To Determine which Antacid could Neutralize the most

Stomach Acid.
.: AIM :.
To Determine which Antacid could Neutralize the most Stomach Acid.
INDEX
> Objectie
> Introduction
> Acids
> Stomach Acid
> Some !oods containin" acids
> Antacid
> Action mechanism
> Indication
# Side E!!ects
> $roblems with reduced stomach acidit%
> E&'eriment Desi"n
> Material (e)uired
> $rocedure
> Obseration And *alculation
> (esult
> $recautions
> +iblio"ra'h%
O+,E*TI-E
The purpose of this experiment was to determine which antacid could neutralize the most
stomach acid.
I became interested in this idea when I saw some experiments on medicines and wanted to find
out some scientific facts about medicines.
The information gained from this experiment will help people know which antacid the should
look for in the stores. It will also let them know which antacid will gi!e them the most comfort.
This could also sa!e consumers mone and pro!ide better health.
INT(OD.*TION
Digestion in the stomach results from the action of gastric fluid" which includes secretions of
digesti!e enzmes" mucous" and hdrochloric acid. The acidic en!ironment of the stomach
makes it possible for inacti!e forms of digesti!e enzmes to be con!erted into acti!e forms #i.e.
pepsinogen into pepsin$" and acid is also needed to dissol!e minerals and kill bacteria that ma
enter the stomach along with food. %owe!er" excessi!e acid production #hperacidit$ results in
the unpleasant smptoms of heartburn and ma contribute to ulcer formation in the stomach
lining. Antacids are weak bases #most commonl bicarbonates" hdroxides" and carbonates$ that
neutralize excess stomach acid and thus alle!iate smptoms of heartburn. The general
neutralization reaction is&
Antacid /wea0 base1 2 3*l /stomach acid1 45 salts 2 3
6
7 2 *7
6
The hdrochloric acid solution used in this experiment #'.( )$ approximates the acid conditions
of the human stomach" which is tpicall '.* to '.+, %- b mass #p% . ($.Antacids help people
who ha!e or get heartburn. The following information will help people understand how stomach
acid works and what antacid will help those most.
A*IDS
Acids are a group of chemicals" usuall in li/uid form. The can be recognized b their sour taste
and their abilit to react with other substances. Acids are confirmed as an acid b their p%. The
p% of acids ranges from '01.2 #below 3$. The two main acids are& mineral acid and organic acid.
The three well known acids that are sulphuric acid #%
4
S'
*
$" nitric acid #%N'
5
$" and hdrochloric
acid #%6l$.
STOMA*3 A*ID
Stomach acid is !er dangerous. If a person was to ha!e an ulcer and the stomach acid was to
escape it would irritate their other organs. Stomach acid is highl acidic and has a p% of (.1.
Stomach acid is hdrochloric acid produced b the stomach. If there is too much stomach acid it
can cause heartburn. %eartburn is when stomach acid is produced in abnormal amounts or
location. 7ne of the smptoms of heartburn is a burning feeling in the chest or abdomen.
SOME 8OODS *ONTAININ9 A*IDS
Almost all foods and drinks and e!en medicines ha!e ingredients that are different acids. %ere
are some examples& Aspirin #acetlsaliclic acid$" 7range8uice #ascorbic acid9:itamin 6$" Sour
)ilk #lactic acid$" Soda ;ater #carbonic acid$" :inegar #acetic acid$" Apples #malic acid$" and
Spinach #oxalic acid$.
ANTA*ID
An antacid is an substance that can neutralize an acid. All antacids are bases. A base is an
substance that can neutralize an acid. The p% of a base is 3.(0(*#abo!e 3$. All antacids ha!e
chemical in them called a buffer. ;hen an antacid is mixed with an acid the buffer tries to e!en
out the acidit and that is how stomach acid gets neutralized. In an antacid it is not the name
brand that tells how well it works it is something called an acti!e ingredient. Not all antacids
ha!e a different acti!e ingredient. Some ha!e one of the same acti!e ingredients and some ha!e
all of the same acti!e ingredients. Almost all the antacids that ha!e the same acti!e ingredient
work the same amount as the other. The acti!e ingredient of most of the antacids is bases of
calcium" magnesium" aluminium.
A*TION ME*3ANISM
Antacids perform neutralization reaction" i.e. the buffer gastric acid" raising the p% to reduce
acidit in the stomach. ;hen gastric hdrochloric acid reaches the ner!es in the gastrointestinal
mucosa" the signal pain to the central ner!ous sstem. This happens when these ner!es are
exposed" as in peptic ulcers. The gastric acid ma also reach ulcers in the esophagus or the
duodenum.
7ther mechanisms ma contribute" such as the effect of aluminium ions inhibiting smooth
muscle cell contraction and delaing gastric empting.
Antacids are commonl used to help neutralize stomach acid. Antacids are bases with a p%
abo!e 3.' that chemicall react with acids to neutralize them. The action of antacids is based on
the fact that a base reacts with acid to form salt and water.
