SIMULATION OF MULTICONDUCTOR TRANSMISSION LINE CIRCUITS

COMBINING 1D AND 2D LAPLACE TRANSFORMATIONS

Lubomir BranCik
Bmo University of Technology, Purkyaova 118,612 00 Bmo, Czech Republic, E-mail: brancik@feec.vutbr.cz
Abstract
The paper presents an innovative way of a simulation of
multiconductor transmission line (MTL) circuits which
combines the Laplace transformations in one and in two
variables. This approach enables to compute both nodal
voltages (branch currents) in lumped-element parts of a
circuit and voltage (current) waves distributions along
MTLs wires effectively. The first one is performed by
the numerical inversion of I D Laplace transforms when
the solution in frequency domai n is formulated using
a modified nodal admittance equation method (MNA).
The second one is done by the numerical inversion of
2D Laplace transforms when the solution appertaining
to distributed parts of the circuit is formulated in the
(q,s)-domain. Both NILT methods utilize the FFT in
conjuction with quotient-difference algorithm to provide
the high speed of calculation and precission of results.
1. INTRODUCTION
In previously published works, see at least [I-81, several
methods that enable to simulate the transient phenomena
in circuits containing multiconductor transmission lines
(MTL) have been proposed. A possible block diagram
of such a circuit is shown in Fig.1.
section withlumped-parameter components
I
Figure 1. Linear circuit containing MTL sections
If linear circuits are only considered the solution can be
formulated in the frequency s-domain when Laplace
transformation with respect to time f is performed. In
this way possible frequency dependences of per-unit-
length matrices of MTLs can also be taken into account
if necessary. In [&6] the solution in the s-domain is
formulated by the modified nodal admittance equation
method (MNA) while a method for the numerical
inversion of Laplace transforms in one variable (ID-
NILT) is applied to obtain the solution in the time
domain. This approach can be regarded as conventional
one because only different ways of frequency-domain
circuits descriptions and finding time-domain solutions
are used. In [7], however, an unconventional approach
for solving simple MTL circuits using two-dimensional
Laplace transformation was proposed. There is namely
often such a case that uniform MTLs formdistributed
parts of the circuit. Consequently second partial Laplace
transformation, with respect to a geometric coordinate x,
can be performed and by this hvwdimensional Laplace
transform of the solution in the (q,sAomain is found.
In so doing the boundaty conditions for the individual
MTLs must be incorporated into the solution. In [7] this
is made by using generalized Norton or ThCvenin
equivalents to model MTL terminating networks. That is
way only quite simple MTL systems could be taken into
account. Herein, however, solutions obtained just as the
result of the modified nodal admittance equation method
in the s-domain are utilized to find necessary boundary
conditions. By reason that the MNA method is very
general one the arbitrarily complex MTL circuits can be
considered at simulations. The final step lies in using a
method for a numerical inversion of Laplace transforms
in two variables (ZD-NILT) to find the solution in the
(x,f)Aomain. Both ID-NILT and 2D-NILT methods
are recently developed techniques utilizing the FFT in
conjuction with the quotient-difference algorithm of
Rutishauser. These techniques provide a relatively high
speed of calculation and precission of results [8-101. If
only the nodal voltage and/or branch current time
behaviours in lumped-element parts of the circuit are
wanted the solution finishes after ID-NILT method is
applied. If moreover (only) voltage and/or current
distributions along MTLs wires are needed to visualize
the 2D-NILT method is applied as another (the only)
and final step of the solution.
2. CONVENTIONAL METHOD SUMMARY
AS is shown e. g. in [&6] a modified nodal admittance
matrix equation in the time domain has the formas
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ICECS-2003
where C, and G , are N x N constant matrices with
entries determined by the lumped memory and
memoryless components, respectively, vM (f) is the N x 1
vector of nodal voltages appended by currents of
independent voltage sources and inductors, i, (t) is the
N x l vector of source waveforms, it(t) is the nk xl
vector of currents entering the k-th MTL, and D, is the
N x nk selector matrix with entries d, , j E {0,1} mapping
the vector i,(t) into the node space of the network. After
Laplace transformation with respect to time t is applied
the frequency-domain representation has the form as
P
[GM +c~lv~(s) +cDklk(s)=I,(s)+c,v,(o)0) .(2)
1-1
The MTLs consist of N, =n, / 2 active conductors, i.e.
they can beregarded as 2Nk -ports. Then the I, (s) in (2)
is formed to contain vectors of currents entering the input
and output ports as I,@) =[ I f ( ~) , l ~ ( s ) ] ~ and they are
determined t?oma basic MTL matrix equation as follows.
