A

MAJOR PROJECT
REPORT ON
RAIN WATER HARVESTING

UnderGuidance
MR. MUNNY
MR.K.K
MS.MONA RANI

Submitted By
SOBHIT KUMAR(Roll No.4910705)
YASH THAKUR(Roll No.4910711)
GAURAV KUMAR (Roll No.4910713)
RAVINDER KUMAR (Roll No.4910731)
VIKAS MALIK(Roll No.341195)
ROHIT RAMAN(Roll No.4910734)
RAVINDER PANWAR(Roll No.4911866)
NARESH DESWAL(Roll No.4911870)





DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

GEETA ENGINEERING COLLEGE
NAULTHA, PANIPAT, HARYANA








CERTIFICATE


This is certify that this major project report entitled THE RAIN WATER HARVESTING
at GEETA ENGINEERING COLLEGE,NAULTHA PANIPAT carried out as a partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the Bachelor in Technology in CIVIL
ENGINEERING is a result of project report carried out by us,under the
guidance of Mr. MONA RANI and supervision of Mr. MUNNY & Mr. K.K
during the period of pepartion of major project.







Mr. MUNNY
Project incharge
Lect. In GEC


GEETA ENGNEERING COLLEGE
NAULTHA,PANIPAT





DECLARATION

We are all declare that this of Project report entitled THE RAIN
WATER HARVESTING at GEC, PANIPAT, submitted by us to the
deppt. Of civil engg.,in gec ,panipat .If there are found any type of
error or any not understandings of any working there are our fault.
All the above data is correct.so please allow it




SOBHIT KUMAR(Roll No.4910705)
YASH THAKUR(Roll No.4910711)
GAURAV KUMAR (Roll No.4910713)
RAVINDER KUMAR (Roll No.4910731)
ROHIT RAMAN(Roll No.4910734)
VIKAS MALIK(Roll No.341195)
RAVINDER PANWAR(Roll No.4911866)
NARESH DESWAL(Roll No.4911870)


Dept. of Civil Engineering
Geeta Engineering College










CONTENT
INTRODUCTION

SYSTEM SETUP

QUALITY

RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER

ESSENTIAL RAIN WATER HARVESTING

RAIN WATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES

DIVERSION OF RUN OFF WATER FROM SURFACE

FACTOR REQIREDS FOR RAIN WATER HARVESTING

HARNESSING LIFE OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING

ATTRIBUTES OF GROUNDWATER

LAWS & POLICY

FOUNDATIONS

STATE PROFILE

DYNAMIC GROUND RESOURCES

CONCULSION





INTRODUCTION










Rainwater harvesting is the accumulation and deposition of
rainwater for reuse before it reaches the aquifer. Uses
include water for garden, water for livestock, water
for irrigation, and indoor heating for houses etc. In many
places the water collected is just redirected to a deep pit with
percolation.
The harvested water can be used as drinking water as well
as for storage and other purpose like irrigation.




Rainwater harvesting provides an independent water supply
during regional water restrictions and in developed countries
is often used to supplement the main supply. It provides
water when there is a drought, can help mitigate flooding of
low-lying areas, and reduces demand on wells which may
enable ground water levels to be sustained. It also helps in
the availability of potable water as rainwater is substantially
free of salinity and other salts

















System setup


Rainwater harvesting systems can be installed with minimal skills.
The system should be sized to meet the water demand throughout
the dry season since it must be big enough to support daily water
consumption. Specifically, the rainfall capturing area such as a
building roof must be large enough to maintain adequate flow. The
water storage tank size should be large enough to contain the
captured water

Rain water harvesting is possible by growing fresh water flooded
forests without losing the income from the used /submerged land.



The main purpose of the rain water harvesting is to utilize the locally
available rain water to meet water requirements throughout the year
without the need of huge capital expenditure. This would facilitate
availability of uncontaminated water for domestic, industrial and
irrigation needs.



QUALITY

The concentration of contaminants is reduced significantly by
diverting the initial flow of run-off water to waste.
[1]
Improved
water quality can also be obtained by using a floating draw-off
mechanism (rather than from the base of the tank) and by using
a series of tanks, with draw from the last in series. The stored


rainwater may need to be analyzed properly before use in a way
appropriate to ensure its safe use

The quality of collected rainwater is generally better than that
of surface water. Contamination is always possible by airborne
dust and mists, bird feces, and other debris, so
some treatment may be necessary, depending on how the
water will be used.



