URINARY SYSTEM

1. Regulate electrolytes (K, Na, etc) in boy

!. Regulate "# in bloo
$. Regulate bloo "ressure
%. Regulate bloo &olu'e by re'o&ing e(cess )ater *ro' bloo.
+. Maintains "ro"er c,e'istry o* t,e bloo
-. Re'o&ing 'etabolic )astes (c,e'icals, suc, as nitrogen, "rouce
by c,e'ical reactions in t,e boy are e(crete). T,is is t,e least
i'"ortant o* t,e .iney/s *unctions. You can sur&i&e *or a *e) )ee.s
)it,out e(creting )aste "roucts in t,e urine, but ,our by ,our, t,e
ot,er *unctions are 'ore i'"ortant.
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Abo'inal ca&ity
T,ey are retro"eritoneal.
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T,e RENA0 1A2SU0E surrouns t,e .iney, ense *ibrous connecti&e
tissue.
RENA0 3AS1IA
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T,e 'ost su"er*icial layer o* t,e .iney is t,e RENA0 14RTE5.
T,e ee"er layer is t,e RENA0 ME6U00A, containing RENA0
2YRAMI6S.
T,e ee"est layer is t,e RENA0 2E07IS
T,is layer contains t,e 1A0Y5 ),ere t,e renal 2yra'is rain.
T,e caly( e'"ties into t,e URETER

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RENA0 ARTERY SE8MENTA0 ARTERIES INTER049AR
ARTERIES AR1UATE ARTERIES (*or' arcs) INTER049U0AR
ARTERIES
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T,e &eins *ollo) t,e arteries an ,a&e t,e sa'e na'es:
INTER049U0AR 7EIN AR1UATE 7EIN INTER049AR 7EINS
SE8MENTA0 7EINS RENA0 7EIN.
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Interlobar arteries are not
ra)n in. T,ey co'e out
*ro' t,e lobar arteries
;ust li.e t,e unit o* *unction o* t,e li&er is t,e lobule, t,e unit o* *unction o*
t,e .iney is t,e NE2#R4N.
T,ey carry out all o* t,e &arious *unctions o* t,e .ineys.
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6iagra' o* ne",ron
804MERU0US
2R45IMA0 14N740UTE6
TU9U0E
0442 43 #EN0E
1. 6ES1EN6IN8 0IM9
!. AS1EN6IN8 0IM9
6ISTA0 14N740UTE6 TU9U0E
1400E1TIN8 6U1T.
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8lo'erulus is in t,e renal corte(
0oo" o* #enle is in t,e renal 'eulla
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? 9o)'an/s ca"sule, 'ae o* si'"le s@ua'ous e"it,eliu'.
? T,e Au(taglo'erular a""aratus (;8A) consists o* cells locate in an
aroun t,e glo'erulus an t,e glo'erular ca"sule.
1B
T,e "las'a lea.s *ro' t,e
afferent arteriole )it,in Bowmans capsule, an rains into t,e
proximal convoluted tubules, ),ic, rain into t,e
descending limb of the Loop of Henle, t,en goes into t,e
ascending limb of the Loop of Henle, t,en goes into t,e
distal convoluted tubule, ),ic, e'"ties into t,e
collecting tubule, ),ic, e'"ties into t,e
calyx, ),ic, rains into t,e
hilus, ),ic, rains into t,e
ureter, ),ic, rains to t,e
urinary bladder, ),ic, rains to t,e
urethra, an out o* t,e boy
?
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Nor'ally at t,e en o* t,e ca"illary be you ,a&e &enuoles. 9ut t,is is t,e only
"art o* t,e boy t,at is i**erent: ,ere )e ,a&e anot,er arteriole, calle t,e
E33ERENT ARTERI40E, ),ic, ta.es bloo a)ay *ro' t,e glo'erulus.
7ASA RE1TA
2ERITU9U0AR 1A2I00ARIES
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In t,e 0oo" o* #enle, al'ost all o* t,e rest o* t,e )ater an salt are re'o&e
bloo.
In t,e istal con&olute tubule, t,e rest o* t,e )ater an salt are re'o&e.
T,e rest o* t,e li@ui goes into t,e collecting uct.
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? 6iuretics : 'eicines t,at increase t,e a'ount o* urine t,at is "rouce.
? 2eo"le ),o ,a&e ,ig, bloo "ressure 'ig,t be "rescribe iuretics to
ecrease t,e bloo &olu'e.
? Alco,ol is a iuretic an t,is is ),at contributes to t,e sy'"to's o* a
,ango&er. T,e best )ay to "re&ent a ,ango&er a*ter rin.ing is to
consu'e a lot o* )ater be*ore you go to be. 1a**eine is also a iuretic,
so co**ee an regular 1oca?cola are iuretics.
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3ENESTRATE6 1A2I00ARIES.
2ro(i'al an istal con&olute tubules reabsorb nutrients
4nly about 1C o* t,e *lui *iltere by t,e .iney actually beco'es urine.
0oo" o* ,enle is ),ere you get i**usion o* )ater.
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3iltration D *iltrate o* bloo lea&es .iney ca"illaries
Reabsor"tion D 'ost nutrients, )ater, an essential ions reclai'e
Secretion D acti&e "rocess o* re'o&ing unesirable 'olecules
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1400E1TIN8 6U1T (1400E1TIN8 TU9U0ES) recei&es urine *ro' istal
con&olute tubules an t,en e'"ties into ureter.
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3our t,ings t,at can lea to .iney *ailure
? in*ection,
? e(cess "roteins,
? "# c,ange,
? bloo "ressure ro"s
Treat'ent is 6IA0YSIS ? 6one t,ree ti'es a )ee..
It re'o&es bloo, sens it t,roug, a *ilter, an returns it )it,out t,e )astes
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$ organs in t,e boy t,at ,a&e to get o(ygen to sustain li*e
? T,e brain, ,eart, an .iney
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URETERS are t,e long tubes t,at connect t,e renal "el&is to t,e urinary
blaer
Rig,t be*ore it enters t,e ureter, urine collects in t,e RENL !EL"#$
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0ayers o* URETERS
1. MU14SA.
a. Transitional e"it,eliu' (allo)s stretc,ing)
b. 0a'ina "ro"ria
!. MUS1U0AR 0AYER (bot, layers are s'oot, 'uscle)
a. INNER 1IR1U0AR
b. 4UTER 04N8ITU6INA0
T,e *unction o* t,ese is "eristalsis (you can "ee u"sie o)nE)
$. A67ENTITIA
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? Mucosal layer in t,e urinary blaer ,as *ols F RU8AE
? acco''oating stretc, as t,e blaer *ills.
? T,e 6ETRUS4R MUS10E allo)s e'"tying o* t,e urinary blaer.