Suppose a uniform MTL of a length 1 , with per-unit-
length matrices R, L, G and C. In (x,twomain the basic
MTL matrix equation is ofthe form [l]
a v(.%f) 0 -R V(X,O 0 L a v ( 4
r [ i (x,t J=[ -G 0 ].[i(x,tJ-[c o]-a[i(x,t,]. (3)
After partial Laplace transformation with respect to time
f is done the equation (3) results in
$ : ; ; ] = [ - ; ( s ) 0 ]-[I(x,s)j+[c o].[i(.qqj (4)
where V(x, s) =L[v(x,t)] and I(x,s) =L[i(x,t)] are column
vectors of Laplace transforms of voltages and currents at
distance x from MTL left end, respectively, v(x,O) and
i(x,O) are column vectors of initial voltage and current
distributions, respectively, and 0 is a zero matrix. Further
Z(s) =R +sL and Y( s) =G +sC are series impedance
and shunting admittance matrices, respectively. Clearly,
the equation (4) can formally he rewritten as
-as) V(W) 0 L <&0)
( 5 )
d
-W(x, s)=M(s)W(~, s)+Nw(x, O).
m
Then taking W(O, s) as the solution at x =0 (MTLs
input) the solution at x coordinate can he written [l 11
W(x,s) =O(x,s)W(O,s)+ l@(x-t,s)NW(t,O)dt, (6)
where O(x,s) is an integral matrix defined in the special
case of a uniform MTL (i. e. M(s) is constant), by
0
O(x,s) =6.MS).I . (7)
In terms of a multiport theory the integral matrix O(/,s)
acts as the MTL chain matrix O(s) when a coordinate
x =I (MTLs output) is considered. Thus after denoting
W(0,s) =W ( s) =[V(s),1(~)(s)]~, (8)
W(1,s) =W2(s) =[,,(2(s),--1(2(s)]T. (9)
I
p(l-&s)Nw(&O)dc =W(s) +V(o(s),Io(s)]T, (10)
the MTL can be described by the equation as
0
From the (11) the admittance equations taking nonzero
initial conditions into account have a form as
and submatrices Y,,(s)=-O;~(s)@,,(s), Y,,(s)=O;i(s),
Yzz(s)=42z(s)@;~(s), and YzI(s)=Yi(s) due to the
reciprocity of the MTL. A s the MTLs are uniform the
equality Y,l(s)=Y,,(s) is also valid. Further 0 and E
mean the zero and identiry matrix, respectively. Now
considering the k-th MTL of the circuit the (12) can he
rewritten in a compact matrix form
I~(s)=Y~(s)V~(~)-X~(~)W:O(S) , (13)
and substituted into the MNA equation (2). This leads to
the resultant MNA matrix equation of the form
P
[ k d
I (14)
I
V,(s) =G, +sc, +CI),Yk(s)D:
I,W +c,v,(o)+ Co , x , ( ~) w: O~( s )
[ k=l
In this point the s-domain solution is prepared to be used
in the 1PNI L T resulting in nodal voltage and/or branch
current time behaviours. However, it can also serve as the
basis for MTLs boundary conditions assesment enabling
to apply the Z&NLT method when the MTLs voltage
and/or current wave distributions shall he the results.
3. USAGE OF 2D LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION
In the case the voltage and/or current distributions along
MTLs wires are wanted to visualize them the 2D
Laplace transformation is used as follows. Performing
second partial Laplace transformation with respect to a
coordinate x on the equation ( 5) the result is
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qW(q,s)-W(O,s) =M(s)W(q,s)+NW(q,O) (15)
and finally
W(q,s) =[qE - M(s)]-[W(O,s) +NW(q,O)l
where E means 2N-order identity matrix.
Now taking the (8) into account, denoting
W(q,O) =Wdq) =[Vll(q),~,(q)l (17)
as a vector of the q-domain Laplace transforms of initial
voltage and current distributions, and marking
D(q,s) =[qE - M(s)]- , (18)
the equation (16) can he rewritten into the form
W(q,s) =D(q,s)W(s) +W,o(q,s) . (19)
It is evident that the term
W,o(q,s) =D(q,s)NWo(q) (20)
will affect the result only if the nonzero initial conditions
exist, i. e. the (17) takes a nonzero value.
To determine W(s) its items have to he assessed under
the (8). Namely, using the result (14) the voltage V(s)
appertaining to the k-th MTL can he extracted from the
equation
V,(s) =D:V,(s) , (21)
and the current I(s) then from the equation (13)
When the partial inverse Laplace transformation of the
(19) w. r. to x is done and x =I substituted we have
L;[w(q,s)], =L;[D(q,s)], w(s)+LI;[w(q,s)L, (22)
and finally
W(2(s)=@(s)W((s)+W~o(s). (23)
This equation is, of course, again the equation (1 I), hut
in its compact form. The proof can also he performed
using the matrix analogies of well-known relations for
Laplace transforms of the exponential function and the
convolution integral.
From the last two equations follows that if there are
nonzero initial conditions then not only the convolution
integral but also partial inverse Laplace transformation
L:[.] can he used to obtain the W(s) needed in the
equation (14). This can be advantageous e. g. in the case
when such a procedure figures as a part of the 2I TNI LT
technique.
Note: The above used partial Laplace transformations
are defined as [12]
01 I
L,[f(x,t)]= j f (x, t )e- % , L,[f(x,t)]= jf(x,l)e-dr,
0 0
because the MTL has a finite length / and for x >I the
function f(x,f) is supposed as zero.
