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ALGORITHMIC MODELS AND VIRTUAL RELAYS I N DISTANCE PROTECTION IMPLEMENTATION

Y Liamets, S Ivanov, A Chevelev, D Eremeev, G Nudelman, J. Zakonjsek
Research Centre BRESLER, Russia; ABB Automation, Russia; ABB Automation Technology Products, Sweden
Abstract. The present report proceeds with'
consideration of equivalent transformations of models,
conditions, and measurements associated with
simulation of specific elements of power transmission
and its fault zone identification.
Key words: models, multiple-wire system, transformer,
distance protection, virtual relays.
1. INTRODUCTION
The subject touched upon in this report is rather wide.
Some general ideas were stated in the previous report
[I]. The method of cascade equivalenting applied to
short-circuit calculation with detection of free process
components and to creation of algorithmic models
involved in relay protection synthesis has been further
developed 121. Besides, the method of virtual relays is
being considered; in [3] its capabilities were illustrated
by the remote backup protection as an example, and
here the problem of identification of power line fault
zone, the 'main one in the distance protection, is
discussed.
2. CASCADE EQUIVALENTING
2.1. Multiple-wire systems
2.1.1 Vectors of multiple-wire system. Assume that
W[2n] is the Laplace representation of total vector of
all currents and phase voltages at arbitrary point of n-
wire power transmission, V[m] is m-dimensional
vector composed of m currents and (or) voltages related
to the group out of m wires, V*[m] is a vector of
non-included currents and (or) voltages, i.e.
W[2n]=[V[n],V*[n]] . If the system currents and
voltages are strongly differentiated V =U, V' =I ,
let's call the total vector an ordered one
W.[2n] =[U[n],I[n]]' . The total vector can be
composed of ordered and unordered parts
T
where m+p=n
2.1.2. Description of homogeneous section of power
line. Vector W. (x), where x is a coordinate along the
power line, is described by the following equation
with a (2nx2n)-dimensional matrix of primary
oarameters
where Zn and Bo are submatrices of Laplace
representations of proper and mutual resistances and
capacitance coefficients. Solution of the equation (1)
W,(x) =exp(-Hx)W,(O)
gives for the line section with length I
W,, =A.Wz., Wz, =B,W,.
A. =expHI , B, =exp(-HI) =A;'.
2.1.3. Special wires. A wire violating the cascade
connection conditions is assumed to be a special one,
i.e. broken, short-circuited to ground or to some other
wire. The method of cascade equivalenting makes
possible to restore cascade connection in such common
cases. If in any section of the line there are m special
and, accordingly, p =n -m normal wires, the system
condition in this place will he characterized by
unordered vector W[2n] =[W[2p],V[m],O[m]]T with
V' =0 . The section of power transmission line with
special wires is therefore a particular case of the
multipole described in [I]. The solution stated in [l] for
a canonical case ml =m2 =m is also valid here. Non-
canonical cases, when numbers of special wires on the
input and output of the power line section are different,
need to be normalized.
2.1.3.1. Special wires prevalence on input (ml >m2).
Normalization lies in extraction of m1 -m, zero and
redundant quantities of the input vector, and at the same
time in isolation of as many elements in the outmt one.
0 2004 The Institution of Electrical Engineers.
Printed and published by the IEE, Michael Faraday House, Six Hills Way, Stevenage, SGI 2AY
442
Equivalent description of a line section concerns normal
wires only
Wl[2nl -2ml]=AeqW2[2n2-ml -pi2],
A, =A, , - AI~A;:AJI,
and the isolated output quantities are expressed via the
basic output vector
VJm, -m2]=-A;~A3,W2[2n2 -m, - m 2 ] .
2.1.3.2. Special wires prevalence on output
(m, <m,). Normalization is carried out in the reverse
order
The peculiarity of this case is that equivalenting applies
to the input vector also
Wl,[2n, -m, -m21=A,,W2[Zn2 - 2m21,
A,, =A, , -AlZAi:A*l,
Wleq =W,[2nl -m, -m,]-A12A;:Vl[m2 -m, ].