WHAT IS RAIN WATER HARVESTING:


The principle of collecting and using precipitation from a
catchments surface.

An old technology is gaining popularity in a new way.
Rain water harvesting is enjoying a renaissance of sorts
in the world, but it traces its history to biblical times.
Extensive rain water harvesting apparatus existed 4000
years ago in the Palestine and Greece. In ancient
Rome, residences were built with individual cisterns
and paved courtyards to capture rain water to augment
water from city's aqueducts. As early as the third
millennium BC, farming communities in Baluchistan
and Kutch impounded rain water and used it for
irrigation dams.





ARTIFICAL RECHARGE TO GROUND WATER:

Artificial recharge to ground water is a process by which the
ground water reservoir is augmented at a rate exceeding that
obtaining under natural conditions or replenishment. Any
man-made scheme or facility that adds water to an aquifer
may be considered to be an artificial recharge system.
WHY RAIN WATER HARVESTING :
Rain water harvesting is essential because :-


Surface water is inadequate to meet our demand and
we have to depend on ground water.
Due to rapid urbanization, infiltration of rain water into
the sub-soil has decreased drastically and recharging
of ground water has diminished.
As you read this guide, seriously consider conserving
water by harvesting and managing this natural resource
by artificially recharging the system. The examples
covering several dozen installations successfully
operating in India constructed and maintained by
CGWB, provide an excellent snapshot of current
systems.

RAIN WATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES :
There are two main techniques of rain water
harvestings.
Storage of rainwater on surface for future use.
Recharge to ground water. The storage of rain
water on surface is a traditional techniques and
structures used were underground tanks, ponds,
check dams, weirs etc. Recharge to ground water is
a new concept of rain water harvesting and the
structures generally used are :-
Pits :- Recharge pits are constructed for
recharging the shallow aquifer. These are
constructed 1 to 2 m, wide and to 3 m. deep which
are back filled with boulders, gravels, coarse sand.


Trenches:- These are constructed when the
permeable stram is available at shallow depth.
Trench may be 0.5 to 1 m. wide, 1 to 1.5m. deep and
10 to 20 m. long depending up availability of water.
These are back filled with filter. materials.
Dug wells:- Existing dug wells may be utilised as
recharge structure and water should pass through
filter media before putting into dug well.
Hand pumps :- The existing hand pumps may be
used for recharging the shallow/deep aquifers, if the
availability of water is limited. Water should pass
through filter media before diverting it into hand
pumps.

Recharge wells :- Recharge wells of 100 to 300
mm. diameter are generally constructed for
recharging the deeper aquifers and water is passed
through filter media to avoid choking of recharge
wells.

Recharge Shafts :- For recharging the shallow
aquifer which are located below clayey surface,
recharge shafts of 0.5 to 3 m. diameter and 10 to 15
m. deep are constructed and back filled with
boulders, gravels & coarse sand.



Lateral shafts with bore wells :- For recharging
the upper as well as deeper aquifers lateral shafts of
1.5 to 2 m. wide & 10 to 30 m. long depending upon
availability of water with one or two bore wells are
constructed. The lateral shafts is back filled with
boulders, gravels & coarse sand.

Spreading techniques :- When permeable
strata starts from top then this technique is used.
Spread the water in streams/Nalas by making check
dams, nala bunds, cement plugs, gabion structures
or a percolation pond may be constructed.



DIVERSION OF RUN OFF INTO EXISTING
SURFACE WATER BODIES
Construction activity in and around the city is
resulting in the drying up of water bodies and
reclamation of these tanks for conversion into
plots for houses.
Free flow of storm run off into these tanks and
water bodies must be ensured. The storm run off
may be diverted into the nearest tanks or
depression, which will create additional recharge.
Urbanisation effects on Groundwater
Hydrology :


Increase in water demand
More dependence on ground water use
Over exploitation of ground water
Increase in run-off, decline in well yields
and fall in water levels
Reduction in open soil surface area
Reduction in infiltration and deterioration
in water quality

Methods of artificial recharge in urban areas :
Water spreading
Recharge through pits, trenches, wells,
shafts
Rooftop collection of rainwater
Roadtop collection of rainwater
Induced recharge from surface water
bodies.
Computation of artificial recharge from Roof
top rainwater collection :