INDI*ATIONS
Antacids are taken b mouth to relie!e heartburn" the ma8or smptom of gastro esophageal reflux
disease" or acid indigestion. Treatment with antacids alone is smptotic and onl 8ustified for
minor smptoms. <eptic ulcers ma re/uire %
4
0 receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitors.
The usefulness of man combinations of antacids is not clear" although the combination of
magnesium and aluminium salts ma pre!ent alteration of bowel habits.
SIDE E88E*TS
= Aluminium hdroxide& ma lead to the formation of insoluble aluminium phosphate
complexes" with a risk for hpophosphate and osteomalacia. Although aluminium has a
low gastrointestinal absorption" accumulation ma occur in the presence of renal
insufficienc. Aluminium containing drugs ma cause constipation.
= )agnesium hdroxide& has a laxati!e propert. )agnesium ma accumulate in patients
with renal failure leading to hpo magnesia" with cardio!ascular and neurological
complications.
= 6alcium& compounds containing calcium ma increase calcium output in the urine" which
might be associated to renal stones. 6alcium salts ma cause constipation.
= 6arbonate& regular high doses ma cause alkalosis" which in turn ma result in altered
excretion of other drugs" and kidne stones.
$(O+:EMS ;IT3 (ED.*ED STOMA*3 A*IDIT<
>educed stomach acidit ma result in an impaired abilit to digest and absorb certain nutrients"
such as iron and the ? !itamins. Since the low p% of the stomach normall kills ingested
bacteria" antacids increase the !ulnerabilit to infection. It could also result in the reduced
bioa!ailabilit of some drugs. @or example" the bioa!ailabilit of ketocanazole #antifungal$" is
reduced at high intragastric p% #low acid content$.
EX$E(IMENT DESI9N
The constants in this stud% were:
0 Tpe of acid
0 6onsistenc of procedures
The ariables in the stud% were:
0Different tpes of antacid used The res'ondin" ariable was:
0 The amount of stomach acid each antacid could neutralize measured in ml.. MATE(IA:
(E=.I(ED
?urette" pipette" titration flask" measuring flask" beaker" weighing machine" concentrated
sulphuric acid" methl orange" antacid samples.
$(O*ED.(E
= <repare half litre of N9(' %6l solution b diluting (' ml of the concentrated acid to (
litre.
= <repare N9(' sodium carbonate solution b weighing exactl (.54+ g of anhdrous
sodium carbonate and then dissol!ing it in water to prepare exactl '.4+ litre of solution.
= Standardize the %6l solution b titrating it against the standard sodium carbonate
solution using methl orange as indicator.
= Take 4' ml of standardized %6l in the conical flask" use methl orange as indicator and
see the amount of base used for neutralization.
= <owder the !arious sample of antacids tablets and weigh (' mg of each.
= Take 4' ml of standardized %6l solution in the conical flaskA add the weighed
samples to it.
= Add two drops of methl orange and warm the flask till most of the powder
dissol!es. @ilter off the insoluble material.
= Titrate the solution against the standardized Na
4
6'
5
solution till a permanent red
tinge appears.
= Note the amount of base used for titration and note the reduction in the amount of
base used.
= >epeat the experiment with different antacids.
O+SE(-ATIONS AND *A:*.:ATIONS >. Standardization o! 3*l solution
:olume of N9(' sodium carbonate solution takenB4'.' ml
S. No. Initial burette @inal burette :olume of acid
readings readings used #in ml$
( '.' ml (+ ml (+.'
4 '.' ml (* ml (*.'
5 '.' ml (+ ml (+.'
6oncordant readingB(+.' ml Appling normalit e/uation
N
(
:
(#acid$
B

N
4
:
4#base$
N #(+$ B #(9('$ 4'
Normalit of %6l solution" N
(
B '.(55 N
6. Neutralization o! standardized 3*l solution used
?. Anal%sis o! antacid tablets
;eight of the antacid tablet powderB (' mg :olume of %6l solution addedB 4'.' ml
S. No. Antacid Initial reading of burette @inal reading of burette :olume of Na
4
6'
5
( Celusil '.' ml (+.' ml (+ ml
4 Aciloc (+' '.' ml 44.' ml 44 ml
5 @antac 4' '.' ml 4+.' ml 4+ ml
* <antop 4' '.' ml 4'.' ml 4' ml
+ 7cid (' '.' ml 3.' ml 3 ml
(ES.:T
The most effecti!e antacid out of the taken samples is acid ('.
$(E*A.TIONS
= All apparatus should be clean and washed properl.
= ?urette and pipette must be rinsed with the respecti!e solution to be put in them.
= Air bubbles must be remo!ed from the burette and 8et.
= Dast drop from the pipette should not be remo!ed b blowing.
= The flask should not be rinsed with an of the solution" which are being titrated.
+iblio"ra'h%
= ;ikipedia 0the free encclopedia
= ;ebsite & http&9 9www.icbse.com
= @oundation 6hemistr0(4
= 6omprehensi!e <ractical 6hemistr