2.2. Cascade model of three-phase transformer
Peculiarities of cascade modeling of transformer are
determined by a number of restrictions subdivided into
internal (magnetic core construction) and external
(number of windings related to input or output; winding
tappings). Equivalenting is meant to provide cascade
connection of the following three blocks: primary
winding, magnetic core and secondary winding
(figure 1).
, - ,
U,, U,,
Fig. 1. Multiple core transformer model
R, - core reluctances
2.2.1. A triple core transformer. The limitation
a), +a)B +a)c =0 excludes a common wire fromthe
magnetic circuit model and its matrix after the transition
to phase-to-phase magnetomotive force (m.m.0 is
reduced down to the dimension 4x4
Wml = Am2 Wm2 , Wm=[ a) AQBFACFBC] T'
Matrices of primary and secondary windings are
changed accordingly. Rearrangement brings the primary
winding equation to the following representation
where W,, =[ UAl U,, I,, I B I l T . It results in
w q , e , =we, - AI , I ~ A&UC~ =*eq1Wm, 2
A,, =A, , , , - A1, 12Ai , ~2A1, 21 '
The excluded current IC, and m.m.f Fcl can he
determined in case of need by means of primary
quantities:
FCl ='i;2('Cl ~ A 3 . 2 1 w m1 ) ~
'Cl =A3,3,Wm1 +A3,32FCI '
Secondary winding equation is brought to the view
*3JI *,,I2
[ a2L Tz = ] = [ ~ 3 , 2 1 A3.31 A3,22][::], A3,32
where W, =[ UA2 UB2 UC2 I,, I,,T. As a result a
reduced description is obtained
Wm2 =Aeq3We2 ,
*eq3 - A3 , 1 2 A~ ~ 2 A3 , 3 1 ) we 2 '
The following can be determined separately
IC2 =-A<i2A3, 31we2 3
=A3,21We2 +A3,221C2'
After all the transformations have been made the matrix
of direct transmission of the transformer connecting a
four-dimensional vector We,,e1 with an output five-
dimensional vector W, can be represented as a product
=AeqlAmZAeq3
3. EQUIVALENTING OF ALGOFUTHMIC
MODEL
An algorithmic model allows evaluating a vector
W,[2p2] of quantities at fault point using an observed
values vector Ws1[2pll. Regarding the fault point the
power transmission can be subdivided into the
following two parts - transmitting and receiving ones
connected to each other by means of p 2 damaged and
q undamaged wires (fig. 2). It is supposed that their
equivalent descriptions has been subjected to
normalization, therefore special wires on the output of a
transmitting and on the input of a receiving multipole
are excluded. It's obvious that on the input of the
transmitting system in addition to the observed wires
some possible special wires must be considered and
only special wires must be allowed on the output of the
receiving system.
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pI =p2 =p , the algorithmic model is made equivalent
as a canonical part of the line:
Wr[2Pl=BbqWs1[2Pl,
BI, =B,,,, -Bq,LZB:,32Bq,31
Sending Receiving
system system
Fig. 2. Algorithmic model initial representation
In order to make the circuit equivalent lets represent a
receiving system component as a tapping from power
transmission (fig. 3).
: y I
L ._...._.. ,
Fig. 3. Algorithmic model transformed representation
Fromthe equation of direct transmission of receiving
system represented in the form of
we obtain the description via the input conductivity
matrix
by means of which we can get the matrices of direct and
reverse transmission of the multipole making cascade
connection with transmitting system:
I ,,L ~I =Y, u, , [ ~I, Y, =A ~ ~ , A ; A ,
As a result, lets represent an algorithmic model in the
form of an equivalent multipole (fig. 4) with matrices of
direct and reverse transmission
A,, =A,A,,,, , Be, =B eq , A
Fig. 4. Algorithmic model in the form of a common
multipole
Subsequent transformations are necessary for exclusion
of special quantities on the input and output of the
equivalent multipole of algorithmic model in order to
express Wr[2p,] via W,,[2pl]. lfnumber m of special
wires on the input is equal to the number q of special
wires on the multipole output and, correspondingly,
4. APPLICATION OF VIRTUAL RELAYS
METHOD TO THE DISTANCE PROTECTION
Virtual relays are program modules responding to the
output signals of algorithmic models. An output of the
model can be considered any of the branches of electric
system circuit, both real and supposed fault branches.