4. EXAMPLES
Consider a linear circuit with two uniform lossy coupled
multiconductor transmission lines, two-conductor MTLl
and four-conductor MTLz, in Fig.2 [13].
A A L
U
10onQ
Figure 2. Linear circuit with two MTLs
~0t h MTLS are of the same lengths / = o . l m, per-unit-
length matrices are stated in [13]. A 1V pulse with 0.4 ns
rise/fall time and 5 ns duration is applied at the input.
The time-domain solution vy(f) =L;oI,(s)} is found
by the I D-NET method [8], see an example in Fig.3.
I
0.5 1 1.5 2
.lo
Ti m [SI
Figure 3. Waveforms of input and output voltages
The voltage and current wave distributions on MTLs
wires w( x, f ) =Li{W(q,s)}are found by the 2DNI LT
method [9,10], see examples inFig.4.
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5. CONCLUSION
In the paper the nontraditional approach to a Simulation of
transient phenomena in MTL circuits combining 1D and
2D Laplace transformations was elaborated. If only time
behaviours in circuit nodes and/or branches areneeded a
1D-NILT method is applied to get the f-domain solution.
If voltage and/or current wave distributions on MTLs
wires are moreover to be found then a 2D-NILT method
is used to get the (x,twomain solution. Newly boundary
conditions into the (qswornain solution are incorporated
utilizing just the MNA equation method which enables to
simulate arbitrarily complic,ded circuits. It has also been
shown how the method can very effectively be realized in
terms of universal scientific--technical language Matlab.
6. REFERENCES
[ I] C. R. Paul, Analysis of Muiticonductor Trammission Lines,
J. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1994.
121A. K. Goel, High-speed VLSI Interconnections: Modeling,
Anolysis, andSimulotion, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1994
[3] J.A.B. Faria, Multiconducfor Transmission-Line Shuchrres;
Modal Analysis Techniques. I. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1993.
[4] S. Lum, M.S. Nakhla, and( 2. J. Zhang, Sensitivity Analysis
of Lossy Coupled Transmission Lines, IEEE Tramactiom on
Microwave Themy and Techniques, vol. 39, no. 12, pp. 2089-
2099, December 1991.
[5] E.Chiprout, M.S. Nakhla, Asymptotic Wavefom Evaluation
and Moment Matching for Interconnect Analysis. Carleton
University, Kluwer Academic Publisher, Boston, 1994.
161 L. BranEik, Time-Domaiii Simulation of Multiconductor
Transmission LineSystems under Nonzero Initial Conditions,
in Proc. The I S ECCTDOI, Espoo, Finland, August 2001,
vol. l,pp.l3-76.
[7] L. BranEik, Simulation of Multiconductor Transmission
Lines Using Two-Dimensional Laplace Transformation, in
Proc. TheIS ECCTDOI, Espoo, Finland, August 2001, 01.2,
pp. 133 - 136.
181 L. BranEik, Improved Numerical Inversion of Laplace
Transfoms Applied to Simulation of Distributed Circuits, in
Proc. XI ISTETOI, Linz, Auslria, August 2001, pp. SI - 54.
[9] L. BranEik, Numerical Inversion of Two-Dimensional
Laplace Transforms Based on FFT and Quotient-Difference
Algorithm, in hoc. ICFS2ilO2, Tokyo, Japan, March 2002,
pp. 13-15- 13-20.
[IO] L. BranEik, Improved Method of Numerical Inversion of
Two-Dimensional LaplaceTnmsfonns for Dynamical Systems
Simulation, in Proc. The Y IEEE ICECS2002, Lhbrovnik,
Croatia, September 2002, pp. 385 - 388.
[I l l F. R. Ganbnacher, The Theory ofhfalrices. Chelsea, New
York, 1917.
1121 V.A. Ditkin, A.P. Prudnik~ov, Operotiona! Calmlvs in Two
Variables and its Applications, New York, Pergamon 1962.
[I31 R. Sanaie, E. Chiprout, 1vI.S. Nakhla, A Fast Method for
Frequency and TimeDomain Simulation of High-speed VLSI
Interconnects, IEEE Tronsactionr on Microwave Theory and
Techniques, vol. 42, no. 12, 1994, pp. 2562.2571.
ACKNOWL,EDGEMENTS
The work was supported by grant GACR No.102/03/0241
and realized within the scope of Research programmes
MSM 26220001 1 and MSM 262200022.
Voltageon the1wire of the MTL,
,...... :
....
... ..
0. 6, . .
VoltageontheZnd wireof the MTLz
. .
.,.. .
... .
. . . .
... .
0.04 ,,,, ... .... :
Voltageon the 3d wireof the,,MTL,
... .. .
I ..
... ..
. ..
0.6, .... .
,
1.5 2
x[ ml 0 0.5 x
t 14
Voltageon the@wire of the MTL,
..,... . :.
. .
. .
0.02 , ,, . . ..:..
Figure 4. Voltage wave distributions on MTL, Wires
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