? T,e *unction o* t,e urinary blaer is Aust to store urine.
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Ureter co'es in at t,e base o* t,e urinary blaer
In t,e TRI84NE , t,e ureters enter t,e urinary blaer an t,e
urethra e(it t,e urinary blaer
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S",incters bet)een t,e uret,ra an t,e urinary blaer
1. INTERNA0 URET#RA0 S2#IN1TER: s'oot, 'uscle
!. E5TERNA0 URET#RA0 S2#IN1TER: s.eletal 'uscle.
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URET#RA rains t,e urine to t,e outsie.
URET#RITIS F in*ection o* t,e uret,ra
1YSTITIS F in*la''ation (usually *ro' in*ection) o* t,e urinary blaer.
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%RE
Urea is a )aste "rouct o* a'ino aci 'etabolis'. Re'e'ber, "roteins are
'ae o* a'ino acis, so ),en you brea. o)n "roteins, you brea. o)n
a'ino acis, an t,e )aste "rouct le*t o&er is urea. T,is is t,e 'ain )aste
"rouct in urine.
1404R 43 URINE
T,e deeper yellow t,e urine is, t,e 'ore e,yrate you are.
I* t,e urine is &ery ar. orangeGbro)nGyello), you are burning too much
protein (as in *oo e"ri&ation). T,is is o*ten seen in diabetes.
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? Kiney stones e&elo" in t,e RENL !EL"#$ *or un.no)n reasons.
? Stones are 'ae out o* a variety of things& uric acid, calcium, etc.
? T,ey can bloc. t,e ureter, causing t,e .iney to enlarge. As t,e .iney
stretc,es, t,e ca"sule stretc,es, causing e(cruciating "ain in cycles o*
,ours. As "ressure buils u" aroun t,e stone, urine can "ass, an t,e
.iney stone 'o&es o)n t,e uret,ra slo)ly.
Kiney stones get stuc. in t,ree "laces:
1. Renal "el&is
!. In t,e ureter as it bens o&er t,e co''on iliac artery
$. In t,e urinary blaer at t,e trigone.
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%L'R$(%N) L#'H('R#!$*
2ut a "o)er*ul s"ea.er on t,e outsie o* t,e .iney, sens a s,oc. )a&e
),ic, t,e tissues absorb, but t,e stones s,atter so t,e "ieces can "ass easier.
1an "ut a $'EN' (1 H *oot long tube) in to .ee" t,e &essel o"en along t,e
entire lengt, o* t,e uret,ra. Insert uner general anest,etic, re'o&e )it,out.
To ,el" "re&ent .iney stones, drin+ enough fluid so your urine stays clear
an lig,t colore.
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More co''on in *e'ales because t,eir uret,ra is s,orter.
!*EL#'#$ is in*ection o* t,e renal "el&is an calyces
NE!HR#'#$ is in*la''ation o* t,e ne",rons.
H*)R(NE!HR#'#$ is e(cess *lui in t,e ne",ron.
,*$'#'#$ is in*la''ation (usually *ro' in*ection) o* t,e urinary blaer.
It is N4T nor'al to ,a&e glucose in t,e urineI t,at inicates iabetes.
E(cretion o* glucose is N4T a nor'al *unction o* t,e .iney
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