
combative selves.
The Old Enemy: Satan & the Combat Myth, by Neil Forsyth (Princeton, New
Jersey, 1987) seeks to show how Satan emerged from ancient mythological
traditions and is best understood not as a principle of evil, but as a narrative
character in the context of "the Combat Myth". Forsyth tells the Devil's story
Devil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil
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from the Epic of Gilgamesh through to the writings of St. Augustine.
The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity, by
Jeffrey Burton Russell (Meridian, New York 1977) is "a history of the
personication of evil" which, to make things clear, he calls "the Devil".
Accessible and engaging, full of photographs illustrating the text, this is the
rst of a four volume series on the history of the concept of the Devil. The
following volumes are, Satan: The Early Christian Tradition, Lucifer: The
Devil in the Middle Ages, and Mephistopheles: The Devil in the Modern
World.
The Devil in Legend and Literature, by Maximilian Rudwin (Open Court, La
Salle, Illinois, 1931, 1959) is a compendium of "the secular and sacred
adventures of Satan."
External links
The dictionary denition of Devil at Wiktionary
Media related to The_Devil at Wikimedia Commons
Entry (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04764a.htm) from the
Catholic Encyclopedia
The History of the Devil (2009 lm), ASIN:B001RPZE1M
(http://www.amazon.com/The-History-Devil-Zoroaster
/dp/B001RPZE1M/), Video (https://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=a5mYFJ4irxM) on YouTube and watchdocumentary.org
(http://watchdocumentary.org/watch/the-history-of-the-devil-
video_4d151c826.html)
"The Devil - Unjustly Maligned" (http://www.atheistfoundation.org.au
/devil.htm) (Atheist Foundation of Australia)
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Categories: Abrahamic mythology Demons Demons in Christianity
Fallen angels Hell Horned deities Individual angels Satan
Christian mythology
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