This is illustrated in fig. 5 , where branches are shown
with dotted lines.
Fig. 5 . Power transmission circuit with possible
points of virtual relays connection
The letters used in abbreviations designate the
following: VR is a virtual relay, B and E is zone
beginning and zone end, L and C is connection to the
longitudinal branch and, correspondingly, to the
crosscut branch with presumed fault. The phase virtual
impedance relays are applied to identify single- and
three-phase faults, and phase-to-phase relays are used
for detection of phase-to-phase faults including double-
phase-to-ground faults. Besides, for identification of
earth-faults the totalizing relays are used, for example,
for phases -s and v
G =tL +U )/(I, +L, 1.
Informational value of such measurements is
determined by the following considerations. Double-
phase-to-ground fault, from the point of view of
electrical engineering, is interpreted as two
commutations: the first one produces phase-to-phase
fault K g ) , the second one - the fault K:!? (fig. 6) .
An arbitrary value is double changed in the
described process: after the first commutation
y(2) = y +y( 2) ,
- --pl --p
where rp, is pre-fault quantity,
component; and, finally, after the second commutation:
is the first fault
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Fig.6. A complex fault as a sequence of simple
commutations
where V(2)+(1,1 is the second fault component
transforming the conditions K( 2 ) to K(,) , --pY V(.) is the
total fault component of the complex fault. In
symmetrical circuit Igiu =-v,?lu, and as a result
--P
y(LU +y(LU =y +yc2l~l.l) +y(2l+ll.)
-U - -- .p, -0,pu --V,PY
It turns out, hence, that the measurement z:v contains
information about the process of the transformation of
Kc2) into K, , which is not presented in the phase
measurements z, , z, and phase-to-phase z,, .
The virtual relays form groups, combined by the logical
operation AND. For the distance protection supplied
with the phase selector it is sufficient to include into
every group a pair of virtual relays controlling the
faulted channel at the beginning and at the end of the
protected zone, e.g. VRBC-VREC or VRBL-VREC. A
number of pairs is determined by the condition of
approach of achievable protection sensitivity to the
identifiability of each type of fault. Pairs differ in setting
characteristics of their relays.
Figure 7 shows the results of synthesis of protection of
15 h long power transmission line. Fault types differ
in identifiability and, consequently, in distance
protection sensitivity to them. Three phase faults are
identified worst of all. Phase-to-phase fault
identifiability is almost twice as high, what is
determined by a doubled system impedance as an
equivalent generator relative to the fault point. Single-
phase faults in this case are inferior to phase-to-phase
faults in identifiability: uncertainty of zero-sequence
parameters affects adversely, i.e. their turndown range is
considerably larger than that of other sequences. The
identifiability champion is double-phase-to-ground
faults what is explained by higher informational
richness of their fault components.
Fig.7 Non-identifiability object characteristics
I -three-phase, 2 -single-phase, 3 ~ phase-to-phase,
4 - double-phase-to-ground
References
Liamets Y. , Podchivaline A., Chevelev A.,
Nudelman G., Zakonjsek J ., 2004, Equivalent
transforms of models, conditions and measurements
in relay protection, DPSP 2004, Amsterdam,
Netherlands
Liamets Y. , Eremeev D., Nudelman G., 2003,
Electrichestvo, ll. 17-27
Liamets Y., Pavlov A., lvanov S., Nudelman G.,
2003, Virtual relays: theory and application to
distance protection, CIGR!? SC-BS Colloquium,
Sydney, Australia, Paper 2 13