Factors taken for computation :
Roof top area 100 sq.m. for individual
house and 500 sq.m. for multi-storied
building.
Average annual monsoon rainfall - 780
mm.Effective annual rainfall contributing
to recharge 70% - 550 mm
Individual
Houses
Multistoried
building
Roof top
area
100 sq.
m.
500 sq. m.
Total
quantity
available
forrecharge
per annum
55 cu. m 275 cu. m.
Water
available for
5 member
Family
100 days 500 days
Benefits of Artificial Recharge in Urban
Areas:
Improvement in infiltration and reduction in run-off.
Improvement in groundwater levels and yields.
Reduces strain on Special Village Panchayats/
Municipal / Municipal Corporation water supply
Improvement in groundwater quality
Estimated quantity of additional recharge from
100 sq. m. roof top area is 55.000 liters.


HARVESTING RAINWATER HARNESSING LIFE :
A NOBLE GOAL - A COMMON RESPONSIBILITY
Ground water exploitation is inevitable is Urban
areas. But the groundwater potential is getting
reduced due to urbanisation resulting in over
exploitation. Hence, a strategy to implement the
groundwater recharge, in a major way need to be
launched with concerted efforts by various
Governmental and Non-Governmental Agencies
and Public at large to build up the water table and
make the groundwater resource, a reliable and
sustainable source for supplementing water
supply needs of the urban dwellers.
Recharge of groundwater through storm run off
and roof top water collection, diversion and
collection of run off into dry tanks, play grounds,
parks and other vacant places are to be
implemented by Special Village Panchayats/
Municipalities /Municipal Corporations and other
Government Establishments with special efforts.
The Special Village Panchayats
/Municipalities/Municipal Corporations will help
the citizens and builders to adopt suitable
recharge method in one's own house or building
through demonstration and offering subsidies for
materials and incentives, if possible




ATTRIBUTES OF GROUNDWATER :

There is more ground water than surface water
Ground water is less expensive and economic
resource.
Ground water is sustainable and reliable source
of water supply.
Ground water is relatively less vulnerable to
pollution
Ground water is usually of high bacteriological
purity.
Ground water is free of pathogenic organisms.
Ground water needs little treatment before use.
Ground water has no turbidity and colour.
Ground water has distinct health advantage as art
alternative for lower sanitary quality surface
water.
Ground water is usually universally available.
Ground water resource can be instantly
developed and used.
There is no conveyance losses in ground water
based supplies.
Ground water has low vulnerability to drought.
Ground water is key to life in arid and semi-arid
regions.








Laws and Policy
NEW DELHI
.The Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA)
has directed Group Housing
Societies/Institutions/Schools/Hotels/Industri
al establishments/Farm Houses in South and
South West Districts and group housing
societies located outside notified areas of NCT of
Delhi where ground water levels are more than 8
meters below the ground surface to adopt Roof
Top Rain Water Harvesting systems in their
premises.
Ministry of Urban
Development and Poverty Alleviation,
Govt. of India has made modifications to
the building bye laws that requires Water
Harvesting through storing of water runoff
including rain water in all new buildings on
plots of 100 sq. meters and above will be
mandatory.
Building plans are not sanctioned
unless such provision is provided.
DDA/MCD representatives undertake a site
inspection before issue of Completion
Certificate to the building and ensure that
the RWH is made as per plan.
Buildings with plots of 200 sq. meters or
above that extract ground water through
tube wells, bore wells, etc need to
implement Rain water harvesting.





Foundations

Use bolders for different size.
Make a layer of that types of stone in a proper
pattern.
Make at least 2 metres depths and placed all
stones which works as like filter,when water
Comes from a pipe from the roof & surface of
The earth.
There is no special requirement of skill labours
There is a need of good plan of system


This water are collected under the foundation
And join the ground water ,or a tanks.
State Profile
Ground Water Scenario of Haryana
Area (Sq.km) 44,212
Rainfall (mm) 615
Total Districts / Blocks 21 districts / 108
Blocks

Dynamic Ground Water Resources
Annual Replenishable
Ground water
Resource
9.31 BCM
Net Annual Ground
Water Availability
8.63 BCM
Annual Ground Water
Draft
9.45 BCM



CONCLUSION
First of all there is a saving of water for the
future planning for new generation.
No special requirement of skill provision
Wastes of water be controlled
Where the lacks of water,this type of
techniques is adopted
When tank is installed the water is used as
toilet,bathrooms,vantery,and some others
places.

Stage of Ground Water
Development
109 %